Central Flores languages
{{short description|Subgroup of the Austronesian language family}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Central Flores
|altname=Ngadha–Lio
|region=Flores (Indonesia)
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=Malayo-Polynesian
|fam3=Central–Eastern
|fam4=Sumba–Flores
|protoname=Proto-Central Flores
|glotto=ngad1266
|glottorefname=Central Flores
}}
The Central Flores languages (also called Ngadha–Lio) are a subgroup of the Austronesian language family. They are spoken in the central part of Flores, one of the Lesser Sunda Islands in the eastern half of Indonesia. The speech area of the Central Flores languages is bordered to the west by the Manggarai language, and to the east by the Sikka language.{{cite thesis |last=Schmidt |first=Christopher |year=2013 |title=Morphosyntax of Wangka, a dialect of Rembong-Riung |type=Ph.D. Dissertation |location=Rice University |hdl=1911/103420 |hdl-access=free}}{{cite book |last=Arka |first=I Wayan |authorlink=I Wayan Arka |year=2016 |title=Bahasa Rongga: Deskripsi, Tipologi and Teori |location=Jakarta |publisher=Penerbit Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya |lang=id}}{{cite thesis |last=Elias |first=Alexander |year=2019 |title=Lio and the Central Flores languages |type=M.A. thesis |location=Leiden University |hdl=1887/69452 |hdl-access=free}}
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Languages
Grammar
Unlike most other Austronesian languages, the Central Flores languages are highly isolating. They completely lack derivational and inflectional morphemes, and core grammatical relations are mostly expressed by word order. For example, in Rongga, there is strict SVO word order: {{Lang|ror|jara ndau kenda ja'o}} ({{Lit|horse that kick I}}) 'that horse kick(ed) me'. Possession is expressed by placing the possessor after the possessed noun: {{Lang|ror|ine ja'o}} ({{Lit|mother I}}) 'my mother'.
Prehistory
According to McWhorter (2010, 2011, 2019), the extreme isolating character of the Central Flores languages is the result of language shift through "heavy adult acquisition", which means that adult populations which originally spoke completely different languages shifted to a language ancestral to the Central Flores languages, but dropped all derivational and inflectional morphology. This process is characteristic for the development of pidgins and creoles, most of which display strong simplification of the source language.{{cite web |last= McWhorter |first= John H. |author-link=John McWhorter |date= 11 February 2010 |title= Affixless in Indonesia: The Abnormality of Flores |type= Workshop on the Languages of Papua 2 |website= indoling.com |url= https://indoling.com/wlp/2/programme.html |access-date= 2024-06-10 }}{{cite book |last= McWhorter |first= John H. |author-link= John McWhorter |year= 2011 |chapter= 8. Affixless in Austronesian: Why Flores is a puzzle and what to do about it |title= Linguistic Simplicity and Complexity. Why Do Languages Undress? |series= Language Contact and Bilingualism, vol. 1 |publisher= De Gruyter Mouton |pages= 223 |isbn= 9781934078402 |chapter-url= https://www.academia.edu/7756300 }}{{cite journal |last= McWhorter |first= John H. |author-link= John McWhorter |year=2019 |title= The radically isolating languages of Flores: a challenge to diachronic theory |journal= Journal of Historical Linguistics |volume= 9 |issue= 2 |pages= 177–207 |doi= 10.1075/jhl.16021.mcw }}
McWhorter's (2019) hypothesis of adult acquisition and subsequent creolization is dismissed by Elias (2020), who proposes that the isolating character can better be explained by a pre-Austronesian substrate language, which must have had the typological features of the Mekong-Mamberamo area. Elias (2020) estimates that the switch would have taken place around 2,500–1,500 BCE.{{cite book |last= Elias |first= Alexander |year=2020 |chapter= Are the Central Flores languages really typologically unusual? |chapter-url= https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5p49t2w2 |editor1= David Gil |editor2= Antoinette Schapper |title=Austronesian Undressed: How and why languages become isolating |location=Amsterdam |publisher=John Benjamins}}{{cite book |last1= Elias |first1= Alexander |year= 2018 |title= Lio and the Central Flores languages |type= thesis as partial fulfilment for the degree of Research Master of Arts in Linguistics |publisher= Faculty of Humanities, Leiden University |pages= |url= https://www.academia.edu/41618086 }}
There remains to explain why the ikat from Ngadha are the only such Floresian textiles to bear distinctive motifs of stick figures such as what may be encountered in prehistoric imaging;{{cite web |author= Peter ten Hoopen, curator |title= Ikat from Ngadha, Indonesia |website= ikat.us |publisher= Online Museum of Indonesian ikat textiles |url= https://ikat.us/ikat_flores%20group_ngadha.php |access-date= 2024-06-08 }} and what to make of the legends that talk of living side by side with some 'little people' until only a few centuries ago - said legends being very strong still in central Flores, less so in the west and inexistent in the east, a repartition which indicates a population movement of outsiders coming from the west.
{{cite web |last1= McWhorter |first1= John Hamilton |author-link1= John McWhorter |title= Flores Man vs. Sulawesi. A linguistic mystery in the Lesser Sunda Islands |format= audio |date= April 30, 2019 |website= slate.com |series= Lexicon Valley |url= https://slate.com/human-interest/2019/04/john-mcwhorter-on-the-languages-of-flores-in-indonesia.html |access-date= 2024-06-10 }}
References
{{reflist}}
{{Central Malayo-Polynesian languages}}
{{Austronesian languages}}
{{Languages of Indonesia}}
Category:Languages of Indonesia