Brazilian National Congress

The current composition of the Board of the National Congress is as follows:{{cite web|url=https://www.congressonacional.leg.br/parlamentares/mesa-do-congresso-nacional|title=Mesa do Congresso Nacional|website=Congresso Nacional|language=pt|accessdate=25 January 2022}}

{{main|Federal Senate (Brazil)|l1=Federal Senate}}

The Federal Senate ({{Langx|pt|Senado Federal}}) is the upper house of the National Congress created by the first Constitution of the Brazilian Empire in 1824; it was inspired by United Kingdom's House of Lords, but with the Proclamation of the Republic in 1889 it became closer to the United States Senate.{{cite web| url=https://dados.gov.br/organization/about/senado-federal-sf| title=Senado Federal – SF| website=Portal Brasileiro de Dados Abertos| language=pt| accessdate=25 January 2022}}

Currently, the Senate comprises 81 seats. Three senators from each of the 26 states and three senators from the Federal District are elected on a majority basis to serve eight-year terms. Elections are staggered so that two-thirds of the upper house is up for election at one time and the remaining one-third four years later. When one seat is up for election in each State, each voter casts one vote for the Senate; when two seats are up for election, each voter casts two votes, and the voter cannot give his two votes for the same candidate, but, in elections for the renewal of two-thirds of the Senate, each party can present two candidates for election. The candidate in each State and the Federal District (or the first two candidates, when two-thirds of the seats are up for election) who achieve the greatest plurality of votes are elected.{{cite web| url=https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/materias/2018/09/13/como-funciona-a-eleicao-dos-senadores| title=Como funciona a eleição dos senadores| website=Senado Notícias| language=pt| date=13 September 2018| accessdate=25 January 2022}}

{{main|Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|l1=Chamber of Deputies}}

The Chamber of Deputies ({{Lang|pt|Câmara dos Deputados}}) is the lower house of the National Congress, it is composed of 513 federal deputies, who are elected by a proportional representation of votes to serve a four-year term. Seats are allotted proportionally according to each state's population, with each state eligible for a minimum of 8 seats (least populous) and a maximum of 70 seats (most populous).{{cite book |last1=Pereira |first1=Anthony W. |title=Modern Brazil: A Very Short Introduction |date=24 September 2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-254013-3 |page=80 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15n9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 |language=en}}

In 2018, 24 out of the country's 33 political parties were able to elect at least one representative in the Chamber, while sixteen of them were able to elect at least one senator.

: See the Latest election section for election results table.

{{Main|Palácio do Congresso Nacional}}

{{Politics of Brazil}}

In early 1900s, the Brazilian National Congress happened to be in separate buildings in Rio de Janeiro which was then the national capital. The Senate was located near Railway Central Station, beside the Republica Square, at Moncorvo Filho Street, where there is today a Federal University of Rio de Janeiro students' center. The Federal Chamber of Deputies was located at Misericórdia Street, which would later be the location of the State of Rio de Janeiro's local Chamber of Deputies. From the 1930s to early 1960s, the Senate occupied the Monroe Palace, which was demolished in the 1970s to allow the construction of the subway Cinelândia Station. The Federal Chamber of Deputies moved to Brasília in the early 1960s, a process that took years to complete.{{cite book |last1=Brawer |first1=Moshe |title=Atlas of South America |date=12 February 1992 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-12579-1 |page=112 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbuxCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 |language=en}}

Since the 1960s, the National Congress has been located in Brasília. Like most of the city's government buildings, the National Congress building was designed by Oscar Niemeyer.{{cite book |last1=Bonfitto |first1=Peter Louis |title=World Architecture and Society: From Stonehenge to One World Trade Center [2 volumes] |date=6 December 2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-6585-5 |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPdPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 |language=en}}

The semi-sphere on the left is the seat of the Senate, and the semi-sphere on the right is the seat of the Chamber of the Deputies. Between them are two vertical office towers.{{cite web |last1=Barnes |first1=Ashley |title=Modern Architecture in Brazil |url=https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1368&context=his |website=wou.edu |publisher=Western Oregon University}}

The building is located in the middle of the Monumental Axis, the main street of Brasília. In front of it there is a large lawn where demonstrations take place. At the back of it, is the Praça dos Três Poderes ('Three Powers Plaza'), where lies the Palácio do Planalto and the Supreme Federal Court.

On 6 December 2007, the Institute of Historic and Artistic National Heritage ({{lang|pt|Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional}}) decided to declare the building of the National Congress a historical heritage of the Brazilian people. The building has also been a UNESCO World Heritage Site, as part of Brasília's original urban buildings, since 1987.{{cite book |last1=Galván |first1=Javier A. |title=Modern Brazil |date=4 August 2020 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-6032-4 |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MkrzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |language=en}}

The National Congress of Brazil has been the focal point of major protests and invasions, reflecting periods of political and social unrest. In June 2013, during the "Jornadas de Junho" (June Journeys), over two million Brazilians protested against public transport fare hikes and government corruption, with demonstrators symbolically occupying the Congress dome in Brasília. On 8 January Brasília attacks, supporters of President Jair Bolsonaro, disputing the 2022 election results, stormed the Congress, Supreme Court, and Presidential Palace, causing extensive damage and drawing international condemnation . In April 2025, approximately 8,000 Indigenous people from 150 ethnic groups gathered in Brasília to protest legislative measures perceived as threats to their land rights. The demonstration escalated when protesters breached security barriers and occupied the lawn in front of the National Congress, leading to police intervention . These events underscore the National Congress's central role in Brazil's democratic processes and its significance as a site of civil activism.{{Cite web |date=2025-04-11 |title=Indigenous protest in brasília ends with police intervention after invasion of congress lawn |url=https://www1.brasilemfolhas.com.br/2025/04/indigenous-protest-in-brasilia-ends-with-police-intervention-after-invasion-of-congress-lawn/ |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=Portal de notícias Brasil em Folhas |language=pt-BR}}{{Cite web |last=G.D |date=2025-04-16 |title=Brazil: Thousands of Indigenous people protest against latifundium and criticize the false left – The Red Herald |url=https://redherald.org/2025/04/16/brazil-thousands-of-indigenous-people-protest-against-latifundium-and-criticize-the-false-left/ |access-date=2025-04-19 |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=2023-01-09 |title=Pro-Bolsonaro rioters storm Brazil's top government offices |url=https://apnews.com/article/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-government-caribbean-0c03c098a5e2a09ac534412c30ae8355 |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=AP News |language=en}}{{Citation |last=Jiménez-Martínez |first=César |title=Introduction: The June 2013 Protests and the Image of Brazil |date=2020 |work=Media and the Image of the Nation during Brazil’s 2013 Protests |pages=1–20 |editor-last=Jiménez-Martínez |editor-first=César |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-38238-4_1 |access-date=2025-04-19 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-38238-4_1 |isbn=978-3-030-38238-4|url-access=subscription }}

Image:Chamber of Deputies of Brazil 2.jpg|Chamber of Deputies

Image:Senado2006.jpg|Federal Senate

File:AmorimSenate.JPG|Committee room

File:Presidência do Senado (28428236574).jpg|Noble Room of the Senate

File:Congresso Nacional durante o nascer do sol.jpg|Aerial view

File:Brasilia-Congresso.jpg|Exterior view of the Chamber of Deputies

File:Senat de Brasilia.JPG|Exterior view of the Senate chamber

File:Congresso Nacional do Brasil em noite de lua cheia.jpg|The National Congress building at night

File:National Congress of Brazil.jpg|Front façade and lawn, showing the twin towers

File:Palácio Nereu Ramos4.jpg|The Congress as seen from the Monumental Axis

File:Polícia Legislativa do Senado Federal (25071947354).jpg|Legislative police officers outside the National Congress building

File:Manifestação (25509017660).jpg|Protesters during an anti-government demonstration in front of the Congress, 13 March 2016

{{clear|both}}

{{Main|2022 Brazilian congressional election}}

{{Election results

|image=File:Câmara dos Deputados do Brasil 2022.svg

|alliance1=Liberal Party|votes1=18201246|seats1=99|sc1=+66{{efn|Compared to the deputies of the Party of the Republic elected in 2018. The party was renamed Liberal Party in 2019.}}

|alliance2=Brazil
of Hope|aspan2=3

|party2=Workers' Party|votes2=13170626|seats2=67|sc2=+11

|party3=Communist Party of Brazil|votes3=1154712|seats3=6|sc3=–4{{efn|Compared to the combined deputies of the Communist Party of Brazil and of the Free Fatherland Party elected in 2018. The parties merged after that election.}}

|party4=Green Party|votes4=954578|seats4=6|sc4=+2

|alliance5=Brazil Union|votes5=10198288|seats5=59|sc5=–22{{efn|Compared to the combined deputies of the Social Liberal Party and of Democrats elected in 2018. The parties merged to form Brazil Union in 2022.}}

|alliance6=Progressistas|votes6=8692918|seats6=47|sc6=+10

|alliance7=Social Democratic Party|votes7=8293956|seats7=42|sc7=+8

|alliance8=Brazilian Democratic Movement|votes8=7870810|seats8=42|sc8=+8

|alliance9=Republicans|votes9=7610894|seats9=41|sc9=+11{{efn|Compared to the deputies of the Brazilian Republican Party elected in 2018. The party was renamed Republicans in 2019.}}

|alliance10=Always
Forward|aspan10=2

|party10=Brazilian Social Democracy Party|votes10=3309061|seats10=13|sc10=–16

|party11=Cidadania|votes11=1614106|seats11=5|sc11=–3{{efn|Compared to the deputies of the Popular Socialist Party elected in 2018. The party was renamed Cidadania in 2019.}}

|alliance12=PSOL
REDE|aspan12=2

|party12=Socialism and Liberty Party|votes12=3856031|seats12=12|sc12=+2

|party13=Sustainability Network|votes13=783601|seats13=2|sc13=+1

|alliance14=Brazilian Socialist Party|votes14=4172383|seats14=14|sc14=–18

|alliance15=Democratic Labour Party|votes15=3828289|seats15=17|sc15=–11

|alliance16=Podemos|votes16=3610634|seats16=12|sc16=–5{{efn|Compared to the combined deputies of Podemos and of the Humanist Party of Solidarity elected in 2018. The parties merged after that election.}}

|alliance17=Avante|votes17=2175355|seats17=7|sc17=0

|alliance18=Social Christian Party|votes18=1944678|seats18=6|sc18=–2

|alliance19=Solidarity|votes19=1697127|seats19=4|sc19=–9

|alliance20=Patriota|votes20=1526570|seats20=4|sc20=–5{{efn|Compared to the combined deputies of Patriota and of the Progressive Republican Party elected in 2018. The parties merged after that election.}}

|alliance21=Brazilian Labour Party|votes21=1422652|seats21=1|sc21=–9

|alliance22=New Party|votes22=1354754|seats22=3|sc22=–5

|alliance23=Republican Party of the Social Order|votes23=1042698|seats23=4|sc23=–4

|alliance24=Brazilian Labour Renewal Party|votes24=288027|seats24=0|sc24=0

|alliance25=Party of National Mobilization|votes25=256578|seats25=0|sc25=–3

|alliance26=Act|votes26=158622|seats26=0|sc26=–2{{efn|Compared to the deputies of the Christian Labour Party elected in 2018. The party was renamed Act in 2022.}}

|alliance27=Christian Democracy|votes27=97741|seats27=0|sc27=–1

|alliance28=Brazilian Communist Party|votes28=85511|seats28=0|sc28=0

|alliance29=Brazilian Woman's Party|votes29=83055|seats29=0|sc29=0

|alliance30=Popular Unity|votes30=54586|seats30=0|sc30=New

|alliance31=United Socialist Workers' Party|votes31=27995|seats31=0|sc31=0

|alliance32=Workers' Cause Party|votes32=7308|seats32=0|sc32=0

|total_sc=0

|invalid=6149056

|blank=7501125

|electorate=155557503

|source=[https://sig.tse.jus.br/ords/dwapr/seai/r/sig-eleicao-resultados Superior Electoral Court]

}}

{{Election results

|image=File:Senado Federal Brasil 2022.svg

|seattype1=Elected|seattype2=Total|seattype3=+/–

|alliance1=Liberal Party|votes1=25278764|st1t1=8|st2t1=13|st3t1=+11{{efn|Compared to the senators of the Party of the Republic elected in 2018 or not up for election in 2018. The party was renamed Liberal Party in 2019.}}

|alliance2=Brazilian Socialist Party|votes2=13615846|st1t2=1|st2t2=1|st3t2=–1

|alliance3=Brazil
of Hope|aspan3=3

|party3=Workers' Party|votes3=12024696|st1t3=4|st2t3=9|st3t3=+3

|party4=Green Party|votes4=475597|st1t4=0|st2t4=0|st3t4=0

|party5=Communist Party of Brazil|votes5=299013|st1t5=0|st2t5=0|st3t5=0

|alliance6=Social Democratic Party|votes6=11312512|st1t6=2|st2t6=10|st3t6=+3

|alliance7=Progressistas|votes7=7592391|st1t7=3|st2t7=7|st3t7=+2

|alliance8=Brazil Union|votes8=5465486|st1t8=5|st2t8=12|st3t8=+2{{efn|Compared to the combined senators of Democrats and of the Social Liberal Party elected in 2018 or not up for election in 2018. The parties merged to form Brazil Union in 2022.}}

|alliance9=Social Christian Party|votes9=4285485|st1t9=1|st2t9=1|st3t9=0

|alliance10=Republicans|votes10=4259279|st1t10=2|st2t10=3|st3t10=+2{{efn|Compared to the senators of the Brazilian Republican Party elected in 2018 or not up for election in 2018. The party was renamed Republicans in 2019.}}

|alliance11=Brazilian Democratic Movement|votes11=3882458|st1t11=1|st2t11=10|st3t11=–2

|alliance12=Brazilian Labour Party|votes12=2046003|st1t12=0|st2t12=0|st3t12=–3

|alliance13=Podemos|votes13=1776283|st1t13=0|st2t13=6|st3t13=–1{{efn|Compared to the combined senators of Podemos and of the Humanist Party of Solidarity elected in 2018 or not up for election in 2018. The parties merged after that election.}}

|alliance14=Democratic Labour Party|votes14=1586922|st1t14=0|st2t14=2|st3t14=–2

|alliance15=Always
Forward|aspan15=2

|party15=Brazilian Social Democracy Party|votes15=1384871|st1t15=0|st2t15=4|st3t15=–5

|party16=Cidadania|votes16=0|st1t16=0|st2t16=1|st3t16=–1{{efn|Compared to the senators of the Popular Socialist Party elected in 2018 or not up for election in 2018. The party was renamed Cidadania in 2019.}}

|alliance17=Avante|votes17=1359455|st1t17=0|st2t17=0|st3t17=0

|alliance18=Brazilian Labour Renewal Party|votes18=758938|st1t18=0|st2t18=0|st3t18=0

|alliance19=PSOL
REDE|aspan19=2

|party19=Socialism and Liberty Party|votes19=675244|st1t19=0|st2t19=0|st3t19=0

|party20=Sustainability Network|votes20=8133|st1t20=0|st2t20=1|st3t20=–4

|alliance21=New Party|votes21=479593|st1t21=0|st2t21=0|st3t21=0

|alliance22=Popular Unity|votes22=291294|st1t22=0|st2t22=0|st3t22=New

|alliance23=Republican Party of the Social Order|votes23=213247|st1t23=0|st2t23=1|st3t23=0

|alliance24=United Socialist Workers' Party|votes24=132680|st1t24=0|st2t24=0|st3t24=0

|alliance25=Christian Democracy|votes25=94098|st1t25=0|st2t25=0|st3t25=0

|alliance26=Patriota|votes26=76729|st1t26=0|st2t26=0|st3t26=–1{{efn|Compared to the combined senators of Patriota and of the Progressive Republican Party elected in 2018 or not up for election in 2018. The parties merged after that election.}}

|alliance27=Brazilian Communist Party|votes27=64569|st1t27=0|st2t27=0|st3t27=0

|alliance28=Brazilian Woman's Party|votes28=61350|st1t28=0|st2t28=0|st3t28=0

|alliance29=Party of National Mobilization|votes29=27812|st1t29=0|st2t29=0|st3t29=0

|alliance30=Act|votes30=24076|st1t30=0|st2t30=0|st3t30=–1{{efn|Compared to the senators of the Christian Labour Party elected in 2018 or not up for election in 2018. The party was renamed Act in 2022.}}

|alliance31=Solidarity|votes31=17339|st1t31=0|st2t31=0|st3t31=–1

|alliance32=Workers' Cause Party|votes32=5572|st1t32=0|st2t32=0|st3t32=0

|alliance33=Independent|votes33=0|st1t33=0|st2t33=0|st3t33=–1

|total_st3t=0

|invalid=14279527

|blank=9340309

|electorate=155557503

|source=[https://sig.tse.jus.br/ords/dwapr/seai/r/sig-eleicao-resultados Superior Electoral Court]

}}

The legislatures are counted from the first meeting of the Chamber of Deputies and of the Senate, on 6 May 1826, in the imperial era (the Chamber of Deputies met for preparatory sessions from 29 April 1826 onwards to elect its officers and conduct other preliminary business, but the legislature was formally opened on 6 May). The Chamber of Deputies and the Senate were created by Brazil's first Constitution, the Constitution of the Empire of Brazil, adopted in 1824. The previous Constituent and Legislative Assembly of the Empire of Brazil, a unicameral National Assembly, that was convened in 1823 and dissolved by Emperor Pedro I before adopting a Constitution is not counted among the legislatures. Thus, the numbering includes only the bicameral legislatures that existed from 1826 to the present day, and includes only legislatures elected after the adoption of the first Brazilian Constitution.

In the imperial era, the national legislature was named General Assembly. It was made up of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. Senators were elected for life and the Senate was a permanent institution, whereas the Chamber of Deputies, unless dissolved earlier, was elected every four years. When Brazil became a Republic and a Federal State, the model of a bicameral legislature was retained at the Federal level, but the Parliament was renamed National Congress. The National Congress is made up of the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate. Both Houses have fixed terms and cannot be dissolved earlier. Under Brazil's present constitution, adopted in 1988, senators are elected for an eight-year term, and deputies are elected every four years.{{harvnb|Ameringer|1992|p=105}}

The numbering of the legislatures is continuous, including the legislatures of the imperial General Assembly and of the republican National Congress. The inauguration of a new composition of Chamber of Deputies for a four-year term of office marks the start of a new legislature.

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

• Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)
• Federal Senate (Brazil)
• List of legislatures by country
• Palácio do Planalto
• Politics of Brazil

{{commons category}}

• [http://www.congressonacional.leg.br National Congress] {{in lang|pt}}
• [http://www.camara.leg.br/ Chamber of Deputies of Brazil] {{in lang|pt}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20180502160358/https://edemocracia.camara.leg.br/ Chamber of Deputies' e-Democracy] {{in lang|pt}}
• [https://www12.senado.leg.br/hpsenado Senate of Brazil] {{in lang|pt}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110223044107/http://www.guiabsb.com.br/pontos-turisticos/civico-e-arquitetonico/foto-360-congresso-nacional-brasilia-df.html Photos 360° of National Congress] {{in lang|pt}}

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Category:Oscar Niemeyer buildings

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