Caridea
{{Short description|Infraorder of shrimp}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range|Lower Jurassic | present}}
| image = Heterocarpus ensifer.jpg
| image_caption = Heterocarpus ensifer
| taxon = Caridea
| authority = Dana, 1852
| subdivision_ranks = Superfamilies
| subdivision =
- Alpheoidea
- Atyoidea
- Bresilioidea
- Campylonotoidea
- Crangonoidea
- Galatheacaridoidea
- Nematocarcinoidea
- Oplophoroidea
- Palaemonoidea
- Pandaloidea
- Pasiphaeoidea
- Physetocaridoidea
- Processoidea
- Psalidopodoidea
- Stylodactyloidea
| synonyms = {{hidden begin|title = List}}
- Amphionidacea
- Amphionidea
- Eukyphida
{{hidden end}}
}}
The Caridea, commonly known as caridean shrimp or true shrimp, from the Greek word καρίς, καρίδος (karís, karídos, “shrimp”), are an infraorder of shrimp within the order Decapoda. This infraorder contains all species of true shrimp. They are found widely around the world in both fresh and salt water. Many other animals with similar names – such as the mud shrimp of Axiidea and the boxer shrimp of Stenopodidea – are not true shrimp, but many have evolved features similar to true shrimp.
Biology
Carideans are found in every kind of aquatic habitat, with the majority of species being marine. Around a quarter of the described species are found in fresh water, however, including almost all the members of the species-rich family Atyidae and the Palaemonidae subfamily Palaemoninae.{{cite journal |author1=S. De Grave |author2=Y. Cai |author3=A. Anker |year=2008 |title=Global diversity of shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea) in freshwater |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=595 |issue=1: Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment |pages=287–293 |doi=10.1007/s10750-007-9024-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw4H6DBHnAgC&pg=PA287 |editor1=Estelle Virginia Balian |editor2=C. Lévêque |editor3=H. Segers |editor4=K. Martens |publisher=Springer |bibcode=2008HyBio.595..287D |isbn=978-1-4020-8258-0|s2cid=22945163 |url-access=subscription }} They include several commercially important species, such as Macrobrachium rosenbergii, and are found on every continent except Antarctica. The marine species are found at depths to {{convert|5000|m|abbr=on}},{{cite book |editor=Robert Hugh Morris, Donald Putnam Abbott & Eugene Clinton Haderlie |year=1980 |title=Intertidal Invertebrates of California |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-1045-9 |chapter=Caridea: the shrimps |author=Fenner A. Chace Jr. & Donald P. Abbott |pages=567–576 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NAybxQZvWI0C&pg=PA567}} and from the tropics to the polar regions.
In addition to the great variety in habitat, carideans vary greatly in form, from species a few millimetres long when fully grown,{{cite book |author1=Gary C. B. Poore |author2=Shane T. Ahyong |year=2004 |title=Marine Decapod Crustacea of Southern Australia: a Guide to Identification |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |isbn=9780643069060 |chapter=Caridea – shrimps |pages=53–57 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZWnuGc0xlMC&pg=PA53}} to those that grow to over {{convert|1|ft|mm|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} long. Except where secondarily lost, shrimp have one pair of stalked eyes, although they are sometimes covered by the carapace, which protects the cephalothorax. The carapace also surrounds the gills, through which water is pumped by the action of the mouthparts.
Most carideans are omnivorous, but some are specialised for particular modes of feeding. Some are filter feeders, using their setose (bristly) legs as a sieve; some scrape algae from rocks. The snapping shrimp of the genus Alpheus snap their claws to create a shock wave that stuns prey. Many cleaner shrimp, which groom reef fish and feed on their parasites and necrotic tissue, are carideans. In turn, carideans are eaten by various animals, particularly fish and seabirds, and frequently host bopyrid parasites.
=Lifecycle=
Unlike Dendrobranchiates, Carideans brood their eggs rather than releasing them into the water. Caridean larvae undergo all naupliar development within the egg, and eclose as a zoea. The zoea stage feeds on phytoplankton. There can be as few as two zoea stages, (e.g. some freshwater Palaemonidae), or as many as 13, (e.g. some Pandalidae). The post-zoeal larva, often called a decapodid, resembles a miniature adult, but retains some larval characteristics. The decapodid larva will metamorphose a final time into a post-larval juvenile: a young shrimp having all the characteristics of adults.{{Cite web|last1=Guerao|first1=Guillermo|last2=Cuesta|first2=Jose|date=July 2014|title=Caridea|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263973779|url-status=live|website=ResearchGate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220082835/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263973779_Caridea |archive-date=2020-12-20 }} Most adult carideans are benthic animals living primarily on the sea floor.
Common species include Pandalus borealis (the "pink shrimp"), Crangon crangon (the "brown shrimp") and the snapping shrimp of the genus Alpheus. Depending on the species and location, they grow from about {{convert|1.2|to|30|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} long, and live between 1.0 and 6.5 years.{{cite web |url=http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/faq/ |title=A bouillabaisse of fascinating facts about fish |publisher=NOAA: National Marine Fisheries Service |access-date=October 22, 2009}}
Commercial fishing
{{See also|Shrimp fishery}}
File:Wild caridean shrimp capture time series.png
The most significant commercial species among the carideans is Pandalus borealis,[http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3425/en Pandalus borealis (Krøyer, 1838)] FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved September 2012. followed by Crangon crangon.[http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3435/en Crangon crangon (Linnaeus, 1758)] FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved September 2012. The wild-capture production of P. borealis is about ten times that of C. crangon. In 1950, the position was reversed, with the capture of C. crangon about ten times that of P. borealis.
In 2010, the global aquaculture of all shrimp and prawn species (3.5 million tonnes) slightly exceeded the global wild capture (3.2 million tonnes). No carideans were significantly involved in aquaculture, but about 430,000 tonnes were captured in the wild. That is, about 13% of the global wild capture, or about 6% of the total production of all shrimp and prawns, were carideans.
Taxonomy
The infraorder Caridea is divided into 15 superfamilies:
Fossil record
The fossil record of the Caridean is sparse, with only 57 exclusively fossil species known. The earliest of these cannot be assigned to any family, but date from the Lower Jurassic and Cretaceous.{{cite journal |url=http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/5471/2/SCtZ-0131-Lo_res.pdf |title=Two new caridean shrimps, one representing a new family, from marine pools on Ascension Island (Crustacea: Decapoda: Natantia) |author=Fenner A. Chace Jr. & Raymond B. Manning |journal=Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology |year=1972 |volume=131 |issue=131 |pages=18 pp |doi=10.5479/si.00810282.131}} A number of extinct genera cannot be placed in any superfamily:
{{div col|colwidth=21em}}
- Acanthinopus Pinna, 1974
- Alcmonacaris Polz, 2009
- Bannikovia Garassino & Teruzzi, 1996
- Blaculla Münster, 1839
- Buergerocaris Schweigert & Garassino, 2004
- Gampsurus von der Marck, 1863
- Hefriga Münster, 1839
- Leiothorax Pinna, 1974
- Parvocaris Bravi & Garassino, 1998
- Pinnacaris Garassino & Teruzzi, 1993
{{div col end}}
See also
- {{Portal-inline|Crustaceans}}
- Dendrobranchiata
References
{{Reflist|32em}}
External links
- {{Commons category-inline|Caridea}}
- {{Wikispecies-inline|Caridea}}
{{Decapoda}}
{{shrimps and prawns}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q80117}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Arthropod infraorders
Category:Commercial crustaceans
Category:Extant Early Jurassic first appearances