Calyptrion

Lianas with oblong-lanceolate to ovate leaves. The flowers are situated in axillary or terminal racemes, rarely solitary, with white corollas, and are strongly zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical), the bottom

petal being slightly longer than the others and more weakly differentiated, and with a very long spur. The stamens have free filaments, with the lowest two being calcarate (spurred) and possessing a large dorsal connective appendage that is entire and oblong-ovate. In the gynoecium, the style is filiform (threadlike). The fruit is a thick-walled capsule that is semi-dehiscent. There are numerous seeds per carpel, that are asymmetrically orbicular in outline and strongly flattened.{{sfn|Ballard et al|2013}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}{{sfn|Wahlert et al|2014}}

The genus Calyptrion was first described by Gingins in 1823,{{sfn|Gingins|1823}} that he renamed from the preexisting Viola hybanthus described by Aublet in 1775, as a distinct new genus. This is now referred to as Calyptrion arboreum, and is therefore the type species. At that time it was the only known liana in the Violaceae. Gingins provided detailed descriptions of the Violaceae (then also known as Violarieae) in a number of subsequent texts, including the Prodromus of Candolle (1824), with eight species.{{sfn|Candolle|1824}} At the same time, Martius described the genus as Corynostylis,{{sfn|Martius|1824}} and this name was erroneously used over the next 200 years, despite the earlier name, Gingins treating it as a synonym. The original name was restored in 2014.{{sfn|de Paula-Souza |Pirani|2014}}

Early taxonomic schemes such as Lindley (1846){{sfn|Lindley|1846}} and Bentham and Hooker (1862){{sfn|Bentham|Hooker|1862}} placed Corynostylis/Calyptrion within subfamily Violoideae, tribe Violeae, subtribe Violinae.{{sfn|Byng|2014}}{{sfn|de Paula-Souza |Pirani|2014}}

Calyptrion is one of four lianescent genera in Violaceae, together with Agatea A.Gray, Anchietea A.St.-Hil. and Hybanthopsis Paula-Souza. In earlier classifications primarily based on floral morphology these were distributed among separate subtribes, but molecular phylogenetic studies has now grouped them together into a single lianescent clade, one of four within the family. Earlier schemes placed Corynostylis/Calyptrion within subfamily Violoideae, tribe Violeae, subtribe Violinae.{{sfn|de Paula-Souza |Pirani|2014}}

The genus is named from the Greek words kalyptra, cover, and ion, violet.{{sfn|Paxton|1868}}{{sfn|Quattrocchi|2000}}

File:Florae Columbiae (Plate CXXVII) (8204873337).jpg

There are four accepted species.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}

• Calyptrion arboreum (L.) Paula-Souza
• Calyptrion carthagenense (H.Karst.) Paula-Souza
• Calyptrion pubescens (S.Moore) Paula-Souza
• Calyptrion volubile (L.B.Sm. & A.Fernández) Paula-Souza

Calyptrion is native to Amazonia, although Calyptrion arboreum extends north up to Mexico. they are found along the margins of black water rivers.{{sfn|de Paula-Souza |Pirani|2014}}{{sfn|POTWO|2020}}

{{Commons}}

{{Reflist|20em}}

{{Refbegin|30em}}

;Books

• {{cite book|last1=Ballard|first1=Harvey E|last2=Paula-Souza|first2=Juliana de|last3=Wahlert|first3=Gregory A|editor-last=Kubitzki|editor-first=Klaus|editor-link=Klaus Kubitzki|title=Flowering Plants. 11 Eudicots: Malpighiales|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4vlkyAEACAAJ|date=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-39417-1|chapter=Violaceae|pages=303–322|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270759276|ref={{harvid|Ballard et al|2013}}}}{{link note|note=Also preview at [https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/book/978-3-642-39416-4 Springer]}}
• {{cite book|last1=Bentham|first1=G.|last2=Hooker|first2=J.D.|author-link1=George Bentham|author-link2=Joseph Dalton Hooker| title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita|format=3 vols.|year=1862|publisher=L Reeve & Co.|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747#/summary|volume=1|chapter=Violarieae|issue=1|pages=114–121|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14680#page/125/mode/1up}}
• {{cite book|last1=Byng|first1=James W.|author-link=James W. Byng|title=The Flowering Plants Handbook: A practical guide to families and genera of the world|date=2014|publisher=Plant Gateway Ltd.|isbn=978-0-9929993-1-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoLaBAAAQBAJ|chapter=Violaceae|pages=238–239}}
• {{cite book |last1=de Candolle |first1=A. P. |author-link=Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|title=Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, sive, Enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarium, juxta methodi naturalis, normas digesta 17 vols. |date=1824–1873 |publisher=Treuttel et Würtz |location=Paris |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/286#/summary|volume=1|chapter=Calyptrion|pages=288–290|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/154246#page/295/mode/1up|ref={{harvid|Candolle|1824}}}}
• {{cite book|last1=Christenhusz|first1=Maarten J. M.|last2=Fay|first2=Michael F.|last3=Chase|first3=Mark W.|author-link1=Maarten Christenhusz|author-link2=Michael F. Fay|author-link3=Mark W. Chase|title=Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLo7DwAAQBAJ|date= 2017|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-52292-0|chapter=Violaceae|pages=324–325|ref={{harvid|Christenhusz et al|2017}}}}
• {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury|location=London|edition=1st|year=1846| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7756#/summary|chapter=Violaceae|pages=338–339|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/412/mode/1up}}
• {{cite book |last1=Martius |first1=Karl Friedrich Philipp von |author-link=Karl Martius|title=Nova genera et species plantarum :quas in itinere per Brasiliam MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I., Bavariae regis augustissimi instituto. 3 vols. |date=1824 |publisher=Lindaueri |location=Munich|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/450#/summary|language=la|volume=1|chapter=Corynostylis|pages=25–27|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/9619#page/30/mode/1up}}
• {{cite book|last=Paxton|first=Sir Joseph|author-link=Joseph Paxton|title=A Pocket Botanical Dictionary, comprising the names, history, and culture of all plants known in Britain, with a full explanation of technical terms. By J. Paxton, assisted by Professor Lindley|others=Samuel Hereman (revision)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29ZJUryZlBIC|edition=Revised| year=1868|orig-year=1840|chapter=Calyptrion|page=104}}
• {{cite book|last1=Quattrocchi|first1=Umberto|title=CRC world dictionary of plant names: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. 4 vols.|date=2000|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=0-8493-2673-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A68qyOyhOdkC|volume=1. A-C|chapter=Corynostylis arborea|page=1147}}

;Articles

• {{cite journal |last1=Gingins |first1=F de |author-link=Frédéric Charles Jean Gingins de la Sarraz|title=Mémoires sur la Famille des Violacees |journal=Mémoires de la Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Genève |date=1823 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–27 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/39748#page/9/mode/1up }}
• {{cite journal |last1=de Paula-Souza |first1=Juliana |last2=Pirani |first2=José Rubens |title=Reestablishment of Calyptrion (Violaceae) |journal=Taxon |date=22 December 2014 |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=1335–1339 |doi=10.12705/636.7 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270809876}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Wahlert |first1=Gregory A. |last2=Marcussen |first2=Thomas |last3=de Paula-Souza |first3=Juliana |last4=Feng |first4=Min |last5=Ballard |first5=Harvey E. |title=A Phylogeny of the Violaceae (Malpighiales) Inferred from Plastid DNA Sequences: Implications for Generic Diversity and Intrafamilial Classification |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256545045|journal=Systematic Botany |date=1 March 2014 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=239–252 |doi=10.1600/036364414X678008|s2cid=86452033 |ref={{harvid|Wahlert et al|2014}}}}

;Websites

• {{cite web |last=WFO|author-link=World Flora Online|title=Calyptrion Ging.|url= http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000006307|website=World Flora Online |access-date=11 April 2020 |date=2019}}
• {{cite web |last=POTWO|title= Calyptrion Ging.|url= https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30179831-2|website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=13 April 2020|ref={{harvid|POTWO|2020}}}}
• {{cite web |last=IPNI|author-link=International Plant Names Index|title= Calyptrion Ging., Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 2(1): 28, t. 2, fig. 1 (1823). |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/30179831-2|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|access-date=13 April 2020|ref={{harvid|IPNI|2020}} }}
• {{cite web|title=Calyptrion Ging.|website=Tropicos|url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40036105|publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden|access-date=16 April 2020|date=2020|ref={{harvid|Tropicos|2020}}}}

{{Refend}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q43027303|from2=Q8351306}}

Category:Violaceae

Category:Violaceae genera