Buffer state

A buffer state is a country geographically lying between two rival or potentially hostile great powers.{{Cite web |title=buffer state |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/buffer%20state |access-date=11 September 2021 |publisher=Merriam Webster}} Its existence can sometimes be thought to prevent conflict between them. A buffer state is sometimes a mutually agreed upon area lying between two greater powers, which is demilitarised in the sense of not hosting the armed forces of either power (though it will usually have its own military forces). The invasion of a buffer state by one of the powers surrounding it will often result in war between the powers.

Buffer states, when authentically independent, typically pursue a neutralist foreign policy, which distinguishes them from satellite states. The concept of buffer states is part of a theory of the balance of power that entered European strategic and diplomatic thinking in the 18th century. After the First World War, notable examples of buffer states were Poland and Czechoslovakia, situated between major powers such as Germany and the Soviet Union. Lebanon is another significant example, positioned between Syria and Israel, thereby experiencing challenges as a result.{{Cite news |title=The A to Z of international relations |url=https://www.economist.com/international-relations-a-to-z |access-date=2023-11-27 |newspaper=The Economist |language=en}}

Effectiveness according to empirical research

Research shows that buffer states are significantly more likely to be conquered and occupied than nonbuffer states are.{{Cite journal |last=Fazal |first=Tanisha M. |date=2004-04-01 |title=State Death in the International System |journal=International Organization |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=311–344 |doi=10.1017/S0020818304582048 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |issn=1531-5088 |s2cid=154693906}} This is because "states that great powers have an interest in preserving—buffer states—are in fact in a high-risk group for death. Regional or great powers surrounding buffer states face a strategic imperative to take over buffer states: if these powers fail to act against the buffer, they fear that their opponent will take it over instead. By contrast, these concerns do not apply to nonbuffer states, where powers face no competition for influence or control."

Examples

=Americas=

{{Flagicon|Bolivia|variant=1826}} Bolivia, created by Gran Colombia as a buffer between Peru and Argentina during the Upper Peru question{{Cite web |last=Bolivia |year=1826 |title=Colección oficial de leyes, decretos, ordenes, resoluciones &c. Que se han expedido para el regimen de la Republica Boliviana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOMoAAAAYAAJ&q=resoluci%C3%B3n+del+congreso+23+febrero+1825&pg=PA6}}
{{Flagicon|Uruguay}} Uruguay, served as a demilitarised buffer between Argentina and the Empire of Brazil during the early independence period in South America{{Cite web |title=Uruguay – From Insurrection to State Organization, 1820–30 |url=http://countrystudies.us/uruguay/4.htm |access-date=3 March 2017 |website=countrystudies.us}}{{Cite web |last=Phelps |first=Nicole |date=1 January 2014 |title=Review of Knarr, James C., Uruguay and the United States, 1903–1929: Diplomacy in the Progressive Era |url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=37009 |access-date=3 March 2017 |website=www.h-net.org |language=en}}
{{Flagicon|Paraguay|variant=1842}} Paraguay, maintained after the end of the Paraguayan War in 1870, as a buffer separating Argentina and Brazil{{Cite news |title=Paraguay: Regional Geopolitics and a New President |url=https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/paraguay-regional-geopolitics-and-new-president |access-date=3 March 2017 |work=Stratfor |language=en}}
{{Flagicon image|Colonial-Red-Ensign.svg}} Georgia, a colony established by Great Britain in 1732 as a buffer between its other colonies along the Atlantic coast of North America and Spanish Florida{{Cite web |title=The Colonies {{!}} Georgia |url=http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/colonialamerica/colonies/georgia |access-date=20 November 2015 |website=www.smplanet.com}}
{{Flagicon|Ecuador}} Ecuador, served as a "cushion state" between Colombia and Peru, which had a bigger extension{{clarify|surface area maybe?|date=May 2023}} and military force and fought a war in the 1820s.{{Cite book |last=Zepeda |first=Beatriz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vVYGkG1b9qgC&q=ecuador+estado+colchon+colombia+peru&pg=PA17 |title=Ecuador: Relaciones exteriores a la luz del bicentenario |year=2009 |publisher=Flacso-Sede Ecuador |isbn=9789978672242}}

=Asia=

Kingdom of Judah was a buffer state between Egyptian Empire and Neo-Babylonian Empire.{{Cite web|author=Dennis Bratcher|title=Old Testament History The Rise of Babylon and Exile (640 BC-538 BC)|url=https://www.crivoice.org/othbabylon.html|website=THE VOICE|access-date = 2024-08-06}}{{Cite web|author=Laurie Pearce|title=Babylonian Accounts of the Invasion of Judah|url=https://www.bibleodyssey.org/articles/babylonian-accounts-of-the-invasion-of-judah/|website=Bible Odyssey|access-date = 2024-08-06}}
Multiple buffer states played major roles during the Roman–Persian Wars (66 BC – 628 AD). Armenia was a frequently contested buffer between the Roman Empire (as well as the later Byzantine Empire) and the various Persian and Muslim states.
{{Flagicon|North Korea}} North Korea, during and after the Cold War, has been seen by some analysts as a buffer state between the military forces of China, the Soviet Union and those of South Korea, Japan, and the United States (stationed in South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan from 1954 to 1979).{{Cite web |title=Getting China to Become Tough with North Korea |url=http://www.cato.org/blog/getting-china-become-tough-north-korea |access-date=2016-02-10 |website=Cato Institute}}
{{Flagicon|Manchukuo}} Manchukuo was a pro-Japanese buffer state between the Empire of Japan, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China during World War II.
{{Flagicon|Thailand}} Thailand, historically known as Siam, was an independent buffer state between the British Raj, British Malaya, French Indochina, and their competing colonial interests in Laos and Cambodia.{{Cite book |last=Pholsena |first=Vatthana |title=LAOS, From Buffer State to Crossroads |publisher=Silkworm Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-9749480502}}{{Cite book |last=Macgregor |first=John |title=Through the Buffer State : Travels in Borneo, Siam, Cambodia, Malaya and Burma |publisher=White Lotus Co Ltd; 2 edition |year=1994 |isbn=978-9748496252}}
{{Flagicon|Korean Empire}} Korea acted as a buffer zone between the growing superpowers of Imperial Japan and the Russian Empire.
{{Flagicon|Far Eastern Republic}} The Far Eastern Republic was a formally independent state created to act as a buffer between Bolshevik Russia and the Empire of Japan.Alan Wood, "The Revolution and Civil War in Siberia," in Edward Acton, Vladimir Iu. Cherniaev, and William G. Rosenberg (eds.), Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914–1921. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1997; pp. 716–717.George Jackson and Robert Devlin (eds.), Dictionary of the Russian Revolution. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1989; pp. 223–225.
{{Flagicon|Emirate of Afghanistan}} Afghanistan was a buffer state between the British Empire, which ruled much of South Asia, and the Russian Empire, which ruled much of Central Asia, during the Anglo–Russian conflicts of the 19th century. Later, the Wakhan Corridor extended the buffer eastwards to the Chinese border.{{Cite book |last1=Debarbieux |first1=Bernard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtUpCwAAQBAJ |title=The Mountain: A Political History from the Enlightenment to the Present |last2=Rudaz |first2=Gilles |last3=Todd |first3=Jane Marie |last4=Price |first4=Martin F. |date=2015-09-10 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226031118 |page=150 |language=en}}
The Himalayan nations of {{Flag icon|Tibet}} Tibet, {{Flag icon|Kingdom of Nepal}} Nepal, {{Flag icon|Bhutan}} Bhutan, and {{flagicon image|Flag of Sikkim (1877-1914; 1962-1967).svg}} Sikkim were buffer states between the British Empire and China. Later, during the Sino-Indian War of 1962, they became buffers between China and India as the two powers fought along their borders.{{Cite web |title=Nepal: Dictated by Geography {{!}} World Policy Institute |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2013/nepal-dictated-by-geography |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831045939/http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2013/nepal-dictated-by-geography |archive-date=2017-08-31 |access-date=2016-02-10 |website=www.worldpolicy.org}}{{Cite book |title=The World Today; Bhutan and Sikkim: Two Buffer States Vol. 15, No. 12 |publisher=Royal Institute of International Affairs |year=1959 |pages=492–500}}
{{Flagicon|Mongolia}} Mongolia acted as a buffer between the Soviet Union and China until 1991. It currently serves as a buffer between Russia and China.{{Cite web |title=Mongolia, the uncontested buffer state |url=http://www.russia-direct.org/opinion/mongolia-uncontested-buffer-state |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204190410/https://www.russia-direct.org/opinion/mongolia-uncontested-buffer-state |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=3 March 2017 |website=Russia Direct |language=en}}
{{Flag|Lebanon}} is a buffer state between Israel and Syria.
{{Flag|Iraq}} and {{Flag|Bahrain}} are buffer states between Iran and Saudi Arabia.{{Cite web |last=Kader |first=Ariz |date=July 2020

|title=Iraq: Battleground or Buffer State? |url=https://www.cidob.org/en/publications/publication_series/notes_internacionals/n1_218/iraq_battleground_or_buffer_state |website=CIDOB}}{{Cite journal |title=Bahrain as the area of Saudi‑Iranian rivalry in the second decade of the 21st century |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338150134 |journal=Studia Politicae Universitatis Silesiensis}}

=Africa=

Morocco served as a buffer state between the Ottoman Empire, Spain, and Portugal in the 16th century.{{Cite book |last=Cory |first=Stephen |title=Reviving the Islamic Caliphate in Early Modern Morocco |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317063438 |pages=36–37}}
The Bechuanaland Protectorate (present-day {{Flagicon|Botswana}} Botswana) was initially created as a buffer between the British Empire and the two Boer republics of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal Republic until the Second Boer War.{{Cite web |last=Ram |first=J.R. |date=16 March 2019 |title=Botswana: The best kept African secret |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/travel/botswana-the-best-kept-african-secret/cid/1686954 |website=The Telegraph}}

=Europe=

Principality of Transylvania was a buffer state between Ottoman Empire and Habsburg Empire until the Treaty of Karlowitz was signed.Ingrao, C. (2022). The Habsburg Empire under siege: Ottoman expansion and Hungarian revolt in the age of Grand Vizier Ahmed Köprülü (1661–76): by Georg B. Michels, Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2021, x + 603 pp., $85.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-228-00575-9. Canadian Slavonic Papers, 64(2–3), 386–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/00085006.2022.2105507
{{Flagicon|Switzerland}} Switzerland has been a buffer state between Italy, Austria, France, Germany, and other state powers in medieval and modern Europe.
{{Flagicon|Netherlands}} The United Kingdom of the Netherlands, composed of today's Belgium and Netherlands, was created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to maintain peace between France, Prussia, and the United Kingdom. The kingdom existed for 15 years until the Belgian Revolution.
{{Flagicon|Belgium}} Belgium acted as buffer state between France, the German Empire, the Netherlands, and the British Empire before the First World War.
The Rhineland served as a demilitarised zone between France and Germany during the interwar years of the 1920s and early 1930s. There were early French attempts at creating a Rhenish Republic.{{Cite magazine |date=27 August 1923 |title=THE RUHR: Rhineland Republic? |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,716441,00.html |access-date=12 March 2017 |magazine=Time}}
The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia was founded as a buffer state between Soviet Russia and the European powers.{{Cite book |last=Andrew Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZJntMQtkSYC&q=Belarus%20map%201945&pg=PA96 |title=Belarus: The Last European Dictatorship |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-300-13435-3 |pages=96–97| publisher=Yale University Press }}
The Qasim Khanate (1452–1681) may have served as a buffer between Muscovy and the Kazan Khanate.{{Cite book |last=Witzenrath |first=Christoph |title=Eurasian Slavery, Ransom and Abolition in World History, 1200–1860 |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317140023 |page=198}}
{{Flagicon|Austria}} Austria acted as a buffer state between Germany and Italy during the interwar period.
{{Flagicon|Second Polish Republic}} Poland and other states between Germany and the Soviet Union have sometimes been described as buffer states, both as non-communist states before World War II{{Cite book |last=Suvorov, Viktor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYA4AAAAQBAJ&q=buffer+state&pg=142 |title=The Chief Culprit: Stalin's Grand Design to Start World War II |date=2013 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=9781612512686 |page=142 |quote=Chapter 25: Destruction of the Buffer States between Germany and the Soviet Union. |access-date=1 January 2015}} and later as communist states of the Eastern Bloc.{{Cite web |last=Stent, Angela E. |author-link=Angela Stent |date=1998 |title=Russia and Germany Reborn: Unification, the Soviet Collapse, and the New Europe |url=http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s6426.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018171556/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s6426.html |archive-date=18 October 2014 |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |quote=Moscow's German Problem before Detente – The Federal Republic – In 1945, the major Soviet preoccupation was to prevent any future German attack; hence the imposition of Soviet-controlled governments in a ring of buffer states between Germany and the USSR.}}
{{Flagicon|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}} Yugoslavia, which broke with the Soviet Union before the formation of the Warsaw Pact, became a buffer state between NATO and the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War.
{{Flagicon|West Germany}} West Germany and {{Flagicon|East Germany}} East Germany were also regarded as buffer states between NATO and the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War in Europe.
During the Cold War, {{Flagicon|Sweden}} Sweden and {{Flagicon|Finland}} Finland were sometimes regarded as buffer states between NATO and the Soviet Union.{{By whom|date=November 2023}} More recently, the Russo-Ukrainian War has helped push both countries into joining NATO.
{{Flagicon|Cyprus}} Cyprus was instaured as an buffer state in 1960 as a form to avoid the risk of a war for the island control between Greece and Turkey.

=Oceania=

{{Flagicon|New Hebrides}} New Hebrides served as a buffer between the United Kingdom and France in Oceania during the New Imperialism period.
{{Flagicon|Papua New Guinea}} Papua New Guinea served as a buffer state between Indonesia, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu. Indonesia accused both the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu of supporting the Free Papua Movement during the Papua conflict.{{Cite web |title=Papua Nugini Diharapkan Jadi Bufferzone Indonesia |trans-title=Indonesia Hopes Papua New Guinea to be Indonesia's Buffer Zone |url=https://www.rmol.id/read/2017/10/18/311532/Papua-Nugini-Diharapkan-Jadi-Bufferzone-Indonesia- |access-date=18 October 2017 |language=id}}