Impacts of the Gaza war

The initial attacks by Hamas in the Gaza war marked a notable escalation in the ongoing conflict between Israel and Hamas, standing out for the scale and reach of both rocket fire and incursions within Israel from the Gaza border. This was a significant departure from prior conflicts, which typically followed a phased progression with a gradual escalation of tensions.{{Cite news |last=Frantzman |first=Seth J. |date=7 October 2023 |title=A massive unprovoked attack on Israel – analysis |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-762048 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007095117/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-762048 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=The Jerusalem Post}} It has been compared to the 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor,{{Cite news |last=Berlinger |first=Joshua |date=7 October 2023 |title=A 'Pearl Harbor' moment: Why didn't Israel's sophisticated border security stop Saturday's attack?|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/07/middleeast/israel-gaza-border-security-intl/index.html |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=CNN |language=en |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008223900/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/07/middleeast/israel-gaza-border-security-intl/index.html |url-status=live}} the 1968 Tet Offensive, 1973 Yom Kippur War, the 2001 September 11 attacks,{{Cite news |last=Boot |first=Max |date=8 October 2023|title=This is Israel's 9/11. The consequences will be dangerous — and unforeseeable. |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/10/07/gaza-israel-war-hamas-destruction/ |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008160604/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/10/07/gaza-israel-war-hamas-destruction/ |url-status=live}} and the 2003 Ramadan Offensive.{{cite news |last1=Rothwell |first1=James |last2=Vasilyeva |first2=Nataliya |date=7 October 2023 |title=Hamas terrorists butcher civilians as stunned Israel suffers '9/11' moment |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/10/07/israel-palestine-war-hamas-terrorists-gaza-hostages/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231007195315/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/10/07/israel-palestine-war-hamas-terrorists-gaza-hostages/ |archive-date=7 October 2023 |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=12 October 2023}}{{Cite web |last=Swift |first=David |title=Why Hamas's attack will backfire |url=https://unherd.com/thepost/why-hamass-attack-will-backfire/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231008124952/https://unherd.com/thepost/why-hamass-attack-will-backfire/ |archive-date=8 October 2023 |access-date=9 October 2023 |website=UnHerd}}{{cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title='Human shield horror' and Israel's '9/11 moment' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-the-papers-67043868 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008131227/https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-the-papers-67043868 |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2023}} Like the Tet Offensive, Hamas's attack came on the morning of a holiday, seemed to be "everywhere at once", and demonstrated capabilities not thought possible by a guerrilla force.{{cite news |title=A Surprise Attack Upends Israel and the Middle East |url=https://time.com/6321849/israel-attack/ |work=Time |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008223434/https://time.com/6321849/israel-attack/ |url-status=live}}

{{Pie chart

|caption= Breakdown of deaths by age and gender (analysis by professors Michael Spagat and Daniel Silverman), November 2023{{cite web|author=Michael Spagat and Daniel Silverman|title=Is the Hamas-run Ministry of Health data on fatalities in Gaza to be trusted?|url=https://aoav.org.uk/2023/are-the-gazan-casualty-figures-being-reported-reliable-two-conflict-experts-compared-the-numbers-to-previous-attacks-and-conclude-they-are-credible/|date=2023-11-01|access-date=2024-03-03|archive-date=2024-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104122759/https://aoav.org.uk/2023/are-the-gazan-casualty-figures-being-reported-reliable-two-conflict-experts-compared-the-numbers-to-previous-attacks-and-conclude-they-are-credible/|url-status=live}}

|value1 = 35.3

|label1 = Men and boys over 14

|value2 = 24.1

|label2 = Women and girls over 14

|value3 = 33.8

|label3 = Children under 14

|value4 = 6.8

|label4 = Elderly, above 60}}

According to Daniel Byman and Alexander Palmer, the attack showcased the decline of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the rise of Hamas as a power center in Palestinian politics. They predicted the PLO's further decline if the status quo held.{{Cite news |last1=Byman |first1=Daniel |last2=Palmer |first2=Alexander |date=7 October 2023 |title=What You Need to Know About the Israel-Hamas Violence |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/07/hamas-attack-israel-declares-war-gaza-why-explained/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007230520/https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/07/hamas-attack-israel-declares-war-gaza-why-explained/ |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023 |work=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}} Laith Alajlouni wrote that the immediate effect of the Hamas offensive was to unite Hamas and PLO. However, it may soon lead to conflict between them, possibly leading the PLO to lose control of the security situation in the West Bank, if more militant groups there begin to launch independent attacks.{{cite web |title=IISS experts assess the Hamas–Israel war and its international implications |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2023/10/iiss-experts-assess-the-hamas-israel-war-and-its-international-implications/ |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=IISS |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011113356/https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2023/10/iiss-experts-assess-the-hamas-israel-war-and-its-international-implications/ |url-status=live }}

With global attention on Hamas, Emile Hokayem wrote that Turkey and Qatar, which have privileged relations with Hamas, may be accused of overly indulging Hamas and being tarnished by association. However, on 13 October, Secretary of State Antony Blinken stated in a joint press conference with Qatari Prime Minister and foreign minister Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani that the US was "working intensively" with the Gulf state to secure the hostages and expressed his gratitude "for the urgency that Qatar is bringing to this effort."{{Cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/secretary-antony-j-blinken-with-qatari-prime-minister-and-minister-of-foreign-affairs-mohammed-bin-abdulrahman-al-thani-at-a-joint-press-availability/ |title=Secretary Antony J. Blinken With Qatari Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Mohammed Bin Abdulrahman Al Thani At a Joint Press Availability |website=U.S. State Department |access-date=2023-10-21 |archive-date=2023-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021182315/https://www.state.gov/secretary-antony-j-blinken-with-qatari-prime-minister-and-minister-of-foreign-affairs-mohammed-bin-abdulrahman-al-thani-at-a-joint-press-availability/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |first1=Andrew |last1=Mills |first2=Nidal |last2=Al-Mughrabi |title=Qatar in talks with Hamas, Israel to swap hostages for prisoners |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/qatar-leads-talks-swap-hamas-held-hostages-palestinians-israeli-jails-2023-10-09/ |work=Reuters |date=9 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009225516/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/qatar-leads-talks-swap-hamas-held-hostages-palestinians-israeli-jails-2023-10-09/ |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |url=https://dohanews.co/biden-says-us-working-with-qatar-to-release-israeli-civilians-reports/ |title=Biden says US working with Qatar to release Israeli civilians: reports |first=Asmahan |last=Qarjouli |date=15 October 2023 |website=Doha News |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020160708/https://dohanews.co/biden-says-us-working-with-qatar-to-release-israeli-civilians-reports/ |url-status=live }}

By January 2024, the Palestinian Authority faced a severe political and economic crisis, after the Israeli government ended transferring tax revenue to the West Bank.{{cite web |title=The PA is 'on its knees' financially, politically |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-deadly-israeli-attacks-across-gaza?update=2637819 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409035809/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-deadly-israeli-attacks-across-gaza?update=2637819 |url-status=live }} Israel usually collects Palestinian taxes and then gives it to the PA.{{cite web |last=Bo |first=Teresa |title=Lots of tension within Israeli ruling coalition over PA tax funds |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-deadly-israeli-attacks-across-gaza?update=2637643 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301160703/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-deadly-israeli-attacks-across-gaza?update=2637643 |url-status=live }}

Before the war, Hamas was deeply unpopular in Gaza, with 52 percent of Palestinians stating they had no trust at all in the organization.{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Jamal |first=Amaney |title=What Palestinians Really Think of Hamas: Before the War, Gaza's Leaders Were Deeply Unpopular—but an Israeli Crackdown Could Change That |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/israel/what-palestinians-really-think-hamas |journal=Foreign Affairs |date=25 October 2023 |access-date=10 December 2023}}{{#invoke:cite web||last=Adami |first=Chelcey |title=Survey sheds light on Palestinian views ahead of Hamas attack on Israel |url=https://news.stanford.edu/report/2023/12/05/palestinians-views-oct-7/ |website=Stanford Report |date=5 December 2023 |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=10 December 2023}} Hamas was even more unpopular in the West Bank, with only around twelve percent support.{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Kaplan |first=Fred |title=Is Israel's War in Gaza Strengthening Hamas? |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2023/12/israel-war-gaza-hamas-west-bank-poll.html |journal=Slate |date=15 December 2023 |access-date=18 December 2023}} According to a survey of 668 respondents carried out by Palestinian research firm AWRAD in the beginning of November 2023, 47 percent of Gazans strongly supported the 7 October attack.{{#invoke:cite web||title=Wartime Poll: Results of an Opinion Poll Among Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip |url=https://www.awrad.org/files/server/polls/polls2023/Public%20Opinion%20Poll%20-%20Gaza%20War%202023.pdf |website=Awrad |access-date=27 November 2023}} The overwhelming majority of Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank said they would never forget or forgive Israel's behavior in Gaza during the war.{{#invoke:cite news||title=Israel's Assault on Gaza Is Making Hamas More Popular and Destroying Hope for a Future Peace |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/israels-assault-on-gaza-is-making-hamas-more-popular |work=The Daily Beast |date=21 November 2023}} Another survey released on 13 December found that 57% of respondents in the Gaza Strip and 82% in the West Bank believed Hamas was correct in launching the 7 October attack, while only 10% said they believed Hamas committed war crimes during the conflict. The survey also found that nearly 60% of respondents in the Palestinian territories agreed with the dissolution of the Palestinian Authority, while 88% supported the resignation of President Mahmoud Abbas.{{#invoke:cite news||title=Palestinian poll shows a rise in Hamas support and close to 90% wanting US-backed Abbas to resign |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-palestinians-opinion-poll-wartime-views-a0baade915619cd070b5393844bc4514 |work=AP News |access-date=17 December 2023}} In response to a critical social media video, Hamas issued a public statement warning against the publication of "any pictures, videos or materials that are offensive to the image of the steadfastness and unity of our people in Gaza".{{cite news |last1=Stancati |first1=Margherita |last2=Ayyoub |first2=Abeer |date=21 December 2023 |title=Gazans Are Starting to Blame Hamas for Wartime Suffering |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gazans-are-starting-to-blame-hamas-for-wartime-suffering-066256b0 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231221041400/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gazans-are-starting-to-blame-hamas-for-wartime-suffering-066256b0 |archive-date=21 December 2023 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=21 December 2023}}

In early November, hundreds of people at a UN shelter in Gaza city shouted insults against Hamas and cried out that they wanted the war to end, in reaction to Hamas rocket launches at Israel.{{#invoke:cite news||title=In Gaza, growing signs of anger at Hamas as residents fight for food, battle diseases |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-gaza-growing-signs-of-anger-at-hamas-as-residents-fight-for-food-battle-diseases/ |access-date=17 December 2023 |work=Times of Israel |date=12 November 2023}} A spokesman for a Hamas ministry was interrupted during a televised speech by a man with a wounded hand shouting: "May God hold you to account, Hamas!" On Al Jazeera, an elderly woman complained that "aid does not reach the nation and the entire people; Everything goes to their houses; they take it, they will even shoot me and do whatever they want to me."{{#invoke:cite news||last=Alster |first=Guy |title=Gaza in chaos as Palestinian anger against Hamas grows |url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/gaza-news/article-777031 |access-date=17 December 2023 |agency=Walla |publisher=Jerusalem Post |date=10 December 2023}}

The Wall Street Journal reported on 21 December that since 7 October, "quiet criticism has begun spreading" against Hamas, with Gazans "blaming the militants for having provoked Israel's wrath and for their inability to shield the population from a devastating war and a humanitarian crisis that deepens by the day". The Journal said that such opposition was unlikely to break out into the open, but that the "simmering opposition raises questions about the group's long-term hold over the strip".

More than three-quarters of the entire population in Gaza have been compelled to evacuate their residences under precarious and hazardous circumstances. Approximately half a million of those displaced individuals do not have a place of residence to go back to. Numerous individuals are currently residing in temporary shelters, vehicles, or even outdoors, frantically searching for any available cardboard to shield themselves from the weather.[https://www.redcross.org.uk/stories/disasters-and-emergencies/world/whats-happening-in-gaza-humanitarian-crisis-grows How many people are now homeless in Gaza?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911130904/https://www.redcross.org.uk/stories/disasters-and-emergencies/world/whats-happening-in-gaza-humanitarian-crisis-grows |date=2024-09-11 }} Retrieved 13 February 2024

File:Cardiff Solidarity for Palestine protest, 25 November 2023 142309 (redacted).jpg

The World Bank reports that around 85% of workers in Gaza are presently without employment, resulting in a near halt in the economy. The region is currently functioning at a mere 16% of its productive capability, resulting in what the World Bank characterizes as a "severe economic downturn".[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/12/war-has-left-gaza-economy-at-almost-total-standstill-says-world-bankWar has left Gaza economy at almost total standstill, says World Bank] Retrieved 28 December 2023

The extensive destruction and devastation resulting from the conflict have reached unprecedented levels. The report indicates that by November, approximately 60% of information and communications technology infrastructure, over 60% of health and education facilities, and 70% of commerce-related infrastructure in Gaza have been either damaged or completely destroyed. Over 800 schools are estimated to have been bombed or destroyed till the fifth month of the war.[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/the-devastating-effect-of-the-israel-hamas-war-on-education-in-gaza The devastating effect of the Israel-Hamas war on education in Gaza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625211729/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/the-devastating-effect-of-the-israel-hamas-war-on-education-in-gaza |date=2024-06-25 }} Retrieved 7 April 2024

File:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 13.jpg

On 16 October, doctors warned of an impending disease outbreak because of hospital overcrowding and also due to unburied bodies. According to World Health Organization, there were solely "24 hours of water, electricity and fuel left" before "a real catastrophe."{{cite web|title=Humanitarian aid stuck at Gaza border as WHO warns of 'catastrophe'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/16/humatarian-aid-stuck-at-gaza-border-as-who-warns-of-catastrophe|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=16 October 2023|archive-date=27 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427184938/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/16/humatarian-aid-stuck-at-gaza-border-as-who-warns-of-catastrophe|url-status=live}} On 18 October, the United States vetoed a UN resolution urging humanitarian aid to Gaza.{{cite web|last=Lederer|first=Edith|title=US vetoes UN resolution condemning Hamas' attacks on Israel and all violence against civilians|url=https://apnews.com/article/un-security-council-resolution-gaza-hamas-1c23913f8552f5379b2c158a83493835|website=Associated Press|date=18 October 2023|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020144758/https://apnews.com/article/un-security-council-resolution-gaza-hamas-1c23913f8552f5379b2c158a83493835|url-status=live}} The WHO mentioned the condition in Gaza to be "spiralling out of control."{{cite web|title=Israel-Hamas war live: Biden in Israel, anger over Gaza hospital attack|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/17/israel-hamas-war-live-anger-after-israeli-strike-kills-500-in-hospital|website=Al Jazeera |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018084831/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/17/israel-hamas-war-live-anger-after-israeli-strike-kills-500-in-hospital |url-status=bot: unknown}}

The situation of humanitarian in Palestine (Gaza) is considered a "crisis" and a "catastrophe." As a result of Israel's siege, the mentioned city faces shortages of the items such as medication, food, fuel, water, and medical-related supplies.{{cite web |last=Ioanes |first=Ellen |date=14 October 2023 |title=Gaza's spiraling humanitarian crisis, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/2023/10/14/23917260/israel-hamas-war-gaza-humanitarian-crisis |access-date=16 October 2023 |website=Vox |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014224531/https://www.vox.com/2023/10/14/23917260/israel-hamas-war-gaza-humanitarian-crisis |url-status=live }} UN Humanitarian Aid chief Martin Griffiths said, "the noose around the civilian population in Gaza is tightening."{{cite web|last=Gottbrath|first=Laurin-Whitney|title=Gaza "fast becoming hell hole" on "brink of collapse" amid Israel strikes: UN|url=https://www.axios.com/2023/10/14/gaza-humanitarian-crisis-hamas-israel-war-death-toll|website=Axios|access-date=16 October 2023|archive-date=16 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016101000/https://www.axios.com/2023/10/14/gaza-humanitarian-crisis-hamas-israel-war-death-toll|url-status=live}} On 13 October, UNRWA commissioner Philippe Lazzarini said, "The scale and speed of the unfolding humanitarian crisis is bone-chilling."{{cite web|last=Marsi|first=Federica|title=Gaza doctors warn of a humanitarian catastrophe after Israeli attacks|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/14/supplies-exhausted-doctors-exhausted-in-gaza-catastrophe-looms-large|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=16 October 2023|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014174402/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/14/supplies-exhausted-doctors-exhausted-in-gaza-catastrophe-looms-large|url-status=live}}{{cite news |last1=Reed |first1=John |last2=Mehul |first2=Srivastava |date=13 October 2023 |title=Residents flee Gaza City as Israel tells 1.1mn to leave |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8ea2374e-c21c-4232-bc69-615e36b26caa |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=Financial Times |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231014044933/https://www.ft.com/content/8ea2374e-c21c-4232-bc69-615e36b26caa |url-status=live }}

Across Gaza, hospitals and clinics have been damaged/destroyed due to the Gaza war. Insecurity Insight recorded 345 incidents of violence against healthcare during the first seven weeks of the conflict. ongoing border closures will prevent patients from traveling to Israel, the West Bank or East Jerusalem for treatment. On top of this, a lack of fuel for water desalination has left 95% of Gaza's population without access to safe water, increasing the risk of diseases like cholera.[https://www.rescue.org/uk/article/crisis-palestine-what-you-need-know Gaza's health care system is on the verge of collapse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415072500/https://www.rescue.org/uk/article/crisis-palestine-what-you-need-know |date=2024-04-15 }} Retrieved 14 February 2024

The situation in Gaza is worsening, leading to the spread of diseases due to the lack of clean water and insufficient sewage facilities. According to the United Nations, the people in Gaza are facing a shortage of water and hygiene materials, which is negatively impacting their overall well-being and physical health. Additionally, the accumulation of solid waste in public areas, hospitals, IDP shelters, and other locations is a major concern as it poses significant risks to public health. The uncollected waste, amounting to tens of thousands of tons, is exacerbating these risks.[https://lordslibrary.parliament.uk/humanitarian-situation-in-gaza/ Humanitarian impact of the conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605043045/http://lordslibrary.parliament.uk/humanitarian-situation-in-gaza/ |date=2024-06-05 }} Retrieved 13 February 2024

The water supply system has suffered extensive damage or become inoperable, resulting in severe consequences for the hygiene and sanitation of the population. Deprived of clean water, individuals are compelled to rely on polluted water sources, thereby facilitating the transmission of waterborne illnesses like cholera, dysentery, and typhoid.[https://www.hi.org/en/news/occupied-palestinian-territories---israel--12-000-bombs-dropped-on-gaza--one-of-the-most-intense-bombing-campaigns-in-modern-war Water supply system destroyed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406185820/https://www.hi.org/en/news/occupied-palestinian-territories---israel--12-000-bombs-dropped-on-gaza--one-of-the-most-intense-bombing-campaigns-in-modern-war |date=2024-04-06 }} Retrieved 17 January 2024

The conflict has disrupted the operations of Palestine Red Crescent Society ambulances and paramedics, affecting their ability to deliver essential medical aid and emergency care. Red Crescent personnel (including paramedics, ambulance drivers, and first responders) often have to put their own lives at risk to aid survivors of Israeli air strikes. The obstacles they face have intensified due to significant infrastructure damage.[https://www.redcross.org.uk/stories/disasters-and-emergencies/world/whats-happening-in-gaza-humanitarian-crisis-grows Is the Palestine Red Crescent providing medical care in Gaza?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911130904/https://www.redcross.org.uk/stories/disasters-and-emergencies/world/whats-happening-in-gaza-humanitarian-crisis-grows |date=2024-09-11 }} Retrieved 13 February 2024

{{main|Gaza Strip famine}}

{{Infobox famine

|name=Gaza Strip famine

| image =

| caption =

| country = State of Palestine

| location = Gaza Strip

| coordinates =

| period = {{start date and age|2023||}}–present

| excess_mortality=

| from_disease =

| total_deaths = 31+{{efn|as of 29 March 2024.{{cite news |last=Cooney |first=Christy |title=Top UN court orders Israel to allow food and medical aid into Gaza |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68691095 |website=BBC |date=29 March 2024 |access-date=5 April 2024 |archive-date=11 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511063315/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68691095 |url-status=live }}}}{{efn|According to CNN, the true number of people dead from starvation may already be higher, as "limited access to northern Gaza has hindered the ability of aid agencies to fully assess the situation there."{{cite web |last=Haq |first=Sana Noor |title=Newborns die of hunger and mothers struggle to feed their children as Israel's siege condemns Gazans to starvation |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/06/middleeast/israel-gaza-starvation-siege-mothers-babies-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=6 March 2024 |access-date=8 March 2024 |archive-date=11 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411050125/https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/06/middleeast/israel-gaza-starvation-siege-mothers-babies-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}}}

| theory =

| relief = Humanitarian aid

| food_situation =

| demographics =

| consequences = 677,000+ in starvation{{cite web |last=Serhan |first=Yasmeen |title=Famine May Already Be Unfolding in Gaza, Experts Warn |url=https://time.com/6957987/famine-gaza-ipc-report/ |website=Time Magazine |date=18 March 2024 |access-date=21 March 2024 |archive-date=14 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514114115/https://time.com/6957987/famine-gaza-ipc-report/ |url-status=live }}

| memorial =

|causes=blockade, siege, airstrikes, and limitation of aid}}

The Gaza war has led to imminent famine conditions in the Gaza Strip, resulting from Israeli airstrikes and the ongoing blockade of the Gaza Strip by Israel, which includes restrictions on humanitarian aid.{{cite news|last=de Waal|first=Alex|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/mar/21/we-are-about-to-witness-the-most-intense-famine-since-world-war-ii-in-gaza|website=The Guardian|access-date=21 March 2024|title=We are about to witness the most intense famine since World War II in Gaza|date=21 March 2024|archive-date=10 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510144453/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/mar/21/we-are-about-to-witness-the-most-intense-famine-since-world-war-ii-in-gaza|url-status=live}}{{cite news |title=The Guardian view on famine in Gaza: a human-made catastrophe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/mar/19/the-guardian-view-on-famine-in-gaza-a-human-made-catastrophe |website=The Guardian |date=19 March 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |archive-date=20 March 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240320104237/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/mar/19/the-guardian-view-on-famine-in-gaza-a-human-made-catastrophe |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=2024-03-18 |title=Imminent famine in northern Gaza is 'entirely man-made disaster': Guterres {{!}} UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/03/1147656 |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=news.un.org |language=en |archive-date=2024-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913003945/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/03/1147656 |url-status=live }}

Airstrikes have destroyed food infrastructure, such as bakeries, mills, and food stores, and there is a widespread scarcity of essential supplies due to the blockade of aid.{{efn|The Israeli NGO Btselem has stated the famine is a direct outcome of Israeli policy: "This reality is not a byproduct of war, but a direct result of Israel's declared policy. Residents now depend entirely on food supplies from outside Gaza, as they can no longer produce almost any food themselves. Most cultivated fields have been destroyed, and accessing open areas during the war is dangerous in any case. Bakeries, factories and food warehouses have been bombed or shut down due to lack of basic supplies, fuel and electricity."{{cite web |title=Israel is starving Gaza |url=https://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/20240108_israel_is_starving_gaza |website=B'Tselem |access-date=17 January 2024 |date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213200043/https://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/20240108_israel_is_starving_gaza |archive-date=13 February 2024}}}} This has caused starvation for more than half a million Gazans and is part of a broader humanitarian crisis in the Strip. It is the "highest number of people facing catastrophic hunger" ever recorded on the IPC scale,{{cite web |title=Imminent famine in northern Gaza is 'entirely man-made disaster': Guterres |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/03/1147656 |website=UN News |date=18 March 2024 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=5 April 2024 |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913003945/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/03/1147656 |url-status=live }} and is widely expected to be the most intense man-made famine since the Second World War.{{cite news |last=de Waal |first=Alex |title=We are about to witness in Gaza the most intense famine since the second world war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/mar/21/we-are-about-to-witness-the-most-intense-famine-since-world-war-ii-in-gaza |website=The Guardian |date=21 March 2024 |access-date=5 April 2024 |archive-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510144453/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/mar/21/we-are-about-to-witness-the-most-intense-famine-since-world-war-ii-in-gaza |url-status=live }}{{cite web |last1=Chang |first1=Ailsa |last2=Mohammad |first2=Linah |last3=Jarenwattananon |first3=Patrick |title=As famine looms in Gaza, we look at why modern famines are a 'man-made' disaster |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/03/22/1240304812/as-famine-looms-in-gaza-we-look-at-why-modern-famines-are-a-man-made-disaster |website=NPR |access-date=5 April 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914024432/https://www.npr.org/2024/03/22/1240304812/as-famine-looms-in-gaza-we-look-at-why-modern-famines-are-a-man-made-disaster |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last=Nolen |first=Stephanie |title=Looming Starvation in Gaza Shows Resurgence of Civilian Sieges in Warfare |work=The New York Times |date=11 January 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/11/health/gaza-israel-hunger-starvation.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113173728/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/11/health/gaza-israel-hunger-starvation.html |access-date=5 April 2024|archive-date=2024-01-13 }}

The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) has recently classified the current situation in Palestine (Gaza) as the highest level of food insecurity ever recorded. With 53% of the population, equivalent to 1.17 million individuals, facing emergency levels, the region is experiencing alarming rates of malnutrition and loss of lives; Due to the prevailing security conditions, providing a substantial humanitarian response has become exceedingly challenging. It is crucially important to establish a consistent and unhindered flow of humanitarian aid into Gaza to address the urgent needs of its population.[https://www.redcross.org.uk/stories/disasters-and-emergencies/world/whats-happening-in-gaza-humanitarian-crisis-grows Is there a food crisis in Gaza?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911130904/https://www.redcross.org.uk/stories/disasters-and-emergencies/world/whats-happening-in-gaza-humanitarian-crisis-grows |date=2024-09-11 }} Retrieved 13 February 2024

{{Main|Societal breakdown in the Gaza Strip during the Gaza war}}

During the Gaza war, societal and institutional breakdown occurred across the Gaza Strip caused by continual military assaults by the Israeli Defense Forces on Palestinian law enforcement institutions as well as widespread starvation, famine, and lack of essential supplies created by the conflict and blockade of the Gaza Strip.{{Cite news |date=19 July 2024 |title=UN rights office says 'anarchy' spreading in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-rights-office-says-anarchy-spreading-gaza-2024-07-19/ |access-date=19 July 2024 |work=Reuters |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720201433/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-rights-office-says-anarchy-spreading-gaza-2024-07-19/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Sunghay |first=Ajith |date=19 July 2024 |title=Observations from Gaza by Head of UN Human Rights office for the Occupied Palestinian Territory Ajith Sunghay |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2024/07/observations-gaza-head-un-human-rights-office-occupied-palestinian-territory |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=UN Human Rights Office for the Occupied Palestinian Territory |archive-date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801193747/http://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2024/07/observations-gaza-head-un-human-rights-office-occupied-palestinian-territory |url-status=live }}

On 19 June 2024, The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) reported the expansion and escalation of "anarchy" throughout the Gaza Strip as a result of the humanitarian crisis caused by the war, leading to documented "rampant looting, unlawful killings and shootings" of "local police and humanitarian workers". The head of the agency's Gaza and West Bank Ajith Sunghay stated that the significant increase in lawlessness was a result of "Israel's dismantling of local capacity to maintain public order and safety in Gaza". The agency further reported on multiple instances of "mob justice, extortion of money, family disputes, random shootings, fighting for space and resources", and "youths armed with sticks manning barricades".{{Cite web |date=19 July 2024 |title=Renewed wave of deadly Israeli strikes on Gaza must stop – UN Human Rights Office |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-briefing-notes/2024/07/renewed-wave-deadly-israeli-strikes-gaza-must-stop-un-human-rights |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |archive-date=24 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724214303/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-briefing-notes/2024/07/renewed-wave-deadly-israeli-strikes-gaza-must-stop-un-human-rights |url-status=live }} Several instances of raids on humanitarian aid convoys from desperate citizens or looters further complicated aid delivery and exacerbated existing widespread starvation and lack of basic needs.{{Cite news |last=Bashir |first=Mahmoud |date=12 June 2024 |title=Gaza's social collapse: Popular committees step up |url=https://www.madamasr.com/en/2024/06/12/feature/politics/gazas-social-collapse-popular-committees-step-up/#:~:text=The%20scarcity%20of%20basic%20necessities,make%20life%20unbearable%20for%20Palestinians. |access-date=19 July 2024 |work=Mada Masr |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821002709/https://www.madamasr.com/en/2024/06/12/feature/politics/gazas-social-collapse-popular-committees-step-up/#:~:text=The%20scarcity%20of%20basic%20necessities,make%20life%20unbearable%20for%20Palestinians. |url-status=live }}

{{further|Palestinian sports during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip}}

By December 2023, at least 85 Palestinian athletes, 55 of them footballers, have been killed in Israeli attacks, of whom 18 were young children and 37 teenagers. In addition, the Palestinian Football Association counts 24 managers and technical staff who have been killed. Hani Al-Masry, a former footballer and CEO of the Palestinian National Olympic Team, was among the victims.{{cite news |last=Zidan |first=Karim |title=The case for sports sanctions against Israel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/jan/18/the-case-for-sports-sanctions-against-israel |agency=The Guardian |date=18 Jan 2024 |access-date=21 February 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240120200009/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/jan/18/the-case-for-sports-sanctions-against-israel |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last=Zidan |first=Karim |title=The case for sports sanctions against Israel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/jan/18/the-case-for-sports-sanctions-against-israel |access-date=11 February 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=18 January 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240120200009/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/jan/18/the-case-for-sports-sanctions-against-israel |url-status=live }} Israeli forces killed 23-year-old football player Ahmed Daraghmeh in the West Bank.{{cite news |last=Zirin |first=Dave |title=Will the IOC Do Anything About the Killing of Palestinian Athletes? |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/society/ioc-israel-palestine-olympics/ |agency=The Nation |date=10 Jan 2024 |access-date=21 February 2024 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227072424/https://www.thenation.com/article/society/ioc-israel-palestine-olympics/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last=Keddie |first=Patrick |title=Sport weekly: Football speaks out on the Israel-Hamas war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2023/10/13/sport-weekly-newsletter-football-speaks-out-on-the-israel-hamas-war |agency=Al-Jazeera |access-date=2024-02-21 |archive-date=2024-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519195529/https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2023/10/13/sport-weekly-newsletter-football-speaks-out-on-the-israel-hamas-war |url-status=live }} The famous Arabic football website Kooora introduced him as the best scorer of this team with 6 goals in the most recent season.{{cite news |title=Palestinian footballer killed by Israel in West Bank: Medics |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/22/israeli-army-kills-man-in-west-bank-confrontations-medics |agency=Al-Jazeera |date=22 Dec 2022 |access-date=21 February 2024 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221222135332/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/22/israeli-army-kills-man-in-west-bank-confrontations-medics |url-status=live }} Israel also killed Hani al-Masdar, the coach of the Palestinian Olympic soccer team, who was known as Abu Abad in Palestine.

{{Main|Israeli government response to the October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel}}

{{further|Israeli war cabinet}}

File:231013-D-TT977-1331 (53255318031).jpg and Minister of Defense Yoav Gallant with US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin in Tel Aviv, Israel, 13 October 2023]]

Amit Segal, chief political commentator for Israel's Channel 12, said that the conflict would test Benjamin Netanyahu's survival as prime minister, noting that past wars had toppled the governments of several of his predecessors such as that of Golda Meir following the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Menachem Begin following the 1982 Lebanon War, and Ehud Olmert following the 2006 Lebanon War.{{Cite news |last=Gotkine |first=Elliott |date=11 October 2023 |title=Israel's history suggests the clock is ticking for Netanyahu after Hamas attack failures |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/10/middleeast/hamas-attack-crisis-benjamin-netanyahu-intl/ |access-date=11 October 2023 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011220124/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/10/middleeast/hamas-attack-crisis-benjamin-netanyahu-intl/ |url-status=live }} Prior to the formation of an emergency unity government on 11 October, Politico described the then-potential move as Netanyahu's opportunity to correct his course and save his political legacy.{{Cite news |last=Aronson |first=Cole S. |date=8 October 2023 |title=Bibi's Big Chance |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/10/08/israel-war-benjamin-netanyahu-legacy-00120532 |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=Politico |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011011728/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/10/08/israel-war-benjamin-netanyahu-legacy-00120532 |url-status=live }} Citing the Israeli intelligence failure, which some observers attributed to the incumbent government focusing more on internal dissent, the judicial reform, and efforts to deepen Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories,{{Cite web |last=Beauchamp |first=Zack |date=9 October 2023 |title=Benjamin Netanyahu failed Israel |url=https://www.vox.com/23910085/netanyahu-israel-right-hamas-gaza-war-history |access-date=10 October 2023 |website=Vox |language=en |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010010626/https://www.vox.com/23910085/netanyahu-israel-right-hamas-gaza-war-history |url-status=live }} some commentators criticized Netanyahu for putting aside the PLO and propping up Hamas,{{cite news|last=Schneider|first=Tal|date=8 October 2023|title=For years, Netanyahu propped up Hamas. Now it's blown up in our faces|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/for-years-netanyahu-propped-up-hamas-now-its-blown-up-in-our-faces/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010105701/https://www.timesofisrael.com/for-years-netanyahu-propped-up-hamas-now-its-blown-up-in-our-faces/ |archive-date=10 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023|work=The Times of Israel}} and described him as a liability.{{cite news |last=Tisdall |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Tisdall |date=9 October 2023 |title=In the midst of war, Benjamin Netanyahu is a liability who can only make things worse. He must go |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/09/war-netanyahu-liability-must-go-israel-palestine-hamas |url-status=live |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010013653/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/09/war-netanyahu-liability-must-go-israel-palestine-hamas |archive-date=10 October 2023}}{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/most-israelis-think-netanyahu-responsible-failing-prevent-hamas-attack-poll-2023-10-20/ |title=Most Israelis think Netanyahu responsible for failing to prevent Hamas attack, poll shows |date=20 October 2023 |work=Reuters |access-date=2023-10-21 |archive-date=2023-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021200530/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/most-israelis-think-netanyahu-responsible-failing-prevent-hamas-attack-poll-2023-10-20/ |url-status=live }}

Political journalist Peter Beaumont described the attack as "an intelligence failure for the ages" on the part of the Israeli government.{{cite news |last=Beaumont |first=Peter |date=7 October 2023 |title=Hamas's stealth attack will be remembered as Israeli intelligence failure for the ages |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-stealth-attack-will-be-remembered-as-israeli-intelligence-failure-for-the-ages |url-status=live |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007114046/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-stealth-attack-will-be-remembered-as-israeli-intelligence-failure-for-the-ages |archive-date=7 October 2023}} The Jewish News Syndicate deemed it a "failure of imagination".{{Cite news |last=Limor |first=Yoav |date=7 October 2023 |title=Israel's failure of imagination on Hamas |url=https://www.jns.org/israels-failure-of-imagination-on-hamas/ |access-date=8 October 2023 |publisher=Jewish News Syndicate |language=en-US |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008025009/https://www.jns.org/israels-failure-of-imagination-on-hamas/ |url-status=live}} A BBC report on the intelligence failure noted that "it must have taken extraordinary levels of operational security by Hamas."{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67040221|title=How did Israeli intelligence fail to stop major attack from Gaza?|agency=BBC News|date=8 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007132638/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67040221 |url-status=live}} US officials expressed shock at how Israeli intelligence appeared to be unaware of any preparations by Hamas.{{Cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/07/politics/us-officials-israeli-intelligence-concerns/index.html |title=US officials raise concerns over Israeli intelligence after Hamas attacks |publisher=CNN |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007223740/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/07/politics/us-officials-israeli-intelligence-concerns/index.html |url-status=live}} Israeli officials later anonymously reported to Axios that the IDF and Shin Bet had detected abnormal movements by Hamas the day before the attack, but decided to wait for additional intelligence before raising the military's alert level. They also did not inform political leaders of the intelligence reports.{{cite web |last=Ravid |first=Barak |title=Israel had intel on Hamas activity but didn't put Gaza border on high alert |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/10/12/hamas-attack-israel-intelligence-failure-high-alert-shen-bet |access-date=13 October 2023 |work=Axios |date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012232340/https://www.axios.com/2023/10/12/hamas-attack-israel-intelligence-failure-high-alert-shen-bet |url-status=live }}

Sources in Hamas and Israel's military establishment told Reuters the attack was the culmination of a years-long campaign by Hamas to deceive Israel into thinking that the group was primarily interested in economic and governance issues instead of fighting.{{cite news |last1=Nakhoul |first1=Samia |last2=Saul |first2=Jonathan |title=How Israel was duped as Hamas planned devastating assault |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-israel-was-duped-hamas-planned-devastating-assault-2023-10-08/ |access-date=9 October 2023 |publisher=Reuters |date=8 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009020650/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-israel-was-duped-hamas-planned-devastating-assault-2023-10-08/ |url-status=live}} An IDF colonel anonymously told Middle East Eye that intelligence units had detected Hamas training activities but misjudged their intent; they assessed these would be used in a series of separate attacks, rather than a large combined one.{{cite news |last=Kemal |first=Levent |title=Israeli colonel: Bad intelligence analysis and political interference to blame |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-colonel-bad-intelligence-analysis-political-interference-blame |access-date=10 October 2023 |publisher=Middle East Eye |date=9 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009182419/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-colonel-bad-intelligence-analysis-political-interference-blame |url-status=live}}

Amir Avivi, former deputy commander of the IDF's Gaza Division, told the Financial Times it was "a failure that is no smaller than the Yom Kippur War."{{Cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=The day that stunned Israel: attacks shake faith in intelligence services |url=https://www.ft.com/content/575cfb86-3a96-42b2-9af6-e9ae2a011f18 |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 October 2023 |work=Financial Times |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007223022/https://www.ft.com/content/575cfb86-3a96-42b2-9af6-e9ae2a011f18 |url-status=live}} Yaakov Amidror, a former National Security Advisor to Netanyahu, said the attack proved their intelligence abilities in Gaza "were no good". An unnamed Egyptian intelligence official told the Associated Press that "[Egypt] warned them an explosion of the situation is coming, and very soon, and it would be big. But they underestimated such warnings."{{cite news |title=Egypt intelligence official says Israel ignored repeated warnings of 'something big' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/egypt-intelligence-official-says-israel-ignored-repeated-warnings-of-something-big/ |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=The Times of Israel |agency=Associated Press |date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009113011/https://www.timesofisrael.com/egypt-intelligence-official-says-israel-ignored-repeated-warnings-of-something-big/ |archive-date=9 October 2023}} This story was corroborated by Michael McCaul, Chairman of the US House Foreign Relations Committee, who said the warnings were made three days before the attack.{{cite news |title=Senior US lawmaker says Egypt warned Israel 3 days before onslaught |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/senior-us-lawmaker-says-egypt-warned-israel-3-days-before-onslaught/ |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=The Times of Israel |agency=AFP |date=11 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011163145/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/senior-us-lawmaker-says-egypt-warned-israel-3-days-before-onslaught/ |url-status=live }}

On 11 October, Ynet reported that Egypt's Director of the General Intelligence Directorate, Abbas Kamel, made a personal phone call to Netanyahu ten days before the initial attack warning that individuals in Gaza were expected to do "something unusual, a terrible operation."{{Cite news |last= |title=Egypt intelligence official says Israel ignored repeated warnings of 'something big' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/egypt-intelligence-official-says-israel-ignored-repeated-warnings-of-something-big/ |access-date=13 October 2023 |work=Times of Israel |language=en-US |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009113011/https://www.timesofisrael.com/egypt-intelligence-official-says-israel-ignored-repeated-warnings-of-something-big/ |url-status=live }} Former MI6 chief Sir Alex Younger voiced his opinion that Hamas fighters were able to carry out their attack due to "institutional complacency" in Israel.{{Cite news |date=11 October 2023 |title=Egypt warned Israel days before Hamas struck, US committee chairman says |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-67082047 |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=BBC News |language=en-UK |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011174800/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-67082047 |url-status=live }} Netanyahu described the reports as "absolutely false" and "fake news".

File:Vice President Harris met with Prime Minister Netanyahu of Israel at the White House in 2024 (2).jpg with US Vice President Kamala Harris, 25 July 2024]]

The outbreak of war led to increased dislike of Netanyahu and the government from Israeli citizens due to a perceived failure of leadership on the issue,{{cite news |title=Israelis blame gov't for Hamas massacre, say Netanyahu must resign |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-767880 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=12 October 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022103941/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-767880 |url-status=live }} with increased calls for Netanyahu's resignation.{{cite news |title=Netanyahu told to 'quit now' as ex-leaders pin blame on dysfunctional government |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/22/netanyahu-told-to-quit-now-as-ex-leaders-pin-blame-on-dysfunctional-government |work=The Guardian |date=22 October 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022110315/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/22/netanyahu-told-to-quit-now-as-ex-leaders-pin-blame-on-dysfunctional-government |url-status=live }} A poll showed that 56% of Israelis believed that Netanyahu must resign after the conflict, with 86% of respondents holding the country's leadership responsible for the security failings that led to the surprise attack.{{cite news |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/majority-israelis-blame-govt-for-hamas-attack-believe-netanyahu-must-resign-poll-646303 |title=Many Israelis blame govt for Hamas attack, believe Netanyahu must resign: Poll |publisher=WION |date=13 October 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019211159/https://www.wionews.com/world/majority-israelis-blame-govt-for-hamas-attack-believe-netanyahu-must-resign-poll-646303 |url-status=live }} By 14 November, a poll by Bar Ilan University estimated that less than 4% of Jewish Israelis trusted Netanyahu to give accurate information about the war.{{Cite news |last=Sokol |first=Sam |date=14 November 2023 |title=As War Rages, Israelis' Trust in Netanyahu Plummets, Polls Find |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-14/ty-article/.premium/as-war-rages-israelis-trust-in-netanyahu-hits-rock-bottom-polls-find/0000018b-cd86-dd11-a19f-edf6f2b00000 |access-date=2023-11-15 |archive-date=2023-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114125826/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-14/ty-article/.premium/as-war-rages-israelis-trust-in-netanyahu-hits-rock-bottom-polls-find/0000018b-cd86-dd11-a19f-edf6f2b00000 |url-status=live }} As of 12 October, Netanyahu had failed to apologize or take responsibility for his government's failure.{{cite news |title=Israelis feel abandoned by Netanyahu after October 7 |url=https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/10/21/23926304/israeli-hamas-war-netanyahu-opinion |work=Vox |date=21 October 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022084850/https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/10/21/23926304/israeli-hamas-war-netanyahu-opinion |url-status=live }}{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/22/netanyahu-avoids-political-rebellion-over-hamas-hostage-deal-but-ally-calls-it-immoral|title=Netanyahu avoids political rebellion over Hamas hostage deal but ally calls it 'immoral'|work=The Guardian|date=22 November 2023|last=Beaumont|first=Peter|access-date=22 November 2023|archive-date=22 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122163418/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/22/netanyahu-avoids-political-rebellion-over-hamas-hostage-deal-but-ally-calls-it-immoral|url-status=live}}

Netanyahu's government came under scrutiny, with Jordanian Foreign Minister Ayman Safadi stating, "The Israeli prime minister might be consciously provoking confrontations on other fronts, particularly with Lebanon and other parts of the region, to delay the political reckoning that he will have to face".{{cite web |title=Netanyahu may be stoking tensions to delay 'political reckoning', Jordanian FM says |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-deadly-israeli-attacks-across-gaza?update=2636829 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=22 January 2024}}

The inability of Israelis to return to settlements and homes in the north of the country due to the conflict with Hezbollah led to Antony Blinken stating that Israel had effectively "lost sovereignty in the northern quadrant of its country".{{cite news |last=Bar'el |first=Zvi |date= 5 July 2024 |title=A Full Reoccupation of Gaza Won't Keep Israelis Safe. It Will Only Fan the Flames |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-07-05/ty-article/.premium/the-reoccupation-of-gaza-will-not-bring-security-or-deterrence-back-to-israel/00000190-8210-db02-a398-8f1920d10000 |work=Haaretz |access-date=7 July 2024}} In August 2024, former Israeli general Yitzhak Brik warned that Israel could collapse in a year if its wars in Gaza and Lebanon continued.{{cite web |last1=Brik |first1=Yitzhak |title=Israel Will Collapse Within a Year if the War of Attrition Against Hamas and Hezbollah Continues |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2024-08-22/ty-article-opinion/.premium/israel-will-collapse-within-a-year-if-the-war-against-hamas-and-hezbollah-continues/00000191-795e-d8d0-a7bb-f9ff81000000 |url-access=subscription |website=Haaretz |access-date=24 August 2024 |archive-date=2024-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823162744/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2024-08-22/ty-article-opinion/.premium/israel-will-collapse-within-a-year-if-the-war-against-hamas-and-hezbollah-continues/00000191-795e-d8d0-a7bb-f9ff81000000 |url-status=live }}

{{main|Effect of the Gaza war on children in the Gaza Strip}}

{{further|2023–2024 Gaza Strip preterm births}}

{{see also|Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict#Effects on children}}

File:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 41.jpg in Gaza City]]

File:Disaster Victim Identification after 2023 Hamas attack on Israel (ZAKA1051)..jpg]]

Children were disproportionately impacted by Israel's attack on Gaza.{{cite web |last=Kekatos |first=Mary |title=Why women, children are disproportionately impacted by the conflict in Gaza: Experts |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/women-children-disproportionately-impacted-conflict-gaza-experts/story?id=104655493 |website=ABC News |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118152736/https://abcnews.go.com/International/women-children-disproportionately-impacted-conflict-gaza-experts/story?id=104655493 |url-status=live }} On 13 November, UNICEF stated more than 700,000 children in Gaza were displaced.{{cite web |title=In Gaza, more than 700,000 children have been displaced - forced to leave everything behind. |url=https://twitter.com/UNICEF/status/1724155268148191524?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1724155268148191524%7Ctwgr%5E78a7cd78ba86ee0532e86d8148dc1907f48297a9%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fliveblog%2F2023%2F11%2F13%2Fisrael-hamas-war-live-gazas-two-largest-hospitals-shut-amid-nonstop-raids |website=X post by UNICEF |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=13 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114005847/https://twitter.com/UNICEF/status/1724155268148191524?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1724155268148191524%7Ctwgr%5E78a7cd78ba86ee0532e86d8148dc1907f48297a9%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/13/israel-hamas-war-live-gazas-two-largest-hospitals-shut-amid-nonstop-raids |url-status=live }} The Palestine Red Crescent Society stated displaced children were suffering, due to power outages, lack of basic essentials, and "scenes of pain and fear."{{cite web |title=PRCS tries to 'alleviate suffering of displaced children' |url=https://aje.io/bt6i03?update=2480667 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=12 November 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216015928/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/12/israel-gaza-war-live-israeli-army-surrounding-al-quds-hospital?update=2480667 |url-status=live }} Catherine M. Russell, the executive director of UNICEF, toured Gaza on 15 November, stating many children were buried under rubble and lacking medical care.{{cite web |title=First Person: UNICEF chief in Gaza visit, bears witness to grave violations against children |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143617 |website=UN News |date=15 November 2023 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130014259/https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143617 |url-status=live }}

Dr. Ahmed al-Fara, the head of pediatrics at Nasser Medical Complex in Khan Younis, stated due to the lack of clean water, he was witnessing the "most serious epidemic of gastroenteritis" among children he had ever seen.{{cite web |title=Overcrowding at hospitals grows as more move south |url=https://aje.io/yu4f6n?update=2491642 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303002515/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/16/israel-hamas-war-live-israel-rejects-un-security-council-gaza-resolution?update=2491642 |url-status=live }} UNICEF spokesperson Toby Fricker stated, "There is no safe place for children anywhere across the strip right now."{{cite web |title='No place safe for children in Gaza': UNICEF |url=https://aje.io/bt6i03?update=2480844 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=12 November 2023 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316095255/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/12/israel-gaza-war-live-israeli-army-surrounding-al-quds-hospital?update=2480844 |url-status=live }} Save the Children reported serious signs of mental health issues among children in Gaza.{{cite web |title=Children's Mental Health In Gaza Pushed Beyond Breaking Point After Nearly A Month Of Siege And Bombardment |url=https://www.savethechildren.net/news/children-s-mental-health-gaza-pushed-beyond-breaking-point-after-nearly-month-siege-and |website=Save the Children |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229112410/https://www.savethechildren.net/news/children-s-mental-health-gaza-pushed-beyond-breaking-point-after-nearly-month-siege-and |url-status=live }}

The children who endure the horrors of war do not emerge unharmed and often suffer severe psychological, emotional, and behavioral consequences. Among these consequences, some children exhibit signs of restlessness, regression, or even engage in violent behavior.[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/19/israels-war-against-gazas-children-explained Israel's ‘war against Gaza's children’ explained] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401090607/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/19/israels-war-against-gazas-children-explained |date=2024-04-01 }} Retrieved 10 March 2024 During October, a higher number of children perished in Gaza compared to the combined total of children lost in all other conflicts annually since 2019. This alarming statistic prompted United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres to describe Gaza as a "graveyard for children."[https://theconversation.com/we-remain-afraid-of-the-future-how-palestinian-childrens-optimism-was-fading-even-before-this-crisis-217535 ‘We remain afraid of the future’ – how Palestinian children's optimism was fading even before this crisis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003215716/https://theconversation.com/we-remain-afraid-of-the-future-how-palestinian-childrens-optimism-was-fading-even-before-this-crisis-217535 |date=2024-10-03 }} Retrieved 11 March 2024

38 children were killed during a Hamas-led attack on Israel on 7 October 2023.{{Cite news |date=3 March 2024 |title=38 children were killed, 20 orphaned on Oct. 7: 'The state did not pass the test of protecting them' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/38-children-were-killed-20-orphaned-on-oct-7-the-state-did-not-pass-the-test-of-protecting-them/ |work=The Times of Israel |access-date=27 July 2024 |archive-date=3 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903082359/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/38-children-were-killed-20-orphaned-on-oct-7-the-state-did-not-pass-the-test-of-protecting-them/ |url-status=live }}

In the aftermath of al-Aqsa Flood, nearly 500,000 Israelis left Israel while migration to Israel had declined 70% by November.{{cite news |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Report: Nearly 0.5m Israelis left Israel after 7 October |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231207-report-nearly-0-5m-israelis-left-israel-after-7-october/ |location=Middle East Monitor |access-date=1 May 2024 |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507020022/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231207-report-nearly-0-5m-israelis-left-israel-after-7-october/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Nearly half a million people depart Israel amid Gaza war: Report |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/nearly-half-a-million-people-depart-israel-amid-gaza-war-report/3076116 |location=Anadolu Agency |access-date=14 July 2024 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003215721/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/nearly-half-a-million-people-depart-israel-amid-gaza-war-report/3076116 |url-status=live }}

Since the beginning of the war, nearly 2 million Palestinians have been displaced within the Gaza Strip.{{cite news |title=Almost entire population in Gaza now displaced amid fresh Israeli offensive |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/07/06/middleeast/palestinians-displaced-gaza-israel-intl/index.html |work=CNN |date=6 July 2024 |access-date=27 July 2024 |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709220405/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/07/06/middleeast/palestinians-displaced-gaza-israel-intl/index.html |url-status=live }} Nearly 40,000 Palestinians have been killed in the Israeli offensive in Gaza.{{cite news |title=Close to 40,000 Palestinians killed by military offensive in Gaza, health ministry says – as it happened |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/07/06/middleeast/palestinians-displaced-gaza-israel-intl/index.html |work=The Guardian |date=24 July 2024 |access-date=27 July 2024 |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709220405/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/07/06/middleeast/palestinians-displaced-gaza-israel-intl/index.html |url-status=live }} Indirect Palestinian deaths are expected to be much higher due to the intensity of the conflict, destruction of health care infrastructure, lack of food, water, shelter, and safe places for civilians to flee, and reduction in UNRWA funding;{{cite news |last1=Gaffney |first1=Adam |title=Don't Believe the Conspiracies About the Gaza Death Toll |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/world/gaza-death-toll-evidence/ |publisher=The Nation |date=30 May 2024 |quote=For instance, the Geneva Declaration Secretariat's review of prior conflicts found that indirect deaths have, for most conflicts since the 1990s, been three to fifteen-fold higher than direct deaths, and suggest a ratio of four to one as a “conservative” estimate. There are reasons to think this ratio could be on the low end in Gaza given, among other things, the protracted and brutal siege. |access-date=27 July 2024 |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802010244/https://www.thenation.com/article/world/gaza-death-toll-evidence/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title='More than 186,000 dead' in Gaza: How credible are the estimates published on The Lancet? |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240711-more-than-186-000-dead-in-gaza-how-credible-are-the-estimates-published-on-the-lancet |work=France 24 |date=11 July 2024 |access-date=27 July 2024 |archive-date=27 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727151447/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240711-more-than-186-000-dead-in-gaza-how-credible-are-the-estimates-published-on-the-lancet |url-status=live }} the actual death toll in Gaza from both direct and indirect causes could be more than 186,000 according to a July 2024 conservative estimate by Rasha Khatib, Martin McKee, and Salim Yusuf published in the British medical journal The Lancet.{{cite web | url= https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01169-3/fulltext | title= Counting the dead in Gaza: difficult but essential | last1= Khatib | first1= Rasha | last2= McKee | first2= Martin | last3= Salim | first3= Yusuf | date= 5 July 2024 | website= The Lancet | publisher= Lancet | quote= Applying a conservative estimate of four indirect deaths per one direct death to the 37,396 deaths reported, it is not implausible to estimate that up to 186,000 or even more deaths could be attributable to the current conflict in Gaza. | access-date= 27 July 2024 | archive-date= 10 July 2024 | archive-url= https://archive.today/20240710195318/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01169-3/fulltext | url-status= live }}

{{main|Diplomatic impact of the Gaza war}}

File:U.S. National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan Visit to Israel. May 19-20, 2024 23.jpg with Israeli President Isaac Herzog and Biden's National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan, 19 May 2024]]

The Gaza war sparked a major diplomatic crisis, with many countries around the world reacting strongly to the conflict that affected the momentum of regional relations.{{cite web|url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/10/how-israel-hamas-war-impacts-regional-relations|title=How the Israel-Hamas War Impacts Regional Relations|website=United States Institute of Peace|publisher=United States Institute of Peace|first=Hesham|last=Youssef|date=23 October 2023|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114095622/https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/10/how-israel-hamas-war-impacts-regional-relations|url-status=dead}} At least nine countries took the drastic step of recalling their ambassadors and cutting diplomatic ties with Israel.{{cite magazine| url=https://time.com/6330197/diplomacy-israels-invasion-of-gaza/| title=The Diplomatic Off-Ramp After Israel's Invasion of Gaza| magazine=Time| first=Yonatan| last=Touval| date=31 October 2023| access-date=5 December 2023| archive-date=11 November 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111201356/https://time.com/6330197/diplomacy-israels-invasion-of-gaza/| url-status=live}}{{cite news |title=South Africa recalls diplomats from Israel over Gaza war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2023/11/7/south-africa-recalls-diplomats-from-israel-over-gaza-war |access-date=25 November 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |date=7 November 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208225255/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2023/11/7/south-africa-recalls-diplomats-from-israel-over-gaza-war |url-status=live }}

In an interview with the Financial Times, former-Chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff Mark Milley stated Israel was paying an "enormous" strategic cost for the war with its loss of international support.{{cite web |last=Sevastopulo |first=Demetri |title=General Mark Milley: 'Americans have kind of had it with wars' |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3a8ab059-4710-4e56-ad04-87eb623d79ac |website=Financial Times |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301134210/https://www.ft.com/content/3a8ab059-4710-4e56-ad04-87eb623d79ac |url-status=live }} Thomas Friedman, writing in a New York Times op-ed, wrote, "I am seeing the increasingly rapid erosion of Israel's standing among friendly nations".{{cite news |last1=Friedman |first1=Thomas |title=Israel Is Losing Its Greatest Asset: Acceptance |work=The New York Times |date=28 February 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/27/opinion/israel-gaza-peace-thomas-friedman.html |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229223913/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/27/opinion/israel-gaza-peace-thomas-friedman.html |url-status=live }}

File:OSN 2023.png passed Resolution ES-10/21 calling for an "immediate and sustained" humanitarian truce and cessation of hostilities.]]

File:Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations.png calling for an immediate ceasefire and the "immediate and unconditional" release of the hostages.]]

A number of countries have recalled their ambassadors to Israel or severed ties altogether; among: Jordan, Bahrain, Turkey, Colombia, Honduras, Chile, Belize, South Africa and Chad. The measures were taken in response to Israel's conflict with Hamas, citing humanitarian concerns about the escalating conflict.{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2023/11/04/turkey-latest-pulling-ambassador-from-israel---joining-these-6-other-countries/|title=South Africa And Chad Latest Pulling Ambassadors From Israel — Joining These 7 Other Countries|first=Brian|last=Bushard|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-01-01|archive-date=2023-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109065802/https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2023/11/04/turkey-latest-pulling-ambassador-from-israel---joining-these-6-other-countries/|url-status=live}}{{cite web | url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/these-8-countries-have-pulled-ambassadors-from-israel-amid-hamas-war/ar-AA1jv7Jd | title=MSN | website=MSN | access-date=2024-01-01 | archive-date=2023-11-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111093022/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/these-8-countries-have-pulled-ambassadors-from-israel-amid-hamas-war/ar-AA1jv7Jd | url-status=live }}{{cite web | url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/nato-member-joins-growing-list-of-countries-recalling-israel-ambassadors/ar-AA1jnTB1 | title=MSN | website=MSN | access-date=2024-01-01 | archive-date=2023-12-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205040106/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/nato-member-joins-growing-list-of-countries-recalling-israel-ambassadors/ar-AA1jnTB1 | url-status=live }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.icit-digital.org/articles/countries-that-have-cut-ties-with-israel-or-recalled-ambassadors|title=Countries that have cut ties with Israel or recalled ambassadors|website=ICIT Digital Library|access-date=2024-01-01|archive-date=2023-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111093023/https://www.icit-digital.org/articles/countries-that-have-cut-ties-with-israel-or-recalled-ambassadors|url-status=live}}

President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva criticized Israel's actions in the Gaza Strip{{cite news |title=Brazil's Lula says Israel response 'as grave' as Hamas attack |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231114-brazil-s-lula-says-israel-response-as-grave-as-hamas-attack |work=France 24 |date=14 November 2023 |access-date=1 January 2024 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208230913/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231114-brazil-s-lula-says-israel-response-as-grave-as-hamas-attack |url-status=live }} calling it "the insanity" of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[https://myind.net/Home/viewArticle/bolivia-ends-diplomatic-relations-with-israel-while-other-nations-recall-their-envoys-over-gaza-concerns From the Ashes of Hamas-Israel War, Can Economics Drive Peace?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219082126/https://myind.net/Home/viewArticle/bolivia-ends-diplomatic-relations-with-israel-while-other-nations-recall-their-envoys-over-gaza-concerns |date=2023-12-19 }} Retrieved 16 December 2023

On the afternoon of Israel's 31 October airstrike on the Jabalia refugee camp, Bolivia severed all diplomatic ties with Israel,{{Cite news |last=Phillips |first=Tom |date=1 November 2023 |title=South American countries recall ambassadors and cut ties with Israel over war with Hamas |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/31/bolivia-israel-hamas-gaza-war-crime |url-access=limited |access-date=5 November 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101003736/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/31/bolivia-israel-hamas-gaza-war-crime |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last1=Flores |first1=Paola |last2=Politi |first2=Daniel |title=Bolivia severs diplomatic ties with Israel as Chile and Colombia recall their ambassadors |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/bolivia-severs-diplomatic-ties-israel-104524467 |access-date=1 November 2023 |publisher=ABC News |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204181328/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/bolivia-severs-diplomatic-ties-israel-104524467 |url-status=live }} attributing its decision to alleged war crimes and human rights violations in the Gaza Strip.

File:President Joe Biden walks alongside King Abdullah II.jpg and Crown Prince Hussein with US President Joe Biden in February 2024]]

Jordan, a major US ally in the Middle East, recalled its ambassador on 1 November, as an "expression of Jordan's position of rejection and condemnation of the raging Israeli war on Gaza, which is killing innocent people and causing an unprecedented humanitarian catastrophe." Likewise, Jordan added that the ambassador of Israel who had departed Amman (the capital city) following Hamas' attack, will not be permitted to return.[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/jordan-says-all-options-open-gaza-conflict-intensifies-2023-11-06/#:~:text=AMMAN%2C%20Nov%206%20(Reuters),invasion%20of%20the%20Gaza%20Strip. Jordan open to 'all options' as Gaza conflict intensifies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111001631/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/jordan-says-all-options-open-gaza-conflict-intensifies-2023-11-06/#:~:text=AMMAN%2C%20Nov%206%20(Reuters),invasion%20of%20the%20Gaza%20Strip. |date=2023-11-11 }} reuters.com Retrieved 8 November 2023[https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/06/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-latest-news-on-gaza-conflict.html Over 10,000 Palestinians killed in Gaza, Hamas-run health ministry says; UN calls Gaza a children's graveyard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111012534/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/06/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-latest-news-on-gaza-conflict.html |date=2023-11-11 }} cnbc.com Retrieved 8 November 2023.

In November 2023, the prime minister of Jordan said that Jordan was considering all available options in its response to the Israeli aggression on Gaza and its subsequent consequences. He argued that Israel's blockade of the heavily-populated Gaza Strip could not be justified as self-defense, and criticised the indiscriminate Israeli assault, which had included safe zones and ambulances in its targets.

Bahrain's National Assembly suspended diplomatic and economic relations on 2 November,{{cite news |title=Bahrain summons envoy to Israel, suspends economic relations |url=https://aje.io/k8y4b6?update=2457328 |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=2 November 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107012358/https://aje.io/k8y4b6?update=2457328 |url-status=live }} citing a "solid and historical stance that supports the Palestinian cause and the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people."{{Cite web |url=https://arab.news/ybyzj |title=Bahrain expels Israel ambassador and cuts economic ties |date=2 November 2023 |website=Arab News |access-date=1 January 2024 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228221555/https://arab.news/ybyzj |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/bahrain-recalls-ambassador-from-israel-cuts-economic-ties-over-gaza-war-parliament-1.99148034 |title=Bahrain recalls ambassador from Israel, cuts economic ties over Gaza war: Parliament |date=2 November 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |access-date=1 January 2024 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107011139/https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/bahrain-recalls-ambassador-from-israel-cuts-economic-ties-over-gaza-war-parliament-1.99148034 |url-status=live }} Israel said they had no prior knowledge of the decision.{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/bahrain-parliament-says-envoy-israel-returned-home-israel-says-ties-stable-2023-11-02/ |title=Bahrain parliament says envoy to Israel returned home, Israel says ties stable |newspaper=Reuters |date=2 November 2023 |last=Hamad |first=Mohammed |access-date=2024-01-01 |archive-date=2024-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104152045/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/bahrain-parliament-says-envoy-israel-returned-home-israel-says-ties-stable-2023-11-02/ |url-status=live }}

Turkey recalled its ambassador to Israel over the humanitarian crisis caused by Israel's continued attacks on civilians in Gaza on 4 November.{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/4/turkey-recalls-ambassador-to-israel-for-consultations-as-gaza-bombing-rages|title=Turkey recalls ambassador to Israel over 'humanitarian tragedy in Gaza'|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=2024-01-01|archive-date=2024-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122081754/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/4/turkey-recalls-ambassador-to-israel-for-consultations-as-gaza-bombing-rages|url-status=live}} Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has announced that he is cutting off all contact with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.{{Cite web|url=https://ca.news.yahoo.com/israel-hamas-war-netanyahu-rebuffs-094041407.html|title=Israel-Hamas war: Erdogan cuts ties with Netanyahu as Israeli PM rejects call for humanitarian pause|date=November 4, 2023|website=Yahoo News|access-date=January 1, 2024|archive-date=November 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111093026/https://ca.news.yahoo.com/israel-hamas-war-netanyahu-rebuffs-094041407.html|url-status=live}}

Malaysia has expressed its concern regarding the recent escalation in the Middle East through a statement issued by the Foreign Ministry. The statement attributes the root cause of the situation to the prolonged illegal occupation, blockade, sufferings, desecration of Al-Aqsa, and the politics of dispossession by Israel as the occupier. Malaysia calls for a return to the pre-1967 border and urges the United Nations Security Council to demand an end to the violence while emphasizing the importance of respecting and protecting the lives of innocent civilians. Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim, despite alleged pressure from Western nations, has chosen not to condemn Hamas, highlighting the longstanding relationship between Malaysia and the group. Furthermore, Malaysia voted against condemning Hamas at the United Nations. In a recent development, Malaysia has announced a ban on Israeli-owned and Israeli-flagged ships, as well as those headed for Israel, from docking at Malaysian ports.{{cite web |title=Malaysia Is Deeply Concerned Over the Latest Escalation of Violence in the Middle East |url=https://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/malaysia-is-deeply-concerned-over-the-latest-escalation-of-violence-in-the-middle-east |publisher=Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=October 8, 2023 |archive-date=October 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008210320/https://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/malaysia-is-deeply-concerned-over-the-latest-escalation-of-violence-in-the-middle-east |url-status=live}}{{cite news |title=Malaysian PM refuses to condemn Hamas attacks on Israel |url=https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/no-condemnation-10162023153951.html |access-date=18 October 2023 |work=Benar News |language=en |archive-date=October 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018202304/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/no-condemnation-10162023153951.html |url-status=live}}

Several South American countries filed diplomatic protests against Israel in response to the conflict with Hamas.

{{Main|Economic impact of the Gaza war}}

The conflict has the potential to plunge the global economy into recession.{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-10-12/israel-hamas-war-impact-could-tip-global-economy-into-recession|title=Wider War in Middle East Could Tip the World Economy Into Recession|newspaper=Bloomberg |date=October 12, 2023|via=www.bloomberg.com}} War could have significant repercussions on Europe's economic landscape, impacting it through reduced regional commerce, stricter financial regulations, escalated energy costs, and diminished consumer assurance. Goldman Sachs underscored that the most crucial and potentially impactful method that strain could permeate the European economy was via the petroleum and natural gas markets.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/03/goldman-says-israel-hamas-war-could-majorly-impact-europes-economy.html|title=Goldman Sachs says the Israel-Hamas war could have major implications for Europe's economy|first=Elliot|last=Smith|date=November 3, 2023|website=CNBC|access-date=December 4, 2023|archive-date=December 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206042447/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/03/goldman-says-israel-hamas-war-could-majorly-impact-europes-economy.html|url-status=live}}

The World Bank warned that the price of oil could rise to $150 a barrel if the war spreads beyond the Gaza Strip to other countries in the oil-rich region.{{cite news |title=Oil could soar to record high of $150 if Israel-Hamas war escalates further, World Bank says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/31/oil-could-hit-record-high-of-157-if-israel-hamas-war-escalates-world-bank.html |work=CNBC |date=31 October 2023 |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003215720/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/31/oil-could-hit-record-high-of-157-if-israel-hamas-war-escalates-world-bank.html |url-status=live }} In a recent report, the World Bank issued a concerning warning on 30 October regarding the Israel–Gaza conflict. They stated that this conflict has the potential to cause a significant global economic shock. One of the potential consequences could be a drastic increase in oil prices, with projections suggesting that it could reach as high as one hundred and fifty dollars per barrel. This would have severe implications for the global economy, leading to higher food prices and potentially causing millions of people to go hungry. The report draws parallels to the 1973 war, during which Arab members of OPEC, led by Saudi Arabia, imposed an oil embargo on the United States in response to their support for Israel.[https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/five-global-dangers-gaza-warThe Five Global Dangers from the Gaza War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108183453/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/five-global-dangers-gaza-warThe |date=2024-01-08 }} Retrieved 28 December 2023

Israel's treasury minister said the daily direct cost of the Gaza war to her country is about $246 million.[https://www.aa.com.tr/fa/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87/%D9%87%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-246-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF-%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84/3032518 The daily cost of the Gaza war is 246 million dollars for Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210230246/https://www.aa.com.tr/fa/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87/%D9%87%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-246-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF-%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84/3032518 |date=2023-12-10 }} Retrieved 4 December 2023

It has been estimated that if the war went on for eight to twelve months, the cost of the war to the Israeli economy would be more than $50 billion, or close to 10% of GDP, according to Calcalist, citing early Ministry of Finance figures. The estimates assume the conflict is limited to Gaza, without further escalation with other parties, and relies on the 350,000 drafted reservists returning to work soon.{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/war-with-hamas-cost-israel-above-50-bln-newspaper-2023-11-05/ |title=War with Hamas to cost Israel above $50 billion, Calcalist reports |publisher=Reuters |access-date=2023-12-04 |archive-date=2023-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210232357/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/war-with-hamas-cost-israel-above-50-bln-newspaper-2023-11-05/ |url-status=live }}

In November, the Bank of Israel projected that the war would incur a total expense of approximately US$53 billion until 2025. This estimation was based on forecasts of increased defense and other expenditures, coupled with a decline in tax revenue. The magnitude of military activity witnessed by Israel in terms of duration, intensity, and cost has not been observed in recent times. The 2014 Gaza War, also known as Operation Protective Edge by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), lasted for over a month and had a significant impact on the Israeli economy. It resulted in an estimated loss of ILS7 billion (US$1.96 billion), excluding the expenses of reservist pay and air force weaponry. To restore financial stability, the government implemented a budget cut of ILS2 billion (US$559 million) across all ministries, except defense.[https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/military-balance/2024/02/economic-fallout-of-israels-gaza-strip-operation-threatens-growth-prospects/ Economic fallout of Israel's Gaza Strip operation threatens growth prospects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310203456/https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/military-balance/2024/02/economic-fallout-of-israels-gaza-strip-operation-threatens-growth-prospects/ |date=2024-03-10 }} Retrieved 28 February 2024

Nasri Abu Jaish, the Palestinian Minister of Labor, stated unemployment in Gaza had risen from 47 percent up to 90 percent, while unemployment in the West Bank was at 25 percent.{{cite web |last=Nobani |first=Ayman |title=Palestinian labour minister warns of impending societal implosion as a result of skyrocketing unemployment |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/17/israels-war-on-gaza-live-brutality-of-gaza-crisis-unprecedented-un?update=2628629 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117223411/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/17/israels-war-on-gaza-live-brutality-of-gaza-crisis-unprecedented-un?update=2628629 |url-status=live }} The UN Conference on Trade and Development reported a 24 percent contraction in gross domestic product in Gaza, with pre-war GDP levels not estimated to be restored until 2092, concluding, "The main takeaway from the report is that the level of destruction that we're witnessing in Gaza is unprecedented."{{cite web |title=UN report says Gaza unemployment rate nearly 80 percent |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/31/israels-war-on-gaza-live-severe-hunger-in-gaza-as-aid-trucks-surrounded?update=2666202 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=1 February 2024 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201001942/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/31/israels-war-on-gaza-live-severe-hunger-in-gaza-as-aid-trucks-surrounded?update=2666202 |url-status=live }} The conference stated it would take billions of dollars and decades to rebuild Gaza.{{cite web |title=Decades and billions of dollars for Gaza's recovery: UN |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/3/israels-war-on-gaza-live-us-strikes-drive-fears-of-gaza-war-spillover?update=2673783 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=4 February 2024 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204045413/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/3/israels-war-on-gaza-live-us-strikes-drive-fears-of-gaza-war-spillover?update=2673783 |url-status=live }} In February 2024, Kristalina Georgieva, the chief of the International Monetary Fund, stated the war had decimated the economies of the West Bank and Gaza.{{cite web |title=Israel war devastated economies of Gaza and West Bank: IMF chief |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-leaders-warn-of-catastrophe-if-rafah-invaded?update=2700009 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=12 February 2024 |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211150638/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-leaders-warn-of-catastrophe-if-rafah-invaded?update=2700009 |url-status=live }} The chair of UNCTAD stated Gaza would need its own Marshall Plan to rebuild, which could cost up to US$50 billion.{{cite web |title=Gaza needs 'Marshall Plan' for post-war reconstruction: UN |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/15/israels-war-on-gaza-live-four-dead-as-israel-hits-city-in-lebanons-south?update=2710183 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=17 February 2024 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217152719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/15/israels-war-on-gaza-live-four-dead-as-israel-hits-city-in-lebanons-south?update=2710183 |url-status=live }}

Egypt, a nation grappling with a vulnerable economy, confronts further obstacles as a result of the ongoing conflict near the Gaza Strip. This confrontation possesses the capacity to disrupt the tourism sector and impede the importation of natural gas, thereby placing strain on Egypt's economy. The war in Palestine (Gaza), unfolding along Egypt's border with the Sinai Peninsula, coincides with Russia's aggression towards Ukraine and the global impact of the coronavirus pandemic, both of which have laid bare the vulnerabilities of Egypt's economy.[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/egypts-stumbling-economy-faces-new-pressures-gaza-crisis-2023-11-10/ Egypt's stumbling economy faces new pressures from Gaza crisis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211115032/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/egypts-stumbling-economy-faces-new-pressures-gaza-crisis-2023-11-10/ |date=2023-12-11 }} Retrieved 12 December 2023

The recent events in Gaza and the crisis in the Red Sea region are expected to negatively affect the revenue generated from tourism. S&P Global Ratings predicts a decline of 10 to 30 percent in Egypt's tourism revenues compared to the previous year, potentially leading to a loss of 4 to 11 percent in foreign exchange reserves and a decrease in GDP.[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/24/how-israels-war-on-gaza-is-bleeding-egypts-economy Bleak outlook for tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003215819/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/24/how-israels-war-on-gaza-is-bleeding-egypts-economy |date=2024-10-03 }} Retrieved 28 February 2024 Since November, Egypt has been facing the economic repercussions of Houthi-led missile and drone attacks on commercial vessels in the Red Sea, which were carried out in response to Israel's conflict with Gaza. As a result, many shipping companies have chosen to redirect their vessels around the Cape of Good Hope, bypassing the shortest trade route connecting Asia to Europe through the Suez Canal. This has had a significant impact on Egypt's revenue from the Suez Canal, which amounted to $9.4 billion in the 2022–23 fiscal year. However, in the first 11 days of this year, the revenue from the Suez Canal has experienced a drastic decline of 40 percent compared to the same period in the previous year.[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/24/how-israels-war-on-gaza-is-bleeding-egypts-economy Drop in Suez Canal revenue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307202316/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/24/how-israels-war-on-gaza-is-bleeding-egypts-economy |date=2024-03-07 }} Retrieved 28 February 2024

China gets half its oil imports from the Persian Gulf, but this country is struggling currently with a collapse in the real estate market and it is encountering its weakest growth in approximately three decades.{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/01/business/economy/israel-gaza-war-global-economy.html |title=Risk of a Wider Middle East War Threatens a 'Fragile' World Economy |website=The New York Times |access-date=2024-01-09 |archive-date=2024-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109201456/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/01/business/economy/israel-gaza-war-global-economy.html |url-status=live }}

Israel's high-tech factories reported on 25 December that they had been having trouble with electronic imports from China due to recent bureaucratic obstacles, leading to higher import costs and delayed delivery times.{{Cite news |last=Zomer |first=Navit |date=2023-12-25 |title=Israeli high-tech factories have difficulties importing components from China |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/business/article/b1ze7rrda |access-date=2024-01-18 |work=Ynetnews |language=en |quote="The Chinese are imposing a kind of sanction on us. They don't officially declare it, but they are delaying shipments to Israel," a senior figure in one of the factories told Ynet. "They have various excuses and pretexts, such as requiring suppliers from China to obtain export licenses to Israel that did not exist before. Additionally, they demand that we fill out numerous forms, causing significant delays. This has never happened to us before." |archive-date=2024-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118210640/https://www.ynetnews.com/business/article/b1ze7rrda |url-status=live }} Israeli officials also reported that China had refused to send workers to their country during the war against the backdrop of a worker shortage in Israel's construction and farming sectors.{{Cite news |date=25 December 2023 |title=Hebrew Newspaper: China imposes sanctions on "Israel" against the backdrop of the war in Gaza |url=https://www.alquds.com/en/posts/105127 |work=Al-Quds |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211102802/https://www.alquds.com/en/posts/105127 |url-status=live }} China's actions were described as a de facto sanction.{{Cite news |date=25 December 2023 |title=China delays shipments to Israel amid Gaza genocide; over 20,000 Palestinians killed so far |url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2023/12/25/china-delays-shipments-to-israel-amid-gaza-genocide-over-20000-palestinians-killed-so-far/ |work=Free Press Kashmir |quote=Chinese actions are seen as a de facto sanction, as shipments are delayed under various pretexts, such as new export licenses and extensive paperwork demands, impacting the timely production of electronic products. |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226103314/https://freepresskashmir.news/2023/12/25/china-delays-shipments-to-israel-amid-gaza-genocide-over-20000-palestinians-killed-so-far/ |url-status=live }}

The olive trade in southern Lebanon, which is the main source of income for many, was halted as farmers stopped their harvests in fear of the active shelling.{{Cite web |first=William |last=Christou |date=2023-10-21 |title=In Lebanon, war with Israel threatens the olive harvest |url=https://www.newarab.com/features/lebanon-war-israel-threatens-olive-harvest |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=The New Arab |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114190746/https://www.newarab.com/features/lebanon-war-israel-threatens-olive-harvest |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last1=Atallah |first1=Nada Maucourant |last2=Prentis |first2=Jamie |date=2023-10-22 |title=South Lebanon farmers fear grim harvest if war breaks out |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/palestine-israel/2023/10/22/south-lebanon-farmers-fear-grim-harvest-if-war-breaks-out/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=The National |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114190746/https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/palestine-israel/2023/10/22/south-lebanon-farmers-fear-grim-harvest-if-war-breaks-out/ |url-status=live }} According to the Agriculture Minister Abbas Hajj Hassan, 40,000 olive trees were burned down by fires caused by IDF shelling.{{Cite news |last=Alkousaa |first=Riham |date=2023-11-02 |title=Lebanon says fires destroy 40,000 olive trees, blames Israeli shelling |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/lebanon-says-fires-destroy-40000-olive-trees-blames-israeli-shelling-2023-11-02/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |archive-date=2023-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114190744/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/lebanon-says-fires-destroy-40000-olive-trees-blames-israeli-shelling-2023-11-02/ |url-status=live }}

The Institute of International Finance predicted that Lebanon's GDP could decline by one percent by the end of the year and by 30 percent in 2024 in the event of further spillover of the war.[https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1355703/ifi-says-lebanese-economy-is-vulnerable-to-hamas-israel-war.html#:~:text=If%20the%20Hamas%2DIsrael%20conflict,and%20%243%20billion%20in%202024. IIF says Lebanese economy is vulnerable to Hamas-Israel war] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123030924/https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1355703/ifi-says-lebanese-economy-is-vulnerable-to-hamas-israel-war.html#:~:text=If%20the%20Hamas%2DIsrael%20conflict,and%20%243%20billion%20in%202024. |date=2023-11-23 }} L'Orient-Le Jour. 1 November 2023 - via [https://today.lorientlejour.com/ today.lorientlejour.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201142644/https://today.lorientlejour.com/ |date=2023-12-01 }}

{{see also|Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions}}

{{further|Gaza war protests#Boycotts}}

File:End the Siege Banner-11-9-23. Raytheon Protest, Goleta, CA.jpg's office in Goleta, California to protest the military contractor's supply of weapons to Israel, 9 November 2023]]

People in some Muslim countries have boycotted Western businesses, especially American ones such as Starbucks, McDonald's and Coca-Cola, reflecting anger at Western governments' support for Israel.{{cite news |title=Malaysians boycotting McDonalds, Burger King over support to Israel, Palestine responds |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/malaysians-boycotting-mcd-burger-king-over-support-to-israel-palestine-responds-655052 |work=WION |date=4 November 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118192113/https://www.wionews.com/world/malaysians-boycotting-mcd-burger-king-over-support-to-israel-palestine-responds-655052 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=Libya's Fatwa House issues Fatwa to boycott pro-Israel companies |url=https://libyaobserver.ly/news/libyas-fatwa-house-issues-fatwa-boycott-pro-israel-companies |work=The Libya Observer |date=6 November 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112185301/https://libyaobserver.ly/news/libyas-fatwa-house-issues-fatwa-boycott-pro-israel-companies |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=There is a new front in the Israel-Gaza war: The marketplace |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/comment/2023/11/06/israel-gaza-boycott/ |work=The National |date=6 November 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112185301/https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/comment/2023/11/06/israel-gaza-boycott/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=Israel-Gaza war: Indonesian clerics issue fatwa boycotting products linked to Israel and Zionism |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3241131/israel-gaza-war-indonesian-clerics-issue-fatwa-boycotting-products-linked-israel-and-zionism |work=South China Morning Post |date=10 November 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118185122/https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3241131/israel-gaza-war-indonesian-clerics-issue-fatwa-boycotting-products-linked-israel-and-zionism |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=Disillusion with the West amid Israeli strikes on Gaza fuels Arab boycott of brands |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/11/12/disillusion-with-the-west-amid-israeli-strikes-on-gaza-fuels-arab-boycott-to-brands/ |work=The National |date=12 November 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113033755/https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/11/12/disillusion-with-the-west-amid-israeli-strikes-on-gaza-fuels-arab-boycott-to-brands/ |url-status=live }}

Campaigners in Derry, Northern Ireland persuaded O'Neills to remove Puma products because of the sports brand's sponsoring of the Israeli Football Association.{{cite news |last=Mooney |first=Rory |title=O'Neill's agree to remove Puma items from Derry store |url=https://www.derrynow.com/news/home/1345231/o-neill-s-agree-to-remove-puma-items-from-derry-store.html |date=10 November 2023 |work=www.derrynow.com |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113181257/https://www.derrynow.com/news/home/1345231/o-neill-s-agree-to-remove-puma-items-from-derry-store.html |url-status=live }} Starbucks was targeted in Keighley, West Yorkshire, with protesters smashing the shop's windows, following the corporation's decision to sue the Starbuck Workers United union after the labour organisation posted on social media support for Palestine.{{cite news |title=The Lowdown: McDonald's and the pro-Palestinian protestors |url=https://www.restaurantonline.co.uk/Article/2023/11/03/Why-McDonald-s-has-found-itself-the-target-of-apparently-pro-Palestinian-protests-this-week |work=restaurantonline.co.uk |date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119195358/https://www.restaurantonline.co.uk/Article/2023/11/03/Why-McDonald-s-has-found-itself-the-target-of-apparently-pro-Palestinian-protests-this-week |url-status=live }} On 6 March, Chile announced it was blocking Israeli firms from participating in Santiago's International Air and Space Fair.{{cite web |title=Chile bans Israeli firms from Latin America's largest aerospace fair |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/6/israels-war-on-gaza-live-un-food-convoy-blocked-from-north-gaza-by-israel?update=2752019 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=9 March 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309164324/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/6/israels-war-on-gaza-live-un-food-convoy-blocked-from-north-gaza-by-israel?update=2752019 |url-status=live }} The City Council of Brussels banned public procurement of products made in illegal Israel settlements.{{cite web |title=Belgian capital bans purchase of products made in Israeli settlements |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/26/israels-war-on-gaza-live-world-welcomes-un-ceasefire-resolution?update=2800446 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329042634/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/26/israels-war-on-gaza-live-world-welcomes-un-ceasefire-resolution?update=2800446 |url-status=live }}

Direct action was taken at arms factories in the United States and the United Kingdom that supplied arms to Israel, such as Lockheed Martin,{{cite news |title=Lockheed Martin: Palestine protesters install blockade |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-67519517 |work=BBC News |date=25 November 2023 |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130184622/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-67519517 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=Anti-war protesters block access to Lockheed Martin subsidiary in St. Paul |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2023/11/20/antiwar-protesters-block-access-to-lockheed-martin-subsidiary-in-st-paul |work=MPR News |date=10 November 2023 |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215152127/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2023/11/20/antiwar-protesters-block-access-to-lockheed-martin-subsidiary-in-st-paul |url-status=live }} General Dynamics,{{cite news |title=Pro-Palestinian Protest Outside General Dynamics |url=https://www.dailynebraskan.com/diversity_inclusion/gallery-pro-palestinian-protest-outside-general-dynamics/collection_58f97ac4-804e-11ee-b0a8-87a8bd3c9d5f.html |work=Daily Nebraskan |date=10 November 2023 |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215211129/https://www.dailynebraskan.com/diversity_inclusion/gallery-pro-palestinian-protest-outside-general-dynamics/collection_58f97ac4-804e-11ee-b0a8-87a8bd3c9d5f.html |url-status=live }} Textron,{{cite news |title=Hundreds gather for another protest outside of Textron Headquarters |url=https://www.abc6.com/hundreds-gather-for-another-protest-outside-of-textron-headquarters/ |work=ABC6.com |date=17 November 2023 |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215211129/https://www.abc6.com/hundreds-gather-for-another-protest-outside-of-textron-headquarters/ |url-status=live }} Boeing,{{cite news |title=Hundreds call on Boeing to stop weapons supply to Israel |url=https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/139947 |work=Wafa |date=9 December 2023 |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215211127/https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/139947 |url-status=live }} Raytheon Technologies and Northrop Grumman.{{cite news |title=Protesters Are Targeting Defense Contractors That Bragged About Profits from Gaza |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/k7zkz9/protesters-are-targeting-defense-contractors-that-bragged-about-profits-from-gaza |work=Vice |date=November 17, 2023 |access-date=January 28, 2024 |archive-date=November 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126184746/https://www.vice.com/en/article/k7zkz9/protesters-are-targeting-defense-contractors-that-bragged-about-profits-from-gaza |url-status=live }} For instance, on 10 November 2023, trade unionists in Rochester, Kent, blocked the entrances to a BAE Systems factory, stating the facility manufactured military aircraft components used to bomb Gaza;{{cite news |last=Luck |first=Flaminia |title=Israel-Gaza: Union members block arms factory in protest over conflict |work=BBC News |date=10 November 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-kent-67378052 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110162943/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-kent-67378052 |url-status=live }} and on 16 November, Palestine Action occupied a Leonardo factory in Southampton, stopping production.{{cite news |last=Simone |first=Carlo |title=Leonardo UK profile as Southampton factory roof occupied by Palestine Action |url=https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/23927518.leonardo-uk-amid-southampton-palestine-protest/ |work=Daily Echo |date=16 November 2023 |language=en |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119054328/https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/23927518.leonardo-uk-amid-southampton-palestine-protest/ |url-status=live }} ZIM was barred from entering ports in Malaysia.{{cite web |title=Malaysia bans Israel-flagged ships from its ports in response to Gaza war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/20/malaysia-bans-israeli-affiliated-and-israel-bound-ships-from-its-ports |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124135839/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/20/malaysia-bans-israeli-affiliated-and-israel-bound-ships-from-its-ports |url-status=live }}

{{excerpt|Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Gaza war#Sanctions}}

{{see also|Arms embargoes on Israel since 2023}}

In April 2024, media reports indicated the United States was planning to sanction the Netzah Yehuda Battalion for alleged human rights abuses.{{cite web |last=Macaskill |first=Andrew |title=Netzah Yehuda: Why is US imposing sanctions on Israeli battalion? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/what-is-israeli-netzah-yehuda-battalion-accused-2024-04-22/ |website=Reuters |access-date=24 April 2024}} US officials were also reportedly considering sanctions against additional Israeli military and police units.{{cite web |last=Magid |first=Jacob |title=US considering sanctions against other IDF units for alleged rights violations – source |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/us-considering-sanctions-against-other-idf-units-for-alleged-rights-violations-us-officials/ |website=The Times of Israel |access-date=24 April 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424032403/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/us-considering-sanctions-against-other-idf-units-for-alleged-rights-violations-us-officials/ |url-status=live }} In late April 2024, the US had reportedly decided the units would remain eligible for US military aid.{{cite news |last=Crowley |first=Michael |title=Blinken says the U.S. could take action if Israel fails to hold its troops accountable. |work=The New York Times |date=26 April 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/04/26/world/israel-gaza-war-hamas/us-israel-military-aid |access-date=30 April 2024}}{{cite web |last1=Flaherty |first1=Anne |title=US holds off on sanctioning Israeli military units accused of human rights violations in West Bank before start of war with Hamas |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-sanction-israeli-military-units-accused-human-rights/story?id=109651562 |website=ABC News |access-date=30 April 2024 |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430020701/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-sanction-israeli-military-units-accused-human-rights/story?id=109651562 |url-status=live }} In a statement, the US Department of State stated five Israeli army units had been found responsible for "gross violations of human rights" prior to 7 October, but that they would remain eligible for military aid.{{cite news |last=Bateman |first=Tom |title=US says Israeli army units violated human rights |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68925495 |website=BBC |date=30 April 2024 |access-date=3 May 2024 |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502105459/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68925495 |url-status=live }}

{{further|Economic impact of the Gaza war#Divestment}}

In March 2024, the Norwegian Sovereign Wealth Fund, the largest sovereign wealth fund in the world, announced that its ethics council was conducting an investigation into whether companies were selling weapons to Israel that were being used in Gaza.{{cite web |last1=Fouche |first1=Gwladys |title=Norway wealth fund's ethics watchdog to probe companies over Gaza war |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/norway-wealth-funds-ethics-watchdog-probe-companies-over-gaza-war-2024-03-21/ |website=Reuters |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-date=2024-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625072846/https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/norway-wealth-funds-ethics-watchdog-probe-companies-over-gaza-war-2024-03-21/ |url-status=live }} The fund's ethical guidelines require it to divest from companies selling to states violating humanitarian law. Svein Richard Brandtzæg stated, "We are looking at this because of the seriousness of the breach of the norms that we see".{{cite web |title=Norway wealth fund to probe companies over Gaza war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-more-than-100-palestinians-killed-in-24-hours?update=2788026 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003215820/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-more-than-100-palestinians-killed-in-24-hours?update=2788026 |url-status=live }}

{{main|Iran–Israel proxy conflict}}

{{See also|Attacks on US bases during the Gaza war}}

Ismail Haniyeh, the leader of Hamas, speculated the war would spread to Jerusalem and the West Bank.{{Cite news |last1=Lubell |first1=Maayan |last2=Al-Mughrabi |first2=Nidal |date=8 October 2023 |title=Israel retaliates after Hamas attacks, deaths pass 1,100 |language=en |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-forces-clash-with-hamas-gunmen-after-hundreds-killed-2023-10-08/ |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008103621/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-forces-clash-with-hamas-gunmen-after-hundreds-killed-2023-10-08/ |url-status=live}} Hashem Safieddine, Head of Hezbollah's Executive Council, threatened to join the conflict.{{Cite news |last=Pacchiani |first=Gianluca |title=Top Hezbollah official warns US, Israel that fighting may spread |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/top-hezbollah-official-warns-us-israel-that-fighting-may-spread/ |access-date=8 October 2023 |work=The Times of Israel|language=en-US |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008210727/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/top-hezbollah-official-warns-us-israel-that-fighting-may-spread/ |url-status=live}} Max Abrahms, a political scientist at Northeastern University, opined that the conflict could escalate into a war between Israel and Iran.{{Cite web |last=Hibbert |first=Cynthia McCormick |date=7 October 2023 |title=Hamas attack on Israel is a 'major strategic mistake' for the Palestinian cause, expert says. Will it escalate to war with Iran?|url=https://news.northeastern.edu/2023/10/07/hamas-attack-war-with-iran/ |access-date=8 October 2023 |website=Northeastern Global News |language=en-US |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009002125/https://news.northeastern.edu/2023/10/07/hamas-attack-war-with-iran/ |url-status=live}} During a meeting with UN diplomat Tor Wennesland on 14 October, Iranian foreign minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian asserted that Iran will intervene in the war if Israel continues its military operations or launches a ground invasion against Gaza.{{Cite news |date=16 October 2023 |title=Israel vs Hamas: Iran threatens to intervene if Israel doesn't stop attacking Gaza, says report |work=WION |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/israel-vs-hamas-iran-threatens-to-intervene-if-israel-doesnt-stops-attacking-gaza-says-report-647270/amp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017100547/https://www.wionews.com/world/israel-vs-hamas-iran-threatens-to-intervene-if-israel-doesnt-stops-attacking-gaza-says-report-647270 |archive-date=17 October 2023}}

On 16 October 2023, Iran threatened "pre-emptive" attacks against Israel, indicating further region-wide escalation of the war. Iranian foreign minister stated: "The possibility of pre-emptive action by the resistance front is expected in the coming hours... All options are open and we cannot be indifferent to the war crimes committed against the people of Gaza."{{Cite news |date=16 October 2023 |title=Iran warns of 'pre-emptive action' as Gaza ground assault looms – as it happened |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/16/israel-hamas-war-live-update-news-today-gaza-water-fuel-aid-egypt-border-rafah-crossing-latest-updates?filterKeyEvents=false&page=with:block-652db9558f081db094842b38#block-652db9558f081db094842b38 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017094815/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/16/israel-hamas-war-live-update-news-today-gaza-water-fuel-aid-egypt-border-rafah-crossing-latest-updates?filterKeyEvents=false&page=with:block-652db9558f081db094842b38#block-652db9558f081db094842b38 |archive-date=17 October 2023}}

The conflict between Israel and Hamas is having repercussions in Europe, with an increase in threats and physical assaults against minority communities throughout the continent. Additionally, it is believed that the recent terrorist attack in Paris was partially motivated by the situation in Gaza.[https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/is-the-israel-hamas-war-spilling-over-into-europe Is the Israel-Hamas War Spilling Over Into Europe?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114134151/https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/is-the-israel-hamas-war-spilling-over-into-europe |date=2024-01-14 }} Retrieved 11 December 2023

In July 2024, Turkish president Tayyip Erdogan stated he would not support further NATO cooperation with the Israeli military.{{cite web |last1=Karakas |first1=Burcu |title=Erdogan says Turkey will not approve NATO attempts to cooperate with Israel |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/erdogan-says-turkey-will-not-approve-nato-attempts-cooperate-with-israel-2024-07-11/#:~:text=%22Until%20comprehensive%2C%20sustainable%20peace%20is,%2DUkraine%20war%2C%20he%20said. |website=Reuters |access-date=22 July 2024}}

{{main|Arms embargoes on Israel since 2023}}

As a result of the war, Western arms transfers came under increasing public scrutiny. Following the International Court of Justice's finding in South Africa v. Israel that Palestinians had plausible claims to protection from genocide in Gaza, multiple organizations called for an end to arms transfers. Democracy for the Arab World Now stated, "The US can’t and should not continue its arms transfers with Israel now."{{cite web |last=Kestler-D'Amours |first=Jillian |title=ICJ ruling in Gaza genocide case renews calls to end Israel arms transfers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/27/icj-ruling-in-gaza-genocide-case-renews-calls-to-end-israel-arms-transfers |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131003221/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/27/icj-ruling-in-gaza-genocide-case-renews-calls-to-end-israel-arms-transfers |url-status=live }} An additional sixteen humanitarian organizations—including Oxfam, Save the Children, Norwegian Refugee Council, and Amnesty International—also urged for an immediate halt to these transfers.{{cite web |title=16 leading humanitarian and human rights organizations call to stop arms transfers to Israel, Palestinian armed groups |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/01/16-leading-humanitarian-and-human-rights-organizations-call-to-stop-arms-transfers-to-israel-palestinian-armed-groups/ |website=Amnesty International |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131074349/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/01/16-leading-humanitarian-and-human-rights-organizations-call-to-stop-arms-transfers-to-israel-palestinian-armed-groups/ |url-status=live }} Human Rights Watch criticized Western nations' contradictory approach, highlighting that while they tried to alleviate the "dire humanitarian need" in Gaza, they continued supplying weapons that exacerbated the situation.{{cite web |last=Speakman Cordall |first=Simon |title=The West is giving Israel weapons while discussing delivering aid to Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/18/the-west-is-giving-israel-weapons-while-discussing-delivering-aid-to-gaza |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=22 March 2024 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003215757/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/18/the-west-is-giving-israel-weapons-while-discussing-delivering-aid-to-gaza |url-status=live }} Amnesty International cited continued weapons transfers to Israel as a "stark example" of the failure of states to comply with the Arms Trade Treaty.{{cite web |title=Governments' brazen flouting of Arms Trade Treaty rules leading to devastating loss of life |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/08/global-governments-brazen-flouting-of-arms-trade-treaty-rules-leading-to-devastating-loss-of-life/ |website=Amnesty International |date=19 August 2024 |access-date=23 October 2024}} The Palestinian diplomat to the United Nations echoed these calls, urging a "halt the transfer of the weaponry it is using to slaughter Palestinian children, women, and men."{{cite web |title=Palestine mission: Israel committing crimes in 'contempt' of UNSC resolution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/28/israels-war-on-gaza-live-unarmed-palestinians-killed-buried-by-bulldozer?update=2804374 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2 April 2024}}

Political leaders and diplomats from various countries reinforced these sentiments. US President Joe Biden’s remarks that Israel’s actions in Gaza were "over the top" prompted EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell to state, "If you believe that too many people are being killed, maybe you should provide less arms."{{cite web |title=Which countries have stopped supplying arms to Israel? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/15/which-countries-have-stopped-supplying-arms-to-israel |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=17 February 2024 |archive-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827233924/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/15/which-countries-have-stopped-supplying-arms-to-israel |url-status=live }} Jordanian Foreign Minister Ayman Safadi added, “Weapons must stop flowing to Israel. Israel must be forced to end this catastrophe. This is what international law, what human values, demand."{{cite web |title='Weapons must stop flowing to Israel': Jordanian FM |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/29/israels-war-on-gaza-live-netanyahu-says-army-preparing-to-enter-rafah?update=2805688 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=5 April 2024 |archive-date=5 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405035241/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/29/israels-war-on-gaza-live-netanyahu-says-army-preparing-to-enter-rafah?update=2805688 |url-status=live }} French President Emmanuel Macron advocated for halting weapons transfers, emphasizing the need to “return to a political solution” and stop arming the conflict in Gaza.{{cite news |last1=Masih |first1=Niha |title=Macron urges countries to 'stop delivering weapons' to Israel for war in Gaza |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/10/05/macron-france-stop-arms-israel-gaza-war/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=9 October 2024}} The Elders called for suspending arms transfers to Israel, urging states to respond to systematic violations of international humanitarian law in Gaza and the occupied Palestinian territories.{{cite web |title=The Elders call for suspension of arms transfers to Israel to end Gaza atrocities |url=https://theelders.org/news/elders-call-suspension-arms-transfers-israel-end-gaza-atrocities |website=The Elders |date=4 April 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |archive-date=11 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411143719/https://theelders.org/news/elders-call-suspension-arms-transfers-israel-end-gaza-atrocities |url-status=live }}

Specific actions were taken by several governments and organizations. In early January 2024, Canadian officials paused applications to export nonlethal military equipment to Israel, such as night vision goggles, due to concerns about their potential use in human rights violations.{{cite web |last=MacCharles |first=Tonda |title=Justin Trudeau government pauses non-lethal military exports to Israel over human rights concerns: sources |url=https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/ottawa-pauses-military-export-permits-for-israel/article_6e602ffe-e212-11ee-a1c5-9f8d01d9d1ea.amp.html |website=Toronto Star |access-date=16 March 2024 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316055800/https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/ottawa-pauses-military-export-permits-for-israel/article_6e602ffe-e212-11ee-a1c5-9f8d01d9d1ea.amp.html |url-status=live }} On 5 February 2024, the aviation unit of Itochu ended its partnership with Elbit Systems, citing the ICJ’s provisional order to prevent acts of genocide.{{cite web |last=Obayashi |first=Yuka |title=Japan's Itochu to end cooperation with Israel's Elbit amid Gaza war |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/japans-itochu-end-cooperation-with-israels-elbit-over-gaza-war-2024-02-05/ |website=Reuters |access-date=6 February 2024 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205153710/https://www.reuters.com/business/japans-itochu-end-cooperation-with-israels-elbit-over-gaza-war-2024-02-05/ |url-status=live }} The following day, the Government of Wallonia in Belgium temporarily suspended two ammunition export licenses to Israel.{{cite web |title=Setback To Israel's War Effort In Gaza? Belgian Region Suspends Arms Licenses |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/setback-to-israels-war-effort-in-gaza-belgian-region-suspends-arms-licenses-details-101707279585573.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=7 February 2024 |access-date=16 March 2024 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316060617/https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/setback-to-israels-war-effort-in-gaza-belgian-region-suspends-arms-licenses-details-101707279585573.html |url-status=live }} The Netherlands halted the export of F-35 jet parts on 12 February 2024.{{cite web |last1=Van Der Berg |first1=Stephanie |title=Dutch court orders halt to export of F-35 jet parts to Israel |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/dutch-court-orders-halt-export-f-35-jet-parts-israel-2024-02-12/ |website=Reuters |access-date=12 June 2024 |archive-date=2024-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708151112/https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/dutch-court-orders-halt-export-f-35-jet-parts-israel-2024-02-12/ |url-status=live }} In response to the Flour massacre on 29 February 2024, Colombian President Gustavo Petro announced the suspension of all arms purchases from Israel.{{cite web |title=Colombia suspends Israeli arms purchases following attack on Palestinian crowd |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/29/israels-war-on-gaza-live-mass-killing-of-children-in-slow-motion-ngo?update=2740931 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301045750/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/29/israels-war-on-gaza-live-mass-killing-of-children-in-slow-motion-ngo?update=2740931 |url-status=live }} In April 2024, Foreign Minister Melanie Joly announced that Canada would cease arms exports to Israel.{{cite web |last=Ljunggren |first=David |title=Canadian freeze on new arms export permits to Israel to stay |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/canadian-freeze-new-arms-export-permits-israel-stay-2024-03-20/ |website=Reuters |access-date=22 March 2024 |archive-date=2024-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404151557/https://www.reuters.com/world/canadian-freeze-new-arms-export-permits-israel-stay-2024-03-20/ |url-status=live }} In May 2024, Spain prevented a ship carrying weapons from docking, and pledged a consistent policy against any Israeli arms shipments arriving in Spanish ports.{{cite web |title=Spain denies port call for ship carrying arms to Israel |url=https://www.aol.com/news/spain-denies-port-call-ship-175812088.html |website=AOL |publisher=Reuters |access-date=21 May 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521041449/https://www.aol.com/news/spain-denies-port-call-ship-175812088.html |url-status=live }} In October 2024, Spain announced it was suspending all existing weapons purchase contracts with Israel.{{cite web |title=Spain freezes arms sales and purchases to Israel over Gaza |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/spain-freezes-arms-sales-and-purchases-israel-over-gaza |website=The New Arab |access-date=25 October 2024}} Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni announced that Italy had "immediately suspended all new export licenses" of weapons to Israel following the start of Israeli operations in Gaza.{{cite web |title=Meloni: Italy imposed full arms embargo on Israel over Gaza ground op |url=https://www.jns.org/meloni-italy-imposed-full-arms-embargo-on-israel-over-gaza-ground-op/ |website=Jewish News Syndicate |access-date=19 October 2024}} The Australian Department of Defence stated that it would review all 66 military export permits to Israel to determine how the permits fit within Australia's human rights obligations.{{cite news |last1=Hurst |first1=Daniel |title=Australia to review all 66 military export permits to Israel approved before Gaza conflict |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2024/oct/20/australia-to-examine-66-military-export-permits-to-israel-approved-before-gaza-conflict |website=The Guardian |access-date=23 October 2024}}

The United States, United Kingdom, and Germany have resisted calls to implement arms embargoes. Scotland’s First Minister Humza Yousaf criticized the UK’s stance, warning that by not stopping arms sales, the UK risked complicity in civilian deaths.{{cite web |last=Bussey |first=Katrine |title=Yousaf warns PM UK arms sales to Israel risk it being 'complicit in killing' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/humza-yousaf-israel-prime-minister-scottish-first-minister-b2522879.html |website=The Independent |date=3 April 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024}} The UK also faced pressure from the Global Legal Action Network, which urged parliament to "respect the rule of law and end unlawful arms exports to Israel now."{{cite web |title=UK 'must respect rule of law' on arms exports to Israel: Global Legal Action Network |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-ceasefire-push-as-rafah-invasion-looms?update=2781608 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=20 March 2024 |archive-date=20 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320233540/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-ceasefire-push-as-rafah-invasion-looms?update=2781608 |url-status=live }} UK arms transfer approvals to Israel dropped by 95% at the start of the war, and the UK ultimately implemented a limited weapons embargo, restricting 30 out of 350 authorized weapons transfers to Israel.{{cite web |last1=Macaskill |first1=Andrew |title=UK approval of arms exports to Israel plunged at start of Gaza war |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk-approval-arms-exports-israel-plunged-start-gaza-war-2024-06-18/#:~:text=Britain's%20approval%20of%20arms%20export,to%20a%2013%2Dyear%20low. |website=Reuters |access-date=25 June 2024}}{{cite web |last1=Holden |first1=Michael |title=UK suspends 30 of its 350 arms export licences to Israel |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uk-says-it-is-suspending-30-its-350-arms-export-licences-israel-2024-09-02/ |website=Reuters |access-date=19 October 2024}} In Germany, Chancellor Olaf Scholz stated in October 2024 that "there will always be further deliveries. Israel can rely on that".{{cite web |title=Scholz affirms Israel weapons exports in wide-ranging speech |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-scholz-affirms-israel-weapons-exports-in-wide-ranging-speech/a-70514053 |website=DW |access-date=19 October 2024}} U.S. diplomat Lise Grande reportedly stated Israel was too close an ally to limit weapons transfers.{{cite web |last1=Banco |first1=Erin |title=Biden envoy told aid groups Israel too close an ally for US to suspend arms |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/10/16/biden-israel-arms-aid-00184028 |website=Politico |access-date=19 October 2024}}

{{Further|Arab–Israeli normalization}}{{see also|Israel–Saudi Arabia relations}}

File:Secretary Blinken Meets With Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Faisal bin Farhan (53265827665).jpg with US Secretary of State Antony Blinken in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 14 October 2023]]

In an analysis by The Times of Israel, the newspaper wrote that "Hamas has violently shifted the world's eyes back to the Palestinians and dealt a severe blow to the momentum for securing a landmark US-brokered deal between Israel and Saudi Arabia."{{Cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=Saudi-Israeli normalization effort takes a violent detour after Hamas attack |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/saudi-israeli-normalization-effort-takes-a-violent-detour-after-hamas-attack/ |access-date=8 October 2023 |work=The Times of Israel |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008112031/https://www.timesofisrael.com/saudi-israeli-normalization-effort-takes-a-violent-detour-after-hamas-attack/ |url-status=live}} The New York Times reported that the prospects of Israeli and Saudi normalization appeared dimmer, citing Saudi Arabia's statement that the country had repeatedly warned "of the dangers of the explosion of the situation as a result of the continued occupation, the deprivation of the Palestinian people and their legitimate rights and the repetition of systemic provocations against its sanctities."{{Cite news |last1=Wong |first1=Edward |last2=Nereim |first2=Vivian |date=7 October 2023|title=The war could upend Biden's diplomacy on Saudi-Israel normalization. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/saudi-israel-gaza-war.html |access-date=8 October 2023|issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008012102/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/saudi-israel-gaza-war.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}{{Cite news |date=8 October 2023|title=Israel Violence Jeopardizes Biden's Middle East Agenda |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-violence-jeopardizes-bidens-middle-east-agenda-8708165a |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 October 2023 |work=The Wall Street Journal |first=Stephen |last=Kalin |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008003422/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-violence-jeopardizes-bidens-middle-east-agenda-8708165a |url-status=live}}

Andreas Kluth wrote in his Bloomberg News column that Hamas "torched Biden's deal to remake the Middle East", arguing that the deal that was being discussed between Saudi Arabia, Israel and the United States would have left Palestinians in the cold, so the group decided to "blow the whole thing up." He added that, viewed from Gaza, things were only going to get worse, considering that Netanyahu's coalition partners opposed a two-state solution for the conflict. He suggested they would prefer to annex the entirety of the West Bank, even at the expense of turning Israel into an apartheid state, something critics have long claimed as Israel's goal.{{cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=Hamas Just Torched Biden's Deal to Remake the Middle East |newspaper=Bloomberg |first=Andreas |last=Kluth |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2023-10-07/hamas-s-attack-on-israel-just-torched-biden-s-deal-to-remake-the-middle-east |access-date=8 October 2023 |agency=Bloomberg News |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008111839/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2023-10-07/hamas-s-attack-on-israel-just-torched-biden-s-deal-to-remake-the-middle-east |url-status=live}}

Speculation arose that Iran was trying to sabotage relations between Israel and Saudi Arabia,{{Cite news |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/iran-hamas-attacks-against-israel-palestine-jerusalem/ |title=Iran's support for Hamas fans suspicion it's wrecking Israel-Saudi deal |work=Politico |first1=Jamie |last1=Dettmer |first2=Christian |last2=Oliver |date=7 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008003450/https://www.politico.eu/article/iran-hamas-attacks-against-israel-palestine-jerusalem/ |url-status=live}} with former head of research for Shin Bet Neomi Neumann saying the attack could have been timed in part due to Iran's hopes to scuttle efforts to normalize relations between Israel and its Sunni rival.{{Cite news |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231009-hamas-israel-war-slams-door-on-cautious-us-iran-thaw |title=Hamas-Israel war slams door on cautious US-Iran thaw |work=France 24 |date=7 October 2023 |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009083211/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231009-hamas-israel-war-slams-door-on-cautious-us-iran-thaw |url-status=live}} On 9 October, Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesperson Nasser Kanaani denied claims of Tehran's involvement in Hamas's attack.{{Cite web |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/iran-denies-it-had-role-in-hamas-attack-on-israel-1e70a38f |title=Iran Denies It Had Role In Hamas Attack On Israel |work=Barron's |date=9 October 2023 |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009100636/https://www.barrons.com/news/iran-denies-it-had-role-in-hamas-attack-on-israel-1e70a38f |url-status=live}} On 12 October, Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman discussed the Israel–Gaza situation with Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi.{{cite news |title=Saudi Arabia puts Israel deal on ice amid war, engages with Iran: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/14/saudi-arabia-puts-israel-deal-on-ice-amid-war-engages-with-iran-report |work=Al Jazeera |date=14 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021205035/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/14/saudi-arabia-puts-israel-deal-on-ice-amid-war-engages-with-iran-report |url-status=live}} On 13 October, Saudi Arabia criticized Israel for the displacement of Palestinians from Gaza and the attacks on "defenceless civilians". On 14 October, Saudi Arabia suspended talks on the possible normalization of relations with Israel. On 27 October, Saudi Arabia warned the United States that an invasion of Gaza by Israel would be "catastrophic for the Middle East"{{cite news |title=Saudi Arabia pauses normalisation talks with Israel amid ongoing war with Hamas |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231014-saudi-arabia-pauses-normalisation-talks-with-israel-amid-ongoing-war-with-hamas |work=France 24 |date=14 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020005033/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231014-saudi-arabia-pauses-normalisation-talks-with-israel-amid-ongoing-war-with-hamas |url-status=live}} On 21 January 2024, Saudi FM Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud stated there would be no normalization deal without a path to a Palestinian state.{{cite web |title=Saudi FM: No normalisation with Israel without path to Palestinian state |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-deadly-israeli-attacks-across-gaza?update=2637869 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121165422/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-deadly-israeli-attacks-across-gaza?update=2637869 |url-status=live }} On 28 February, Israeli cabinet minister Eli Cohen stated there would be no normalization deal if it meant the creation of a Palestinian state.{{cite web |title=Israeli minister says no normalisation with Saudi if it means Palestinian state |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/28/israels-war-on-gaza-live-thousands-could-die-in-days-as-israel-blocks-aid?update=2738437 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229040228/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/28/israels-war-on-gaza-live-thousands-could-die-in-days-as-israel-blocks-aid?update=2738437 |url-status=live }}

{{main|Two-state solution|International recognition of Palestine}}

{{further|Diplomatic impact of the Gaza war#Peace process and recognition of Palestine}}

In response to the conflict, Spanish Foreign Minister José Manuel Albares stated Spain was in favor of recognizing the State of Palestine within a short-term timeframe.{{cite web |title=Spain in favor of recognition of Palestinian state in "the very short term" |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-774711 |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=23 November 2023 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=26 November 2023 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117234751/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-774711 |url-status=live }} Belgium's Minister of Development Cooperation Caroline Gennez stated Belgium was also considering recognizing the state of Palestine.{{cite web |last=Kasraoui |first=Safaa |title=Belgium Considers Recognizing State of Palestine, Vows Sanctions Against Israel |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/11/358862/belgium-considers-recognizing-state-of-palestine-vows-sanctions-against-israel |website=Morocco World News |access-date=26 November 2023 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205103712/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/11/358862/belgium-considers-recognizing-state-of-palestine-vows-sanctions-against-israel |url-status=live }} On 19 January, Netanyahu stated there was no post-war scenario that would lead to a Palestinian state.{{cite web |last=Jobain |first=Najib |title=Netanyahu says he told the US that he opposes a Palestinian state in any postwar scenario |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-01-18-2024-73d552c6e73e0dc3783a0a11b2b5f67d?taid=65a95f27cc8ea90001513093 |website=Associated Press |date=18 January 2024 |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123035031/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-01-18-2024-73d552c6e73e0dc3783a0a11b2b5f67d?taid=65a95f27cc8ea90001513093 |url-status=live }} In response, UK opposition leader Keir Starmer stated, "Palestinian statehood is not in the gift of a neighbour. It is the inalienable right of the Palestinian people."{{cite web |title=UK opposition leader: 'Palestinian statehood is a right' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/19/israels-war-on-gaza-live-us-support-for-israel-ironclad-despite-rebuff?update=2635002 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119221919/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/19/israels-war-on-gaza-live-us-support-for-israel-ironclad-despite-rebuff?update=2635002 |url-status=live }} On 21 January, Netanyahu stated, "I will not compromise on full Israeli security control over the entire area in the west of Jordan—and this is contrary to a Palestinian state."{{cite web |title=Israel's Netanyahu doubles down on opposition to Palestinian statehood |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/21/israels-netanyahu-doubles-down-on-opposition-to-palestinian-statehood |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003220232/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/21/israels-netanyahu-doubles-down-on-opposition-to-palestinian-statehood |url-status=live }} The French foreign minister stated France would "remain faithful" to the creation of a Palestinian state.{{cite web |title='Palestinians have the right to sovereignty and statehood': French FM |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-deadly-israeli-attacks-across-gaza?update=2636994 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003220431/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-deadly-israeli-attacks-across-gaza?update=2636994 |url-status=live }} António Guterres stated, "The right of the Palestinian people to build their own state must be recognised by all".{{cite web |title='Refusal' of Palestinian statehood 'unacceptable': UN chief |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-deadly-israeli-attacks-across-gaza?update=2636337 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122185901/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-deadly-israeli-attacks-across-gaza?update=2636337 |url-status=live }} The EU reportedly sought to impose "consequences" on Israel for its opposition to Palestinian statehood.{{cite web |last=Foy |first=Henry |title=EU seeks 'consequences' for Israel over opposition to Palestinian statehood |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6b39f7cf-f6d6-4344-b1e8-a505616423ef |website=Financial Times |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202100152/https://www.ft.com/content/6b39f7cf-f6d6-4344-b1e8-a505616423ef |url-status=live }}

The Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud stated on 22 January 2024 there would be no normalization deal with Israel until there was a realistic path toward a Palestinian state.{{cite web |title=No state of Palestine, no normalisation with Israel: Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/22/israels-war-on-gaza-live-bombing-all-around-hospital-in-khan-younis?update=2638993 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=23 January 2024 |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123042932/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/22/israels-war-on-gaza-live-bombing-all-around-hospital-in-khan-younis?update=2638993 |url-status=live }} Ayman Safadi stated Israel is "defying the whole international community and it is about time the world took a stand."{{cite web |title='Only way out': Israel defies two-state solution – Jordan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/22/israels-war-on-gaza-live-bombing-all-around-hospital-in-khan-younis?update=2638918 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=23 January 2024 |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123051350/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/22/israels-war-on-gaza-live-bombing-all-around-hospital-in-khan-younis?update=2638918 |url-status=live }} Josep Borrell and Annalena Baerbock stated they were working toward a two-state solution, calling it the "only solution".{{cite web |title=EU says will work towards two-state solution in Brussels meetings |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/22/israels-war-on-gaza-live-bombing-all-around-hospital-in-khan-younis?update=2638885 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=23 January 2024 |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123051349/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/22/israels-war-on-gaza-live-bombing-all-around-hospital-in-khan-younis?update=2638885 |url-status=live }} Separately, Borrell stated two days later, "From now on I will not talk about the peace process, but I want a two-state-solution process".{{cite news | title=EU foreign policy chief: humanitarian situation in Gaza 'could not be worse' | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/jan/22/middle-east-crisis-live-updates-gaza-hostages-families-protest-release-benjamin-netanyahu-israel-hamas-war-eu-palestine-talks?filterKeyEvents=false&page=with:block-65ae1c9a8f0819b86aada7d3#block-65ae1c9a8f0819b86aada7d3 | website=The Guardian | date=22 January 2024 | access-date=24 January 2024 | last1=Chao-Fong | first1=Léonie | last2=Lowe | first2=Yohannes | last3=Davies | first3=Caroline | last4=Fulton | first4=Adam | archive-date=3 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003220233/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/jan/22/middle-east-crisis-live-updates-gaza-hostages-families-protest-release-benjamin-netanyahu-israel-hamas-war-eu-palestine-talks?filterKeyEvents=false&page=with:block-65ae1c9a8f0819b86aada7d3#block-65ae1c9a8f0819b86aada7d3 | url-status=live }} Malaysian foreign minister Mohamad Hasan announced he would introduce a UN resolution to admit Palestine as a full member state.{{cite web |title=Malaysia's FM to back Palestine becoming UN member state in New York |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/22/israels-war-on-gaza-live-bombing-all-around-hospital-in-khan-younis?update=2638473 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=23 January 2024}} On 30 January, David Cameron stated the UK and its allies were laying out plans for "recognising a Palestinian state".{{cite web |title=UK's Cameron: Allies looking at 'recognising a Palestinian state' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/30/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-forces-detain-dozens-in-un-shelter-raid?update=2661767%3Fupdate%3D2661162 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131065753/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/30/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-forces-detain-dozens-in-un-shelter-raid?update=2661767%3Fupdate%3D2661162 |url-status=live }}

Lana Zaki Nusseibeh, the UN representative of the United Arab Emirates, stated, "We cannot keep managing this conflict, we have to resolve it which means two states... There must be an irreversible progression towards a two-state solution."{{cite web |last=Cornwell |first=Alexander |title=UAE diplomat says 'irreversible' progress to Palestinian state needed for Gaza reconstruction |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/uae-diplomat-says-irreversible-progress-palestinian-state-needed-gaza-2024-02-12/ |website=Reuters |access-date=14 February 2024}} Gershon Baskin, a former Israeli peace negotiator, stated, "Let's face it, 139 countries have already recognised Palestine. But the rich countries have not, and it's time they do it."{{cite web |title=Israel's 'veto' of Palestinian state needs to be revoked |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/16/israels-war-on-gaza-live-17000-children-torn-from-parents-un-says?update=2711965 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=17 February 2024 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217192911/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/16/israels-war-on-gaza-live-17000-children-torn-from-parents-un-says?update=2711965 |url-status=live }} Azali Assoumani, the chair of the African Union, stated the Palestinian people have the right to their own state with East Jerusalem as its capital.{{cite web |title=Palestinians have right to establish state with Jerusalem as capital: AU chair |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/17/israels-war-on-gaza-live-icj-warns-of-perilous-situation-in-rafah?update=2713668 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=18 February 2024}} On 21 March 2024, the US Secretary of State said that the US post-war vision included a "state for Palestinians and security guarantees for Israelis".{{cite web |title=Blinken underscores two-state solution with security guarantees for Israel |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-more-than-100-palestinians-killed-in-24-hours?update=2788624 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=23 March 2024}} In April 2024, Jamaica and Barbados both stated they were recognizing the State of Palestine.{{cite web |last=Lazaroff |first=Tovah |title=Jamaica follows Barbados in recognizing Palestine as a state |url=https://www.jpost.com/international/article-798450 |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=24 April 2024 |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427010607/https://www.jpost.com/international/article-798450 |url-status=live }} A senior Hamas official told the Associated Press that the organization would agree to a five-year truce in exchange for recognition of a Palestinian State.{{cite web |last=Sewell |first=Abby |title=Hamas official says group would lay down its arms if an independent Palestinian state is established |url=https://apnews.com/article/hamas-khalil-alhayya-qatar-ceasefire-1967-borders-4912532b11a9cec29464eab234045438 |website=Associated Press |date=25 April 2024 |access-date=30 April 2024 |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501124210/https://apnews.com/article/hamas-khalil-alhayya-qatar-ceasefire-1967-borders-4912532b11a9cec29464eab234045438 |url-status=live }}

In May 2024, the Bahamas announced it had formally recognized the Palestinian State.{{cite web |title=The Bahamas recognizes Palestinian state |url=https://www.israeltoday.co.il/read/the-bahamas-recognizes-palestinian-state/ |website=Israel Hayom |access-date=14 May 2024 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003220234/https://www.israeltoday.co.il/read/the-bahamas-recognizes-palestinian-state/ |url-status=live }} Slovenia stated it had begun the process of formal recognition, which it voted to approve on 4 June 2024.{{cite web |last=Sito-Sucic |first=Daria |title=Slovenia to recognise Palestinian state by mid-June |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/slovenia-recognise-palestinian-state-by-mid-june-2024-05-09 |website=Reuters |access-date=14 May 2024}}{{cite web |last1=Gigova |first1=Radina |title=Slovenia becomes latest European country to recognize Palestinian state |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/04/europe/slovenia-recognizes-palestinian-state-intl-latam/index.html |website=CNN |date=4 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |archive-date=9 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609110759/https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/04/europe/slovenia-recognizes-palestinian-state-intl-latam/index.html |url-status=live }} The UN General Assembly voted to grant the State of Palestine additional rights and privileges, and called on the Security Council to support its bid for full membership.{{cite web |last=Lederer |first=Edith M. |title=UN assembly approves resolution granting Palestine new rights and reviving its UN membership bid |url=https://apnews.com/article/un-resolution-palestinians-membership-rights-us-assembly-875560e897f27d6600090420f36404e4 |website=Associated Press |date=10 May 2024 |access-date=16 May 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522163355/https://apnews.com/article/un-resolution-palestinians-membership-rights-us-assembly-875560e897f27d6600090420f36404e4 |url-status=live }}

{{main|War crimes in the Gaza war|Gaza genocide}}

{{see also|South Africa's genocide case against Israel}}

File:Gaza death graph.png

Both Israel and Hamas were accused by international organizations and governments of committing war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity. South Africa brought Israel to the International Court of Justice on charges of intent to commit genocide. Analysts, such as Al Jazeera senior political analyst Marwan Bishara, commented that the impact of such lawsuits on international relations would be limited, stating, "The International Court of Justice might come up with some ruling, but will this ruling ever be implemented in the presence of the United States and the United Kingdom?"{{cite web |last1=Bishara |first1=Marwan |title=Israel will likely never be held responsible for its war on Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/19/israels-war-on-gaza-live-us-support-for-israel-ironclad-despite-rebuff?update=2634391 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119165210/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/19/israels-war-on-gaza-live-us-support-for-israel-ironclad-despite-rebuff?update=2634391 |url-status=live }}

A Doctors Without Borders video shared by Amnesty International head Agnès Callamard stated, "This brutal annihilation of an entire populations health system stretches beyond what humanitarian aid can fix."{{Cite tweet |user=AgnesCallamard |number=1727821600496537942 |title=This brutal annihilation of an entire populations health system stretches beyond what humanitarian aid can fix. Doctors can't stop bombs.}} On 4 December, Red Cross president Mirjana Spoljaric Egger visited the Gaza Strip, stating, "The things I saw there are beyond anything that anyone should be in a position to describe."{{cite web |title=Red Cross Chief Arrives In Gaza, Calls For Political Solution |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/red-cross-chief-arrives-in-gaza-calls-for-political-solution-451d4b7c |website=Barron's |publisher=Agence France Presse |access-date=5 December 2023 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205082644/https://www.barrons.com/news/red-cross-chief-arrives-in-gaza-calls-for-political-solution-451d4b7c |url-status=live }} On 10 December 2023, Bushra Khalidi, an expert with Oxfam, stated the situation was no longer "just a catastrophe, it's apocalyptic."{{cite web |title=Israeli forces battle Palestinian militants in south Gaza |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231210-israeli-forces-push-into-southern-gaza |website=France 24 |date=10 December 2023 |access-date=10 December 2023 |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407035028/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231210-israeli-forces-push-into-southern-gaza |url-status=live }} In March 2024, the EU's top diplomat Josep Borrell stated Gaza had become a "graveyard for many of the most important principles of humanitarian law".{{cite web |title=War in Gaza a graveyard for humanitarian law, top EU diplomat says |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/war-gaza-graveyard-humanitarian-law-115943169.html |website=Yahoo! News |date=18 March 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322045847/https://www.yahoo.com/news/war-gaza-graveyard-humanitarian-law-115943169.html |url-status=live }}

As a result of Israel's actions in Gaza, analysts described a diminishment in Israel's international standing. In December 2023, Israel was described as increasingly isolated amid growing global calls for a ceasefire.* {{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/6358201/israel-us-isolation-gaza-hamas-war-end/ |title=Israel and U.S. Face Growing Isolation as Deadly War in Gaza Continues With No End in Sight |magazine=Time |date=12 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114141742/https://www.time.com/6358201/israel-us-isolation-gaza-hamas-war-end/ |url-status=dead }}

• {{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-12-12-2023-b52ae70a89443728517f1d3d7508992c |title=Israel and US show sharp divisions over mounting casualties and future of war against Hamas |work=AP News |date=13 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115145922/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-12-12-2023-b52ae70a89443728517f1d3d7508992c |url-status=live }}
• {{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/12/united-nations-general-assembly-vote-ceasefire-israel-gaza-war |title=US increasingly alone in Israel support as 153 countries vote for ceasefire at UN |work=The Guardian |date=12 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103133158/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/12/united-nations-general-assembly-vote-ceasefire-israel-gaza-war |url-status=live }}
• {{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/now/video/u-s-and-israel-increasingly-isolated-amid-calls-for-a-cease-fire-200108613748 |title=U.S. and Israel increasingly isolated amid growing calls for a cease-fire |work=NBC News |date=13 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122061325/https://www.nbcnews.com/now/video/u-s-and-israel-increasingly-isolated-amid-calls-for-a-cease-fire-200108613748 |url-status=live }} The same month, US President Biden stated Israel was losing international support over how it was conducting the war.{{cite web |last=Shear |first=Michael D. |title=Biden Warns Israel It Is 'Losing Support' Over War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/12/world/middleeast/biden-israel-netanyahu-gaza.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=15 March 2024 |date=12 December 2023 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003220430/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/12/world/middleeast/biden-israel-netanyahu-gaza.html |url-status=live }} In March 2024, Australia's Foreign Minister Penny Wong, stated, "Unless Israel changes its course it will continue to lose support."{{cite news |last=Hurst |first=Daniel |title=Australia's foreign minister warns Israel will continue to lose support unless it 'changes course' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2024/mar/12/penny-wong-australian-foreign-minister-warns-israel-will-continue-support-decline-gaza-palestine-hamas |website=The Guardian |date=12 March 2024 |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003220742/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2024/mar/12/penny-wong-australian-foreign-minister-warns-israel-will-continue-support-decline-gaza-palestine-hamas |url-status=live }} In a speech, the US Senate Majority Leader stated, "Israel cannot survive if it becomes a pariah".{{cite web |title='Israel cannot survive if it becomes a pariah' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-rafah-attack-coming-soon-despite-pressure?update=2772578 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=16 March 2024 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316225319/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-rafah-attack-coming-soon-despite-pressure?update=2772578 |url-status=live }} Tamer Qarmout, a professor at the Doha Institute for Graduate Studies, stated, "Israel is acting like a pariah state. It's above international law and it can afford doing this because there is no punishment. It's not accountable to anyone, thanks to the United States."{{cite web |title='History will never forget this' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-ceasefire-push-as-rafah-invasion-looms?update=2782130 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=20 March 2024 |archive-date=20 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320031949/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-ceasefire-push-as-rafah-invasion-looms?update=2782130 |url-status=live }}

Ulrich Brueckner, a professor at Stanford University, called Israel's war strategy "shortsighted" and leading to a "political loss that will last much longer than any potential victory it can claim".{{cite web |title=Israel's 'short-sighted' war strategy bringing heavy 'political loss' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-ceasefire-push-as-rafah-invasion-looms?update=2780234 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=21 March 2024 |archive-date=21 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321211313/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-ceasefire-push-as-rafah-invasion-looms?update=2780234 |url-status=live }} The US State Department spokesman stated that an Israeli invasion of Rafah would "leave Israel more isolated in the world".{{cite web |last=Mendez |first=David |title=U.S. urges Israel avoid its 'mistakes' in military invasion of Rafah |url=https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/israel_hamas_war/2024/03/27/us-israel-rafah-invasion-advice |website=NY1 |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329041241/https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/israel_hamas_war/2024/03/27/us-israel-rafah-invasion-advice |url-status=live }} James Bays, the diplomatic editor of Al Jazeera English, wrote, "What is slowly developing is global isolation and condemnation for Israel, it's developing into a situation where it could become a pariah state."{{cite web |last=Bays |first=James |title=Israel alone at the Security Council |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/26/israels-war-on-gaza-live-world-welcomes-un-ceasefire-resolution?update=2800074 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=30 March 2024 |archive-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330050410/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/26/israels-war-on-gaza-live-world-welcomes-un-ceasefire-resolution?update=2800074 |url-status=live }} Yasmeen Serhan from Time magazine stated that Israel's actions has tarnished Israel's image, perhaps permanently across the globe. Moreover, by being so close to Israel, traditional allies such as the United States and Germany also lost significant global standing, political capital and reputational damage towards the Global South.{{cite magazine |last=Serhan |first=Yasmeen |date=3 April 2024 |title=How Israel and Its Allies Lost Global Credibility |url=https://time.com/6963032/israel-netanyahu-allies-global-standing/ |access-date=7 April 2024 |magazine=Time |archive-date=6 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406220220/https://time.com/6963032/israel-netanyahu-allies-global-standing/ |url-status=live }} Ayman Safadi, the foreign minister of Jordan, stated that Israel's actions in Gaza had turned it into a pariah state.{{cite web |title=Hamas offered 40-day ceasefire in exchange for release of hostages, says UK's Cameron |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240429-%F0%9F%94%B4-live-blinken-arrives-in-saudi-arabia-on-new-mideast-crisis-tour |website=France24 |date=29 April 2024 |access-date=4 May 2024 |archive-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504075011/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240429-%F0%9F%94%B4-live-blinken-arrives-in-saudi-arabia-on-new-mideast-crisis-tour |url-status=live }} Alon Pinkas, a former Israeli diplomat, stated Israel was undergoing the "slow-motion formation of a pariah state".{{cite web |last1=Cave |first1=Damien |title=Isolated and Defiant, Israel Vows to 'Stand Alone' in War on Hamas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/11/world/middleeast/isolated-israel-war-hamas.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=24 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830083844/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/11/world/middleeast/isolated-israel-war-hamas.html |url-status=live }}

Amidst reports that the International Criminal Court was preparing arrest warrants for Israeli leaders, UC Davis professor Chimène Keitner stated, "If I.C.C. indictments were announced... they would bolster a growing international perception that Israel's actions in Gaza have violated international law. And that could contribute to the growing political pressure on Israel's allies to limit their support for Israel."{{cite news |last=Taub |first=Amanda |title=Israel, Gaza and the Law on Starvation in War |work=The New York Times |date=4 May 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/04/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-starvation-icc.html |access-date=7 May 2024 |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507034908/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/04/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-starvation-icc.html |url-status=live }} In June 2024, Chris Gunness, a former UNRWA spokesman, discussed the United Nations adding Israel to a blacklist of entities that harm children, stating, "The groups and countries on this list include Boko Haram, ISIS, al-Qaeda, Russia, Myanmar. This puts Israel in a list of some of the most appalling regimes and groups in the world... so the isolation and pariah status of Israel will be continual".{{cite web |title='Isolation and pariah status' of Israel growing: Ex-UNRWA official |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/6/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-no-ceasefire-deal-soon-us-president-biden?update=2974617 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=22 June 2024 |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622195458/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/6/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-no-ceasefire-deal-soon-us-president-biden?update=2974617 |url-status=live }} Akiva Eldar, an Israeli journalist, stated Israel was becoming a pariah state, saying, "The Israelis are not welcome everywhere."{{cite web |title='Leading them to the abyss': Israel a growing 'pariah' state |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/6/16/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-bombards-gaza-homes-after-soldiers-killed?update=2979799 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=25 June 2024 |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625001248/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/6/16/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-bombards-gaza-homes-after-soldiers-killed?update=2979799 |url-status=live }} Chris Sidoti, a member of an independent United Nations Commission of Inquiry, stated, "The only conclusion you can draw is that the Israeli army is one of the most criminal armies in the world".{{cite web |title=Independent rights probe highlights Israeli 'destruction and dislocation' tactics in Gaza |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/06/1151211 |website=UN News |date=19 June 2024 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=29 June 2024 |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625070817/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/06/1151211 |url-status=live }}

During an October 2024 meeting of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, large numbers of delegates walked out during speeches by MKs Dan Illouz, Tsega Melaku, and Elazar Stern in which they discussed "anti-Israel initiatives" proposed by the Palestinian delegation.{{cite web |title=Israeli delegation faces massive walk out during speech to Inter-Parliamentary Union Assembly |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-824586 |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=14 October 2024 |access-date=16 October 2024}}

{{See also|Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict|Israel–Russia relations|Israel–Ukraine relations}}

File:Meeting between Putin and Khamenei 1.jpeg visiting Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei in Tehran, 19 July 2022]]

Ukraine asserted that Russia would attempt to exploit the Gaza war conflict to reduce international support for Ukraine, while Russia called it a Western policy failure.{{Cite news|last=Mpoke Bigg|first=Matthew|date=12 October 2023|title=As World's Eyes Shift, Ukraine and Russia Look to Sway Opinions|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/12/world/europe/ukraine-russia-israel-hamas.html|access-date=16 October 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015195501/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/12/world/europe/ukraine-russia-israel-hamas.html|url-status=live}} Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy accused Russia of seeking to precipitate conflict in the Middle East to "undermine world unity, increase discord and contradictions, and thus help Russia destroy freedom in Europe."{{Cite news|last=Bigg|first=Matthew Mpoke|date=10 October 2023|title=Zelensky Says Gaza War Furthers Russian Aims|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/10/world/europe/zelensky-israel-gaza-russia.html|access-date=10 October 2023|issn=0362-4331|url-access=limited|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010144206/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/10/world/europe/zelensky-israel-gaza-russia.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Russia is interested in triggering a war in the Middle East to undermine world unity – address by the President of Ukraine|url=https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/rosiya-zacikavlena-v-rozpalenni-vijni-na-blizkomu-shodi-shob-86197|website=president.gov.ua|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015084706/https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/rosiya-zacikavlena-v-rozpalenni-vijni-na-blizkomu-shodi-shob-86197|url-status=live}}

Russian president Vladimir Putin declared the war "a clear example of the failure of United States policy in the Middle East", adding that Washington had consistently failed to take into account the fundamental interests of Palestinians. Russian commentators characterized the war as a military and intelligence failure of the West, predicting it would sap Western support for Ukraine. The New York Times stated that Russia's relations with Israel were deteriorating, driven in part by Western support for Ukraine and Iran's continued support for Russia in the Russo-Ukrainian War.{{Cite news|last=Troianovski|first=Anton|date=10 October 2023|title=Putin Offers Muted Response to Attack on Israel. That Speaks Volumes.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/10/world/europe/israel-hamas-russia-putin.html|access-date=10 October 2023|issn=0362-4331|url-access=limited|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010094245/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/10/world/europe/israel-hamas-russia-putin.html|url-status=live}} Palestinian-Ukrainians reported feeling a "double standard" as the Zelensky government supported Israel.{{cite web |last=Adler |first=Nils |title=Palestinians in Ukraine decry 'double standard' as Kyiv supports Israel |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/19/palestinians-in-ukraine-decry-double-standard-as-kyiv-supports-israel |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122050706/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/19/palestinians-in-ukraine-decry-double-standard-as-kyiv-supports-israel |url-status=live }} Bloomberg columnist Andreas Kluth wrote that some Trump-supporting Republican legislators supported aid for Israel but opposed it for Ukraine.{{Cite news|author=Andreas Kluth|date=12 October 2023|title=Israel and Ukraine Are Linked, and the US Must Stand With Both|work=Bloomberg L.P.|agency=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/10/12/israel-and-ukraine-are-linked-and-the-us-must-stand-with-both/2206fbb6-68b8-11ee-9753-2b3742e96987_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015094205/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/10/12/israel-and-ukraine-are-linked-and-the-us-must-stand-with-both/2206fbb6-68b8-11ee-9753-2b3742e96987_story.html |archive-date=15 October 2023}} Politico wrote that it was a foregone conclusion that the war would divert US attention from Ukraine.{{Cite news|date=10 October 2023|first1=Jamie|last1=Dettmer|first2=Christian|last2=Oliver|title=Hamas' gift to Vladimir Putin|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/hamas-gift-russia-vladimir-putin-international-crises-russia-israel-palestine/|access-date=18 October 2023|work=Politico|language=en|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017112440/https://www.politico.eu/article/hamas-gift-russia-vladimir-putin-international-crises-russia-israel-palestine/|url-status=live}}

{{main|Iran–United States relations}}

The war between Israel and Hamas has deepened the struggle between the US and Iran for influence in the Middle East. Iran's long-term strategy involves destroying Israel and driving a wedge between Israel and its regional neighbors. Despite tensions and anger across the region, the Biden administration's efforts to contain Iran and prevent a wider war are in line with the priorities of most Arab governments.{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/the-israel-hamas-war-deepens-the-struggle-between-us-and-iran-for-influence-in-the-middle-east-215852|title=The Israel-Hamas war deepens the struggle between US and Iran for influence in the Middle East|first=John|last=Ciorciari|date=October 23, 2023|website=The Conversation|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=December 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205040126/http://theconversation.com/the-israel-hamas-war-deepens-the-struggle-between-us-and-iran-for-influence-in-the-middle-east-215852|url-status=live}}

Some analysts described the Gaza war as exposing a rift between the Western World and the Global South.{{cite web |last=Busari |first=Stephanie |title=Israel's war in Gaza has exposed a deepening global divide |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/19/middleeast/israels-war-in-gaza-has-exposed-a-deepening-global-divide/index.html |website=CNN |date=19 January 2024 |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211004529/https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/19/middleeast/israels-war-in-gaza-has-exposed-a-deepening-global-divide/index.html |url-status=live }} Alex Lo, a columnist at the South China Morning Post wrote, "When Israel's crimes against the Palestinians are written, future historians will not be able to say the world did nothing... It has been trying to do its basic duty to humanity. But the West, led by the US, has been thwarting them at every turn."{{cite web |last=Lo |first=Alex |title=In Gaza, it's all black and white, and very simple |url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3248642/gaza-its-all-black-and-white-and-very-simple |website=South China Morning Post |date=16 January 2024 |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122025521/https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3248642/gaza-its-all-black-and-white-and-very-simple |url-status=live }} Sami Abu Shehadeh, a former Palestinian Knesset member, criticized Western countries for cutting off funding for UNRWA following allegations against twelve of its employees, but not for sanctioning Israeli politicians for advocating for ethnic cleansing, stating, "Does anyone have any doubts why the US, UK, Australia, Canada and Germany are seen as part of the problem for the Global South?"{{cite web |title=Politician draws contrast between West's treatment of UNRWA versus Israel |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/29/israels-war-on-gaza-live-us-vows-to-respond-to-killing-of-troops?update=2658797 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130042932/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/29/israels-war-on-gaza-live-us-vows-to-respond-to-killing-of-troops?update=2658797 |url-status=live }} The South Africa v. Israel case was reportedly seen in the Global South as a "test of the credibility" of the international system.{{cite news |last=Shotter |first=James |title=What the landmark ICJ genocide case against Israel means for the world |url=https://www.ft.com/content/68074594-c625-4f7a-a1b0-6715a7cfc919 |website=Financial Times |date=23 January 2024 |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131025126/https://www.ft.com/content/68074594-c625-4f7a-a1b0-6715a7cfc919 |url-status=live }} Nigeria's Foreign Minister Yusuf Tuggar criticized what he called the "double standards" when it came to Israel's killings in Gaza.{{cite web |last=Gadzo |first=Mersiha |title='No justification for Gaza carnage': Nigeria Foreign Minister Yusuf Tuggar |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/3/5/no-justification-for-gaza-carnage-nigeria-foreign-minister-yusuf-tuggar |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=8 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307232330/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/3/5/no-justification-for-gaza-carnage-nigeria-foreign-minister-yusuf-tuggar |url-status=live }}

Irish prime minister Leo Varadkar stated, "So many countries in the Global South—otherwise known as most of the world—interpret Europe's actions relating to Ukraine versus Palestine as double standards. I think they have a point."{{cite web |title='Appalling crisis in Palestine not Europe's finest hour': Ireland PM |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-more-than-100-palestinians-killed-in-24-hours?update=2788190 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323215106/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-more-than-100-palestinians-killed-in-24-hours?update=2788190 |url-status=live }} UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres stated, "The basic principle of international humanitarian law is the protection of civilians. We must stick to principles in Ukraine as in Gaza without double standards".{{cite web |last=Cook |first=Lorne |title=UN chief urges the EU to avoid 'double standards' over Gaza and Ukraine |url=https://apnews.com/article/eu-un-palestinians-israel-gaza-ukraine-support-f39d88f1308204b099f0e5b84c83b4ff |website=Associated Press |date=21 March 2024 |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323014040/https://apnews.com/article/eu-un-palestinians-israel-gaza-ukraine-support-f39d88f1308204b099f0e5b84c83b4ff |url-status=live }}

In addition to questions about double standards, Western governments faced charges of hypocrisy in their applications of the mechanisms of the rules-based order. In The Irish Times, professor Mary Lawlor, the United Nations special rapporteur on human rights defenders, wrote, "The international human rights architecture is creaking under the weight of the hypocrisy of states professing absolute support for a rules-based order yet continuing to facilitate this war by providing weapons to Israel to kill more innocent Palestinians."{{cite news |last=Lawlor |first=Mary |title=Crisis in Gaza is a war on women, on journalists, on human rights |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/2024/03/06/mary-lawlor-this-is-a-war-on-women-on-journalists-on-human-rights-defenders/ |newspaper=The Irish Times |access-date=9 March 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309033725/https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/2024/03/06/mary-lawlor-this-is-a-war-on-women-on-journalists-on-human-rights-defenders/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=No justification for arms sales to Israel: UN special rapporteur |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/6/israels-war-on-gaza-live-un-food-convoy-blocked-from-north-gaza-by-israel?update=2754420 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=9 March 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309033723/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/6/israels-war-on-gaza-live-un-food-convoy-blocked-from-north-gaza-by-israel?update=2754420 |url-status=live }} In a social media statement, former-Labor leader Jeremy Corbyn stated political leaders' "moral authority lies under the rubble, along with the thousands of lives that could have been saved by a ceasefire".{{cite web |title=Political leaders have failed 'test for humanity' in Gaza: Corbyn |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/6/israels-war-on-gaza-live-un-food-convoy-blocked-from-north-gaza-by-israel?update=2752221 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=9 March 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309161655/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/6/israels-war-on-gaza-live-un-food-convoy-blocked-from-north-gaza-by-israel?update=2752221 |url-status=live }} The United Nations secretary-general Antonio Guterres stated, "International humanitarian law lies in tatters".{{cite web |last=Nichols |first=Michelle |title=UN chief calls for Gaza truce, massive lifesaving aid deliveries |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-chief-calls-gaza-truce-massive-lifesaving-aid-deliveries-2024-03-11/ |website=Reuters |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-date=2024-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312230943/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-chief-calls-gaza-truce-massive-lifesaving-aid-deliveries-2024-03-11/ |url-status=live }}

Amnesty International released a report stating that as a result of Israel's attack on Gaza, along with the Russian invasion of Ukraine and other armed conflicts, "the global rule-based order is at risk of decimation".{{cite web |title=Post-1948 order 'at risk of decimation' amid war in Gaza, Ukraine: Amnesty |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/24/post-1948-order-at-risk-of-decimation-amid-war-in-gaza-ukraine-amnesty |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428004350/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/24/post-1948-order-at-risk-of-decimation-amid-war-in-gaza-ukraine-amnesty |url-status=live }} Barry Trachtenberg, a professor at Wake Forest University, said the rules-based order was "falling apart", stating, "What we're seeing is this clear double-standard where when it's in the interests of the United States and Western allies, they'll invoke international law. When it's not in their interests, they'll clearly violate international law".{{cite web |title=Rules-based international order established after World War II 'falling apart' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/6/6/israels-war-on-gaza-live-relentless-israeli-strikes-kill-102-palestinians?update=2956357 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 June 2024 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615221246/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/6/6/israels-war-on-gaza-live-relentless-israeli-strikes-kill-102-palestinians?update=2956357 |url-status=live }}

In June 2024, former Deputy National Security Advisor Ben Rhodes compared the United States' actions during the Russo-Ukrainian War to its actions with Israel, stating, "American rhetoric about the rules-based international order has been seen around the world on a split screen of hypocrisy, as Washington has supplied the Israeli government with weapons used to bombard Palestinian civilians with impunity".{{cite journal |last1=Rhodes |first1=Ben |title=A Foreign Policy for the World as It Is |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/biden-foreign-policy-world-rhodes?check_logged_in=1&utm_medium=promo_email&utm_source=lo_flows&utm_campaign=article_link&utm_term=article_email&utm_content=20240704 |journal=Foreign Affairs |date=18 June 2024 |volume=103 |issue=4 |access-date=4 July 2024 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003220745/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/biden-foreign-policy-world-rhodes?check_logged_in=1 |url-status=live }} In October 2024, the prominent attorney Raji Sourani warned that Gaza risked becoming the "graveyard of international law."{{cite news |last1=Wintour |first1=Patrick |title=Gaza at risk of becoming 'graveyard of international law' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/15/gaza-at-risk-of-becoming-graveyard-of-international-law-palestinian-lawyer |website=The Guardian |date=15 October 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024}}

{{Main|Evacuations during the Gaza war}}

Hungary evacuated 215 of its nationals from Israel using two aircraft on 9 October, while Romania evacuated 245 of its citizens, including two pilgrimage groups, on two TAROM planes and two private aircraft on the same day.{{cite news|date=8 October 2023|title=Romania, Hungary Evacuate Citizens From Israel By Air|work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/israel-hungary-romania-evacuate-citizens-hamas/32629062.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009101121/https://www.rferl.org/a/israel-hungary-romania-evacuate-citizens-hamas/32629062.html |archive-date=9 October 2023}} Australia also announced repatriation flights.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/oct/11/israel-hamas-war-repatriation-flights-australians-qantas-virgin-evacuation|title=Qantas to help repatriate Australians from Israel starting Friday|last=Hurst|first=Daniel|newspaper=The Guardian|date=11 October 2023|access-date=11 October 2023|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012174141/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/oct/11/israel-hamas-war-repatriation-flights-australians-qantas-virgin-evacuation|url-status=live}} Three hundred Nigerian pilgrims in Israel fled to Jordan before being airlifted home.{{cite news|url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/10/11/israel-palestine-death-toll-rises-sharply-as-african-nationals-evacuated/|title=Israel-Palestine: death toll rises sharply, as African nationals evacuated|work=Africanews|date=11 October 2023|access-date=12 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022083014/https://www.africanews.com/2023/10/11/israel-palestine-death-toll-rises-sharply-as-african-nationals-evacuated//|url-status=live}}

India launched Operation Ajay in order to evacuate its citizens from Israel.{{Cite news |first=Saikat Kumar |last=Bose |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/israel-gaza-war-israel-hamas-war-indians-in-israel-operation-ajay-operation-ajay-first-flight-to-evacuate-indians-from-israel-tonight-4473665 |title=Operation Ajay: First Flight To Evacuate Indians From Israel Tonight |work=NDTV |date=12 October 2023 |access-date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019172101/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/israel-gaza-war-israel-hamas-war-indians-in-israel-operation-ajay-operation-ajay-first-flight-to-evacuate-indians-from-israel-tonight-4473665 |url-status=live }}

On 12 October, the United Kingdom arranged flights for its citizens in Israel; the first plane departed Ben Gurion Airport that day. The government had said before that it would not be evacuating its nationals due to available commercial flights. However, the flights were commercial.{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-67091170|title=UK arranges flights for Britons stranded in Israel|work=BBC News|first=Sean|last=Seddon|date=12 October 2023|access-date=6 December 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020021834/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-67091170|url-status=live}}

{{see also|Gaza war protests in the United Kingdom}}

File:Starmer Embraces War Crimes (53335090705).jpg, 28 October 2023]]

As a result of the conflict, British politics has been affected. Labour MP Andy McDonald had the whip suspended after he made a speech at a pro-Palestinian rally.{{Cite news |date=2023-10-30 |title=Andy McDonald: Labour suspends MP after speech at pro-Palestinian rally |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-67268154 |access-date=2023-11-06 |archive-date=2023-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101164917/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-67268154 |url-status=live }} He later sued Conservative MP Chris Clarkson over his response to his comments.{{Cite news |last=Adu |first=Aletha |date=2023-11-02 |title=Andy McDonald sues Tory MP who accused him of 'seeking to justify' Hamas atrocity |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/nov/02/andy-mcdonald-to-sue-tory-mp-who-accused-him-of-seeking-to-justify-hamas-atrocity |access-date=2023-11-06 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=2023-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106173432/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/nov/02/andy-mcdonald-to-sue-tory-mp-who-accused-him-of-seeking-to-justify-hamas-atrocity |url-status=live }}

File:View of pro-Palestine protest in London, 28 October.jpg

In October 2023, Conservative MP Paul Bristow wrote a letter urging Prime Minister Rishi Sunak to support a "permanent ceasefire" in the Gaza war for humanitarian reasons. In further comments on his Facebook page, he said Palestinians "should not suffer collective punishment for the crimes of Hamas." Bristow co-chairs the all-party parliamentary group on British Muslims. He was fired as Parliamentary Private Secretary at the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology for his comments as they diverged from the government's position and "not consistent with the principles of collective responsibility". Bristow was the first Conservative MP to diverge.{{cite news |last1=Fisher |first1=Lucy |last2=Pickard |first2=Jim |date=30 October 2023 |title=Tory MP Paul Bristow sacked as aide over call for Israel-Gaza ceasefire |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/4a074ad8-ebc7-4b9a-a76f-834ca8508852 |access-date=6 November 2023 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102215051/https://www.ft.com/content/4a074ad8-ebc7-4b9a-a76f-834ca8508852 |url-status=live }}

Dozens of Labour Party councillors resigned due to Leader of the Labour Party Keir Starmer's decision not to push for a ceasefire in the Gaza war.{{Cite news |date=2023-11-06 |title=Labour: Burnley councillors quit party over Israel-Gaza ceasefire stance |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |first1=Nick |last1=Eardley |first2=Doug |last2=Faulkner |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-67329589 |access-date=2023-11-06 |archive-date=2023-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106011606/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-67329589 |url-status=live }} Oxford City Council became under no overall control.{{Cite web |date=2023-11-06 |title=Starmer sticks to Gaza position after councillors quit Labour |url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/national/23903497.starmer-sticks-gaza-position-councillors-quit-labour/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Oxford Mail |language=en}} By 25 October, 31 councillors had resigned from the party.{{Cite web |last1=Huskisson |first1=Sophie |last2=Cowburn |first2=Ashley |date=2023-10-25 |title=All the Labour councillors who have quit over Keir Starmer Israel-Gaza stance |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/full-list-labour-councillors-who-31275756 |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=The Mirror |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114195353/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/full-list-labour-councillors-who-31275756 |url-status=live }} All eighteen Labour members of Slough Borough Council publicly defied Starmer calling for a ceasefire.{{Cite news |date=2023-11-01 |title=Slough Labour councillors defy Starmer by calling for Gaza ceasefire |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-berkshire-67285037 |access-date=2023-11-06 |archive-date=2023-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105231032/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-berkshire-67285037 |url-status=live }}

The relatives of First Minister of Scotland Humza Yousaf and Liberal Democrat MP Layla Moran were stranded in the Gaza Strip.{{Cite news |last=Quinn |first=Ben |date=2023-10-17 |title=Lib Dem MP Layla Moran fears for relatives in Gaza Strip |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/oct/17/lib-dem-mp-layla-moran-fears-relatives-gaza-strip |access-date=2023-11-06 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=2024-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003220902/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/oct/17/lib-dem-mp-layla-moran-fears-relatives-gaza-strip |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |title=Gazans asking 'where do we want to be when we die?' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-politics-67254147 |access-date=2023-11-06 |archive-date=2023-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105223258/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-politics-67254147 |url-status=live }}

On 8 November 2023, Imran Hussain resigned as Shadow Minister because of Keir Starmer's refusal to call for a ceasefire.{{Cite news |date=2023-11-08 |title=Imran Hussain: Shadow minister quits Labour front bench over Gaza |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-67353019 |access-date=2023-11-08}} Hussain said he wanted to be a "strong advocate for the humanitarian ceasefire", but could not do that as a frontbencher "given its current position".{{Cite web |title=Imran Hussain resigns as shadow minister over Starmer's position on Israel-Hamas ceasefire |url=https://news.sky.com/story/imran-hussain-resigns-as-shadow-minister-over-labour-leader-sir-keir-starmers-position-on-israel-hamas-ceasefire-13002054 |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=Sky News |language=en}}

On 15 November 2023, Keir Starmer suffered his largest defeat as leader when 56 of his MPs defied a three-line whip to vote for a SNP motion to support a ceasefire in Gaza.{{Cite news |date=16 November 2023 |title=Keir Starmer suffers major Labour rebellion over Gaza ceasefire vote |language=en-GB |work=BBC News|first=Paul|last=Seddon |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-67432393 |access-date=16 December 2023}} This included ten frontbenchers; Jess Phillips, Naz Shah, Afzal Khan, Yasmin Qureshi, Sarah Owen, Rachel Hopkins, Andy Slaughter, Paula Barker, Mary Foy and Dan Carden.{{Cite news |last=Adu |first=Aletha |date=2023-11-15 |title=Who are the Labour MPs that defied Keir Starmer over a Gaza ceasefire? |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/nov/15/who-are-the-labour-mps-that-defied-keir-starmer-over-a-gaza-ceasefire |access-date=2023-11-15 |issn=0261-3077}}

A group of humanitarian organizations, including Christian Aid, Global Justice Now, Oxfam, and War on Want, stated the UK government was complicit in the "slaughter of innocent civilians taking place every day in Gaza" until it ceased sending weapons to Israel.{{cite web |title=UK 'complicit' in Gaza war until it calls for ceasefire: Aid groups |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/31/israels-war-on-gaza-live-severe-hunger-in-gaza-as-aid-trucks-surrounded?update=2665796 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=1 February 2024}}

In February 2024, four Labour councillors were suspended amid a Green Party motion on the Gaza War which called on Claire Holland, leader of Lambeth London Borough Council, to write to the Prime Minister and leader of the opposition to call for "an immediate, negotiated ceasefire by all parties".{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Morgan |date=2024-02-28 |title=Four London councillors have whip suspended over Gaza ceasefire vote |url=https://labourlist.org/2024/02/four-london-councillors-have-whip-suspended-over-gaza-ceasefire-vote/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=LabourList |language=en-GB}} Three of the councillors, Martin Abrams, Deepak Sardiwal and Sonia Winifred voted for the motion, while a fourth, Sarina da Silva, abstained.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-02-28 |title=Outrage at Labour's "indefinite suspension" of Jewish Lambeth Councillor who voted for immediate Gaza ceasefire |url=https://labourhub.org.uk/2024/02/28/outrage-at-labours-indefinite-suspension-of-jewish-lambeth-councillor-who-voted-for-immediate-gaza-ceasefire/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Labour Hub |language=en}} It was reported that Abrams, a Jewish councillor for Streatham St Leonard's ward, was given an indefinite suspension.{{Cite web |date=2024-02-28 |title=Gaza stance lands suspension for two Lambeth councillors, while another walks |url=https://londonnewsonline.co.uk/news/gaza-stance-lands-suspension-for-two-lambeth-councillors-while-another-walks/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=South London News |language=en-GB}} Sonia Winifred later resigned as councillor for Knight's Hill ward.{{Cite web |last=Cobb |first=Jason |date=2024-02-28 |title=Lambeth faces by-election as Labour Councillor Sonia Winifred resigns amidst Gaza ceasefire controversy |url=https://www.brixtonbuzz.com/2024/02/lambeth-faces-by-election-as-labour-cllr-sonia-winifred-resigns-amidst-gaza-ceasefire-controversy/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |language=en-GB}} In a speech, PM Rishi Sunak threatened foreign students with deportation if they engaged in protest, with MP Caroline Lucas stating that Sunak's government, "threatening to take visas off protesters and stirring up anti-Muslim hate", was the "real extremist".{{cite web |title=UK PM Sunak signals crackdown on pro-Palestinian demonstrations in 'chilling' speech |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/1/israels-war-on-gaza-live-mass-shooting-of-aid-seekers-condemned-globally?update=2743539 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=3 March 2024}} MP Richard Burgon stated Sunak's speech was "desperate", that his government had lost the argument over Gaza, and that "the huge peaceful protests over Gaza are not a threat to our democracy".{{cite web |title=Labour MP says UK PM Sunak has 'lost the argument' on Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/2/israels-war-on-gaza-live-un-medics-say-many-gaza-aid-attack-victims-shot?update=2744013 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=4 March 2024}}

In the March 2024 Rochdale by-election George Galloway was elected after the campaign dominated by the Gaza war. In his election speech, Galloway said "Keir Starmer, this is for Gaza. You will pay a high price for the role that you have played in enabling, encouraging and covering for the catastrophe presently going on in occupied Gaza, in the Gaza Strip".{{cite web |last1=Halliday |first1=Josh |last2=Ahmed |first2=Aneesa |title=George Galloway wins sweeping victory in Rochdale byelection, saying 'this is for Gaza' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2024/mar/01/george-galloway-wins-rochdale-byelection |website=The Guardian |access-date=1 March 2024 |date=1 March 2024}}{{Cite web |title=Residents of Rochdale caught up in increasingly toxic by-election campaign |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d6678003-7d84-44a6-aad1-801760d6cf06 |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=Financial Times}}{{cite news | last1=Halliday | first1=Josh | last2=Ahmed | first2=Aneesa | title=George Galloway wins Rochdale byelection after calling for Gaza protest vote | newspaper=The Guardian | date=1 March 2024 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2024/mar/01/george-galloway-wins-rochdale-byelection | access-date=1 March 2024}} The Labour candidate Azhar Ali had been dis-endorsed for comments he made, and later the former MP Graham Jones was also disciplined.{{Cite news |date=2024-02-13 |title=Labour suspends second candidate Graham Jones after recording emerges |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-68289460 |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}} During the 2024 United Kingdom general election, the Labour Party pledged to recognize the State of Palestine.{{cite web |last1=Piper |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Smout |first2=Alistair |title=UK's Labour pledges to recognise Palestinian state as part of peace process |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uks-labour-pledges-recognise-palestinian-state-part-peace-process-2024-06-13/#:~:text=%22We%20are%20committed%20to%20recognising,viable%20and%20sovereign%20Palestinian%20state.%22 |website=Reuters |access-date=21 June 2024}}

In the 2024 United Kingdom general election, Four independent candidates (Ayoub Khan, Adnan Hussain, Iqbal Mohamed, Shockat Adam) outright defeated Labour candidates as well as one (Claudia Webbe) acting as a spoiler to defeat one in areas with large Muslim populations; the results were suggested to be a push-back against Labour's stance on the Gaza war and Gaza humanitarian crisis.{{Cite news |last=Stacey |first=Kiran |last2= |first2= |date=5 July 2024 |title=Senior Labour figures admit stance on Gaza cost party seats |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/article/2024/jul/05/labour-loses-three-seats-to-pro-palestinian-candidates |access-date=6 July 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}{{Cite news |last=Ford |first=Robert |date=7 July 2024 |title=Labour put 'safe' seats at risk to target marginals. It paid off – but there's a cost |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/article/2024/jul/07/labour-safe-seats-marginals-landslide-victory-vote |access-date=7 July 2024 |work=The Observer |language=en-GB |issn=0029-7712}}

Local authorities that have passed ceasefire motions include Shetland Islands Council,{{Cite web |date=2024-02-22 |title=Council passes Gaza motion calling for immediate ceasefire |url=https://www.shetnews.co.uk/2024/02/22/council-passes-gaza-motion-calling/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Shetland News |language=en-GB}} Scottish Borders Council,{{Cite web |date=2023-12-02 |title=Gaza ceasefire motion passed by Borders council despite 'gesture politics' claim |url=https://www.bordertelegraph.com/news/23962746.gaza-ceasefire-motion-narrowly-passed-borders-council/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Border Telegraph |language=en}} Bradford Borough Council,{{Cite news |date=2023-12-13 |title=Bradford Council passes motion calling for Israel-Gaza ceasefire |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-67702180 |access-date=2024-03-11 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}} Oxford City Council,{{Cite web |date=2023-11-29 |title=Oxford City Council passes unanimous motion for ceasefire in Gaza |url=https://www.oxfordstudent.com/2023/11/29/oxford-city-council-passes-unanimous-motion-for-ceasefire-in-gaza/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=The Oxford Student |language=en-GB}} Sheffield City Council,{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Molly |date=3 November 2023 |title=Sheffield Council calls for ceasefire in Gaza and Israel amid huge free Palestine protests |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/politics/sheffield-council-calls-for-ceasefire-in-gaza-and-israel-amid-huge-free-palestine-protests-4397071 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528040657/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/politics/sheffield-council-calls-for-ceasefire-in-gaza-and-israel-amid-huge-free-palestine-protests-4397071 |archive-date=28 May 2024 |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=The Star}} Somerset Council,{{Cite web |date=2024-03-11 |title=Greens demand explanation on why 'peace motion' on a Gaza ceasefire was blocked |url=https://www.mnrjournal.co.uk/news/greens-demand-explanation-on-why-peace-motion-on-a-gaza-ceasefire-was-blocked-670776 |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=The Midsomer Norton & Radstock Journal}} Burnley Borough Council{{Cite news |date=2023-12-08 |title=Israel-Gaza: Burnley Council passes motion calling for ceasefire |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-lancashire-67658194 |access-date=2024-03-11 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}} and Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council.{{Cite web |date=2024-02-15 |title=Calderdale councillors back motion calling for Gaza ceasefire |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cek74pe5e52o |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}

Marc Botenga, a Belgian member of the European Parliament, stated the upcoming elections would play a role in the way in which European leaders conducted the war, stating, "The European governments guarantee impunity to Israel, and people out there in the streets are outraged about this".{{cite web |title='Outraged': European governments face voter wrath over Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/17/israels-war-on-gaza-live-brutality-of-gaza-crisis-unprecedented-un?update=2627162 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=18 January 2024}} Speaking to Spanish newspaper El País, top European diplomat Josep Borrell criticized Ursula von der Leyen's approach to the war, stating, "Von der Leyen's trip, with such a completely pro-Israeli position, without representing anyone but herself in a matter of international politics, has carried a high geopolitical cost for Europe."{{cite web |last=Pérez |first=Claudi |title=Josep Borrell: 'Trump has not won yet, just as Putin has not won yet, but Europe has to wake up' |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2024-02-26/josep-borrell-trump-has-not-won-yet-just-as-putin-has-not-won-yet-but-europe-has-to-wake-up.html |website=El País |date=26 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024}}

Spanish prime minister Pedro Sanchez stated that he would push for the Spanish congress to recognize the state of Palestine before the end of his term in 2027.{{cite web |title=Spanish PM says he will push for Palestinian state recognition |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/9/israels-war-on-gaza-live-ceasefire-by-ramadan-looking-tough-biden-says?update=2760945 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=11 March 2024}}{{cite web |title=Spanish PM vows to push Spain's Congress to recognize Palestinian state |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/spanish-pm-vows-to-push-congress-to-recognize-palestinian-state/ |website=The Times of Israel |access-date=11 March 2024}} The EU's top diplomat Josep Borrell stated European leaders needed to stop using double standards, stating, "When we condemn this happening in the war in Ukraine, we have to use the same words for what's happening in Gaza".{{cite web |title=EU foreign policy chief's statement on Gaza important, albeit late |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-netanyahu-vows-to-finish-the-job-in-rafah?update=2770744 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=16 March 2024}} Amnesty International warned about the repression of free speech in Europe, with a researcher stating, "We see hate speech laws and we see counterterrorism laws being instrumentalised, being weaponised to go after what is legitimate speech under international standards".{{cite web |last=Fioriti |first=Joris |title=Rights Groups Say Pro-Palestinian Demos 'Repressed' In Europe |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/rights-groups-say-pro-palestinian-demos-repressed-in-europe-3566d408# |website=Barron's |access-date=3 May 2024}}

Two parties were created based on the Gaza conflict, the Free Palestine Party which ran in the 2024 European parliament election, and the Gaza List which ran in the 2024 Austrian legislative election; neither of them won any seats.

{{See also|Israel–Jordan relations}}

As a consequence of the conflict between Israel and Hamas, the political landscape of Jordan has been impacted. Bisher al Khasawneh, the Prime Minister of Jordan, expressed his country's disapproval of Israel's offensive in Gaza by recalling its ambassador from Israel. Additionally, Jordan declared that Israel's ambassador, who had departed Amman following Hamas' attack, would not be permitted to return. Khasawneh emphasized that Jordan is considering all available options in its response to the Israeli aggression on Gaza and its subsequent consequences. It is noteworthy that Jordan and Israel had signed a peace treaty in 1994. Khasawneh argued that Israel's blockade of the heavily populated Gaza Strip cannot be justified as self-defense, contrary to their claims. He further emphasized that the indiscriminate Israeli assault does not differentiate between civilian and military objectives, even targeting safe zones and ambulances.{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/jordan-says-all-options-open-gaza-conflict-intensifies-2023-11-06/|title=Jordan open to 'all options' as Gaza conflict intensifies|first=Suleiman|last=Al-Khalidi|work=Reuters|date=6 November 2023|access-date=5 December 2023}}{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/06/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-latest-news-on-gaza-conflict.html|title=Over 10,000 Palestinians killed in Gaza, Hamas-run health ministry says; UN calls Gaza a children's graveyard|work=CNBC|first1=Amanda|last1=Macias|first2=Karen|last2=Gilchrist|first3=Ruxandra|last3=Iordache|date=7 November 2023|access-date=8 November 2023}}

Because of the war, support for Hamas has increased among the people of Jordan.{{cite news |title=Gaza War Fallout: Hamas Enjoys "Unprecedented" Rise in Popularity in Jordan |url=https://inkstickmedia.com/gaza-war-fallout-hamas-enjoys-unprecedented-rise-in-popularity-in-jordan/ |work=Instick Media |date=29 November 2023}}

{{main|United States support for Israel in the Gaza war}}

{{see also|Gaza war protests in the United States|Gaza war protest vote movements|List of U.S. officials who resigned over Biden's support for Israel in the Gaza war}}

File:US Gallup poll concerning Gaza taken March 1-20, 2024.png showing US change from majority approval (Nov. 2023) to majority disapproval (March 2024) of Israeli military action in Gaza{{cite news |last=Jones |first=Jeffrey M |title=Majority in U.S. Now Disapprove of Israeli Action in Gaza |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/642695/majority-disapprove-israeli-action-gaza.aspx |access-date=28 March 2024 |publisher=Gallup Poll |date=March 27, 2024}}]]

In response to the Biden administration's response to the war, Muslim and Arab American leaders from swing states began an #AbandonBiden campaign to ensure Biden was a one-term president.{{cite web |last=Ward |first=Myah |title=Swing-state Muslim leaders launch campaign to 'abandon' Biden in 2024 |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/12/02/swing-state-muslim-leaders-biden-00129758 |website=Politico |date=2 December 2023 |access-date=12 December 2023}}{{cite news |last=Helmore |first=Edward |title=Muslim leaders in swing states pledge to 'abandon' Biden over his refusal to call for ceasefire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/dec/03/muslim-leaders-swing-states-abandon-biden-campaign |website=The Guardian |date=3 December 2023 |access-date=12 December 2023}} The organization leaders indicated they would not support the likely Republican nominee Donald Trump, but vowed not to vote for Biden.{{cite web |last=Hay |first=Andrew |title=Muslim Americans face 'Abandon Biden' dilemma - then who? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/muslim-americans-face-abandon-biden-dilemma-then-who-2023-12-02/ |website=Reuters |access-date=12 December 2023|date=December 3, 2023}} On December 30, 2023, the #AbandonBiden campaign announced they were expanding to all fifty states.{{cite web |title=US Muslims expand 'Abandon Biden' campaign over Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/12/30/israel-hamas-war-live-un-aid-chief-decries-israeli-attack-on-relief-convoy?update=2588435 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=31 December 2023}} On 26 January 2024, Abdullah Hammoud, the mayor of Dearborn, Michigan, refused to meet the Biden campaign over the president's Gaza policy.{{cite web |last=Cappelleti |first=Joey |title=Biden reelection campaign team travels to Michigan but is shunned by some Arab American leaders |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-campaign-arab-american-support-israel-michigan-cf331a82f907fe70e22d5f0aa6d7346e |website=Associated Press |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=27 January 2024}} On 1 February 2024, Arab American voters protested against Biden campaigning in Michigan, with one voter stating, "Just as he abandoned us, we will be abandoning him on Election Day."{{cite web |title=Protester says Arab Americans will abandon Biden on Election Day |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/1/israels-war-on-gaza-live-death-toll-in-gaza-nears-27000-66000-wounded?update=2669507 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2 February 2024}}

A December 19 New York Times/Siena College poll found 57 percent of Americans disapproved of Joe Biden's handling of the conflict, with a plurality supporting Israel ending its military actions to protect civilians. Three quarters of 18-to-29-year-olds disapproved of Biden's handling, with half saying Israel was intentionally killing civilians and three-fourths saying it was not taking enough precautions for civilians.{{cite news |last1=Weisman |first1=Jonathan |last2=Igielnik |first2=Ruth |last3=McFadden |first3=Alyce |title=Poll Finds Wide Disapproval of Biden on Gaza, and Little Room to Shift Gears |work=The New York Times |date=19 December 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/19/us/politics/biden-israel-gaza-poll.html |access-date=19 December 2023}} Harvard University political scientist Stephen Walt stated, "Biden looks heartless or clueless (or both) and many see him as no better than Trump".{{cite web |title='Biden looks heartless or clueless' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/7/israel-war-on-gaza-live-signs-of-starvation-everywhere-in-southern-gaza?update=2603640 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=8 January 2024}} Edward Luce, a Financial Times editorialist, wrote Joe Biden's "seeming indifference to Palestinians could prove costly."{{cite news |last=Luce |first=Edward |title=Joe Biden's invisible Palestinians |url=https://www.ft.com/content/90fb3df1-521d-45e8-b130-2a7efc8611ff |website=Financial Times |date=17 January 2024 |access-date=22 January 2024}} The New York Times reported that African-American Christians were "so dismayed by the president's posture toward the war that their support for his re-election bid could be imperiled."{{cite news |last=King |first=Maya |title=Black Pastors Pressure Biden to Call for a Cease-Fire in Gaza |work=The New York Times |date=28 January 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/28/us/politics/black-pastors-biden-gaza-israel.html |access-date=31 January 2024}} Kimberly Halkett reported that the level of political opposition to the Gaza war had not been seen in the US since the Vietnam War protests.{{cite web |last1=Halkett |first1=Kimberly |title=Political opposition to Gaza war not seen in US since Vietnam |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/2/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-downplays-settler-violence-in-west-bank?update=2671617 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=4 February 2024}}

In January 2024, following comments by Prime Minister Netanyahu stating that Israel would control the entirety of territory west of the Jordan River, Congressmembers Suzanne Bonamici and Don Beyer issued statements of condemnation.{{cite web |title=Two US lawmakers denounce Netanyahu's rejection of a Palestinian state |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-medicine-arrives-for-captives-palestinians?update=2632333 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=19 January 2024}}

During the February 2024 Michigan Democratic presidential primary Despite Joe Biden winning in a landslide, "Uncommitted" posed a significant challenge to him in an otherwise generally uncontested primary season.{{cite web |title=Michigan primary leaves Dems begging Biden to set foot in the swing state |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/02/29/dems-say-uncommitted-vote-means-biden-needs-facetime-in-michigan-00144046 |website=politico.com |publisher=Politico |access-date=1 March 2024}} It was the first entity to win delegates outside of Biden, and won over 100,000 votes.{{cite web |title='Uncommitted' wins 2 Democratic delegates in Michigan, a victory for Biden's anti-war opponents |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-uncommitted-israel-gaza-michigan-arab-eba62caeec16c00f57e3979ec61ca8bd |website=apnews.com |date=28 February 2024 |publisher=AP News |access-date=1 March 2024}} The campaign's success was attributed to Arab, Muslim, young and progressive voters protesting Biden over his handling of the Gaza war.{{cite news |title='Uncommitted' vote in Michigan a warning shot over Biden's support of Israel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/feb/28/michigan-uncommitted-vote-biden-israel-support |website=The Guardian |date=28 February 2024 |access-date=1 March 2024 |last=Laughland |first=Oliver }} In a letter, more than 100 Democratic Party donors and activists stated that Biden's seeming "unconditional support" for Israel had created "the very real danger that President Biden will be defeated in November."{{cite web |title=Donors pen letter to Biden warning him he risks losing election over Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-multiple-attacks-kill-dozens-of-palestinians?update=2784453 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=23 March 2024}} Omar Wasow, a professor of political scientist, stated, "We're already seeing evidence of a generation divide on Israel, and that is going to be a long-term issue for the Democratic Party".{{cite web |last=Harb |first=Ali |title=Generation gap: What student protests say about US politics, Israel support |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/26/generation-gap-what-student-protests-say-about-us-politics-israel-support |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=30 April 2024}}

Mohamed Elmasry, a professor at the Doha Institute for Graduate Studies stated that opinion polling indicated young voters were angry at Biden, and that with Trump ahead in all swing states, the 2024 presidential election was "looking disastrous for Biden".{{cite web |title=Biden administration's changing rhetoric on Israel |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/12/israels-war-on-gaza-live-major-rafah-attack-feared-after-evacuation-order?update=2894743 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=18 May 2024}}

{{See also|Brazil–Israel relations|Brazil–Palestine relations}}

On October 18, Brazil dispatched a plane to Egypt carrying water purifiers to donate to Gaza, intending to evacuate Brazilians dual nationals from Gaza upon its return. The aircraft was scheduled to wait until Israel approved the departure of the Brazilian nationals.{{Cite news |last=Abdala |first=Vitor |date=2023-10-18 |title=Plane set to bring Brazilians from Gaza takes off for Egypt |language=en |work=Agência Brasil |url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/internacional/noticia/2023-10/plane-set-bring-brazilians-gaza-takes-egypt |url-status=live |access-date=2023-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027033514/https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/internacional/noticia/2023-10/plane-set-bring-brazilians-gaza-takes-egypt |archive-date=2023-10-27}}{{Cite news |last=Figueiredo |first= Janaína |date=2023-11-04 |title=Amorim telefonou para Conselheiro de Segurança dos EUA para expressar inquietação por demora de retirada de brasileiros de Gaza; Israel culpa Hamas |language=pt-br |work=O Globo |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2023/11/04/amorim-telefonou-para-conselheiro-de-seguranca-dos-eua-para-expressar-inquietacao-por-demora-em-inclusao-do-brasil-na-lista-de-autorizados-a-sairem-de-gaza.ghtml |url-status=live |access-date=2023-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108024419/https://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2023/11/04/amorim-telefonou-para-conselheiro-de-seguranca-dos-eua-para-expressar-inquietacao-por-demora-em-inclusao-do-brasil-na-lista-de-autorizados-a-sairem-de-gaza.ghtml |archive-date=2023-11-08}}

On November 1, the first list of about 500 foreigners allowed to leave Gaza was released.{{Cite news |date=2023-11-01 |title=At least 320 foreign nationals and some wounded leave Gaza for Egypt |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/egypt-prepares-evacuees-gaza-arrive-through-rafah-crossing-2023-11-01/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107042318/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/egypt-prepares-evacuees-gaza-arrive-through-rafah-crossing-2023-11-01 |archive-date=2023-11-07}} As days passed, individuals of various nationalities but not Brazilians were permitted to leave Gaza. This led to suspicions among some Brazilians that Israel were doing a retaliation due to Brazil's role in the UN.{{Cite news |date=2023-11-04 |title=Brasileiros ficam fora da lista de autorizados a saírem de Gaza pelo quarto dia consecutivo |language=pt-br |work=O Globo |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2023/11/04/mais-599-estrangeiros-poderao-deixar-gaza-brasileiros-seguem-fora-da-lista.ghtml |url-status=live |access-date=2023-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107233007/https://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2023/11/04/mais-599-estrangeiros-poderao-deixar-gaza-brasileiros-seguem-fora-da-lista.ghtml |archive-date=2023-11-07}}{{Cite news |last=Yano |first=Célio |date=2023-11-04 |title=Presidente do PT diz que Israel "discrimina" Brasil por manter brasileiros em Gaza |language=pt-BR |work=Gazeta do Povo |url=https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/republica/presidente-do-pt-diz-que-israel-estabelece-hierarquia-politica-e-discrimina-brasil-por-manter-brasileiros-retidos-em-gaza/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106232351/https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/republica/presidente-do-pt-diz-que-israel-estabelece-hierarquia-politica-e-discrimina-brasil-por-manter-brasileiros-retidos-em-gaza/ |archive-date=2023-11-06}}

The Israeli ambassador to Brazil, Daniel Zohar Zonshine, reassured there were no political reasons for the delayed authorization.{{Cite news |last=Landim |first=Raquel |date=2023-11-01 |title="Não tem razão política; vez dos brasileiros de sair de Gaza vai chegar", diz embaixador de Israel |language=pt-BR |website=CNN Brazil |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/internacional/nao-tem-razao-politica-vez-dos-brasileiros-de-sair-de-gaza-vai-chegar-diz-embaixador-de-israel/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107025240/https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/internacional/nao-tem-razao-politica-vez-dos-brasileiros-de-sair-de-gaza-vai-chegar-diz-embaixador-de-israel/ |archive-date=2023-11-07}}

On November 8, ambassador Zonshine remarked that Egypt was setting a daily quota for evacuations and attributed the delays to Hamas.{{Cite news |date=2011-11-08 |language=pt-BR |title=Bolsonaro se reúne com embaixador de Israel e deputados na Câmara |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2023/11/08/bolsonaro-reune-embaixador-israel-deputados-camara.htm |website=UOL |access-date=2023-11-12}}

Journalist Reinaldo Azevedo criticized this explanation, alleging that the list of evacuees was determined by Israel and that Brazilian nationals were being held as diplomatic hostages.{{Cite web |date=2023-11-09 |title=Reinaldo: Fala de embaixador mostra que é Israel quem decide lista |language=pt-BR |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/internacional/ultimas-noticias/2023/11/09/reinaldo-fala-de-embaixador-mostra-que-e-israel-quem-decide-lista.htm |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=UOL}}{{Cite web |date=2023-11-10 |last=Azevedo |first=Reinaldo|author-link=Reinaldo Azevedo |title=Brasileiros deixam de ser 'reféns diplomáticos' de Israel. Vamos aos fatos |language=pt-BR |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/colunas/reinaldo-azevedo/2023/11/10/brasileiros-deixam-de-ser-refens-diplomaticos-de-israel-vamos-aos-fatos.htm |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=UOL}}

On the same day, Brazilian Federal Police executed two temporary arrest warrants and eleven search warrants against a group suspected of preparing for terrorism. The operation sought evidence of possible recruitment of Brazilians for terrorist acts in Brazil linked to Hezbollah.{{Cite news |last=Grandi |first=Guilherme |date=2023-11-08 |title=PF prende dois suspeitos de ligação com o Hezbollah para atos contra judeus no Brasil |language=pt-BR |work=Gazeta do Povo |url=https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/republica/pf-operacao-contra-recrutamento-brasileiros-atos-terroristas/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109204750/https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/republica/pf-operacao-contra-recrutamento-brasileiros-atos-terroristas/ |archive-date=2023-11-09}} Ambassador Zonshine commented, "If they chose Brazil, it's because there are people helping them."{{Cite news |last=Oliveira |first=Eliane |date=2023-11-08 |title='Se escolheram o Brasil, é porque tem gente que os ajuda', afirma embaixador de Israel sobre Hezbollah |language=pt-br |work=O Globo |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2023/11/08/se-escolheram-o-brasil-e-porque-tem-gente-que-os-ajuda-afirma-embaixador-de-israel.ghtml |url-status=live |access-date=2023-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111025123/https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2023/11/08/se-escolheram-o-brasil-e-porque-tem-gente-que-os-ajuda-afirma-embaixador-de-israel.ghtml |archive-date=2023-11-11}} This statement elicited a strong and critical reaction from Brazilian authorities.{{Cite news |last=Grandi |first=Guilherme |date=2023-11-09 |title=Embaixador de Israel diz que Brasil tem gente que ajuda o Hezbollah e PF reage |language=pt-BR |work=Gazeta do Povo |url=https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/republica/embaixador-israel-brasil-gente-ajuda-hezbollah-pf-reage/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110130915/https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/republica/embaixador-israel-brasil-gente-ajuda-hezbollah-pf-reage/ |archive-date=2023-11-10}}{{Cite news |last=Falcão |first=Tainá |date=2023-11-09 |title=Diretor-geral da PF diz que declaração de embaixador de Israel é descolada da realidade |work=CNN Brazil |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/diretor-geral-da-pf-diz-que-declaracao-de-embaixador-de-israel-e-descolada-da-realidade/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111223837/https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/diretor-geral-da-pf-diz-que-declaracao-de-embaixador-de-israel-e-descolada-da-realidade |archive-date=2023-11-11}}

On November 9, former president Jair Bolsonaro tweeted that the Workers' Party (PT), the party of the current president Lula, sympathies with Hamas.{{Cite web |last=Azevedo |first=Reinaldo |author-link=Reinaldo Azevedo |date=2023-11-09 |title=Brasil contra o terror; o erro do embaixador de Israel e a 'Lista de Gaza' |language=pt-br |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/colunas/reinaldo-azevedo/2023/11/09/brasil-contra-o-terror-o-erro-do-embaixador-de-israel-e-a-lista-de-gaza.htm |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=UOL}} That afternoon, Zonshine met with Brazilian deputies, showing videos from the October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel and sitting next to Bolsonaro. This meeting generated significant negative repercussions.{{Cite news |last=Moreira |first=Camila |date=2023-11-12 |title=Trapped Brazilians, whose fate hurt Israel-Brazil ties, leave Gaza |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/trapped-brazilians-whose-fate-hurt-israel-brazil-ties-leave-gaza-2023-11-12/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112225742/https://www.reuters.com/world/trapped-brazilians-whose-fate-hurt-israel-brazil-ties-leave-gaza-2023-11-12/ |archive-date=2023-11-12}}{{Cite news |last=Sadi |first=Andréia |date=2023-11-10 |title=Embaixador de Israel é cobrado após evento com Bolsonaro |language=pt-br |work=G1 |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/blog/andreia-sadi/post/2023/11/10/embaixador-de-israel-e-cobrado-apos-evento-com-bolsonaro.ghtml |url-status=live |access-date=2023-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111201824/https://g1.globo.com/politica/blog/andreia-sadi/post/2023/11/10/embaixador-de-israel-e-cobrado-apos-evento-com-bolsonaro.ghtml |archive-date=2023-11-11}}{{Cite news |last=Chade |first=Jamil |date=2023-11-09 |title=Itamaraty vê como grave encontro de embaixador de Israel com Bolsonaro |language=pt-BR |work=UOL |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/colunas/jamil-chade/2023/11/09/itamaraty-ve-como-grave-encontro-de-embaixador-de-israel-com-bolsonaro.htm |access-date=2023-11-12}}{{Cite news |last=Junqueira |first=Caio |date=2023-11-09 |title=Integrantes do Planalto consideram permanência de embaixador de Israel no Brasil insustentável |work=CNN Brazil |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/integrantes-do-planalto-consideram-permanencia-de-embaixador-de-israel-no-brasil-insustentavel/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111223043/https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/integrantes-do-planalto-consideram-permanencia-de-embaixador-de-israel-no-brasil-insustentavel/ |archive-date=2023-11-11}}{{Cite news |last=Lima |first=Daniela |date=2023-11-09 |title=Governo vê embaixador de Israel em 'rota equivocada' após ato com Bolsonaro |language=pt-br |work=G1 |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/blog/daniela-lima/post/2023/11/09/governo-ve-embaixador-de-israel-em-rota-equivocada-apos-ato-com-bolsonaro.ghtml |url-status=live |access-date=2023-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111092429/https://g1.globo.com/politica/blog/daniela-lima/post/2023/11/09/governo-ve-embaixador-de-israel-em-rota-equivocada-apos-ato-com-bolsonaro.ghtml |archive-date=2023-11-11}} Some deputies, like Lindbergh Farias of PT, even called for Zonshine's expulsion.{{Cite news |last=Amaral |first=Luciana |date=2023-11-09 |title=Petistas criticam embaixador de Israel; eventual expulsão é citada devido a reunião com Bolsonaro |language=pt-BR |work=CNN Brazil |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/nacional/petistas-criticam-embaixador-de-israel-eventual-expulsao-e-citada-devido-a-reuniao-com-bolsonaro/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111181644/https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/nacional/petistas-criticam-embaixador-de-israel-eventual-expulsao-e-citada-devido-a-reuniao-com-bolsonaro/ |archive-date=2023-11-11}}{{Cite news |date=2023-11-09 |title=Lindbergh pede a expulsão do embaixador de Israel após reunião com Bolsonaro |language=pt-BR |work=Carta Capital |url=https://www.cartacapital.com.br/politica/lindbergh-pede-a-expulsao-do-embaixador-de-israel-apos-reuniao-com-bolsonaro/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110224654/https://www.cartacapital.com.br/politica/lindbergh-pede-a-expulsao-do-embaixador-de-israel-apos-reuniao-com-bolsonaro/ |archive-date=2023-11-10}}

On November 10, Brazilians were authorized to leave Gaza, but the border remained closed. On November 12, all of the 32 Brazilians who requested to be evacuated were able to leave Gaza through Egypt.{{Cite news |last=Gielow |first=I |date=2023-11-12 |website=Folha de S.Paulo |title=Brasileiros chegam ao Egito e aguardam próximas etapas para retornar ao Brasil |language=pt-BR |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/11/brasileiros-deixam-a-faixa-de-gaza-rumo-ao-egito.shtml |url-status=live |access-date=2023-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112121656/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/11/brasileiros-deixam-a-faixa-de-gaza-rumo-ao-egito.shtml |archive-date=2023-11-12}} They were transported on the presidential aircraft VC-2. Upon their arrival in Brasília on the night of November 13, they were welcomed by president Lula. During this reception, the president condemned Israel's response as inhumane.{{Cite news |date=2023-11-14 |title=Brazil's Lula welcomes citizens rescued from Gaza, condemns 'inhumane violence' |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/brazils-lula-welcomes-citizens-rescued-gaza-condemns-inhumane-violence-2023-11-14/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114045715/https://www.reuters.com/world/brazils-lula-welcomes-citizens-rescued-gaza-condemns-inhumane-violence-2023-11-14/ |archive-date=2023-11-14}}{{Cite news |date=2023-11-14 |title=Grupo de brasileiros resgatados da Faixa de Gaza chega a Brasília |language=pt-br |work=G1 |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2023/11/13/grupo-de-brasileiros-resgatados-da-faixa-de-gaza-chega-a-brasilia.ghtml |access-date=2023-11-14}}

File:Manifestación contra el genocidio en Gaza en Paseo de la Reforma - 4.jpg, 29 November 2023]]

Several South American countries filed diplomatic protests against Israel in response to the conflict with Hamas. On the afternoon of Israel's 31 October airstrike on the Jabalia refugee camp, Bolivia severed all diplomatic ties with Israel, attributing its decision to alleged war crimes and human rights violations in the Gaza Strip. Chile and Colombia also recalled their ambassadors.{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/31/bolivia-israel-hamas-gaza-war-crime|title=South American countries recall ambassadors and cut ties with Israel over war with Hamas|first=Tom|last=Phillips|date=1 November 2023|newspaper=The Guardian}} Belize suspended diplomatic relations with Israel.{{cite web |title=Belize joins diplomatic bachlash against Israel over Gaza bombardment |url=https://aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/15/belize-suspends-ties-with-israel-due-to-gaza-bombardment |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 November 2023}}

The Honduran President Xiomara Castro announced the recall of its ambassador on 4 November, shortly after the country's Ministry of foreign affairs stated that "Honduras energetically condemns the genocide and serious violations of international humanitarian law that the civilian Palestinian population is suffering in the Gaza Strip".{{cite news |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/4296621-these-8-countries-have-pulled-ambassadors-from-israel-amid-hamas-war/ |title=These 8 countries have pulled ambassadors from Israel amid Hamas war |work=The Hill|first=Lauren|last=Sforze|date=6 November 2023|access-date=6 December 2023}}

In May and June 2024, Labor's Fatima Payman statements in support of Palestine during the Gaza war and criticism of the Labor Albanese government's response to the war brought her out of step with the rest of the government. On 25 June 2024, Payman crossed the floor to support an Australian Greens resolution to recognise a Palestinian state, leading to her being indefinitely suspended from the Labor caucus. On 4 July 2024, Payman quit the Labor Party to sit as an independent.

In August 2024 independent MP Dai Le called for compassion following MP Peter Dutton's call to implement a temporary ban on any Palestinians from entering Australia.{{cite news |last1=Crowley |first1=Tom |title=Independent MP Dai Le calls for compassion in Gaza visa debate, as Peter Dutton doubles down on ban |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-15/dutton-doubles-down-on-gaza-refugee-ban/104227484 |newspaper=ABC News |date=14 August 2024 |access-date=24 August 2024}} An investigation by SBS News found that the Australian government was denying the majority of visas of Palestinians attempting to flee Gaza.{{cite web |last1=Staszewska |first1=Ewa |title=Thousands of Palestinians fleeing war-torn Gaza denied Australian visas |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/thousands-of-palestinians-fleeing-war-torn-gaza-denied-australian-visas/lqvktl19v |website=SBS News |access-date=24 August 2024}}

{{main|Antisemitism during the Gaza war|Islamophobia during the Gaza war|Anti-Palestinianism during the Gaza war}}

Following the Hamas-led attack on Israel in 2023 and the outbreak of the Gaza war, there has been a surge of antisemitism around the world,{{Cite web |date=2023-10-11 |title=Antisemitism Surges Around World as Israel, Hamas Clash |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/antisemitism-surges-around-world-as-israel-hamas-clash/7306956.html |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=VOA |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012005555/https://www.voanews.com/a/antisemitism-surges-around-world-as-israel-hamas-clash/7306956.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last1=Abboud |first1=Leila |last2=Klasa |first2=Adrienne |last3=Chazan |first3=Guy |date=2023-10-15 |title=Israel-Hamas war unleashes wave of antisemitism in Europe |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/ed744535-d04f-4519-ac27-2be077cac912 |access-date=2023-10-19 |archive-date=2023-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018225127/https://www.ft.com/content/ed744535-d04f-4519-ac27-2be077cac912 |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last1=Chrisafis |first1=Angelique |last2=Kassam |first2=Ashifa |last3=Connolly |first3=Kate |last4=Giuffrida |first4=Angela |date=2023-10-20 |title='A lot of pain': Europe's Jews fear rising antisemitism after Hamas attack |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2023/oct/20/a-lot-of-pain-europes-jews-fear-rising-antisemitism-after-hamas-attack |access-date=2023-10-21 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=2023-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021041322/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2023/oct/20/a-lot-of-pain-europes-jews-fear-rising-antisemitism-after-hamas-attack |url-status=live }} including in the US, UK, France and Germany.{{cite news |title=The Gaza crisis is stoking antisemitism in the U.S. |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/gaza-crisis-antisemitism-us-hamas-israel-palestine-rcna123163 |access-date=27 June 2024 |agency=NBC |date=2 November 2023}}{{cite news |title=Antisemitic incidents 'quadruple in UK' since Hamas attack in Israel |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-67085625 |access-date=27 June 2024 |date=12 October 2023}}{{cite news |title=Monitoring group reports a steep rise in antisemitic incidents in Germany last year |url=https://apnews.com/article/germany-antisemitic-incidents-2023-16ccb20e64192b903da690c15dd4a759 |access-date=27 June 2024 |publisher=AP |date=25 June 2024}}{{cite news |title=Anti-Semitic acts in France rise to 1,500 since October 7 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/11/14/anti-semitic-acts-in-france-rise-to-1-500-since-october-7_6253987_4.html |access-date=27 June 2024 |publisher=Le Monde |date=14 November 2023}} There has also been there has been a surge of anti-Palestinianism, anti-Arab racism, and Islamophobia around the world. Palestinians have expressed concerns over increased anti-Palestinianism in mass media and anti-Palestinian hate crimes.{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2023/10/19/israel-hamas-wadea-al-fayoume-us-palestinians/ |title=Palestinian Americans decry negative media portrayals, fear hate crimes |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020071659/https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2023/10/19/israel-hamas-wadea-al-fayoume-us-palestinians/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/10/19/palestinians-us-assaults-rise-war/71211197007/ |title=Battle against hate: Violence, bigotry toward Palestinian Americans spiking across US |publisher=USA Today |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019102156/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/10/19/palestinians-us-assaults-rise-war/71211197007/ |url-status=live }} Human rights groups have noted an increase in anti-Palestinian hate speech and incitement to violence against Palestinians.{{cite web |url=https://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/rights-group-monitors-rise-anti-palestinian-hate-speech-social-media |title=Rights group monitors rise in anti-Palestinian hate speech on social media |date=24 October 2023 |publisher=The Jordan Times |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025094718/http://jordantimes.com/news/local/rights-group-monitors-rise-anti-palestinian-hate-speech-social-media |url-status=live }}

{{main|Media coverage of the Gaza war}}

In November 2023, bin Laden's "Letter to the American People", published in 2002, went viral on TikTok and other social media. In the letter, bin Laden denounced numerous acts of American aggression such as US support for Israel, and supported al-Qaeda's war against the US as a defensive struggle. Numerous social media users, including Americans, expressed their opposition to US foreign policy by widely sharing the letter and its contents. The letter was removed from The Guardian website after more than 20 years of being present online in the news outlet's webpage, and TikTok began issuing takedowns of videos featuring the letter.* {{Cite web |last=Knolle |first=Sharon |date=15 November 2023 |title=The Guardian Deletes Osama bin Laden's 'Letter to America' After It Goes Viral on TikTok |url=https://www.thewrap.com/the-guardian-deletes-osama-bin-laden-letter-to-america-tiktok/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116025341/https://www.thewrap.com/the-guardian-deletes-osama-bin-laden-letter-to-america-tiktok/ |archive-date=16 November 2023 |website=The Wrap}}

• {{Cite web |last=Roche |first=Calum |date=16 November 2023 |title=Osama bin Laden's 'letter to America' in full, as reaction trend goes viral |url=https://en.as.com/latest_news/osama-bin-ladens-letter-to-america-in-full-as-reaction-trend-goes-viral-n/?outputType=amp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116075003/https://en.as.com/latest_news/osama-bin-ladens-letter-to-america-in-full-as-reaction-trend-goes-viral-n/ |archive-date=16 November 2023 |website=as}}{{Cite web |date=16 November 2023 |title=Guardian deletes Osama Bin Laden's old letter to America after the internet started debating it |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/world/guardian-deletes-osama-bin-ladens-old-letter-to-america-after-the-internet-started-debating-it-18336391.htm/amp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116075523/https://www.cnbctv18.com/world/guardian-deletes-osama-bin-ladens-old-letter-to-america-after-the-internet-started-debating-it-18336391.htm/amp |archive-date=16 November 2023 |website=CNBC TV18}}* {{Cite news |date=16 November 2023 |title=UK newspaper removes viral bin Laden letter |work=France24 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231116-uk-newspaper-removes-viral-bin-laden-letter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116142223/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/insanely-eye-opening-osama-bin-ladens-letter-to-america-goes-viral-leaves-netizens-divided-101700141306751.html |archive-date=16 November 2023}}
• {{Cite news |last=Upadhyay |first=Prapti |date=16 November 2023 |title="Insanely eye-opening," Osama Bin Laden's 'Letter to America' goes viral, leaves netizens divided |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/insanely-eye-opening-osama-bin-ladens-letter-to-america-goes-viral-leaves-netizens-divided-101700141306751.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116142223/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/insanely-eye-opening-osama-bin-ladens-letter-to-america-goes-viral-leaves-netizens-divided-101700141306751.html |archive-date=16 November 2023}} Reporting in The Washington Post suggested that the virality of the letter had been limited prior to media coverage, having never trended on TikTok, that many of the TikTok videos covering the letter were critical of bin Laden, and that the media coverage had exaggerated its significance and elevated the virality of the letter.{{Cite news |last1=Harwell |first1=Drew |last2=Bisset |first2=Victoria |date=2023-11-17 |title=How Osama bin Laden's 'Letter to America' reached millions online |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/2023/11/16/guardian-osama-bin-laden-letter-to-america/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |issn=0190-8286}}

• Casualties of the Gaza war
• International reactions to the Gaza war
• Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2023
• Outline of the Gaza war
• United States support for Israel in the Gaza war
• Diplomatic impact of the Gaza war

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