Casualties of the Gaza war#idfclaims

{{main|Casualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip}}

{{further|Bombing of Gaza|Attacks on refugee camps in the Gaza war|Attacks on schools during the Israeli invasion of Gaza|Attacks on health facilities during the Gaza war|Gaza genocide|Gaza paramedic massacre}}

File:Gaza death graph.png

{{Pie chart

| caption = The demographic composition of Gazans killed between October 7, 2023 and August 2024.
Source: GHM casualty list (analysis by Michael Spagat).{{cite web |last1=Spagat |first1=Michael |date=24 September 2024 |title=Tracking Gaza's war death toll: Ministry of Health improves accuracy in latest casualty report |url=https://aoav.org.uk/2024/tracking-gazas-war-death-toll-ministry-of-health-improves-accuracy-in-latest-casualty-report/ |website=AOAV |language=en}}

| value1 = 33.1

| label1 = Children (0-17)

| color1 = blue

| value2 = 18.3

| label2 = Women (18-59)

| color2 = Crimson

| value3 = 8.6

| label3 = Elderly (60+)

| color3 = green

| value4 = 40

| label4 = Men (18-59)

| color4 = LightGray

}}

{{Pie chart

| caption = The demographic composition of Gazan killed in residential buildings between Nov 2023 and April 2024.
Source: all deaths that have been cross-verified from three independent casualty lists (analysis by OHCHR).{{Cite web |date=2024-11-08 |title=Nearly 70% of Gaza war dead women and children - UN |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn5wel11pgdo |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |date=8 November 2024 |title=UPDATE REPORT - Six-month update report on the human rights situation in Gaza:1 November 2023 to 30 April 2024 |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/countries/opt/20241106-Gaza-Update-Report-OPT.pdf |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights}}

| value1 = 44

| label1 = Children

| color1 = blue

| value2 = 26

| label2 = Women

| color2 = Crimson

| value3 = 30

| label3 = Men

| color3 = LightGray

}}

File:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 28.jpg following an Israeli airstrike, 10 October 2023]]

The Gaza Strip suffered significant civilian casualties from Israeli bombardment.{{cite news |date=17 October 2023 |title=Dozens killed as Israeli strikes hit southern Gaza refuge areas |language=en-GB |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67133803 |access-date=17 October 2023}}{{cite news |title=These charts show the scale of loss in the Israel-Hamas war |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/07/middleeast/palestinian-israeli-deaths-gaza-dg/index.html |work=CNN |date=7 November 2023}}

On 3 November 2023, at least 10 cemetery workers were killed by an Israeli airstrike while working at a graveyard in Beit Lahia.{{cite news |title=Israeli attack hits group of cemetery workers in Beit Lahia: Report |url=https://aje.io/ddc07n?update=2459082 |date=3 November 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=3 November 2023}} On 4 November, an unnamed Israeli official claimed that around 20,000 people had been killed in Gaza, "most of them terrorists."{{cite news |date=4 November 2023 |title=גורם ביטחוני בכיר: כ-20 אלף הרוגים בתקיפות צה"ל ברצועה - רובם מחבלים |trans-title=Senior security official: About 20,000 dead in IDF attacks in the Gaza Strip - most of them terrorists |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/b1oigmnxa |access-date=5 November 2023 |work=Ynet |publisher=Yedioth Ahronoth |language=hebrew}} On 14 November, two volleyball players, Hassan Zuaiter and Ibrahim Qusaya, were killed in an Israeli airstrike on Jabalia refugee camp.{{Cite web |date=14 November 2023 |title=Israeli bombings kill two Palestinian volleyball stars Hassan Zuaiter and Ibrahim Qasia |url=https://www.alquds.com/en/posts/100737 |website=Al-Quds}} As of 1 December, 102 UNRWA employees in Gaza had been killed in Israeli airstrikes.{{cite news |last1=Regan |first1=Helen |last2=Atay Alam |first2=Hande |title=UN mourns the deaths of more than 100 aid workers in Gaza, the highest number killed in any conflict in its history |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/14/middleeast/united-nations-staff-deaths-gaza-intl-hnk/index.html |work=CNN |date=14 November 2023 |language=en}} On 29 December, UNRWA reported 308 people had been killed in UNRWA shelters.{{cite web |date=29 November 2023 |title=At least 308 people killed in UNRWA shelters |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/12/29/israel-hamas-war-live-israel-kills-at-least-20-in-attack-on-rafah?update=2586151 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher= |access-date=29 December 2023}} Euro-Med Monitor reported that the IDF was taking and holding Palestinian bodies from Gaza, prompting calls for an international investigation on organ theft suspicions.{{cite web |title=Int'l committee must investigate Israel's holding of dead bodies in Gaza |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/intl-committee-must-investigate-israels-holding-dead-bodies-gaza-enar |website=ReliefWeb |date=27 November 2023 |publisher=Euro-Med Monitor |access-date=19 December 2023}} The organization further stated that Israel had systematically killed hundreds of tech specialists, including "programmers, information technology experts, and computer engineering analysts".{{cite web |date=22 March 2024 |title=Euro-Med Monitor: Israel 'systematically killing' Palestinian tech experts |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/22/israels-war-on-gaza-live-the-choice-is-clear-a-2-state-solution?update=2790732 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=24 March 2024}} In March 2024, Al Jazeera English's news blog reported that Israeli forces conducted a pattern of killing entire families by targeting the homes they were sheltering in.{{cite web |last1=Mahmoud |first1=Hani |date=17 March 2024 |title=Israeli pattern of targeting families inside residential homes |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/17/israels-war-on-gaza-live-13-aid-trucks-reach-north-malnutrition-doubles?update=2778274 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=20 March 2024}} An entire family, including both parents and four sons, were shot dead by the IDF in December 2023.{{cite news |last1=Mellen |first1=Riley |title=How a Single Family Was Shot Dead on a Street in Gaza |work=The New York Times |date=6 September 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/middleeast/100000009614868/israel-gaza-war-family-killed.html?smid=url-share |access-date=17 September 2024}}

According to the Gaza Health Ministry, at least 50 people were killed by Israeli strikes on Jabalia on October 31 and November 1.{{Cite web |date=2023-11-01 |title=Israeli airstrikes flatten apartments in Gaza's Jabaliya refugee camp, Israel says attack targeted Hamas |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/israeli-airstrikes-flatten-apartments-in-gazas-jabaliya-refugee-camp-israel-says-attack-targeted-hamas |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us}} Significant civilian casualties were reported following the Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion, the Jabalia camp airstrike on 31 October, and the Fakhoora school airstrike on November 4. Other mass casualty events included the Church of Saint Porphyrius airstrike and the al-Shati refugee camp airstrike, as well as numerous attacks on refugee camps, schools, and healthcare facilities. The United Nations stated they had recorded seven mass casualty incidents just between 24 and 29 October 2024 in the Gaza Strip.{{cite web |last1=Gussie |first1=Kielce |title=Pope on war: "Children and families are the first victims" |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2024-10/pope-francis-war-gaza-peace.html |website=Vatican News |date=30 October 2024 |access-date=1 November 2024}}

As of 13 May 2024, the U.N. reported there were 35,000 direct casualties, and amongst those with confirmed identities there were 7,797 minors, 4,959 women and 1,924 elderly.{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-says-gaza-death-toll-still-over-35000-not-all-bodies-identified-2024-05-13/|title=UN says Gaza death toll still over 35,000 but not all bodies identified |date=2024-05-13 |website=Reuters }} 52% of those with confirmed identities are women and minors, and 40% are men; the U.N. does not differentiate between combatant and civilian deaths.{{cite web |last1=Overton |first1=Iain |title=Gaza War: UN revises death toll for women and children - occupied Palestinian territory |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/gaza-war-un-revises-death-toll-women-and-children |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=OCHA |access-date=22 June 2024 |language=en |date=17 May 2024}} By late-June 2024, a Palestinian NGO reported that as many as 10,000 Palestinians had been disabled by injuries related to the war.{{cite web |date=29 June 2024 |title=Israel's war on Gaza leaves around 10,000 Palestinians disabled |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/israels-war-gaza-leaves-around-10000-palestinians-disabled#:~:text=Israel's%20indiscriminate%20war%20on%20the,disabilities%20an%20NGO%20has%20said.&text=Israel's%20ongoing%20indiscriminate%20war%20on,an%20NGO%20announced%20on%20Saturday. |website=The New Arab |access-date=9 July 2024}} According to public health experts, such as chair of global public health at the University of Edinburgh Devi Sridhar, the death tolls in the Gaza Strip are likely an undercount.{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Sridhar |first1=Devi |title=Scientists are closing in on the true, horrifying scale of death and disease in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/2024/sep/05/scientists-death-disease-gaza-polio-vaccinations-israel |work=The Guardian |date=5 September 2024 |access-date=12 November 2024}} In November, a report on an investigation by the UN Human Rights Office into a subset of 8,119 verified fatalities found around 70% of them to be women and children, with 5-9 year olds the most heavily represented group.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn5wel11pgdo|title=Nearly 70% of Gaza war dead verified by UN are women and children|author = Mallory Moench|date=8 November 2024|work=BBC News}}{{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/11/there-must-be-due-reckoning-horrific-violations-possible-atrocity-crimes|title=There must be "due reckoning" for horrific violations, possible atrocity crimes in Gaza – UN Human Rights Chief| website=OHCHR|date=8 November 2024|access-date = 6 December 2024}}

{{See also|Effect of the Gaza war on children in the Gaza Strip#Casualties}}

On 25 October 2023, by when over 1000 children had been killed, Qatar's Foreign Minister Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani criticized the international community for "acting as if the lives of Palestinian children do not count".{{cite news |title=Qatar FM: More children killed in Gaza than Ukraine |url=https://aje.io/4hsru5?update=2436111 |date=25 October 2023 |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=25 October 2023}} In a statement, UNICEF regional director Adele Khodr stated Gaza's child death toll was a "growing stain on our collective conscience".{{cite news |title=Child casualties in Gaza a 'stain on our conscience' |url=https://aje.io/4hsru5?update=2435951 |date=25 October 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=25 October 2023}} On 28 October 2023, the number of families who had been killed entirely had risen to 825.{{Cite magazine |date=2023-10-31 |title=Israeli Airstrikes Have 'Wiped Out Entire Families' |url=https://time.com/6330210/israel-hamas-gaza-families-amnesty-international/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |magazine=TIME |language=en}} On 30 October 2023, Save the Children reported more children had died in three weeks in Gaza than in the entire sum of conflicts around the world in the past four years.{{cite news |title=More children died in Gaza in three weeks than annual total since 2019 |url=https://aje.io/py7et7?update=2448241 |date=30 October 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=30 October 2023}} UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini briefed the UN Security Council, sharing Save the Children's analysis.{{Cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-security-council-emergency-briefing-situation-middle-east-including-palestinian-question-unrwa-commissioner-general-philippe-lazzarini-remarks |title=UN Security Council emergency briefing on "the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question" – UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini remarks – occupied Palestinian territory |date=30 October 2023 |website=ReliefWeb}} By the end of October 2023 over 3000 children had been killed.{{cite news |title=Why Israel's push into Gaza is killing so many children |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-gaza-hamas-civilian-casualties-children-deaths-airstrikes-palestinian-2023-10 |work=Business Insider |date=31 October 2023}} The death of Hind Rajab drew significant media coverage following the release of her emergency call and her subsequent disappearance for 12 days.{{Cite news |last=Sinmaz |first=Emine |date=2024-02-10 |title='I'm so scared, please come': Hind Rajab, six, found dead in Gaza 12 days after cry for help |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/10/im-so-scared-please-come-hind-rajab-six-found-dead-in-gaza-12-days-after-cry-for-help |access-date=2024-02-11 |work=The Observer |language=en-GB |issn=0029-7712}}

On 29 February 2024, Gaza's Ministry of Health reported that 44% (i.e. over 13,000) of the fatalities were children. This disproportionate amount is mainly a result of the strip's very young population, of which 40% are below 14 years of age.{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2021/05/18/israeli-palestinian-conflict-mental-health-impact-traumatized-kids/5144155001/ |title=Israeli Palestinian conflict mental health impact |date=2021-05-18 |website=USA Today}}

On 8 May 2024, the UN officially revised previous numbers regarding the breakdown of casualties following more formal investigations, the total number killed remaining the same. Only considering identifiable casualties, the proportion of children killed in Gaza was reported as 31.6% or 7797 identified children casualties out of 24,686 identified bodies.{{Cite news |last=Batrawy |first=Aya |date=May 15, 2024 |title=Why the U.N. revised the numbers of women and children killed in Gaza |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/05/15/1251265727/un-gaza-death-toll-women-children#:~:text=at%20the%20figures%3A-,The%20U.N.,70%25%20of%20deaths%20fully%20identified |work=NPR}} A joint report by Oxfam and Action on Armed Violence in October 2024 found the Israeli military had killed more women and children in Gaza than in any other conflict around the world in the past two decades.{{cite web |date=1 October 2024 |title=More women and children killed in Gaza by Israeli military than any other recent conflict |url=https://aoav.org.uk/2024/more-women-and-children-killed-in-gaza-by-israeli-military-than-any-other-recent-conflict-oxfam-and-aoav-report/ |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=Action on Armed Violence}}

The Gaza Ministry of Health casualty numbers do not provide the proportion of casualties who are civilian; as a result, varying estimates have been given by analysts. A study by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in The Lancet covering the period 7–26 October estimated 68.1% of casualties were children, women or elders and therefore likely non-combatants,{{cite journal |first=Zeina |last=Jamaluddine |title=Excess mortality in Gaza: Oct 7–26, 2023 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)02640-5/fulltext |date=2023-11-26 |journal=The Lancet|volume=402 |issue=10418 |pages=2189–2190 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02640-5 |pmid=38035878 }} while an analysis published in December in Haaretz by Israeli sociologist Yagil Levy estimated at least 61% of the casualties were in this category.{{cite news |last=Levy |first=Yagil |title=The Israeli Army Has Dropped the Restraint in Gaza, and the Data Shows Unprecedented Killing |work=Haaretz |date=9 December 2023 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-09/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/the-israeli-army-has-dropped-the-restraint-in-gaza-and-data-shows-unprecedented-killing/0000018c-4cca-db23-ad9f-6cdae8ad0000 |access-date=9 April 2024}}{{cite news |last=Borger |first=Julian |title=Civilians make up 61% of Gaza deaths from airstrikes, Israeli study finds |work=The Guardian |date=9 December 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/09/civilian-toll-israeli-airstrikes-gaza-unprecedented-killing-study |access-date=9 April 2024}} Both studies were based on figures from Gaza's Ministry of Health. Considering only women, children and elderly as civilians (i.e. classifying all adult men as combatants) gives a conservative figure for civilians, although the true proportion of civilians is likely higher.{{cite news |author=Marc Lynch |author2=Sarah Parkinson |date=14 December 2023 |title=A closer look at the Gaza casualty data |url=https://goodauthority.org/news/gaza-casualty-data/ |publisher=Good Authority}} In early December, Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor estimated that 90% of the casualties were civilians.{{cite web |title=Contrary to Israeli claims, 9 out of 10 of those killed in Gaza are civilians |website=Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor |date=5 December 2023 |url=https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/6004/Contrary-to-Israeli-claims,-9-out-of-10-of-those-killed-in-Gaza-are-civilians%E2%80%8B |access-date=9 April 2024}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/gaza-civilians-killed |title=Human Rights Monitor Says 90% Killed by Israel in Gaza Were Civilians |date=6 December 2023 |website=www.commondreams.org}} In December, Israel's military said it estimated two out of three (66%) of those killed to be civilians.{{cite news |last1=McCluskey |first1=Mitchell |last2=Greene |first2=Richard Allen |title=Israeli military says 2 civilians killed for every militant is 'tremendously positive' ratio given Gaza combat challenges |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/05/middleeast/israel-hamas-military-civilian-ratio-killed-intl-hnk/index.html |work=CNN |date=5 December 2023 |language=en}} On May 30, professor Adam Gaffney of Harvard Medical School estimated civilians constituted 80% of total killed. On August 2, professor Michael Spagat also estimated that roughly 80% of GHM recorded deaths constituted civilians.

Even the conservative figure of 61% is higher than the average civilian death rate in all world conflicts "from the Second World War to the 1990s", according to Yigal Levy.{{cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |title=Civilians make up 61% of Gaza deaths from airstrikes, Israeli study finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/09/civilian-toll-israeli-airstrikes-gaza-unprecedented-killing-study#:~:text=Haaretz%20published%20an%20analysis%20by,airstrikes%20hovered%20at%20about%2040%25. |work=The Guardian |date=9 December 2023 |access-date=10 December 2023}} However, it is lower than the UN's estimate of a 9:1 civilian to militant casualty rate worldwide.{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Ninety Per Cent of War-Time Casualties Are Civilians, Speakers Stress, Pressing Security Council to Fulfil Responsibility, Protect Innocent People in Conflicts |url=https://press.un.org/en/2022/sc14904.doc.htm |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |publisher=United Nations}} The number of casualties is higher than in any conflict in Gaza's recent history, with Neta Crawford of the Costs of War Project at Brown University stating, "This is, in the 21st century, a significant and out-of-the-norm level of destruction".{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Adam |date=22 December 2023 |title=More than 20,000 dead in Gaza, a historic human toll |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/22/gaza-israel-war-20000-dead/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=22 December 2023}} On 31 December, Al Jazeera stated 2023 was the deadliest year for Palestinians since the 1948 Nakba.{{cite news |date=31 December 2023 |title=Number of Palestinians killed in 2023 largest since the Nakba |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/12/31/israel-hamas-war-live-destroyed-homes-leave-1-5-million-homeless-in-gaza?update=2589661 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=1 January 2024}}

In late April 2024 Khalil al-Hayya, a top Hamas official, said that no more than 20% of Hamas's fighters had been killed.{{Cite news |last=Sewell |first=Abby |date=2024-04-25 |title=Hamas official says group would lay down its arms if an independent Palestinian state is established |url=https://apnews.com/article/hamas-khalil-alhayya-qatar-ceasefire-1967-borders-4912532b11a9cec29464eab234045438 |access-date=2024-10-17 |work=AP News |language=en}}

US intelligence estimated in June 2024 that between 11,000 and 13,000 militants have been killed.{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Nakhoul |first1=Samia |last2=Pamuk |first2=Humeyra |last3=Landay |first3=Jonathan |date=6 June 2024 |title=Diminished Hamas switches to full insurgent mode in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/diminished-hamas-switches-full-insurgent-mode-gaza-2024-06-06/ |work=Reuters}}

In early December 2023, an Israeli official claimed Israel had killed 5,000 militants,{{cite news |last1=Bachner |first1=Michael |last2=Fabian |first2=Emanuel |date=2023-12-05 |title=IDF officials: 2 civilian deaths for every 1 Hamas fighter killed in Gaza |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-officials-2-civilian-deaths-for-every-1-hamas-fighter-killed-in-gaza/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |work=The Times of Israel}} but provided no evidence to support the claim.{{cite news |date=22 December 2023 |title=Israel makes military claims in Gaza war without providing proof: Correspondent |url=https://aje.io/cvvtyk?update=2572351 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=23 December 2023}} On December 29, the IDF said it had killed 8,000 Hamas fighters.{{cite web |date=2023-12-29 |title=Around 8,000 Hamas fighters killed in Gaza war, says IDF spokesman |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/world-news/global-affairs/around-8000-hamas-fighters-killed-in-gaza-war-says-idf-spokesman/video/1bc009f0e121da67ff8671cebe72c1e0 |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Sky News Australia}}{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Merlyn |last2=Horton |first2=Jake |last3=Garman |first3=Benedict |title=Israel Gaza: Checking Israel's claim to have killed 10,000 Hamas fighters |work=BBC News |date=29 February 2024 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-68387864 |access-date=9 April 2024}} On 30 December 2023, Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor estimated 2,353 militant deaths (based 30,034 total and 27,681 civilian deaths).{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/EuroMedHR/status/1741114914767270111 |title=Statistics on the Israeli Genocide in the Gaza Strip (07 October-30 December 2023) |date=2023-12-30 |access-date=2024-01-01 |publisher=Euro-Med Monitor}} On 19 February 2024, one Hamas official told Reuters 6,000 of its militants had been killed,{{Cite web |date=2024-02-19 |title=Rafah attack: How Israel plans to hit Hamas and scale back war |website=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israels-six-week-drive-hit-hamas-rafah-scale-back-war-2024-02-19/}} but a second Hamas official denied this figure in an interview with BBC. Hamas also put out an official statement denying the 6,000 figure. The same day, the IDF claimed it had killed 12,000 militants up to that point.{{cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |title=IDF says 12,000 Hamas fighters killed in Gaza war, double the terror group's claim |work=The Times of Israel |date=19 February 2024 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-says-12000-hamas-fighters-killed-in-gaza-war-double-the-terror-groups-claim/ |access-date=9 April 2024}} The IDF did not confirm that number to the BBC, but in two separate responses, said the figure is "approximately 10,000" and "more than 10,000", with the Israeli embassy in London giving a similar figure. On 7 April, the IDF said that more than 13,000 operative of Hamas and its allies had been killed by Israel in Gaza in the fighting (although an IDF press release gave 12,000+), in addition to the 1,000 killed on 7 October. The IDF said these deaths included five Hamas brigade commanders or equivalent, 20 battalion commanders, and over 100 company commanders or equivalent.{{cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |title=Six months of war: IDF data shows 604 soldiers killed, more than 9,000 rockets fired by Hamas |work=The Times of Israel |date=7 April 2024 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/six-months-of-war-idf-data-shows-604-soldiers-killed-more-than-9000-rockets-fired-by-hamas/ |access-date=9 April 2024}}{{cite web |last=Eglash |first=Ruth |title=IDF says more than 12,000 terrorists killed in six months of war, as tensions soar with Iran |website=Jewish Insider |date=8 April 2024 |url=https://jewishinsider.com/2024/04/israel-hamas-gaza-terrorists-war-six-months-oct-7-iran/#:~:text=More%20than%2012%2C000%20terrorists%20have,attack%20on%20Israeli%20soil%20ever. |access-date=9 April 2024}}{{cite web |title=April 6, 2024 Eliminations and Interrogations of Terrorists |website=IDF |date=6 April 2024 |url=https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/idf-press-releases-regarding-the-hamas-israel-war/april-24-press-releases/war-against-hamas-6-months-operational-update/eliminations-and-interrogations-of-terrorists/ |access-date=9 April 2024}} On May 12 Netanyahu said about 14,000 militants and 16,000 civilians had been killed in Gaza - that about 47% of the deaths were of militants.{{Cite news |date=2024-05-14 |title=Israel's Netanyahu says militants make up about half of Gaza deaths |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-death-toll-netanyahu-un-civilians-women-children/ |access-date=2024-10-09 |work=CBS News |language=en-US}} On August 15, 2024 the IDF claimed more than 17,000 militants had been killed.{{Cite news |date=2024-08-15 |title=More than 40,000 Palestinians have been killed in Gaza, the territory's Health Ministry says |url=https://apnews.com/article/gaza-death-toll-hamas-war-israel-40000-32a79e03c8eb62669412dab23d03219e |access-date=2024-10-28 |work=AP News |language=en}}

The AP, CNN, Washington Post, NBC and others have all said that the IDF has provided no evidence for its claims of how many militants it has killed, or been unable to verify the claims provided.{{multiref2

|1={{Cite web |date=2024-02-19 |title=More than 29,000 Palestinians have been killed in Israel-Hamas war, Gaza Health Ministry says |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-02-19-2024-81c2d362340b611a98e4b929b4b5d0a4 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=AP News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121101547/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-02-19-2024-81c2d362340b611a98e4b929b4b5d0a4 |archive-date=2025-01-21 |url-status=live }}

|2={{Cite web |first1=Christian |last1=Edwards |first2=Tamar |last2=Michaelis |date=2024-06-20 |title=Israeli military official says Hamas cannot be destroyed, as rift with Netanyahu widens |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/06/20/middleeast/hagari-netanyahu-destroy-hamas-israel-intl/index.html |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119113254/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/06/20/middleeast/hagari-netanyahu-destroy-hamas-israel-intl/index.html |archive-date=2025-01-19 |url-status=live }}

|3={{Cite news |last1=Morris |first1=Loveday |last2=Rubin |first2=Shira |last3=Balousha |first3=Hazem |date=2024-05-15 |title=As Hamas returns to the north, Israel's Gaza endgame is nowhere in sight |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/05/15/israel-hamas-gaza-rafah-jabalya/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925072951/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/05/15/israel-hamas-gaza-rafah-jabalya/ |archive-date=2024-09-25 |access-date=2025-01-25 |newspaper=The Washington Post |quote=Netanyahu said last week that Israel has killed 14,000 Hamas militants; the IDF put its estimate at 13,000 last month. The numbers are not possible to independently verify — and no evidence has been offered to support them — but even the high-end figure would amount to less than half of Hamas's estimated fighting force before the war.}}

|4={{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=As Gaza death toll tops 30,000, is Israel on the path to victory or quagmire? |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/gaza-death-toll-30000-israel-hamas-victory-or-quagmire-rcna140951 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=NBC News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229185353/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/gaza-death-toll-30000-israel-hamas-victory-or-quagmire-rcna140951 |archive-date=2024-02-29 |url-status=live }}

}}

Sources have doubted the Israeli figures by questioning the IDF's ability to distinguish civilians from combatants{{Cite news |date=6 March 2024 |title=Report casts doubt on Israeli army claims of Hamas fighters killed in Gaza |url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1370467/report-casts-doubt-on-israeli-army-claims-of-hamas-fighters-killed-in-gaza.html |publisher=L'Orient Today |quote=The Israeli military claims that its forces have killed more than 10,000 Palestinian fighters in Gaza, but its ability to distinguish between civilians and fighters has long been brought into question.}}{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Merlyn |date=2024-02-29 |title=Israel Gaza: Checking Israel's claim to have killed 10,000 Hamas fighters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68387864 |work=BBC News |quote=The Israeli embassy in the UK told us they think the total number of Hamas fighters killed is "between 10,000 and 12,000". But they said it was hard to distinguish between civilians and combatants.}} (for example, the IDF mistakenly identified three Israeli civilians as Palestinian militants).{{cite news |last1=Ahmad |first1=Omair |author-link=Omair Ahmad |date=2023-12-22 |title=Netanyahu's Supremacist War |url=https://thewire.in/world/netanyahus-supremacist-war |work=The Wire |publisher= |quote=The Israelis claim that the kill ratio is two civilians to one military target...However, given that the IDF killed three of the people it was claiming to be rescuing, after they had stripped their shirt, scrawled SOS in Hebrew, and were waving a white flag, the IDF's ability to distinguish between combatants and non-combatants is in doubt.}} Many observers believe Israel simply treats all adult male casualties as militants.{{cite news |last=Al Taher |first=Nada |date=March 26, 2024 |title=Israeli campaign in Gaza meets genocide definition, says UN official |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/palestine-israel/2024/03/26/genocide-convention-report-israel-gaza/ |work=The National |publisher= |quote="Israel failed to prove that the remaining 30 percent, ie adult males, were active Hamas combatants – a necessary condition for them to be lawfully targeted," the report read. Israel assigned all adult men "active fighter status by default" in December last year when it said it had killed more than 7,000 "terrorists", although men comprised less than 5,000 of the casualties at the time.}}{{cite news |last=Filiu |first=Jean-Pierre |author-link=Jean-Pierre Filiu |title=Destroying Hamas, or destroying Gaza? |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/12/18/destroying-hamas-or-destroying-gaza_6353881_4.html |work=Le Monde |date=18 December 2023 |language=en |quote=As for the figure of 7,000 Hamas fighters that Israel claims to have killed, this seems highly overstated. This number reflects the scale of all adult males killed since the start of an offensive in which 70% of victims have been women and children.}} Other observers argue that Israel could be arriving at inflated figures of militant deaths by including all civil servants as militants.

BBC Verify repeatedly asked IDF for its methodology on counting militant deaths, but the IDF never responded. BBC Verify attempted to count militant deaths by compiling all announcements of militant deaths on the IDF's official telegram channel; it found the IDF had made 160 such announcements, summing up to 714 total militant deaths in the Gaza Strip (as of 29 February), however 247 references used terms such as “several”, “dozens”, or “hundreds” which made a meaningful tally impossible. BBC Verify also viewed all 280 videos posted on the IDF's YouTube channel of Gaza operations, and found that only one of those videos actually showed dead bodies of Palestinian militants.

An analysis by Zoran Kusovac in Al-Jazeera in December 2023, said that IDF's own numbers imply 62 Hamas fighters killed for every Israeli soldier killed in Gaza operations. Kusovac argued that if only half the militants were killed in combat, a constant loss exchange ratio of 31:1 over many months would be so demoralizing that Hamas fighters would rout, yet as Hamas continues to fight, its losses must be smaller than claimed.{{cite news |last1=Kusovac |first1=Zoran |title=Analysis: As Israel escalates Gaza war, its 'kill-rate' claims don't add up |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/9/analysis-as-israel-escalates-gaza-war-its-kill-rate-claims-dont-add-up |work=Al Jazeera |date=9 Dec 2023 |language=en}}

In March 2024, Haaretz interviewed several standing army commanders and reserve commanders who cast doubt on Israel's official figures of how many "terrorists" it had killed.{{Cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-03-31/ty-article-magazine/.premium/israel-created-kill-zones-in-gaza-anyone-who-crosses-into-them-is-shot/0000018e-946c-d4de-afee-f46da9ee0000 |title=Israel created 'kill zones' in Gaza. Anyone who crosses into them is shot |first=Yaniv |last=Kubovich |date=31 March 2024 |work=Haaretz}} Many of those included in the combatant killed count were simply "Palestinians who never held a gun in their lives".

In January 2025, the Jerusalem Post said the "numbers don't add up" regarding Israeli claims about Hamas military casualties. In October 2023, the IDF had estimated Hamas 25,000 fighters; in 2024 the IDF claimed to killing 17–20,000 fighters, wounding another 14–16,000 and capturing 6,000. Yet in January, it said there were still had 12–23,000 fighters left. To reconcile the discrepancy, the IDF revised its October 2023 estimate to 40,000 and said Hamas must have recruited thousands more.{{cite news |title=Hamas forces are making a substantial comeback in the Gaza Strip |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-835754 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=1 January 2025 |language=en}}

File:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 18.jpg]]

On 13 October, the Palestinian Ministry of Health noted 20 surnames had been removed from Gaza's civil registry, meaning every single person in that entire family had been killed.{{cite news |last1=Mhawesh |first1=Mohammed R. |title=When a family dies under Israel's bombs, part of Gaza's history disappears |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/13/when-a-family-dies-under-israels-bombs-part-of-gazas-history-disappears |work=Al Jazeera |date=13 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023}} The New York Times stated, "Family trees have been dismembered, and whole branches obliterated."{{cite news |last1=Yee |first1=Vivian |title=More Than 100 Members of This Gaza Clan Have Been Killed in War |work=The New York Times |date=17 December 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/17/world/middleeast/gaza-al-astal-loss.html |access-date=19 December 2023}} An Associated Press investigation found 60 Palestinian families where at least 25 people were killed between October and December 2023, sometimes across four generations.{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/gaza-palestinians-families-israel-war-deaths-a9f8bcfe402c17f1f78903eae67b7a7d? |title=The war in Gaza has wiped out entire Palestinian families. AP documents 60 who lost dozens or more |work=Associated Press News |date=17 June 2024}}

On 16 October 2023, UNRWA stated there were so many deaths in Gaza that there were no longer enough body bags.{{cite news |last1=Hülsemann |first1=Laura |title=UN agency: There aren't enough body bags in Gaza |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/united-nations-not-enough-body-bags-gaza/ |work=Politico |date=16 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023}} Because the morgues were so overcrowded, bodies were kept in ice cream trucks.{{cite news |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |title=As Gaza death toll rises, bodies are stored in ice cream trucks |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-death-toll-rises-bodies-are-stored-ice-cream-trucks-2023-10-15/ |work=Reuters |date=15 October 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023}} On 11 November 2023, Monir al-Bashr, the director of the Health Ministry of Gaza, stated graves were being dug by hand.{{cite news |title=Digging with 'our hands' to bury dead: Health ministry director |url=https://aje.io/jmh2l8?update=2478485 |work=Al Jazeera |date=11 November 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023}} On 12 November 2023, Mai al-Kaila noted staff at Al-Shifa were unable to bury 100 decomposing bodies.{{cite news |last1=Michaelson |first1=Ruth |title=Under bombardment, Gaza medics fight to save patients with no power, water or food |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/12/under-bombardment-gaza-medics-fight-to-save-patients-with-no-power-water-or-food |work=The Guardian |date=12 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023}} On 14 November 2023, the Palestinian Red Crescent noted it was unable to rescue the wounded and injured beneath the rubble, noting, "Those injured are left there in agony to suffer and die with no response to their calls of help."{{cite news |title='No response to their calls for help' |url=https://aje.io/u0xc67?update=2486381 |work=Al Jazeera |date=14 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023}} By August 2024, the dead were being buried in the streets and house yards, as well as in mass graves.{{cite web |last1=Frankel |first1=Julia |title=As Gaza death toll passes 40,000, corpses are buried in yards, streets, tiered graves |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/as-gaza-death-toll-passes-40000-corpses-are-buried-in-yards-streets-tiered-graves# |website=PBS |date=15 August 2024 |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=25 August 2024}}{{cite news |title='An open-air graveyard': In Gaza, there is nowhere left to bury the dead |url=https://www.newarab.com/analysis/israels-war-turning-gaza-open-air-graveyard |work=The New Arab |date=3 January 2024 |access-date=3 May 2024}}

At the end of January 2024 BBC reported that based on a recent report from the Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor more than 24,000 children have lost one or both parents due to the war. The United Nations agency UNICEF have estimated that there are about 19,000 orphaned or unaccompanied children in Gaza, with some being dug out of rubble or found throughout the strip.{{Cite news |last=Knell |first=Yolande |date=31 January 2024 |title=Injured, hungry and alone - the Gazan children orphaned by war |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68141039 |work=BBC News |access-date=31 January 2024 |language=en-GB}}

{{Infobox famine

|name=Gaza Strip famine

| image =

| caption =

| country = State of Palestine

| location = Gaza Strip

| coordinates =

| period = {{start date and age|2023||}}-present

| excess_mortality=

| from_disease =

| total_deaths = 31+{{efn|as of 29 March 2024.{{cite news |last1=Cooney |first1=Christy |title=Top UN court orders Israel to allow food and medical aid into Gaza |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68691095 |work=BBC News |date=29 March 2024 |access-date=5 April 2024}}}}{{efn|According to CNN, the true number of people dead from starvation may already be higher, as "limited access to northern Gaza has hindered the ability of aid agencies to fully assess the situation there."{{cite news |last1=Haq |first1=Sana Noor |title=Newborns die of hunger and mothers struggle to feed their children as Israel's siege condemns Gazans to starvation |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/06/middleeast/israel-gaza-starvation-siege-mothers-babies-intl/index.html |work=CNN |date=6 March 2024 |access-date=8 March 2024}}}}

| theory =

| relief = Humanitarian aid

| food_situation =

| demographics =

| consequences = 677,000+ in starvation{{cite web |last1=Serhan |first1=Yasmeen |title=Famine May Already Be Unfolding in Gaza, Experts Warn |url=https://time.com/6957987/famine-gaza-ipc-report/ |website=Time Magazine |date=18 March 2024 |access-date=21 March 2024}}

| memorial =

|causes=blockade, siege, airstrikes, and limitation of aid}}

{{main|Gaza Strip famine}}

The Gaza war has led to imminent famine conditions in the Gaza Strip, resulting from Israeli airstrikes and the ongoing blockade of the Gaza Strip by Israel, which includes restrictions on humanitarian aid.{{cite news |last=de Waal |first=Alex |date=21 March 2024 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/mar/21/we-are-about-to-witness-the-most-intense-famine-since-world-war-ii-in-gaza |work=The Guardian |access-date=21 March 2024 |title=We are about to witness the most intense famine since World War II in Gaza}}{{cite news |title=The Guardian view on famine in Gaza: a human-made catastrophe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/mar/19/the-guardian-view-on-famine-in-gaza-a-human-made-catastrophe |work=The Guardian |date=19 March 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024}}{{Cite web |date=18 March 2024 |title=Imminent famine in northern Gaza is 'entirely man-made disaster': Guterres |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/03/1147656 |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=UN News |publisher=United Nations |language=en}} By February 2024, 2.2 million people in Gaza were experiencing food insecurity at emergency level.{{cite web |url=https://www.redcross.org.uk/stories/disasters-and-emergencies/world/whats-happening-in-gaza-humanitarian-crisis-grows |title=Summary of events in Gaza |access-date=13 February 2024 |website=Red Cross}}

Airstrikes have destroyed food infrastructure, such as bakeries, mills, and food stores, and there is a widespread scarcity of essential supplies due to the blockade of aid.{{efn|The Israeli NGO Btselem has stated the famine is a direct outcome of Israeli policy: "This reality is not a byproduct of war, but a direct result of Israel's declared policy. Residents now depend entirely on food supplies from outside Gaza, as they can no longer produce almost any food themselves. Most cultivated fields have been destroyed, and accessing open areas during the war is dangerous in any case. Bakeries, factories and food warehouses have been bombed or shut down due to lack of basic supplies, fuel and electricity."{{cite web |title=Israel is starving Gaza |url=https://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/20240108_israel_is_starving_gaza |website=B'Tselem |access-date=17 January 2024 |date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213200043/https://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/20240108_israel_is_starving_gaza |archive-date=13 February 2024}}}} By March 2024, this had caused starvation for more than half a million Gazans and is part of a broader humanitarian crisis in the Strip. It is the “highest number of people facing catastrophic hunger” ever recorded on the IPC scale, and is widely expected to be the most intense man-made famine since the Second World War.{{cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Ailsa |last2=Mohammad |first2=Linah |last3=Jarenwattananon |first3=Patrick |title=As famine looms in Gaza, we look at why modern famines are a 'man-made' disaster |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/03/22/1240304812/as-famine-looms-in-gaza-we-look-at-why-modern-famines-are-a-man-made-disaster |work=NPR |date=22 March 2024 |access-date=5 April 2024}}{{cite news |last1=Nolen |first1=Stephanie |title=Looming Starvation in Gaza Shows Resurgence of Civilian Sieges in Warfare |work=The New York Times |date=11 January 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/11/health/gaza-israel-hunger-starvation.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113173728/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/11/health/gaza-israel-hunger-starvation.html |access-date=5 April 2024 |archive-date=13 January 2024}}

In March 2024, the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) aid partnership said that the residents of Gaza are perishing due to starvation. The alarming pace at which this crisis of hunger and malnutrition, caused by humans, is spreading in Gaza is deeply concerning. Half of Gaza's entire population is currently facing catastrophic conditions and is on the brink of famine, a situation that has never been seen before. Approximately 1.1 million individuals in Gaza - half its population - were grappling with severe hunger.{{cite web |title=GAZA STRIP: Famine is imminent as 1.1 million people, half of Gaza, experience catastrophic food insecurity |website=IPC |date=1 March 2024 |url=https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipcinfo-website/alerts-archive/issue-97/en/ |access-date=16 December 2024}} By October 2024, the IPC and World Food Programme reported that more than 1.8 million Palestinians in Gaza were experiencing “extremely critical” levels of hunger, resulting from 70% of crop fields destroyed and livelihoods decimated during Israel's offensive.{{cite web |title=Over 1.8 million in Gaza face extreme hunger |website=UN News |publisher=United Nations |date=17 October 2024 |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/10/1155836 |access-date=16 December 2024}}

A letter sent to President Joe Biden, Vice President Kamala Harris, and others on 2 October 2024 by 99 American healthcare workers who have served in the Gaza Strip since 7 October 2023, using the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification standards and the available data on the severity of food shortage in different parts of Gaza, calculated that there had been at the very least 62,413 deaths in Gaza from starvation (most of them young children) and at least 5,000 deaths from lack of access to care for chronic diseases.{{#invoke:cite magazine||url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/10/us-israel-funding-gaza-palestine-deaths-october-100000-17-billion/ |title=Report: In One Year, More Than 100,000 Deaths in Gaza—Aided by $17.9 Billion From the US |last=Hurwitz |first=Sophie |date=October 8, 2024 |magazine=Mother Jones |access-date=October 17, 2024 |quote=Brown University's Costs of War Project calculated "the money that's spent on war, and the toll on human lives" after a year of war in Gaza. The numbers are staggering.}}{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/66e083452b3cbf4bbd719aa2/t/66fcd754b472610b6335d66f/1727846228615/Appendix+20241002.pdf |title=Appendix to letter of October 2, 2024 re: American physicians observations from the Gaza Strip since October 7, 2023 |author= |date=October 2, 2024 |website=gazahealthcareletters.org |publisher=Gaza Healthcare Letters |access-date=October 17, 2024 |quote=These are the most conservative estimates of the death toll that can be made with the given available data as of September 30, 2024. It is highly likely that the real number of deaths in Gaza from this conflict is far higher than this most conservative estimate. Without an immediate ceasefire the death toll will only continue to mount, especially among young children.}} This estimate was included in the estimate for indirect deaths in the war in a study from the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs at Brown University.{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2023/2024/Costs%20of%20War_Human%20Toll%20Since%20Oct%207.pdf |title=The Human Toll: Indirect Deaths from War in Gaza and the West Bank, October 7, 2023 Forward |last=Stamatopoulou-Robbins |first=Sophia |date=October 7, 2024 |publisher=Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, Brown University |access-date=October 17, 2024 |quote=In addition to killing people directly through traumatic injuries, wars cause "indirect deaths" by destroying, damaging, or causing deterioration of economic, social, psychological and health conditions. Most expansively, this report describes the causal pathways that can be expected to lead to far larger numbers of indirect deaths. These deaths result from diseases and other population-level health effects that stem from war's destruction of public infrastructure and livelihood sources, reduced access to water and sanitation, environmental damage, and other such factors. This report builds on a foundation of previous Costs of War research for its framework and methodology in covering the most significant chains of impact, or causal pathways, to indirect war deaths in Gaza and the West Bank. Unlike in combat, these deaths do not necessarily occur immediately or in the close aftermath of the battles which many observers focus on. While it will take years to assess the full extent of these population-level health effects, they will inevitably lead to far higher numbers of deaths than direct violence.}}

According to UNRWA, in the four months to mid December 2024, some 19,000 children were treated for acute malnutrition.{{Cite news |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/gaza-israel-bombs-another-un-school-malnutrition-cases-soar |title=Gaza: Israel bombs another UN school as malnutrition cases soar |work=The New Arab |date=16 December 2024}}

File:Gaza casualties info-graphic 19 June 2024.pdf casualties summary, as of 19 June 2024]]

On 25 October, US President Joe Biden stated he had "no confidence" in the death totals reported by the Gaza Health Ministry.{{cite news |last1=Dobkin |first1=Rachel |title=Biden Accuses Palestinians of Lying About Civilian Death Tolls |url=https://www.newsweek.com/biden-accuses-palestinians-lying-about-civilian-death-tolls-1837971 |date=25 October 2023 |work=Newsweek |access-date=26 October 2023 |quote="What they say to me is that I have no notion the Palestinians are telling the truth about how many are killed ... I'm sure innocents have been killed and it's the price of waging a war ... The Israelis should be incredibly careful to be sure that they're focusing on going after the folks that are propagating this war against Israel and it's against their interest when that doesn't happen but I have no confidence in the number that the Palestinians are using.""What they say to me is that I have no notion the Palestinians are telling the truth about how many are killed ... I'm sure innocents have been killed and it's the price of waging a war ... The Israelis should be incredibly careful to be sure that they're focusing on going after the folks that are propagating this war against Israel and it's against their interest when that doesn't happen but I have no confidence in the number that the Palestinians are using."}}{{cite news |title=Gaza death toll from health ministry is 'reliable': Rights expert |url=https://aje.io/4hsru5?update=2437504 |date=24 October 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=26 October 2023}}{{cite news |last1=Harb |first1=Ali |title=Why does Biden doubt the Palestinian death count in the Israel-Gaza war?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/26/appalling-why-has-biden-cast-doubt-on-the-palestinian-death-count |date=26 October 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=28 October 2023}} In response, Human Rights Watch stated that after three decades working in Gaza and conducting its own investigation, it considers Gaza Health Ministry's totals to be reliable. Matthew Miller made a similar claim to Biden's, despite the fact that the US Department of State cites the Gaza Health Ministry's death tolls in its own internal reports.{{cite news |last1=Shahid Ahmed |first1=Akbar |title=Biden Cast Doubt On Gaza's Death Statistics — But Officials Cite Them Internally |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/joe-biden-gaza-death-toll-state-department_n_653a80f3e4b0783c4ba0491f |work=Huffington Post |date=26 October 2023 |access-date=26 October 2023}} On 26 October, the Gaza Health Ministry responded by releasing a 212-page document of 6,747 individual names and ID numbers, as well as 281 unidentified fatalities.{{cite news |title=Gaza health ministry issues list of names of 7,000 people killed in Israeli bombing |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/26/Gaza-health-ministry-issues-list-of-names-of-7-000-people-killed-in-Israeli-bombing |work=Al-Arabiya |date=26 October 2023 |access-date=26 October 2023}} The US State Department Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs told a Congressional hearing on 9 November that the death toll was "very high, frankly, and it could be that they're even higher than are being cited."{{cite news |last=Salama |first=Vivian |title=State Department Says Gaza Death Toll Could Be Higher Than Reported |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=8 November 2023 |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-war-gaza-strip-2023-11-08/card/state-department-warns-gaza-death-toll-could-be-higher-than-reported-RWmIIiwHT4DfsOaJrZji |access-date=9 November 2023}}

Every death registered in Gaza is the result of a verified change in the population registry approved by the Government of Israel.{{cite web |title=The population registry |url=https://gisha.org/en/the-population-registry/ |work=Gisha |date=14 November 2011 |access-date=26 October 2023 |author1=Gisha }} Gisha, an Israeli NGO, states, "Israel continues to control the Palestinian population registry which is common to the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Any change made in these records requires Israel's approval, including the registration of births, marriages, divorces, deaths or address changes." The Israeli government notes that its "Population Registry Office works to update population registry files located on the Israeli side to match the files that are held" in the West Bank and Gaza.{{cite web |title=Coordination of Government Activities in the Territories |url=https://www.gov.il/en/departments/units/population_registrar_unit |work=Government of Israel |access-date=26 October 2023}} On 26 October, the United Nations humanitarian office added they use the Gaza Ministry of Health's death totals because they are "clearly sourced"{{cite news |title=OCHA says 'continues to include' Gaza health ministry data in reporting |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/26/israel-hamas-war-live-un-ceasefire-bid-fails-as-gaza-death-toll-soars |date=26 October 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=26 October 2023}} and their estimates have been described as trustworthy by the World Health Organization's (WHO) regional emergency director Richard Brennan. On 6 December, a peer-reviewed article by Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health scholars in The Lancet concluded the Gaza Ministry of Health's death tolls were accurate.{{cite journal |last1=Huynh |first1=Benjamin Q. |last2=Chin |first2=Elizabeth T. |last3=Spiegel |first3=Paul B. |title=No evidence of inflated mortality reporting from the Gaza Ministry of Health |journal=The Lancet |date=6 December 2023 |volume=403 |issue=10421 |pages=23–24 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02713-7 |pmid=38070526 |s2cid=265664650 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)02713-7/fulltext |access-date=12 December 2023}}

Around mid-November, the Gaza Health Ministry had begun to lose count of deaths stating that it struggled to update casualty tolls as a result of blackouts, high death tolls, and the destruction of the healthcare system.{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-officials-say-harder-update-gaza-casualty-toll-health-system-buckles-2023-11-15/ |title=Palestinian officials say harder to update Gaza casualty toll as health system buckles |date=15 November 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023 |work=Reuters}}{{cite news |date=12 November 2023 |title=Gaza Health Ministry says it could not count yesterday's casualties due to communication blackout |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231112-gaza-health-ministry-says-it-could-not-count-yesterdays-casualties-due-to-communication-blackout/ |access-date=19 November 2023 |work=Middle East Monitor}} On January 6, 2024, the Gaza Health Ministry requested that civilians register their dead online, as the healthcare system collapse had resulted in the ministry being unable to maintain a regularly updated death toll.{{cite news |title=Health Ministry in Gaza seeks more accurate casualty numbers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-ramadan-begins-with-no-end-to-israels-siege?update=2766136 |work=Al Jazeera |date=11 March 2024 |access-date=14 March 2024}}{{cite web |title=وزارة الصحة الفلسطينية/ غزة |url=https://t.me/MOHMediaGaza/4718 |website=Telegram |access-date=25 May 2024}} In February 2024, a joint study by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the Johns Hopkins Center for Humanitarian Health at Johns Hopkins University found the war continuing at status quo would result in between 58,260 and 74,290 excess deaths by 6 August.{{cite web |title=Leading experts foresee up to 74,290 excess deaths in Gaza |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/leading-experts-foresee-74290-excess-deaths-gaza |website=ReliefWeb |date=20 February 2024 |publisher=Action on Armed Violence |access-date=24 February 2024}}

As of 29 February, the Gaza Health Ministry stated that its daily tallies now rely upon "a combination of accurate death counts from hospitals that are still partially operating, and on estimates from media reports to assess deaths in the north of Gaza", but did not "cite or say which sources those are."{{Cite news |last=Batrawy |first=Aya |date=29 February 2024 |orig-date=29 February 2024 |title=Gaza's death toll now exceeds 30,000. Here's why it's an incomplete count |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/02/29/1234159514/gaza-death-toll-30000-palestinians-israel-hamas-war |access-date=12 April 2024 |work=NPR}} On 31 March, it stated that 15,070 fatalities (45.8% of the then total) had been compiled via "reliable media sources" instead of direct reporting.{{cite web |last=Bermudez |first=Krystal |date=9 April 2024 |title=Hamas-Run Gaza Health Ministry Admits to Flaws in Casualty Data |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/04/09/hamas-run-gaza-health-ministry-admits-to-flaws-in-casualty-data/ |access-date=12 April 2024 |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=31 March 2024 |title=Health Sector Emergency Report |url=https://t.me/MOHMediaGaza/5254 |access-date=12 April 2024 |website=Gaza Health Ministry Telegram |publisher=State of Palestine Health Ministry - Gaza |publication-date=2 April 2024}} The Ministry further clarified in reports made on 1 April and 4 April that it had "incomplete data" for 12,263 (later reduced 11,371) of its 33,091 reported fatalities.{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2024 |title=Health Sector Emergency Report |url=https://t.me/MOHMediaGaza/5258 |access-date=12 April 2024 |website=Telegram |publisher=Palestinian Ministry of Health (Gaza) |publication-date=April 1, 2024}}{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |title=Health Sector Emergency Report |url=https://t.me/MOHMediaGaza/5271 |access-date=12 April 2024 |website=Telegram |publisher=Palestinian Ministry of Health (Gaza) |publication-date=4 April 2024}}

On June 25 Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor estimated 51,000 extra natural (non-casualty) deaths have resulted from the blockade and from the collapse of the health system.{{Cite web |date=25 July 2024 |title=About 10 percent of the Gaza Strip's population killed, injured, or missing due to the Israeli genocide |url=https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/6420/About-10-percent-of-the-Gaza-Strip%E2%80%99s-population-killed,-injured,-or-missing-due-to-the-Israeli-genocide |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor |language=en-US}}

On 16 September 2024, the Gaza health ministry released another 649-page document, listing the names of 34,344 Palestinians who had been killed and identified by 31 August. The first 187 pages of the document entirely contained children who were under 16 years old.{{cite news |last=Zerrouky |first=Madjid |date=21 September 2024 |title=Gaza's Health Ministry reveals names of several thousand dead, over 11,355 of them are minors |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/09/21/gaza-s-health-ministry-reveals-names-of-several-thousand-dead-over-11-355-of-them-are-minors_6726814_4.html |work=Le Monde}}

On 23 March 2025, after two months of collecting bodies during the ceasefire, the Gaza health ministry published a third document 1,516 pages long, listing the names of 50,021 Palestinians who had been killed. The first 350 pages of the document entirely contained children who were under 16 years old.{{cite news |last=Argov |first=Adi Ronen|date=22 March 2025|title=Sunday, March 23, 2025 – The Gaza Strip|url=https://www.thedailyfile.org/post/sunday-march-23-2025-the-gaza-strip|work=The daily file}}

{{Main|Killing of journalists in the Gaza war}}

{{See also|List of journalists killed in the Gaza war}}

Numerous Palestinian journalists in Gaza were killed by Israeli attacks while in the line of duty. Ibrahim Mohammad Lafi, a photographer for Ain Media, was fatally shot during the attack on the Erez crossing on 7 October, while Mohammad Jarghoun, a reporter with Smart Media, was killed east of Rafah on the same day. Freelance journalist Mohammad el-Salhi was also shot dead on the border east of Bureij refugee camp on 7 October. On 9 October, Saeed al-Taweel, editor-in-chief of Al-Khamsa News website, Mohammed Subh and Hisham Alnwajha were killed by an airstrike while filming an anticipated attack in Gaza City.

On 10 October, two additional journalists were reported missing, and another was injured by shrapnel. The homes of two journalists were destroyed by shelling, and the offices of four media outlets were destroyed by airstrikes.{{Cite news |date=10 October 2023 |title=At least six Palestinian journalists killed as Israel bombs Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/10/at-least-six-palestinian-journalists-killed-in-israeli-strikes-on-gaza |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}} On 22 October, Rushdi Sarraj was killed by an Israeli airstrike on his home.{{cite news |title=Another Palestinian journalist killed in Israeli attack |url=https://aje.io/itqemp?update=2428835 |work=Al Jazeera |date=21 October 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023}} On 24 October, reporter Wael Al-Dahdouh lost his entire family due to an Israeli airstrike.{{cite news |last1=Boyle |first1=Cash |title=Al Jazeera journalist who lost his family in Gaza airstrike returns to work |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/28/al-jazeera-journalist-wael-al-dahdouh-who-lost-his-family-in-gaza-airstrike-returns-to-work |work=The Guardian |date=28 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023}} On 27 October, the IDF told Reuters and Agence France Presse it would not guarantee their journalists' safety in Gaza.{{cite news |title=Israeli military says it can't guarantee journalists' safety in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-military-says-it-cant-guarantee-journalists-safety-gaza-2023-10-27/ |publisher=Reuters |date=27 October 2023 |access-date=28 October 2023}} On 30 October, Al Jazeera correspondent Youmna El-Sayed received a threat from Israeli forces, leading the spokesperson for the UN-Secretary General to remark on the "immense courage" of journalists in Gaza.{{cite news |title=UN spokesperson says journalist's presence in Gaza 'mark of courage' |url=https://aje.io/py7et7?update=2449419 |work=Al Jazeera |date=30 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023}} On 2 November, Mohammed Abu Hatab and 10 members of his family were killed by an Israeli airstrike.{{cite news |title=Photos: Mourners attend funeral of Palestinian journalist |url=https://aje.io/ddc07n?update=2458893 |work=Al Jazeera |date=3 November 2023 |access-date=3 November 2023}}

On 19 October, the Committee to Protect Journalists stated 21 journalists were confirmed dead, eight were injured, and three were missing or detained.{{cite web|title=Journalist casualties in the Israel-Gaza conflict|url=https://cpj.org/2023/10/journalist-casualties-in-the-israel-gaza-conflict/|work=Committee to Protect Journalists|date=19 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023}} A 29 October report by Reporters Without Borders (RSF) said that Israel had targeted journalists who were clearly identifiable as press, in two 13 October missile strikes that killed a reporter and injured four.{{Cite news |last=Sallon |first=Hélène |date=29 October 2023 |title=Guerre Israël-Hamas: selon RSF, les journalistes victimes de frappes au Liban étaient ciblés |language=fr |trans-title=Israel-Hamas war: According to RSF, journalists who were victims of strikes in Lebanon were targeted |work=Le Monde |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2023/10/29/guerre-israel-hamas-selon-rsf-les-journalistes-victimes-de-frappes-au-liban-etaient-cibles_6197222_3210.html |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231030001544/https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2023/10/29/guerre-israel-hamas-selon-rsf-les-journalistes-victimes-de-frappes-au-liban-etaient-cibles_6197222_3210.html |archive-date=30 October 2023}} On 31 October, RSF said that 34 journalists had been killed to date in the conflict, including 12 "in connection with their work", ten of whom were killed in Israel's attack on Gaza; they described the first two weeks of the conflict as the deadliest start of a war of the 21st century for journalists.{{Cite web |date=31 October 2023|title=Israel-Palestine – deadliest start to a war since 2000 |url=https://rsf.org/en/israel-palestine-deadliest-start-war-2000 |access-date=1 November 2023 |publisher=Reporters sans frontières |language=en}} On 7 November, an Israeli airstrike killed journalist Mohammad Abu Hasira and 42 of his family members.{{cite news |title=Palestinian journalist Mohammad Abu Hasira killed in Israeli strike on Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/7/palestinian-journalist-mohammad-abu-hasira-killed-in-israeli-strike-on-gaza |work=Al Jazeera |date=7 November 2023 |access-date=8 November 2023}} On 23 November, photojournalist Mohammad Moin Ayyash and his family were killed by an Israeli airstrike.{{cite news |title=Palestinian photojournalist killed by Israeli air strikes |url=https://aje.io/delf2t?update=2507612 |work=Al Jazeera |date=23 November 2023 |access-date=23 November 2023}}

On 1 November, Reporters Without Borders asked the International Criminal Court to begin a priority war crimes investigation into the killing of nine journalists.{{cite news |title=Media watchdog files war crimes complaint with ICC |url=https://aje.io/cevgx6?update=2453874 |work=Al Jazeera |date=1 November 2023 |access-date=1 November 2023}} RSF noted 41 journalists had been killed during the first month of the conflict, stating multiple journalists had been killed by Israel in their homes.{{cite web |title=Israel/Palestine war: 41 journalists, more than one a day, killed in first month of Israel-Palestine war |url=https://rsf.org/en/israelpalestine-war-41-journalists-more-one-day-killed-first-month-israel-palestine-war |website=Reporters Without Borders |date=7 November 2023 |access-date=8 November 2023}} Israel maintains records of the place and residence of every person in Gaza.{{cite web |title=Recent Deadly Escalation between Israeli Forces, Palestinian Armed Groups 'Another Reminder' of Volatile Situation, Special Coordinator Tells Security Council |url=https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15293.doc.htm |website=United Nations |date=24 May 2023 |access-date=8 November 2023}} RSF stated Israel had used targeted strikes to kill journalists in Gaza.{{cite web |title=Israel suffocating journalism in Gaza |url=https://rsf.org/en/israel-suffocating-journalism-gaza |website=Reporters Without Borders |date=20 October 2023 |access-date=8 November 2023}} In a statement to the United Nations, Tania Hary, the executive director of the Israeli non-profit Gisha, noted that Israel maintains Gaza's population registry, which documents and determines where people live.

{{main|Killing of health workers in the Gaza war}}

File:Palestine Red Crescent Society's ambulance after being targeted by Israeli missile in Khan Yunis.png ambulance hit by an Israeli missile in Khan Yunis|alt=Men surrounding a bombed vehicle. There is some blood streaking it.]]

On 11 October, UNRWA reported that nine of their workers were killed in an Israeli airstrike, and that its headquarters were being targeted by Israel.{{cite news |last1=Irwin |first1=Lauren |title=9 UN staffers killed in airstrikes in Gaza |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/4249540-9-un-staffers-killed-in-airstrikes-in-gaza/ |work=The Hill |date=11 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023}} 11 members of UNRWA and five members of the Red Cross and Red Crescent were killed in Gaza since the start of the fighting.{{cite news |title=Eleven workers with UN refugee agency, five IFRC members killed in Gaza |publisher=Reuters |date=11 October 2023 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/nine-staffers-working-with-un-palestinian-refugee-agency-killed-air-strikes-gaza-2023-10-11/ |access-date=11 October 2023}} MSF said it had counted 16 medical personnel killed since 7 October.{{cite news |title=Gaza medics say Israel targeting ambulances, health facilities |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/12/war-crime-gaza-medics-say-israel-targeting-ambulances-health-facilities |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=12 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023}} MSF said a nurse and an ambulance driver were killed, and several others injured in Israeli strikes on the Nasser hospital in Khan Yunis and the Indonesia Hospital in Gaza City. The Indonesian Medical Emergency Rescue Committee (MER-C) confirmed a staff member was killed near an operational MER-C vehicle.{{cite news |title=Indonesia's MER-C condemns Israeli strikes killing its staff in Gaza |work=Antara |date=8 October 2023 |url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/295563/indonesias-mer-c-condemns-israeli-strikes-killing-its-staff-in-gaza |access-date=11 October 2023}}{{cite news |date=8 October 2023 |language=id |title=KBRI Amman: Tidak ada WNI jadi korban dalam konflik Palestina-Israel di Jalur Gaza pada Sabtu |trans-title=Indonesian Embassy in Amman: No Indonesian citizens became victims in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict in the Gaza Strip on Saturday |url=https://megapolitan.antaranews.com/berita/262884/kbri-amman-tidak-ada-wni-jadi-korban-dalam-konflik-palestina-israel-di-jalur-gaza-pada-sabtu|work=Antara Megapolitan |access-date=8 October 2023}}{{cite news |title=Doctors Without Borders says healthcare facilities 'cannot become targets' after Israeli forces struck a hospital and ambulance in Gaza |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/doctors-without-borders-hospitals-ambulances-targets-israel-hamas-gaza-2023-10 |work=Business Insider |first=Lauren |last=Edmonds |date=7 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023}}{{cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Israel-Gaza Conflict: Update from Raja Abdulrahim |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/07/world/israel-gaza-attack/0bc05a70-c71e-5352-a0d0-2a37d56973e1?smid=url-share |url-status=live |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007114908/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/07/world/israel-gaza-attack/0bc05a70-c71e-5352-a0d0-2a37d56973e1?smid=url-share |archive-date=7 October 2023}}

File:Cardiff Solidarity for Palestine protest, 25 November 2023 142309 (redacted).jpg

On 22 October, UNRWA stated that 29 staff members had been killed in Gaza.{{cite news |last1=Sands |first1=Leo |title=Trickle of aid to Gaza not enough, U.N. says, as IDF plans more airstrikes |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/22/israel-hamas-war-news-gaza-aid-updates/#link-UHWISQK5CRFZVIRJOPYY4WQWL4 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=22 October 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023}} On 30 October, the Palestinian Ministry of Health stated 120 medical staff had been killed in Gaza.{{cite news |title=More than 120 medical staff killed in Gaza |url=https://aje.io/py7et7?update=2448588 |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=30 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023}} On 10 November, the UN reported more than 100 employees had been killed by Israel.{{cite web |last1=Farge |first1=Emma |title=UN Mourns Record Death Toll in War With Over 100 Employees Killed in Gaza |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2023-11-10/un-mourns-record-death-toll-in-war-with-over-100-employees-killed-in-gaza#:~:text=Nov.%2010%2C%202023%2C%20at%209%3A31%20a.m.&text=GENEVA%20(Reuters)%20%2D%20More%20than,a%20short%20period%20of%20time. |website=U.S. News and World Report |publisher=Reuters |date=10 November 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023}} On 11 November, UNRWA rejected Israel's claims that UN workers were undercover Hamas agents.{{cite web |title=UNRWA official: Our slain colleagues are not Hamas members |url=https://aje.io/jmh2l8?update=2478996 |website=Al Jazeera |date=11 November 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023}} On 12 November, the UN noted three nurses at al-Shifa hospital were killed during the Siege of Gaza City.{{cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=Helen |last2=Yang |first2=Maya |last3=Belam |first3=Martin |last4=Kearney |first4=Christine |date=13 November 2023 |title=Three nurses killed at al-Shifa, says UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/nov/12/israel-hamas-war-live-netanyahu-vows-to-press-on-with-full-force-as-fighting-rages-around-main-gaza-hospital?filterKeyEvents=false&page=with:block-655174c98f08f02e9fecbaaa#block-655174c98f08f02e9fecbaaa |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=The Guardian}} More UN workers were killed in Gaza than in any other conflict in world history.{{cite news |last1=Abdel-Baqui |first1=Omar |title=More U.N. Workers Killed in Israel-Gaza War Than in Any Single Conflict |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-war-gaza-strip-2023-11-06/card/more-u-n-workers-killed-in-israel-gaza-war-than-in-any-single-conflict-zmn8HI8KVoYHvQCQ3vac |newspaper=WSJ |date=6 November 2023 |access-date=23 November 2023}} According to The Healthcare Workers Watch – Palestine, more than 400 healthcare workers have been killed in Gaza.{{cite news |title=Healthcare in Gaza is in a state of acute trauma |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/3/8/healthcare-in-gaza-is-in-a-state-of-acute-trauma |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 March 2023}}

On 21 November, an Israeli airstrike on the Al-Awda Hospital killed three doctors.{{Cite news |date=November 21, 2023 |title=MSF says three doctors killed in strike on north Gazan hospital |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/msf-says-three-doctors-killed-strike-north-gazan-hospital-2023-11-21/ |work=Reuters}} Doctors Without Borders shared the last words of one of the doctors, Mahmoud Abu Nujaila: "Whoever stays until the end will tell the story. We did what we could. Remember us."{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=Remembering our colleagues killed in Gaza |url=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/remembering-our-colleagues-killed-gaza |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Doctors Without Borders |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2024 |title=Lawyer presents doctors' last words at hospital in Gaza at ICJ |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240111-lawyer-presents-doctors-last-words-at-hospital-in-gaza-at-icj/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Middle East Monitor}} On 24 December, a UNDP worker was killed in an airstrike, along with 70 members of his family.{{cite web |title=Israeli strikes kill UN staff, more than 70 of his extended family in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/24/israeli-strikes-kill-un-staff-more-than-70-of-his-extended-family-in-gaza |website=Al Jazeera |date=24 December 2023 |access-date=24 December 2023}}

{{excerpt|Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip#Missing persons}}

Saadi Hassan Sulieman Baraka, a 64-year-old undertaker in Deir el-Balah, told Al Jazeera English in February 2024 that he had personally buried 17,000 people since October 2023.{{cite web |last1=Abed |first1=Abubaker |title=Abu Jawad's heart breaks daily as he buries the people killed by Israel |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/2/28/abu-jawads-heart-breaks-daily-as-he-buries-the-people-killed-by-israel |website=Al Jazeera |date=28 February 2024 |access-date=6 October 2024}} By August 2024, the dead were buried throughout the Gaza Strip, including in public spaces such as yards and streets.{{cite web |last1=Frankel |first1=Julia |title=As Gaza death toll passes 40,000, corpses are buried in yards, streets, tiered graves |url=https://apnews.com/article/gaza-war-hamas-dead-graves-40000-988d16b648e06e222f04964dc9440da0 |website=Associated Press |date=15 August 2024 |access-date=9 September 2024}} Scavenging animals have made it difficult to for emergency services to identify the bodies of killed Palestinians.{{Cite web |last1=Kourdi |first1=Eyad |last2=Khadder |first2=Kareem |last3=Noor Haq |first3=Sana |date=2024-10-16 |title=Stray dogs are eating the dead in the streets of northern Gaza, emergency services chief says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/10/16/middleeast/israeli-incursion-northern-gaza-stray-dogs-eating-bodies-intl/index.html?iid=cnn_buildContentRecirc_end_recirc |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=CNN |language=en}} In an October 2024 article, a returning IDF troop spoke about IDF procedures involving armored bull dozers, that have made it more difficult in identifying and recovering bodies of deceased Palestinians. A former IDF soldier recounted to the Knesset that soldiers were instructed to "run over terrorists (in Gaza), dead and alive, in the hundreds" adding that "everything squirts out".{{Cite web |last=Ebrahim |first=Nadeen |date=2024-10-21 |title='He got out of Gaza, but Gaza did not get out of him': Israeli soldiers returning from war struggle with trauma and suicide |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/10/21/middleeast/gaza-war-israeli-soldiers-ptsd-suicide-intl/index.html |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=CNN |language=en}}

{{See also|List of engagements during the Gaza war|Friendly fire during the Gaza war}}

{{main|October 7 attacks}}

The latest figure on the number of deaths in the October 7 attacks is 1,139: 695 Israeli civilians, 71 foreign nationals, and 373 security forces. This data was published in December 2023, using social security data. There are additionally five people classed as missing, including four Israelis. The deaths included 36 children, of whom 20 were under 15 years old and the youngest was a 10-month-old baby.

Initially, Israel had reported 1,400 deaths from the attacks, but on November 10 it revised its casualty count to 1,200 after realizing that bodies that were so badly burnt{{cite news |title='That was a mistake': Mehdi challenges Israeli adviser Mark Regev on false Israeli claims |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HD-yRuTasHU |access-date=13 February 2024 |work=MSNBC |date=16 October 2023 |type=YouTube video |language=en|quote=6'45":...1400...revised that down to 1200...there were bodies that were so badly burnt, we thought they were ours, in the end, apparently they were Hamas terrorists}} were not Israeli but rather those of Hamas fighters.{{Cite news |date=10 November 2023 |title=Israel revises down toll from October 7 attack to 'around 1,200' |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/10/israel-revises-death-toll-from-october-7-hamas-attack-to-1200-people |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111000449/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/10/israel-revises-death-toll-from-october-7-hamas-attack-to-1200-people |archive-date=11 November 2023}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-revises-down-october-7-hamas-attack-death-toll-to-1-200-foreign-ministry-07097f94 |title=Israel Revises Down October 7 Hamas Attack Death Toll To 1,200: Foreign Ministry |date=10 November 2023 |access-date=10 November 2023 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110195126/https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-revises-down-october-7-hamas-attack-death-toll-to-1-200-foreign-ministry-07097f94 |url-status=live }} This included 859 civilians,{{Cite news |date=14 November 2023 |title=Police say they've identified 859 civilian victims from October 7 massacre, up 16 |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/police-say-theyve-identified-859-civilian-victims-from-october-7-massacre-up-16/}} 283 soldiers,{{Cite news |date=12 November 2023 |title=What We Know About the Death Toll in Israel From the Hamas-Led Attacks |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/12/world/middleeast/israel-death-toll-hamas-attack.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114005923/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/12/world/middleeast/israel-death-toll-hamas-attack.html |archive-date=14 November 2023|quote=At least 278 soldiers were killed in the battles inside Israel, according to the Israeli military's website.}}{{bulleted list|

|{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/three-soldiers-abducted-by-hamas-declared-dead-by-army/ |title=Three soldiers abducted by Hamas declared dead by army |work=The Times of Israel}}

|{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-senior-officer-was-killed-october-7-body-being-held-by-hamas/ |title=IDF reveals a Gaza brigade chief was killed Oct 7, body held by Hamas |work=The Times of Israel}}

|{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-declares-deaths-of-5-more-troops-including-nephew-of-ex-idf-chief-eisenkot-who-also-lost-son/ |title=IDF declares deaths of 5 more troops, including nephew of ex-IDF chief Eisenkot who also lost son |work=The Times of Israel}}

}} 57 policemen,{{efn|name="policedeaths"|59 policemen have been killed in the conflict,[https://www.timesofisrael.com/authorities-name-44-soldiers-30-police-officers-killed-in-hamas-attack/] two of which died in the West Bank,[https://www.timesofisrael.com/10-israeli-officers-hurt-5-palestinian-killed-in-west-bank-clashes-airstrike/] [https://www.timesofisrael.com/2-police-officers-hurt-one-critically-in-terror-stabbing-near-jerusalems-old-city/] leaving a total of 57 killed in the initial 7 October attack by Hamas.}} and 10 Shin Bet members.

File:101894 reeim - memorial PikiWiki Israel.jpg

The casualties include approximately 70 dead or missing Arab-Israeli citizens, many of whom are Negev Bedouin.{{Cite news |last=Johnston |first=Holly |date=12 October 2023 |title=Palestinian paramedic missing after Hamas attack at Israel music festival |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/10/12/paramedic-missing-hamas-attack-israel-music-festival/ |access-date=12 October 2023 |work=The National |language=en |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012180504/https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/10/12/paramedic-missing-hamas-attack-israel-music-festival/ |url-status=live}}{{Cite news |title=At least six Arab Israelis missing since Hamas attack, likely kidnapped |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-10/ty-article-live/900-israelis-killed-2-400-wounded-in-war-with-hamas/0000018b-17bd-d465-abbb-17bf23000000 |access-date=11 October 2023 |first1=Jack |last1=Khoury |first2=Nir |last2=Hasson |date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011013109/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-10/ty-article-live/900-israelis-killed-2-400-wounded-in-war-with-hamas/0000018b-17bd-d465-abbb-17bf23000000 |url-status=live}}{{Cite news |last=Pacchiani |first=Gianluca |date=2 November 2023 |title=In Rahat, a Bedouin community mourns its October 7 losses away from the public eye |work=Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-rahat-a-bedouin-community-mourns-its-october-7-losses-away-from-the-public-eye/ |access-date=14 November 2023}} 14 Israeli children under 10 and 36 adolescents aged between 10 and 19 were initially believed to have been killed in the 7 October attack.

File:Disaster Victim Identification after 2023 Hamas attack on Israel (ZAKA784)..jpeg on 15 October 2023]]

On 7 October, there were massacres at more than nine kibbutzim where civilians resided and at an outdoor dance music festival. Over 260 attendees were killed at the psychedelic trance open-air "Supernova Sukkot Gathering" music festival near the Re'im kibbutz. It became the deadliest concert attack ever and the worst Israeli civilian massacre in its history.{{Cite magazine |last1=Browne |first1=David |last2=Dillon |first2=Nancy |last3=Grow |first3=Kory |title='They Wanted to Dance in Peace. And They Got Slaughtered'. Israel's Supernova festival celebrated music and unity. It turned into the deadliest concert attack in history |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/hamas-israel-nova-music-festival-massacre-1234854306/ |date=15 October 2023 |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018015038/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/hamas-israel-nova-music-festival-massacre-1234854306/ |url-status=live}} Over 100 civilians were killed in the Be'eri massacre, including children. Many of the kibbutz residents among the dead or missing were peace activists,{{Cite news |last=Rabin |first=Roni Caryn |title=Peace Activists Are Among the Israelis Missing and Killed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/10/world/middleeast/peace-activists-killed-israel.html |date=10 October 2023 |work=The New York Times |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010134215/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/10/world/middleeast/peace-activists-killed-israel.html|url-status=live}} such as the 74-year-old Vivian Silver, a former board member of the human rights organisation B'Tselem.{{Cite news |date=13 November 2023 |title=Canadian Israeli peace activist Vivian Silver, feared to be held hostage, confirmed killed in Hamas attacks |work=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/israel-gaza-vivian-silver-1.7027333}} At least 50–100 people have been reported killed in the Kfar Aza massacre, with the total death toll unknown.{{Cite news |date=11 October 2023 |title=Corpses and kid's bikes, burned homes and death in kibbutz where Hamas butchered 100 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/corpses-and-kids-bikes-burned-homes-and-death-in-kibbutz-where-hamas-butchered-100/ |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012092912/https://www.timesofisrael.com/corpses-and-kids-bikes-burned-homes-and-death-in-kibbutz-where-hamas-butchered-100/ |url-status=live}} Filmmaker Yahav Winner was killed in Kfar Aza. Many civilians were also killed in the Nahal Oz massacre. Nine people were fatally shot at a bus shelter in Sderot,{{Cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2 |title=Hamas militant group has started a war that 'Israel will win,' defense minister says |date=7 October 2023 |work=Associated Press News |first1=Josef |last1=Federman |first2=Issam |last2=Adwan |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007040509/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2 |url-status=live}} and at least 14 were killed by gunfire and grenades at a roadside bomb shelter near Re'im.{{Cite news |last1=Kershner |first1=Isabel |last2=Elkayam |first2=Amit |date=11 November 2023 |title=They Ran Into a Bomb Shelter for Safety. Instead, They Were Slaughtered. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/11/world/middleeast/israel-hamas-oct-7-attack-shelter.html |access-date=14 November 2023 |issn=0362-4331}} At least four people were reported killed in Kuseife.{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/7/israel-palestine-escalation-live-news-barrage-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza |title=Israel-Palestine escalation live news: Hamas starts Operation Al-Aqsa Flood |date=7 October 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007062723/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/7/israel-palestine-escalation-live-news-barrage-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza |url-status=live}} At least 400 casualties were reported in Ashkelon,{{cite news |title='Nobody could help us' – Shock and anger in Israel's Ashkelon |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67048672 |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=BBC News |date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009000452/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67048672 |url-status=live}}{{Cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/07/middleeast/sirens-israel-rocket-attack-gaza-intl-hnk/index.html |title=Militants enter Israel from Gaza after woman killed in rocket barrage |date=7 October 2023 |work=CNN |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094105/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/07/middleeast/sirens-israel-rocket-attack-gaza-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live}} while 280 others were reported in Beer Sheva, 60 of whom were in serious condition. In the north, injuries from rocket attacks were reported in Tel Aviv.{{cite news |last=Sella |first=Adam |date=8 October 2023|title=Tel Aviv's residents start venturing out |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/8/tel-avivs-resident-start-venturing-out |url-status=live |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008221205/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/8/tel-avivs-resident-start-venturing-out |archive-date=8 October 2023}}

Former Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C. striker Lior Asulin was among those killed in the Re'im music festival massacre.{{Cite news|date=8 October 2023|title=Ex-soccer star Lior Asulin among those killed at nature party|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/ex-soccer-star-lior-asulin-among-those-killed-at-nature-party/ |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008144950/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/ex-soccer-star-lior-asulin-among-those-killed-at-nature-party/ |url-status=live}} The head of the Sha'ar HaNegev Regional Council, Ofir Libstein, was killed in an exchange of fire with the militants.{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=7 October 2023 |work=The Times of Israel |title=Head of Sha'ar Hanegev council Ofir Liebstein killed in gunfight with Hamas terrorists |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/head-of-shaar-hanegev-council-ofir-liebstein-killed-in-gunfight-with-hamas-terrorists/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094609/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/head-of-shaar-hanegev-council-ofir-liebstein-killed-in-gunfight-with-hamas-terrorists/ |url-status=live}} The police commander of Rahat, Jayar Davidov, was also killed.{{Cite news |date=8 October 2023|title=The Chief of the Rahat police, Sen. Giyar Davidov, was killed today |url=https://cedarnews.net/task/breakingnews/news-task/640691/the-chief-of-the-rahat-police-sen-giyar-davidov-was-killed-today/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=Cedar News |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007231427/https://cedarnews.net/task/breakingnews/news-task/640691/the-chief-of-the-rahat-police-sen-giyar-davidov-was-killed-today/ |url-status=live}} Izhar Peled, a police officer, was killed in Kfar Aza. The IDF confirmed that 258 of its soldiers had been killed.{{cite news |title=At Least 258 Israeli Soldiers Killed Since Hamas Attack: Army |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/at-least-258-israeli-soldiers-killed-since-hamas-attack-army-58dfb66b |work=Barron's |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=13 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024204146/https://www.barrons.com/news/at-least-258-israeli-soldiers-killed-since-hamas-attack-army-58dfb66b |url-status=live}} Among their confirmed dead were Colonel Yonatan Steinberg, the commander of the Nahal Brigade, who was killed near Kerem Shalom; Colonel Roi Levy, commander of the Multidimensional "Ghost" unit, who was killed near Kibbutz Re'im;{{cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=8 October 2023 |title=IDF says commander of elite 'Ghost' unit among those killed in battles |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-commander-of-elite-ghost-unit-among-those-killed-in-battles/ |work=The Times of Israel |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009001617/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-commander-of-elite-ghost-unit-among-those-killed-in-battles/ |url-status=live}}{{cite news |title=Commander of IDF's Nahal Brigade killed in clashes with Hamas on Gaza border |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/commander-of-idfs-nahal-brigade-killed-in-clashes-with-hamas-on-gaza-border/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007231424/https://www.timesofisrael.com/commander-of-idfs-nahal-brigade-killed-in-clashes-with-hamas-on-gaza-border/ |url-status=live}} and Lieutenant Colonel Eli Ginsberg, commander of the LOTAR Counter-terrorism Unit School.{{cite news |title=Israel at war: IDF discloses names of personnel killed in line of duty |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/society/1696834023-israel-at-war-idf-discloses-names-of-its-personnel-that-were-killed-in-line-of-duty |work=i24News |date=9 October 2023 |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009170234/https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/society/1696834023-israel-at-war-idf-discloses-names-of-its-personnel-that-were-killed-in-line-of-duty |url-status=live}} The Druze deputy commander of the 300th "Baram" Regional Brigade, Lieutenant Colonel Alim Abdallah, was killed in action along with two other soldiers while responding to an infiltration from southern Lebanon on 9 October.{{cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |title=Officer, 2 soldiers killed in clash with terrorists on Lebanon border; mortars fired |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/mortars-fired-from-lebanon-infiltrators-killed-as-6-israelis-hurt-in-gunfight/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=9 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009170223/https://www.timesofisrael.com/mortars-fired-from-lebanon-infiltrators-killed-as-6-israelis-hurt-in-gunfight/ |url-status=live}} Lieutenant-Colonel Salman Habaka was killed in Jabalia on 2 November 2023. Israeli peace activist Hayim Katsman was killed in Holit.

It was reported in April 2024 that since October 27, 2023, when Israel invaded the Gaza Strip, 260 Israeli soldiers had been killed, mainly during ground operations.{{cite news |last=Aderet |first=Ofer |title=Four Israeli Commandos Killed in Southern Gaza |work=Haaretz |date=7 April 2024 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-04-07/ty-article/four-israeli-commandos-killed-in-southern-gaza/0000018e-b6d1-d50a-a1bf-feff25210000 |access-date=9 April 2024}} On June 15, 2024 it was reported that eight IDF troops were killed while returning from an overnight operation near the Tal al-Sultan refugee camp in Rafah during the ongoing offensive. Per a statement, Hamas had fired a rocket at any Israeli army bulldozer and fired a second one as reinforcements arrived, reportedly causing the casualties.{{Cite news |date=16 June 2024 |title=Israel-Gaza war: 8 Israeli soldiers killed in Rafah, IDF says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c722r0p31x7o |access-date=15 June 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}{{Cite news |last1=Kubovich |first1=Yaniv |last2=Aderet |first2=Ofer |date=15 June 2024 |title=Eight Israeli soldiers killed by blast in south Gaza's Rafah, IDF confirms |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-06-15/ty-article/eight-israeli-soldiers-killed-by-blast-in-south-gazas-rafah-idf-announces/00000190-1caa-d4b4-a7d6-dcfa04f30000 |access-date=15 June 2024 |work=Haaretz |language=en}}

The IDF said in July 2024 that a large number of tanks had been incapacitated in the course of the war, limiting the number of tanks available for training exercises.{{cite news |last=Dadon |first=Adva |date=15 July 2024 |title=IDF admits: Many tanks were damaged and disabled in the war, the existing scope of the force is insufficient |url=https://www.mako.co.il/news-military/2024_q3/Article-907b4589ef6b091027.htm?utm_sourceInstagram=&utm_medium=NewsChannelPageStory&partner=NewsChannelInstagram |work=N12 |access-date=15 July 2024}} On the 4th of November, Hamas claimed that since the 2nd of November they had destroyed 24 Israeli vehicles, including a tank, an APC, and a bulldozer with anti-armour weapons.{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/4/israel-hamas-war-live-20-dead-in-israeli-attack-on-school-ministry |title=Qassam Brigades fighting Israeli troops on several fronts: Abu Obaida |date=4 November 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=10 November 2023 |quote=In the last 48 hours, Hamas fighters destroyed 24 Israeli military vehicles, including a tank, an armoured personnel carrier, and a bulldozer with anti-armour weapons, notably Al Yassin 105 shells.}}

In January 2024, it was reported that at least 1,600 IDF troops had been identified as showing symptoms of combat-related PTSD since the start of the ground invasion of Gaza and about 250 soldiers were discharged due to prolonged combat stress symptoms.{{Cite news |last=Cohen |first=Meirav |date=3 January 2024 |title=Israel-Hamas War: 1,600 IDF soldiers suffer from combat PTSD |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-780584 |access-date=25 October 2024 |work=The Jerusalem Post}} According to IDF officials in February 2024, around 3,000 troops have been checked by the IDF's mental health system with 82% returning to active duty.{{Cite news |last=Ghert-Zand |first=Renee |date=2 February 2024 |title=IDF: 82% of soldiers treated for mental health since Oct. 7 are returning to duty |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-82-of-soldiers-treated-for-mental-health-since-oct-7-are-returning-to-duty/ |access-date=25 October 2024 |work=The Times of Israel}} While the IDF has not officially reported how many IDF troops returning from fighting in Gaza have committed suicide there was a noticed increase a year after the war began, with many indicating that they were not given appropriate care by medical and mental health officials.{{Cite news |date=24 October 2024 |title=Israeli soldiers returning from war struggle with trauma and suicide |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-825955 |access-date=25 October 2024 |work=The Jerusalem Post |language=en}}

According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, two Israeli journalists, Roee Idan and Yaniv Zohar, have been killed.{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Kathy |date=9 November 2023 |title=Journalist casualties in the Israel-Gaza war |url=https://cpj.org/2024/04/journalist-casualties-in-the-israel-gaza-conflict/ |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=Committee to Protect Journalists |language=en-US}}

At least 50 migrant workers, primarily from Thailand and Nepal, were killed during Hamas' attack on 7 October and around 100,000 migrant workers are trapped in Israel during the conflict due to debt from large fees they had to pay to recruitment agencies to obtain the jobs.{{cite news |last1=McQue |first1=Katie |title=Trapped by debt: Migrant workers in Israel unable to escape conflict |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/oct/23/trapped-by-debt-migrant-workers-in-israel-unable-to-escape-conflict |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023055010/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/oct/23/trapped-by-debt-migrant-workers-in-israel-unable-to-escape-conflict |archive-date=23 October 2023 |language=en}}

OCHA reported that Israel killed 370 Palestinians in the West Bank between October 7, 2023 and January 29, 2024, including 94 children. 97% of these were killed by Israeli security forces and the remainder by Israeli settlers.{{cite news |title=Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel {{!}} Flash Update #106 |url=https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-106#:~:text=Since%207%20October%202023%20and,to%20property%20(57%20incidents). |work=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - occupied Palestinian territory |date=30 January 2024 |language=en}}

Several thousand Gazan workers were in Israel at the time when the conflict started. As of 16 October some of them were detained at a "holding facility" in the West Bank while others sought refuge in the Palestinian communities of the West Bank.{{cite news |title=For Gazan workers stranded in Israel, being apart from family is agony |first1=Miriam |last1=Berger |first2=Sufian |last2=Taha |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/16/israel-gaza-workers-family-war-hamas/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=16 October 2023 |access-date=25 October 2023 |url-access=limited}} The Minister of Labor for the Palestinian Authority estimated 4,500 workers are unaccounted for while Israeli media outlet N12 reported 4,000 Gazans were in Israeli holding facilities. The Palestinian Prisoners Society said that Israeli forces had arrested over 1,450 West Bank Palestinians since 7 October.{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/28/thousands-of-gaza-workers-go-missing-in-israel-amid-wartime-mass-arrests|title=Israel secretly detaining thousands of missing Gaza workers: Rights groups |first1=Federica |last1=Marsi |first2=Ylenia |last2=Gostoli |date=28 October 2023 |work=Al Jazeera}} On 29 October, 30 Israeli human rights organizations addressed settler violence in the West Bank, asking the international community to "act urgently" to end it.{{cite news |title=Israeli rights organisations urge end to settler violence |url=https://aje.io/1otd6c?update=2447224 |date=28 October 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=29 October 2023}} On 30 October, the German government called on Israel to protect Palestinians in the West Bank.{{cite news |title=Germany calls on Israel to protect Palestinians in West Bank |url=https://aje.io/py7et7?update=2448671 |date=30 October 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=30 October 2023}} On 31 October, EU chief diplomat Josep Borrell "firmly condemned" settler attacks in the West Bank.{{cite news |title=EU's Borrell condemns Israeli settler attacks in occupied West Bank |url=https://aje.io/93du7y?update=2452333 |date=31 October 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=31 October 2023}} Linda Thomas-Greenfield stated the United States was "deeply concerned," and condemned the killings of Palestinians in the West Bank.{{cite news |title=US ambassador to UN 'deeply concerned' over West Bank violence |url=https://aje.io/93du7y?update=2452737 |date=31 October 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=31 October 2023}}

During clashes along the Israel–Lebanon border, an Israeli artillery strike on 13 October killed Reuters videographer Issam Abdallah and injured six other journalists from Reuters, Agence France-Presse and Al Jazeera.{{Cite news |date=13 October 2023 |title=Israeli strike in southern Lebanon kills journalist, wounds several |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/13/israeli-strike-in-southern-lebanon-kills-journalist-wounds-several |url-status=live |access-date=13 October 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015000543/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/13/israeli-strike-in-southern-lebanon-kills-journalist-wounds-several}}

These clashes are still ongoing, and as of 1 December, they have resulted in 105 deaths, including 17 civilians and 85 militants.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

By early April, the IDF said it had killed more than 330 "terror operatives" in Lebanon, mostly members of Hezbollah, including 30 Hezbollah commanders.

Medical sources in Yemen reported that the Israeli warplanes' air raid on Hodeidah killed six people and wounded more than 80 civilians.{{Cite news |last1=Poole |first1=Thom |last2=Tanno |first2=Sophie |last3=Kourdi |first3=Eyad |last4=Pourahmadi |first4=Adam |last5=Carey |first5=Andrew |last6=Izso |first6=Lauren |last7=Humayun |first7=Hira |last8=Raine |first8=Andrew |date=20 July 2024 |title=At least 6 killed, Houthis say, as Israeli airstrikes hit Yemen day after Tel Aviv drone attack |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/20/middleeast/yemen-israel-strikes-hodeidah-intl/index.html |access-date=29 July 2024 |work=CNN |language=en}}

As of 21 January 2024, The Washington Post reported that persons from 35 countries had been killed or went missing during the conflict.{{Cite news |title=People from 35 countries killed, missing in Israel-Gaza war: What to know |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/11/israel-hamas-war-foreign-nationals/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}

Foreign casualties include both those killed by Palestinian militants inside Israel, as well as those killed by the IDF inside the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, and southern Lebanon.

The Nepali ambassador to Israel, Kanta Rijal, said at least seven of its nationals in the country were injured in the attack, and that they along with ten others were held captive by Hamas at Kibbutz Alumim. The Nepalese embassy later confirmed that 10 Nepalese students were killed during the attack in the kibbutz.{{cite news|date=9 October 2023|title=Israel vs Hamas war: Several foreign nationals killed, abducted amid attacks on Israel|publisher=WION|url=https://www.wionews.com/world/israel-vs-hamas-war-several-foreign-nationals-killed-abducted-amid-attacks-on-israel-644261 |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009082730/https://www.wionews.com/world/israel-vs-hamas-war-several-foreign-nationals-killed-abducted-amid-attacks-on-israel-644261 |url-status=live}} Israeli media also reported that migrant workers from Thailand and the Philippines were also taken captive by Palestinian militants. The Philippine government confirmed that four Filipinos were killed while two others were injured in the attacks, with authorities verifying reports of Filipinos being held captive by Hamas. 26 Filipinos were rescued by Israeli security forces,{{cite news|date=11 October 2023|title=Pinoy 'taken away' then killed by Hamas militants: officials|work=ABS-CBN|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/10/11/23/pinoy-taken-away-then-killed-by-hamas-militants-officials|access-date=11 October 2023|archive-date=24 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024205741/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/10/11/23/pinoy-taken-away-then-killed-by-hamas-militants-officials|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|date=9 October 2023|title=At least two Filipinos injured in Israel amid Israel-Hamas conflict, says envoy|publisher=CNN Philippines|url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/10/9/ph-embassy-israel-filipino-injuries-israel-hamas-war.html |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009083717/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/10/9/ph-embassy-israel-filipino-injuries-israel-hamas-war.html |url-status=dead}}{{cite news|date=9 October 2023|title=DMW says Filipino wounded in Israel-Gaza war|work=The Philippine Star|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/10/09/2302453/dmw-says-filipino-wounded-israel-gaza-war |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009083827/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/10/09/2302453/dmw-says-filipino-wounded-israel-gaza-war |url-status=live}} while two Filipinos were unaccounted for. At least 28 Thais were killed and 17 were captured by Hamas at Kibbutz Alumim. The reason for Hamas attacking the foreign workers' living quarters was because security guards successfully defended the main kibbutz residential area from invasion so they attacked softer targets. There were no guards stationed at the mostly Asian-inhabited living quarters.{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/thai-death-toll-in-gaza-war-reaches-28/|title=Thai death toll in Israel from Gaza war reaches 28|date=15 October 2023|work=The Times of Israel|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015213608/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/thai-death-toll-in-gaza-war-reaches-28/|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/10/14/thai-farm-workers-collateral-victims-of-hamas-attacks_6171839_4.html|first=Brice|last=Pedroletti|title=Thai farm workers, collateral victims of Hamas attacks|work=Le Monde|date=14 October 2023|access-date=18 October 2023|url-access=subscription|archive-date=24 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024205655/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/10/14/thai-farm-workers-collateral-victims-of-hamas-attacks_6171839_4.html|url-status=live}}

A German-Israeli national, Shani Louk, was killed while attending the Re'im music festival; a video of Palestinians parading her near-naked body in a car was circulated on the internet.{{cite web |last1=King |first1=Laura |title=A young Israeli festival-goer's death is confirmed, shining light on families' long ordeal |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-10-30/la-fg-israel-hamas-festival-death |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=1 November 2023 |date=30 October 2023}}{{cite news|first1=Julian|last1=Kossoff|first2=Nathan|last2=Rennolds|title=Shani Louk, whose naked body was paraded by Hamas fighters, was also possibly robbed. Her credit card was used in Gaza, report says.|language=en-US|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/credit-card-shani-louk-naked-paraded-hamas-israel-palestine-gaza-2023-10|work=Business Insider|date=8 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009062837/https://www.businessinsider.com/credit-card-shani-louk-naked-paraded-hamas-israel-palestine-gaza-2023-10 |url-status=live}}{{cite news|date=8 October 2023|first1=Paul P.|last1=Murphy|first2=Allegra|last2=Goodwin|first3=Benjamin|last3=Brown|first4=Sharif|last4=Paget|title=Desert horror: Music festival goers first took cover from rockets, then Gaza militants began firing on them|publisher=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/07/middleeast/israel-gaza-fighting-hamas-attack-music-festival-intl-hnk/ |url-status=live |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008042354/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/07/middleeast/israel-gaza-fighting-hamas-attack-music-festival-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=8 October 2023}} Several other German citizens were reported to be among those kidnapped by militants. At least 17 British citizens were reported as dead or missing,{{Cite news |last=Sheils McNamee |first=Michael |date=11 October 2023 |title=Children among 17 Britons dead or missing in Israel |language=en |agency=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-67076865 |url-status=live |access-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012103959/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-67076865 |archive-date=12 October 2023}} including one attendee of the music festival.{{cite news|date=8 October 2023|title=British citizen missing after Hamas attack on music festival in Israel|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/british-citizen-missing-after-hamas-attack-music-festival-israel-2023-10-08/ |url-status=live |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009001117/https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/british-citizen-missing-after-hamas-attack-music-festival-israel-2023-10-08/ |archive-date=9 October 2023}}{{cite news|date=8 October 2023|title=Foreigners among those kidnapped, killed and missing in Israel|language=en|work=Deccan Herald|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/foreigners-among-those-kidnapped-killed-and-missing-in-israel-2718056 |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009082747/https://www.deccanherald.com/world/foreigners-among-those-kidnapped-killed-and-missing-in-israel-2718056 |url-status=live}} 18 Ukrainians, a Cambodian student, and a Chilean woman were confirmed to have been killed by Hamas.{{cite news|date=7 October 2023|title=Hija de chilena murió en Israel tras ataque de Hamas: habría recibido 8 disparos |trans-title=Chilean daughter died in Israel after Hamas attack: she was shot 8 times|language=es-CL|work=24 Horas|url=https://www.24horas.cl/internacional/noticias/hija-de-chilena-murio-en-israel-tras-ataque-de-hamas-habria-recibido-8-disparos |url-status=live |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008033837/https://www.24horas.cl/internacional/noticias/hija-de-chilena-murio-en-israel-tras-ataque-de-hamas-habria-recibido-8-disparos |archive-date=8 October 2023}}{{cite news|date=7 October 2023|title=Hija de chilena murió en ataque de Hamás |trans-title=Chilean daughter died in Hamas attack|language=es-CL|publisher=Radio Cooperativa|url=https://cooperativa.cl/noticias/mundo/medio-oriente/conflicto-israel-palestina/hija-de-chilena-murio-en-ataque-de-hamas/2023-10-07/180351.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008115547/https://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/mundo/medio-oriente/conflicto-israel-palestina/hija-de-chilena-murio-en-ataque-de-hamas/2023-10-07/180351.html |archive-date=8 October 2023}} 13 French citizens were killed, with an additional 17 missing, including four children.{{cite web|date=12 October 2023|title=French death toll in Hamas-Israel war rises to 12, says Foreign Ministry|url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20231012-twelve-french-nationals-killed-in-hamas-attack-in-israel|publisher=RFI|access-date=24 October 2023|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017233932/https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20231012-twelve-french-nationals-killed-in-hamas-attack-in-israel|url-status=live}}

At least 31 Americans were killed during the attacks and 13 others were missing. Mexico's Secretary of Foreign Affairs reported that two Mexican nationals were presumed to have been taken hostage by Hamas. One Brazilian national was reported as injured and three were reported missing.{{cite news|first1=Sophie|last1=Tanno|first2=Paul P.|last2=Murphy|first3=Allegra|last3=Goodwin|first4=Benjamin|last4=Brown|first5=Hadas|last5=Gold|first6=Abeer|last6=Salman|first7=Ibrahim|last7=Dahman|first8=Kareem|last8=Khadder|first9=Gianluca|last9=Mezzofiore |first10=Alex |last10=Stambaugh|date=8 October 2023|title=Festivalgoers, children, soldiers: What we know about the people captured by Hamas|publisher=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/08/europe/israel-hostages-hamas-what-we-know-intl/ |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009062732/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/08/europe/israel-hostages-hamas-what-we-know-intl/index.html |url-status=live}} An Indian caregiver was injured by a rocket barrage in Ashkelon.{{cite news|date=9 October 2023|title=Hamas attack: Indian caregiver injured by rocket strike in Israel amid evacuation efforts|url=https://www.wionews.com/world/hamas-attack-indian-caregiver-injured-by-rocket-strike-in-israel-amid-evacuation-efforts-644297|publisher=WION |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009082859/https://www.wionews.com/world/hamas-attack-indian-caregiver-injured-by-rocket-strike-in-israel-amid-evacuation-efforts-644297 |url-status=live}} The British embassy confirmed the death of a British national who attended the music festival.{{cite news|last1=Burrell|first1=Miriam|last2=Chantler-Hicks|first2=Lydia|title=Londoner Jake Marlowe died in Israel after Hamas launched sudden attack|work=Evening Standard|date=11 October 2023|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/israel-palestine-gaza-hamas-latest-news-us-egypt-humanitarian-corridor-death-toll-b1112694.html|access-date=11 October 2023|archive-date=11 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011114127/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/israel-palestine-gaza-hamas-latest-news-us-egypt-humanitarian-corridor-death-toll-b1112694.html|url-status=live}}

Spanish foreign minister José Manuel Albares said two Spaniards were attacked without specifying their condition.{{cite news|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/internacional/20231009/ministro-albares-confirma-hay-dos-espanoles-ataque-israel-93117797|title=El ministro Albares confirma que hay dos españoles que han sufrido el ataque a Israel|language=es |trans-title=Minister Albares confirms that there are two Spaniards who have suffered the attack on Israel|date=9 October 2023|work=El Periódico |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009125300/https://www.elperiodico.com/es/internacional/20231009/ministro-albares-confirma-hay-dos-espanoles-ataque-israel-93117797 |url-status=live}} Italian Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani stated that an Italian-Israeli couple went missing in Be'eri.{{cite news|url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/mondo/2023/10/09/tajani-due-italo-israeliani-dispersi-da-48-ore-_52cd0775-dda2-4ff2-841d-76739c97f3d8.html|title=Tajani, due italo-israeliani dispersi da 48 ore|language=it |trans-title=Tajani, two Italian-Israelis missing for 48 hours|date=9 October 2023|work=ANSA |access-date=9 October 2023 |url-status=live |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009232804/https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/mondo/2023/10/09/tajani-due-italo-israeliani-dispersi-da-48-ore-_52cd0775-dda2-4ff2-841d-76739c97f3d8.html}} Two Tanzanian students were reported by their embassy to be missing.{{cite news |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/10/09/tanzanian-students-missing-in-israel-following-hamas-attack/|title=Tanzanian students missing in Israel following Hamas attack|date=9 October 2023|work=Africanews |access-date= 9 October 2023 |archive-date= 9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009170738/https://www.africanews.com/2023/10/09/tanzanian-students-missing-in-israel-following-hamas-attack/ |url-status=live}} The Russian Embassy stated that 16 Russian nationals were killed and nine others went missing following the attack.{{cite news |title=16 Russians Killed, 9 Missing in Israel-Hamas War – Envoy |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2023/10/17/16-russians-killed-9-missing-in-israel-hamas-war-envoy-a82797 |access-date=19 October 2023 |work=The Moscow Times |date=17 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018172807/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2023/10/17/16-russians-killed-9-missing-in-israel-hamas-war-envoy-a82797 |url-status=live }} Four Argentinians were reported to have been killed and three were reported missing.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ambito.com/ataques-israel-confirman-la-muerte-otra-argentina-n5840726 |title=Cancillería confirmó que son siete los argentinos muertos por el ataque de hamas contra Israel|language=es |trans-title=Foreign Ministry confirmed that seven Argentines died in the Hamas attack against Israel|date=10 October 2023|website=Ambito |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009093613/https://www.ambito.com/ataques-israel-confirman-la-muerte-otra-argentina-n5840726 |url-status=live}}

The Canadian government stated that three Canadians were killed, and that two other Canadians were missing. A Paraguayan couple was reported killed, with the government also reporting two nationals missing. An Irish attendee of the music festival was reported missing.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67054825|title=Hamas Israel attacks: The international victims of the assault on Israel|date=9 October 2023|agency=BBC News |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009163704/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67054825 |url-status=live}} The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru confirmed that a Peruvian-Israeli soldier was killed in action on the front line, while three remained missing. A Colombian couple attending the music festival was reported missing after the attack. The Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported that three Austrian-Israeli dual nationals had been captured, and that one of them had later been confirmed dead. South Africa's Department of International Relations and Cooperation confirmed that two citizens, including a dual national, were killed.

In Gaza, a Ukrainian national was confirmed to have been killed.

{{See also|Gaza war hostage crisis}}

File:Iron Swords 141023 Kirya Bring The Home 02.jpg

248 people were taken hostage during the Hamas-led attack on Israel, mostly civilians.{{Cite news |last1=Vinograd |first1=Cassandra |last2=Kershner |first2=Isabel |date=2 November 2023 |title=Israel's Attackers Took About 240 Hostages. Here's What to Know About Them. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/israel-hostages-hamas-explained.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107070026/https://www.nytimes.com/article/israel-hostages-hamas-explained.html |archive-date=7 November 2023}}{{Cite news |date=9 October 2023 |title=Images of the Mass Kidnapping of Israelis by Hamas |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2023/10/kidnappings-israel-hamas-photographs/675593/ |url-status=live |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010012057/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2023/10/kidnappings-israel-hamas-photographs/675593/ |archive-date=10 October 2023}}{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Sam |last2=Fidler |first2=Matt |title=Who are the hostages taken by Hamas from southern Israel? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/18/who-are-hostages-taken-by-hamas-from-southern-israel |date=18 October 2023 |work=The Guardian |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018104401/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/18/who-are-hostages-taken-by-hamas-from-southern-israel |url-status=live }} On 8 October, Palestinian Islamic Jihad claimed to be holding at least 30 captives.{{cite news|last1=Pacchiani|first1=Gianluca|title=Islamic Jihad leader claims terror group is holding over 30 Israeli hostages|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/islamic-jihad-leader-claims-terror-group-is-holding-over-30-israeli-hostages/|access-date=8 October 2023|work=Times of Israel|date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008184608/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/islamic-jihad-leader-claims-terror-group-is-holding-over-30-israeli-hostages/ |url-status=live}} At least four people were reported taken from Kfar Aza.{{cite news |last1=Goldenberg |first1=Tia |last2=Shurafa |first2=Wafaa |date=8 October 2023 |title=Hamas fighters storm Israeli towns in surprise attack; Israel responds with deadly strikes on Gaza |work=Associated Press News |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-ca7903976387cfc1e1011ce9ea805a71 |url-status=live |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008051308/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-ca7903976387cfc1e1011ce9ea805a71 |archive-date=8 October 2023}} Videos from Gaza appeared to show captured people, with Gazan residents cheering trucks carrying dead bodies.{{Cite news |last1=Kingsley |first1=Patrick |last2=Kershner |first2=Isabel |date=7 October 2023 |title=Israel-Gaza Conflict: Gaza and Israel on War Footing After Militants Launch Surprise Assaults |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/07/world/israel-gaza-attack |url-status=live |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007075901/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/07/world/israel-gaza-attack |archive-date=7 October 2023}} Israel reported four captives were killed in Be'eri,{{cite news|date=9 October 2023|title=Civilian hostages in Hamas custody killed in Be'eri near Gaza border, CNN verified videos show|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/09/middleeast/israel-gaza-hamas-beeri-hostages-killed-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=9 October 2023|publisher=CNN |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009082701/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/09/middleeast/israel-gaza-hamas-beeri-hostages-killed-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live}} while Hamas indicated that an IDF airstrike on Gaza on 9 October killed four captives.{{cite news|date=9 October 2023|title=Israeli Strikes On Gaza Kill Four 'Prisoners': Hamas|url=https://www.barrons.com/news/israeli-strikes-on-gaza-kill-four-prisoners-hamas-76bea3c9?refsec=topics_afp-news |access-date=9 October 2023|work=Barron's|agency=Agence France-Presse |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009130842/https://www.barrons.com/news/israeli-strikes-on-gaza-kill-four-prisoners-hamas-76bea3c9?refsec=topics_afp-news |url-status=live}}

Civilians believed to be held captive in Gaza include families, children, festival-goers, peace activists, caregivers, and elders such as 75-year-old historian Alex Dancyg, who has written books on Poland's Jewish community and the Holocaust, was taken from Nir Oz. Also at Nir Oz, six members of the Silberman-Bibas family were caught on video being taken from their home;{{cite news|title=Video shows the kidnapping of Shiri Silberman-Bibas and her children by Hamas gunmen|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/video/video-shows-hamas-gunmen-kidnap-shiri-silberman-bibas-and-her-children-194724933949|date=9 October 2023|publisher=NBC News|access-date=19 October 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019233812/https://www.nbcnews.com/video/video-shows-hamas-gunmen-kidnap-shiri-silberman-bibas-and-her-children-194724933949|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last=Gillott|first=Hannah|title=Six-month-old baby Ariel Silberman-Bibas among those snatched in Israel|url=https://www.thejc.com/news/news/six-month-old-baby-among-17-missing-britons-in-israel-5S47aR0eyN7trIv74e0ZPM|date=12 October 2023|work=The Jewish Chronicle|access-date=19 October 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020144737/https://www.thejc.com/news/news/six-month-old-baby-among-17-missing-britons-in-israel-5S47aR0eyN7trIv74e0ZPM|url-status=live}} on 11 October, Hamas released a video showing three of them being let go near the border fence.{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/11/hamas-video-appears-to-show-release-of-woman-two-children|title=Hamas video appears to show release of woman, two children|date=11 October 2023|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=24 October 2023|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012192501/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/11/hamas-video-appears-to-show-release-of-woman-two-children|url-status=live}} On 16 October, Hamas released a video of one of its hostages, a 21-year-old French Israeli woman who had sustained injuries to her arm and a scar.{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/17/middleeast/hamas-hostage-mia-shem-israel-gaza-intl/index.html|title=Hamas releases first video of a hostage taken to Gaza|date=17 October 2023|publisher=CNN|access-date=24 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022215041/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/17/middleeast/hamas-hostage-mia-shem-israel-gaza-intl/index.html|url-status=live}} On 20 October, Hamas released an American woman and her 17-year-old daughter who were taken while visiting relatives in Nahal Oz.{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/20/middleeast/hamas-us-hostages-released-intl/index.html|title=American mother and daughter taken hostage by Hamas are released as humanitarian crisis in Gaza deepens|date=21 October 2023|publisher=CNN|access-date=24 October 2023|archive-date=24 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024025123/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/20/middleeast/hamas-us-hostages-released-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}

{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/29/israel-hamas-war-live-more-palestinian-prisoners-israeli-captives-freed|title=Israelis in Tel Aviv awaiting confirmation of the death of infant captive|date=29 November 2023|publisher=aljazeera}}

According to a report sent to the International Committee of the Red Cross by the Geneva-based organization Hostage and Missing Families Forum, hostages include people with Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, dementia, autism and psychiatric disorders, who are "in urgent need of treatment and lifesaving medication", and are "prone to immediate mortality [without] essential medications and treatment." The report also expressed concern about untreated injuries induced during the attack.{{Cite news|last=Sokol|first=Sam|date=16 October 2023|title=Hostages' Families Group to Red Cross: Many of Almost 200 Israelis Held in Gaza in Severe Need of Medical Treatment|language=en|work=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-16/ty-article/.premium/many-of-almost-200-israelis-held-in-gaza-in-severe-need-of-medical-treatment/0000018b-38b8-d0ac-a39f-b9bad3600000|access-date=19 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022174808/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-16/ty-article/.premium/many-of-almost-200-israelis-held-in-gaza-in-severe-need-of-medical-treatment/0000018b-38b8-d0ac-a39f-b9bad3600000|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|last=Levine|first=Hagai|date=15 October 2023|title=Preliminary Medical Report of the Missing/Abducted people by Hamas|url=https://img.mako.co.il/2023/10/17/MedicalreporttoICRC1510.pdf|publisher=The Hostages and Missing Families Forum|access-date=24 October 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019170558/https://img.mako.co.il/2023/10/17/MedicalreporttoICRC1510.pdf|url-status=live}}

An open letter published in The Lancet by a group of 1,500 Israeli health-care professionals expressed shock at "the greatest loss of civilian life since the establishment of the state of Israel", and the indiscriminate "barbaric rampage" through "entire villages in the south of Israel", which it termed a "crime against humanity". The letter called on the international medical community to "condemn the savage massacre, to immediately call for guarantees for the safety and health of all those being kept hostage, and to unequivocally call for the immediate and unconditional return of our families and friends who have been cruelly taken hostage".{{Cite journal|last1=Paluch-Shimon|first1=Shani|last2=Popovtzer|first2=Aron|last3=Leibowitz|first3=Raya|date=12 October 2023|title=An urgent call for the immediate release of Israeli hostages |journal=The Lancet|volume=402 |issue=10412 |page=1521 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02288-2|pmid=37844591|s2cid=263914270|issn=0140-6736|doi-access=free}}

American-Israeli author Robby Berman set up a fund offering a reward of 1 million Israeli shekels for the release of hostages in Gaza, specifically aimed at encouraging Palestinians to aid in the rescue of Jewish prisoners.{{Cite news|last=Klein|first=Zvika|date=12 October 2023|title=American-Israeli offers 1 million shekels for Gaza hostages release|language=en|work=The Jerusalem Post|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/defense-news/article-767871|access-date=21 October 2023|archive-date=21 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021002135/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/defense-news/article-767871|url-status=live}}

{{Main article|Mass detentions in the Gaza war}}

Thousands of Palestinians working in Israel on the eve of the war have gone missing. Human rights groups believe they have subjected to mass arrests by Israel, but Israel has refused to release the names of those whom they are holding. According to testimonies obtained by HaMoked and Al-Jazeera some of these prisoners have been beaten by Israeli soldiers and denied access to contact the Red Cross. Eight of the workers were interviewed by CNN made claims of torture, including being stripped naked, "viciously" beaten, including one account of electrocution. One prisoner reported; “They broke us and beat us with batons and metal sticks... they humiliated us... they have made us starve without food or water,” whilst another claimed "some people died on the way here because they were beaten and subjected to electric shocks." The interviewed workers were eventually returned to Gaza on 4 November. At least six human rights organizations in Israel have filed a petition to Israel's High Court arguing these detentions were "without legal authority and without legal grounds." Amani Sarahneh of Palestinian Prisoners Society and Dror Sadot of B’Tselem both described the issue as systemic, with Sadot stating in response; “We've been investigating this for so many years – the military enforcement system works as a whitewash mechanism with almost no indictments,” she said.  “So they will say ‘those are the exception, not the rule,’ but if the impunity for soldiers continues – and not just the soldiers but also the policy itself – when no one's being held accountable, of course, things will just continue,”{{Cite web |last1=Kottasová |first1=Ivana |last2=Salman |first2=Abeer |last3=Alkhaldi |first3=Celine |last4=Bashir |first4=Nada |last5=Khadder |first5=Kareem |date=2023-11-06 |title=Gaza workers expelled from Israel accuse Israeli authorities of abuse, including beatings |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/06/middleeast/gaza-workers-allege-abuse/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107063553/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/06/middleeast/gaza-workers-allege-abuse/index.html |archive-date=2023-11-07 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=CNN |language=en}}

Both Israel and Hamas have been accused of committing war crimes.{{cite web |title=Unprecedented Killings, Repression |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/01/11/israel/palestine-unprecedented-killings-repression |website=Human Rights Watch |date=11 January 2024 |access-date=23 March 2024}}{{cite web |title=Israel: Palestinian armed groups must be held accountable for deliberate civilian killings, abductions and indiscriminate attacks |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/israel-palestinian-armed-groups-must-be-held-accountable-for-deliberate-civilian-killings-abductions-and-indiscriminate-attacks/ |website=Amnesty International |access-date=23 March 2024|date=12 October 2023}} South Africa accused Israel of committing genocide in a case it brought before the International Court of Justice.{{cite web |last1=Berg |first1=Raffi |title=What is South Africa's genocide case against Israel at the ICJ? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67922346 |website=BBC |access-date=23 March 2024|date=30 January 2024}} In a set of preliminary rulings, the court found that the Palestinians rights under the genocide convention were plausibly in danger but did not rule on whether genocide was plausibly happening.{{cite web |last1=Al-Kassab |first1=Fatima |title=A top U.N. court says Gaza genocide is 'plausible' but does not order cease-fire |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/01/26/1227078791/icj-israel-genocide-gaza-palestinians-south-africa#:~:text=ICJ%20says%20it's%20'plausible'%20Israel%20committed%20genocide%20in%20Gaza%20%3A%20NPR&text=ICJ%20says%20it's%20'plausible'%20Israel%20committed%20genocide%20in%20Gaza%20The,call%20for%20a%20cease%2Dfire. |website=NPR |access-date=23 March 2024|date=26 January 2024}}{{cite news |last1=Sharon |first1=Jeremy |title='Plausibility' in the South African genocide case against Israel is not what it seemed |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/plausibility-in-the-south-african-genocide-case-against-israel-is-not-what-it-seemed/ |date=6 May 2024}} In June 2024, a UN Commission of Inquiry found the scale of Israel's killing of Palestinians constituted a crime against humanity.{{cite web |last1=Farge |first1=Emma |title='Immense' scale of Gaza killings amount to crime against humanity, UN inquiry says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/immense-scale-gaza-killings-amount-crime-against-humanity-un-inquiry-says-2024-06-12/ |website=Reuters |date=12 June 2024 |access-date=4 July 2024}} Marwan Bishara, the senior political analyst at Al Jazeera English, argued that Israel's military campaign aimed to "eliminate anything that walks or breathes in Gaza".{{cite web |title=Israel aiming to 'eliminate anything that walks or breathes in Gaza' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-multiple-attacks-kill-dozens-of-palestinians?update=2785619 |website=Al Jazeera |date=20 March 2024 |access-date=23 March 2024}} Hani Mahmoud, a journalist on the ground in Gaza, wrote, "It's difficult to imagine that the Israeli military has any clear objective other than the mass murder of civilians inside their homes."{{cite web |last1=Mahmoud |first1=Hani |title=Five-month-old baby among 25 people killed in central Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/11/1/live-israeli-attacks-kill-95-in-gaza-6-medics-among-45-killed-in-lebanon?update=3289247 |website=Al Jazeera English |date=1 November 2024 |access-date=2 November 2024}}

In August 2024, the UNRWA Chief of Staff, Ben Majekodunmi, stated that the reported killing of 40,000 people since October 2023 was an "unspeakable tragedy".{{cite web |title=Remarks by UNRWA Chief of Staff, Mr. Ben Majekodunmi, at the World Humanitarian Day 2024 UN commemoration |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/remarks-unrwa-chief-staff-mr-ben-majekodunmi-world-humanitarian-day-2024-un-commemoration#:~:text=As%20we%20know%2C%20since%20the,community%20has%20suffered%20unspeakable%20tragedy. |website=ReliefWeb | date=19 August 2024 |publisher=UNWRA |access-date=24 August 2024}} Islamic Relief, a UK-based humanitarian organization, stated that the killing of 40,000 should be a "source of eternal global shame".{{cite web |title=40,000 killed in Gaza should be a source of eternal global shame |url=https://islamic-relief.org/news/40000-killed-in-gaza-should-be-a-source-of-eternal-global-shame/ |website=Islamic Relief |date=15 August 2024 |access-date=24 August 2024}} UN rights chief Volker Türk stated, "This unimaginable situation is overwhelmingly due to recurring failures by the Israeli Defense Forces to comply with the rules of war".{{cite web |title=Most of Gaza's 40,000 dead are women and children, says UN rights chief |url=https://turkiye.un.org/en/276595-most-gazas-40000-dead-are-women-and-children-says-un-rights-chief |website=United Nations |date=16 August 2024 |access-date=24 August 2024}} UNRWA spokesperson Louise Wateridge stated, "It does feel like people are waiting for death. Death seems to be the only certainty in this situation".{{cite web |title=Death 'the only certainty' for Gazans, says UN official |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240820-death-the-only-certainty-for-gazans-says-un-official |website=France24 |date=20 August 2024 |access-date=9 September 2024}}

In July 2024, correspondence published in British medical journal The Lancet issued a warning that casualty figures based on direct death tolls alone significantly underestimated the total, and conservatively estimated that the conflict up to June would in the coming months and years result in up to 186,000 deaths when direct and indirect deaths were accounted for.{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Khatib |first1=Rasha |last2=McKee |first2=Martin |last3=Yusuf |first3=Salim |title=Counting the dead in Gaza: difficult but essential |journal=The Lancet |publisher=Elsevier BV |year=2024 |volume=404 |issue=10449 |pages=237–238 |issn=0140-6736 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01169-3 |pmid=38976995 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01169-3/fulltext |quote=In recent conflicts, such indirect deaths range from three to 15 times the number of direct deaths. Applying a conservative estimate of four indirect deaths per one direct death to the 37,396 deaths reported, it is not implausible to estimate that up to 186,000 or even more deaths could be attributable to the current conflict in Gaza. Using the 2022 Gaza Strip population estimate of 2,375,259, this would translate to 7.9% of the total population in the Gaza Strip.}} Jean-François Corty, a humanitarian doctor and president of the NGO Doctors of the World, said that the Gaza Health Ministry's figures take into account the identified dead, "without taking into account all the dead left under the rubble of the bombardments, or the indirect victims who died because of a lack of care or access to care, or from being transported to a health centre. If you add those who are likely to die of malnutrition or as a result of wounds inflicted by Israeli bombardments in the weeks and months to come, because of the risks of superinfection and because their pathology will be treated late, then yes, the figure of 186,000 deaths mentioned in The Lancet is credible."{{cite news |title='More than 186,000 dead' in Gaza: How credible are the estimates published on The Lancet? |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240711-more-than-186-000-dead-in-gaza-how-credible-are-the-estimates-published-on-the-lancet |work=France 24 |date=11 July 2024}} The Lancet correspondence has been criticized by the Chair of Every Casualty Counts network Michael Spagat, who wrote that it "lacks a solid foundation and is implausible".{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Spagat |first1=Michael |author-link=Michael Spagat |title=A critical analysis of The Lancet's letter "Counting the Dead in Gaza: Difficult but Essential". Professor Mike Spagat reviews the claim the total Gaza death toll may reach upwards of 186,000 |url=https://aoav.org.uk/2024/a-critical-analysis-of-the-lancets-letter-counting-the-dead-in-gaza-difficult-but-essential-professor-mike-spagat-reviews-the-claim-the-total-gaza-death-toll-may-reach-upwards-of-186000/ |publisher=Action on Armed Violence |date=10 July 2024}}

In January 2025, a peer-reviewed analysis was published in The Lancet regarding mortality due to traumatic injury in the Gaza Strip between 7 October 2023 and 30 June 2024. The research was conducted by scholars from the University of Cambridge, Yale University, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and Nagasaki University. The paper utilized a model with "three-list capture–recapture analysis using data from Palestinian Ministry of Health (MoH) hospital lists, an MoH online survey, and social media obituaries", and estimated 64,260 deaths from traumatic injury during this period, likely exceeding 70,000 by October 2024, with 59.1% of them being women, children and the elderly. It concluded the GHM undercounted trauma-related deaths by 41% in its reports. It also noted that its findings "underestimate the full impact of the military operation in Gaza, as they do not account for non-trauma-related deaths resulting from health service disruption, food insecurity, and inadequate water and sanitation."{{Cite journal |last1=Jamaluddine |first1=Zeina |last2=Abukmail |first2=Hanan |last3=Aly |first3=Sarah |last4=Campbell |first4=Oona M R |last5=Checchi |first5=Francesco |date=February 2025 |title=Traumatic injury mortality in the Gaza Strip from Oct 7, 2023, to June 30, 2024: a capture–recapture analysis |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=405 |issue=10477 |pages=469–477 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02678-3 |issn=0140-6736 |doi-access=free |pmid=39799952 }}

{{Portal|History|Palestine|Politics}}

Gaza war

• Bearing Witness (2023 film)
• {{slink|Gaza war#Casualties}}
• Impacts of the Gaza war
• Outline of the Gaza war
• War crimes in the Gaza war

General

• Casualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip
• Israeli casualties of war
• Palestinian casualties of war

Prior conflicts

• 2014 Gaza War
• Battle of Rafah (2009)
• Battle of Gaza (2007)
• Battle of Rafah (1949)

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

{{Gaza war}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Casualties of the Gaza war}}

Category:Palestinian war casualties

Category:Casualties of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Category:War casualties by war

Category:Impacts of the Israel–Hamas war