Changsha

Chángshā is the pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of the Chinese name {{nowrap|{{linktext|長沙}}}} or {{nowrap|{{linktext|长沙}}}}, meaning "long sandy place". The name's origin is unknown. It is attested as early as the 11th {{nowrap|century BC}}, when a vassal lord of the area sent King Cheng of Zhou a gift described as a "Changsha softshell turtle" ({{zh|s=长沙{{linktext|鳖}} |t=長沙{{linktext|鼈}} |hp=Chángshā biē |labels=no}}). In the 2nd century AD, historian Ying Shao wrote that the Qin use of the name "Changsha" for the area was a continuance of its old name.{{cite book |script-title=zh:中国古今地名大词典 |trans-title=Dictionary of Chinese Place-names Ancient and Modern |location=Shanghai |publisher=Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House |year=2005 |page=505}} The name originally described the area. The Chu metropolis was known as Qingyang. The capital of the Kingdom of Changsha{{mdash}}within the present-day city of Changsha{{mdash}}was known as Linxiang, meaning "[place] Overlooking the Xiang River".

{{Main|History of Changsha}}

{{more citations needed|date=August 2019}}

File:Lacquer Coffin Unearthed from the 2nd-century-BC Han Tomb No.1 at Mawangdui 2011-07.JPG coffin of lady Xin Zhui (217–168 BC). Unearthed from Tomb No. 1 at Mawangdui. Han dynasty, 2nd century BC]]

File:Square zun with four sheep 01.jpg, a bronze vessel of the late Shang dynasty, circa 1000 BC]]

Development started around {{nowrap|3000 BC}} when Changsha developed with the proliferation of Longshan culture, although there is no firm evidence of such a link.{{cite press release | url=https://www.icswb.com/h/152/20150630/10197_0.html | title=zh:追寻浏阳河文脉 从“旧石器”到马王堆汉墓 | publisher=Changsha Daily| date=June 30, 2015 |access-date=March 10, 2025}} Evidence exists that people lived and thrived in the area during the Bronze Age. Numerous examples of pottery and other objects have been discovered.

Later Chinese legends related that the Flame and Yellow Emperors visited the area. Sima Qian's history states that the Yellow Emperor granted his eldest son Shaohao the lands of Changsha and its neighbors. During the Spring and Autumn period (8th{{ndash}}5th century{{nbsp}}BC), the Yue culture spread into the area around Changsha. During the succeeding Warring States period, Chu took control of Changsha. Its capital, Qingyang, became an important southern outpost of the kingdom. In 1951–57 archaeologists explored numerous large and medium-sized Chu tombs from the Warring States Era. More than 3,000 tombs have been discovered. Under the Qin dynasty {{nowrap|(221–206 BC)}}, Changsha was a staging post for expeditions south into Guangdong that led to its conquest and the establishment of the Nanyue kingdom.

File:Changshadragon.jpg, Warring States period (475-221 BC)]]

Under the Han {{nowrap|(3rd century BC –}} {{nowrap|3rd century AD),}} Linxiang was the capital of the kingdom of Changsha. At first this was a client state held by Liu Bang's Baiyue ally Wu Rui that served as a means of controlling the restive Chu people and as a buffer state against Nanyue. By {{nowrap|202 BC,}} Linxiang had city walls to protect it against uprisings and invasions. The famous Mawangdui tombs were constructed between 186 and {{nowrap|165 BC.}} Lady Xin Zhui was buried in the earliest tomb {{nowrap|(No. 2)}} and, during its excavation in the 1970s, was found to have been very well preserved. More importantly, the tombs included the earliest surviving copies of the Tao Te Ching and other important literary and historical documents.

When Wu Rui's descendant Wu Zhu {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|吳|著}}}},}} Wú Zhù) died childless in {{nowrap|157 BC}}, the kingdom was granted to a cadet branch of the imperial family as their fief. The kingdom was abolished under Wang Mang's short-lived Xin dynasty and briefly revived by the Eastern Han. In {{nowrap|AD 33,}} its prince was demoted and the area administered as {{ill|Linxiang County, Hunan|lt=Linxiang County|zh|临湘县 (西汉)}} and Changsha Commandery.

The Three Kingdoms state of Wu ruled Changsha for several decades, a period whose administration is well known because its documents have been excavated.{{cite book |last1=Lander |first1=Brian |last2=Ling |first2=Wenchao |last3=Wen |first3=Xin |title=State and Local Society in Third Century South China: Administrative Documents Excavated at Zoumalou, Hunan |date=2023 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |url=https://brill.com/display/title/64057?language=en}} Following the turmoil of the Three Kingdoms, Emperor Wu of Jin granted Changsha to his sixth son Sima Yi. The local government had over 100 counties at the beginning of the dynasty. Over the course of the dynasty, the local government of Changsha lost control over a few counties, leaving them to local rule.

The Sui dynasty (6th century) renamed Xiangzhou to Changsha Tan Prefecture or Tanzhou. It was named after Zhaotan in the ninth year of Emperor Kaihuang (589 A.D.) of the Sui dynasty, and the Tanzhou General Manager was established. During the reign of Emperor Yang of the Sui dynasty, Tanzhou was abolished, and Changsha County, a first-level administrative unit, was established, but the jurisdiction area was reduced.{{Cite journal |last=Murck |first=Alfreda |date=1996 |title=The "Eight Views of Xiao-Xiang" and the Northern Song Culture of Exile |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23496050 |journal=Journal of Song-Yuan Studies |issue=26 |pages=113–144 |jstor=23496050 |issn=1059-3152 |access-date=17 November 2022 |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117143852/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23496050 |url-status=live }} Changsha's 3-tier administration was simplified to a 2-tier state and county system, eliminating the middle canton region.{{clarify|date=August 2019}} Under the Tang, Changsha prospered as a center of trade between central China and Southeast Asia but suffered during the Anshi Rebellion, when it fell to the rebels.

In early 10th century, Changsha served as the capital of the state of Nanchu (南楚), or Southern Chu, established by Ma Yin (马殷) in 907, one of the ten southern war loads. Nanchu, lasted about 50 years, was the only independent state in the history that has ever been built in Hunan with Changsha as the capital, being eventually overthrown by Nantang (南唐) in 951.

Under the Song dynasty, the Yuelu Academy was founded in 976. It was destroyed by war in 1127 and rebuilt in 1165, during which year the celebrated philosopher Zhu Xi taught there. It was again destroyed by the Mongols during the establishment of the Yuan before being restored in the late 15th century under the Ming. Early 19th-century graduates of the academy formed what one historian called a "network of messianic alumni", including Zeng Guofan, architect of the Tongzhi Restoration,William T. Rowe. China's Last Empire: The Great Qing. (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, History of Imperial China, 2009; {{ISBN|9780674036123}}), [https://books.google.com/books?id=KN7Awmzx2PAC&pg=PA162 p. 162-163] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903210729/https://books.google.com/books?id=KN7Awmzx2PAC&pg=PA162 |date=3 September 2023 }} and Cai E, a major leader in the defense of the Republic of China.Daniel McMahon, "The Yuelu Academy and Hunan's Nineteenth-Century Turn toward Statecraft", Late Imperial China 26.1 (2005): 72–109 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/late/summary/v026/26.1mcmahon.html Project MUSE] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303133001/http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/late/summary/v026/26.1mcmahon.html |date=3 March 2016 }}. In 1903 the academy became Hunan High School. Modern-day Hunan University is also a descendant of the Yuelu Academy. Some of its buildings were remodeled from 1981 to 1986 according to their presumed original Song design.

During the Mongol conquest of the Southern Song, Tanzhou was fiercely defended by the local Song troops. After the city finally fell, the defenders committed mass suicide. Under the Ming (14th–17th centuries), Tanzhou was again renamed Changsha and made a superior prefecture.{{clarify|date=August 2019}}

File:天心阁01.jpg made an attack on Changsha]]

Under the Qing (17th–20th centuries), Changsha was the capital of Hunan and prospered as one of China's chief rice markets. During the Taiping Rebellion, the city was besieged by the rebels in 1852 or 1854{{which|date=August 2019}} for three months but never fell. The rebels moved on to Wuhan, but Changsha then became the principal base for the government's suppression of the rebellion.

The 1903 Treaty of Shanghai between the Qing and Japanese empires opened the city to foreign trade effective 1904. Most favored nation clauses in other unequal treaties extended the Japanese gains to the Western powers as well. Consequently, international capital entered the town and factories, churches, and schools were built. A college was started by Yale alumni, which later became a medical centre named Xiangya and a secondary school named the Yali School.

File:文夕大火6.jpg]]

Following the Xinhai Revolution, further development followed the opening of the railway to Hankou in Hubei province in 1918, which was later extended to Guangzhou in Guangdong Province in 1936. Although Changsha's population grew, the city remained primarily commercial in character. Before 1937, it had little industry apart from some small cotton-textile, glass, and nonferrous-metal plants and handicraft enterprises.

Mao Zedong, the founder of the People's Republic of China, began his political career in Changsha. He was a student at the Hunan Number 1 Teachers' Training School from 1913 to 1918. He later returned as a teacher and principal from 1920 to 1922. The school was destroyed during the Chinese Civil War but has since been restored. The former office of the Hunan Communist Party Central Committee where Mao Zedong once lived is now a museum that includes Mao's living quarters, photographs and other historical items from the 1920s.

Until May 1927, communist support remained strong in Changsha before the massacre carried out by the right-wing faction of the KMT troops. The faction owed its allegiance to Chiang Kai-shek during its offensive against the KMT's left-wing faction under Wang Jingwei, who was then allied closely with the Communists. The purge of communists and suspected communists was part of Chiang's plans for consolidating his hold over the KMT, weakening Wang's control, and thereby over the entire China. In a period of twenty days, Chiang's forces killed more than ten thousand people in Changsha and its outskirts.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45), Changsha's strategic location made it the focus of four campaigns by the Imperial Japanese Army to capture it from the Nationalist Army: these campaigns were the 1st Changsha,Van De Ven, Hans J., War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945, pg. 237. the 2nd Changsha, the 3rd Changsha, and the 4th Changsha. The city was able to repulse the first three attacks thanks to Xue Yue's leadership, but ultimately fell into Japanese hands in 1944 for a year until the Japanese were defeated in a counterattack and forced to surrender.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jRpVWJLxHUC&pg=PA45|title=Chen Duxiu's last articles and letters, 1937–1942|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1998|isbn=0824821122|edition=illustrated|page=45|quote=24. Xi'an never fell. Under the Guonaindang General Xue Yue, Changsha was successfully defended three times against the Japanese; Changsha (and the vital Guangzhou-Hankou Railway) did not fall to the Japanese until early 1945.|author1=Duxiu Chen|author2=Gregor Benton|editor=Gregor Benton|access-date=20 February 2016|archive-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903210731/https://books.google.com/books?id=6jRpVWJLxHUC&pg=PA45|url-status=live}}{{Cite book|title=Atlas of World War II|last=Natkiel|first=Richard|publisher=Brompton Books Corp|year=1985|isbn=1-890221-20-1|page=147}} Before these Japanese campaigns, the city was already virtually destroyed by the 1938 Changsha Fire, a deliberate fire ordered by Kuomintang commanders who mistakenly feared the city was about to fall to the Japanese; Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek had suggested that the city be burned so that the Japanese force would gain nothing after entering it.{{cite book|title=The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Making of Modern China|url=https://archive.org/details/generalissimochi00tayl|url-access=registration|last=Taylor|first=Jay|year=2009|page=[https://archive.org/details/generalissimochi00tayl/page/158 158]|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674033382 }}

Following the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, Changsha slowly recovered from its former damage. Since Deng Xiaoping's Reform and Opening Up Policy, Changsha has rapidly developed since the 1990s, becoming one of the important cities in the central and western regions. At the end of 2007, Changsha, Zhuzhou, and Xiangtan received approval from the State Council for the "Chang-Zhu-Tan (Greater Changsha) Resource-Saving and Environment-Friendly Society Comprehensive Reform Pilot Area", an important engine in the Rise of Central China plan. In 2015, Xiangjiang New Area was approved as a national new area.

File:Txu-oclc-10552568-nh49-16.jpg, 1953)]]

File:Orange Isle 10.jpg]]

Changsha is in northeast Hunan Province, the lower reaches of the Xiang River and the western part of the Changliu Basin. It lies between 111°53' to 114°15' east longitude and 27°51' to 28°41' north latitude. The city borders Yichun and Pingxiang of Jiangxi Province in the east, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan in the south, Loudi and Yiyang in the west, and Yueyang and Yiyang in the north. It is about 230 kilometres from east to west and about 88 kilometres from north to south. Changsha covers an area of {{convert|11819|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, of which the urban area of {{convert|2150.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, the urban built-up area is {{convert|374.64|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Changsha's highest point is Mount Qixing ({{lang|zh-hans|七星岭}}) in Daweishan Town, {{convert|1607.9|m|abbr=on}}. The lowest point is Zhanhu ({{lang|zh-Hans-CN|湛湖}}) in Qiaokou Town, {{convert|23.5|m|abbr=on}}.{{cite web |quote=Section 1-1, "{{lang|zh-Hans|自然环境}}" (Natural environment) |script-title=zh:长沙统计年鉴2017 |url=http://tjj.changsha.gov.cn/zstj/tjsj/tjnj/2017/1.htm |publisher=Government of Changsha |language=zh-cn |access-date=2019-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417023435/http://tjj.changsha.gov.cn/zstj/tjsj/tjnj/2017/1.htm |archive-date=17 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}

The Xiang is the main river in the city, running {{convert|74|km|abbr=on}} northward through the territory. 15 tributaries flow into the Xiang, of which the Liuyang, Laodao, Jinjiang and Wei are the four largest. The Xiang divides the city into two parts. The eastern part is mainly commercial and the west is mainly cultural and educational. On 10 October 2001, the seat of Changsha City was transferred from Fanzheng Street to Guanshaling. Since then, the economy of both sides of the Xiang River has achieved a balanced development.[http://hunan.sina.com.cn/city/whyq/2013-05-08/125851276.html?from=wap sina.com (2013-5-8)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419184003/http://hunan.sina.com.cn/city/whyq/2013-05-08/125851276.html?from=wap |date=19 April 2018 }}[http://www.china-zjj.net/html/20120328/20120328164045.htm china-zjj] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420010359/http://www.china-zjj.net/html/20120328/20120328164045.htm |date=20 April 2018 }}

Most of the rivers in Changsha belong to the Xiang River system. In addition to the Xiangjiang River, 15 tributaries flow into the Xiang, mainly including Liuyang River, Laodao River, Minjiang River, and Qinshui River.{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinli110.com/luyoi/mjxz/hunan/201209/321713.html|title=Changsha.|website=www.xinli110.com|access-date=2019-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117012943/http://www.xinli110.com/luyoi/mjxz/hunan/201209/321713.html|archive-date=17 November 2012|url-status=live}} 302 tributaries are more than five kilometers long, including 289 in the Xiang River Basin. According to the tributary grading there are 24 primary tributaries, 128 secondary tributaries, 118 third tributaries, and 32 tributaries; and 13 are Zijiang water systems; a fairly complete water system is formed, and the river network is densely distributed. Hydrological characteristics of Changsha: the water system is complete, the river network dense; the water volume greater, the water energy resources abundant; the winter not frozen, and the sediment content small.{{Cite web|url=http://www.changsha.gov.cn/zjcs/kncs/zyhj/|title=Environmental Resources in Changsha|website=www.changsha.gov.cn|access-date=2019-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814053435/http://www.changsha.gov.cn/zjcs/kncs/zyhj/|archive-date=14 August 2018|url-status=dead}}

The geological features of Changsha City are: the formation is fully exposed, the granite body is widely distributed, and the geological structure is complex. The strata of each geological and historical period are exposed in Changsha City, and the oldest stratum was formed about one billion years ago. About 600 million years ago, Changsha was a sea, but the sea was not deep. Later, seawater gradually withdrew from the east and west, and most of Liuyang, Changsha, and Wangcheng rose out of the sea and became the northwestern edge of the ancient land of Jiangnan. About 140 million years ago, the sea leaching in the Changsha area ended and it became a land. Due to the influence of crustal movement and geological structure, a long-shaped mountain depression basin, the Chang (Sha) Ping (Jiang) Basin, was formed. Beginning of the new generation, the entire Changping Basin has risen to land. About 3.5 million years ago, the third ice age occurred on the earth, and Liuyang retained the remains of glacier landforms.

Changsha has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with annual average temperature being at {{convert|17.8|°C|1}}, with a mean of {{convert|5.3|°C|1}} in January and {{convert|29.4|°C|1}} in July. Average annual precipitation is {{convert|1499|mm|1}}, with a 275-day frost-free period. With a monthly possible-sunshine percentage ranging from 20% in January to 53% in July, the city receives 1,532.8 hours of bright sunshine annually. The four seasons are distinct. The summers are long and very hot, with heavy rainfall, and autumn is comfortable and is the driest season. Winter is chilly and overcast with lighter rainfall more likely than downpours; cold snaps occur with temperatures occasionally dropping below freezing. Spring is especially rainy and humid with the sun shining less than 30% of the time. The minimum temperature ever recorded since 1951 at the current Wangchengpo Weather Observing Station was {{convert|−12.0|°C|°F}}, recorded on 9 February 1972. The maximum was {{convert|40.6|°C|°F}} on 13 August 1953 and 2 August 2003 [the unofficial record of {{convert|43.0|°C|°F}} was set on 10 August 1934].

{{Weather box

| width = auto

| location = Changsha, elevation {{convert|119|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)

| metric first = Y

| single line = Y

| collapsed =

| Jan record high C = 26.9

| Feb record high C = 30.6

| Mar record high C = 32.8

| Apr record high C = 36.1

| May record high C = 36.3

| Jun record high C = 38.2

| Jul record high C = 40.4

| Aug record high C = 40.6

| Sep record high C = 39.5

| Oct record high C = 38.5

| Nov record high C = 33.4

| Dec record high C = 24.9

| Jan high C = 8.5

| Feb high C = 11.5

| Mar high C = 15.8

| Apr high C = 22.4

| May high C = 27.1

| Jun high C = 30.3

| Jul high C = 33.8

| Aug high C = 32.7

| Sep high C = 28.6

| Oct high C = 23.6

| Nov high C = 17.7

| Dec high C = 11.5

| Jan mean C = 5.1

| Feb mean C = 7.8

| Mar mean C = 11.7

| Apr mean C = 17.9

| May mean C = 22.6

| Jun mean C = 26.2

| Jul mean C = 29.6

| Aug mean C = 28.4

| Sep mean C = 24.2

| Oct mean C = 18.9

| Nov mean C = 13.2

| Dec mean C = 7.5

| year mean C =

| Jan low C = 2.7

| Feb low C = 5.2

| Mar low C = 8.9

| Apr low C = 14.7

| May low C = 19.3

| Jun low C = 23.1

| Jul low C = 26.2

| Aug low C = 25.4

| Sep low C = 21.1

| Oct low C = 15.7

| Nov low C = 10.0

| Dec low C = 4.7

| Jan record low C = −9.5

| Feb record low C = -12.0

| Mar record low C = −2.3

| Apr record low C = 1.9

| May record low C = 8.9

| Jun record low C = 13.1

| Jul record low C = 19.7

| Aug record low C = 16.7

| Sep record low C = 11.8

| Oct record low C = 2.4

| Nov record low C = −2.8

| Dec record low C = −10.3

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 74.5

| Feb precipitation mm = 85.0

| Mar precipitation mm = 149.2

| Apr precipitation mm = 173.1

| May precipitation mm = 201.7

| Jun precipitation mm = 224.3

| Jul precipitation mm = 162.8

| Aug precipitation mm = 107.5

| Sep precipitation mm = 86.6

| Oct precipitation mm = 60.5

| Nov precipitation mm = 77.7

| Dec precipitation mm = 53.5

| Jan humidity = 79

| Feb humidity = 79

| Mar humidity = 79

| Apr humidity = 78

| May humidity = 78

| Jun humidity = 80

| Jul humidity = 74

| Aug humidity = 76

| Sep humidity = 78

| Oct humidity = 77

| Nov humidity = 77

| Dec humidity = 75

| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

| Jan precipitation days = 13.4

| Feb precipitation days = 13.9

| Mar precipitation days = 17.4

| Apr precipitation days = 16.4

| May precipitation days = 15.9

| Jun precipitation days = 14.4

| Jul precipitation days = 10.4

| Aug precipitation days = 10.8

| Sep precipitation days = 8.8

| Oct precipitation days = 9.7

| Nov precipitation days = 9.8

| Dec precipitation days = 10.8

| year precipitation days =

| Jan sun = 64.7

| Feb sun = 66.5

| Mar sun = 83.5

| Apr sun = 110.0

| May sun = 137.1

| Jun sun = 141.4

| Jul sun = 226.7

| Aug sun = 208.5

| Sep sun = 151.2

| Oct sun = 134.0

| Nov sun = 112.4

| Dec sun = 96.8

| year sun =

| Jan percentsun = 20

| Feb percentsun = 21

| Mar percentsun = 22

| Apr percentsun = 28

| May percentsun = 33

| Jun percentsun = 34

| Jul percentsun = 54

| Aug percentsun = 52

| Sep percentsun = 41

| Oct percentsun = 38

| Nov percentsun = 35

| Dec percentsun = 30

| year percentsun =

| Jan snow days = 4.9

| Feb snow days = 2.9

| Mar snow days = 0.4

| Apr snow days = 0

| May snow days = 0

| Jun snow days = 0

| Jul snow days = 0

| Aug snow days = 0

| Sep snow days = 0

| Oct snow days = 0

| Nov snow days = 0.1

| Dec snow days = 1.9

| year snow days =

| source 1 = China Meteorological Administration{{Cite web |url=http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |title=China Meteorological Administration |access-date=21 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}

{{cite web

|url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html

|script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data

|publisher=China Meteorological Administration

|access-date=2018-11-09

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923231541/http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherbk.html

|archive-date=23 September 2017

|url-status=live|title=Index

|date = August 2010

}}{{cite web

|url = https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps

|script-title = zh:CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020)

|publisher = China Meteorological Administration

|language = zh

|access-date = 2023-04-11

|archive-date = 4 April 2023

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230404092524/https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps

|url-status = live

}}

| source 2 = NOAA{{cite web

|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/China/CSV/CHANGSHA_57687.csv

|title = Changsha Climate Normals 1991-2020

|publisher = NOAA

|language = en-us

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240508092732/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/China/CSV/CHANGSHA_57687.csv

|archive-date = 8 May 2024}}

| source =

}}

The municipality of Changsha exercises jurisdiction over six districts, one county and two county-level cities:

{{main|Politics of Changsha|Government of Changsha}}

The current CPC Party Secretary of Changsha is Wu Guiying and the current mayor is {{ill|Zheng Jianxin|zh|郑建新}}.

{{main|Economy of Changsha}}

File:Changsha Downtown Dongpailou.jpg

Changsha is one of China's 15 most "developed and economically advanced" cities.{{Cite web |title=13 cities in China join the 1 trillion yuan GDP club in 2017 |url=http://chinaplus.cri.cn/news/china/9/20180104/73840.html |access-date=2020-05-07 |website=chinaplus.cri.cn |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224160111/http://chinaplus.cri.cn/news/china/9/20180104/73840.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last= |title=Per capita GDP in 14 Chinese cities hits $20,000 in 2020 |url=https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202004/24/WS5ea2b2d7a310a8b241151771.html |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=global.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411232145/https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202004/24/WS5ea2b2d7a310a8b241151771.html |url-status=live }} The city's GDP per capita exceeded $20,000 in nominal ($30,000 in PPP) in 2021, which is considered a high-income status by the World Bank and a primary developed city according to the international standard.{{Cite web |title=In 2021, the GDP of each city and state in Hunan will exceed US$20,000 per capita in Changsha |url=https://min.news/en/economy/e04c8d93983c1fa90b6d09208903526d.html |access-date=2022-06-15 |website= |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} The HDI of Changsha reached 0.817 (very high) in 2016, which is roughly comparable to a moderately developed country. Changsha is now one of the core cities in the South Central China region, the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the Belt and Road Initiative, a Beta- (global second-tier) city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, a new Chinese first-tier city and also a pioneering area for China-Africa economic and trade cooperation. Known as the "Construction Machinery Capital of the world", Changsha has an industrial chain with construction machinery and new materials as the main industries, complemented by automobiles, electronic information, household appliances, and biomedicine.

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Since the 1990s, Changsha has begun to accelerate economic development, and then achieved the highest growth rate among China's major cities during the 2000s. The Xiangjiang New Area, the first state-level new area in Central China, was established in 2015. Changsha also has a prominent media and publishing industry, and has been named the first "UNESCO City of Media Arts" in China. Changsha is home to the Hunan Broadcasting System (HBS), the most influential provincial TV station in China.

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In 2017, Changsha made its way into the 1-trillion-yuan GDP club, becoming the 13th city in China with a GDP of one trillion yuan (154 billion US dollars).{{Cite web |last= |title=Two more cities join China's trillion yuan GDP club in 2017 - Chinadaily.com.cn |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201802/05/WS5a782115a3106e7dcc13ae55.html |access-date=2020-05-07 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704012504/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201802/05/WS5a782115a3106e7dcc13ae55.html |url-status=live }} Moreover, the financial news portal Yicai.com released its 2017 ranking of China's new first-tier cities, and Changsha was a newcomer.{{Cite web |title=2017"新一线"城市排行榜发布成都、杭州、武汉蝉联三甲郑州、东莞新晋入榜 |url=https://www.yicai.com/news/5293378.html |access-date=2020-05-07 |website=www.yicai.com |archive-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718211456/https://www.yicai.com/news/5293378.html |url-status=live }} As of 2020, more than 164 Global 500 companies have established branches in Changsha.[http://news.cnr.cn/native/city/20200923/t20200923_525272176.shtml The Rise of Central China is Gaining Momentum - Hunan Chapter-Changsha: Endless Innovation to Create a New High Ground for Business Environment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608154900/http://news.cnr.cn/native/city/20200923/t20200923_525272176.shtml|date=8 June 2021}} CNR News. 23 Sep 2020. As a new first-tier city, Changsha is rated #10 in terms of its commercial worth.{{Cite web |last= |title=Top 10 new first-tier cities by commercial appeal |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202206/29/WS62bb834fa310fd2b29e691cc.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030032830/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202206/29/WS62bb834fa310fd2b29e691cc.html |url-status=live }}

As of 2021, Changsha's GDP exceeded RMB 1.327 trillion (US$208 billion in nominal and US$318 billion in PPP), making it the 5th most wealthy city in the South-Central China region after Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Wuhan and the 2nd richest city in the Central China region after Wuhan.{{Cite web |date=2022-02-07 |title=Decoding China's 2021 GDP Growth Rate: A Look at Regional Numbers |url=https://www.china-briefing.com/news/chinas-2021-gdp-performance-a-look-at-major-provinces-and-cities/ |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=China Briefing News |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819091517/https://www.china-briefing.com/news/chinas-2021-gdp-performance-a-look-at-major-provinces-and-cities/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=GDP (current US$) - Hong Kong SAR, China {{!}} Data 2021 |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=HK&year_high_desc=true |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=data.worldbank.org |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901050015/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=HK&year_high_desc=true |url-status=live }} Changsha's GDP (nominal) was US$208 billion in 2021, exceeding that of Ukraine and Hungary, with GDPs of US$200 billion and US$182 billion, the 22nd and 23rd largest economies in Europe respectively.{{Cite web |title=GDP (current US$) - Ukraine, Hungary {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=UA-HU&year_high_desc=true |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=data.worldbank.org |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901044451/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=UA-HU&year_high_desc=true |url-status=live }} Changsha has also led the development of the night economy and as of 2021, it ranked 2nd nationwide after Chongqing in terms of nighttime economic power according to the "China City Night Economy Impact Report 2021-2022".{{Cite web |last= |title=Top 10 cities in China by nighttime economic power |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202208/16/WS62facb41a310fd2b29e724cf.html |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=5 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905081355/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202208/16/WS62facb41a310fd2b29e724cf.html |url-status=live }}

According to the Hurun Global Rich List, Changsha ranked among the top 35 cities globally as of 2022,{{Cite web |title=胡润百富 - 资讯 - 2022家大业大酒·胡润全球富豪榜 |url=https://www.hurun.net/zh-CN/Info/Detail?num=JRR6VNQE6I8R |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525031224/https://hurun.net/zh-CN/Info/Detail?num=JRR6VNQE6I8R |archive-date=25 May 2022 |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=www.hurun.net}}{{Cite web |title=Hurun Global Rich List 2022 |url=https://www.hurun.net/en-US/Info/Detail?num=EAR425P9JVTE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407235248/https://www.hurun.net/en-US/Info/Detail?num=EAR425P9JVTE |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=www.hurun.net}} and as of 2024, it ranked first in the Central China region and 9th in Greater China (after Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, Hangzhou, Taipei, Guangzhou, and Ningbo) in terms of resident billionaires.{{Cite web |title=胡润百富 - 资讯 - 2024衡昌烧坊·胡润百富榜 |url=https://www.hurun.net/zh-CN/Info/Detail?num=WPL66CL83267 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=www.hurun.net}}

Changsha's nominal GDP is projected to be among the world's top 50 largest cities according to a study by Oxford Economics in 2035{{Cite web |title=China's cities to rise to the top ranks by 2035 |first1=Kentaro|last1=Iwamoto|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/China-s-cities-to-rise-to-the-top-ranks-by-2035 |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB |archive-date=20 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820075003/https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/China-s-cities-to-rise-to-the-top-ranks-by-2035 |url-status=live }} and its nominal GDP per capita will reach US$41,000 in 2030.{{Cite web |title=World's Richest Cities in 2030, and Where Southeast Asian Cities Stand {{!}} Seasia.co |url=https://seasia.co/2020/04/03/world-s-richest-cities-in-2030-and-where-southeast-asian-cities-stand |access-date=2020-11-03 |website=Good News from Southeast Asia |language=en |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109203037/https://seasia.co/2020/04/03/world-s-richest-cities-in-2030-and-where-southeast-asian-cities-stand |url-status=live }}

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The Changsha ETZ was founded in 1992. It is located in Xingsha in eastern Changsha. The total planned area is {{convert|38.6|km2|abbr=on}} and the current{{when|date=February 2013}} area is {{convert|38.6|km2|abbr=on}}. Near the zone are National Highways 319 and 107 as well as the G4 Beijing–Hong Kong and Macau Expressway. The zone is also very close to Changsha's downtown area and the railway station, while the distance between the zone and the city's airport is a mere {{convert|8|km|abbr=on}}. The major industries in the zone include the high-tech industry, the biology project technology industry, and the new material industry.[http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/changsha-economic-technology-development-zone/ Changsha National Economic and Technology Development Zone] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826055651/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/changsha-economic-technology-development-zone |date=26 August 2011 }}. RightSite.asia. Retrieved on 2011-08-28.

The Liuyang ETZ is a national biological industry base created on 10 January 1998, located in Dongyang Town. Its pillar industry comprises biological pharmacy, Information technology and Health food. {{as of|2015}}, It has more than 700 registered enterprises. The total industrial output value of the zone hits 85.6 billion yuan (US$13.7 billion) and its business income is 100.2 billion yuan (US$16.1 billion).About Liuyang ETZ: [http://www.letz.gov.cn/articles/360/2015-5/16698.html letz.gov.cn] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212005/http://www.letz.gov.cn/articles/360/2015-5/16698.html |date=24 February 2017 }} Its builtup area covers {{convert|16.5|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.{{cite web |trans-title=Development Report of LETZ in 2016 |script-title=zh:浏阳经开区2016年经济工作报告 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224132355/http://www.liuyang.gov.cn/liuyanggov/xxgk/xxgkml/1514333/1514335/1514361/1514365/1693905/index.html |url=http://www.liuyang.gov.cn/liuyanggov/xxgk/xxgkml/1514333/1514335/1514361/1514365/1693905/index.html |publisher=Liuyang People's Government|archive-date=24 February 2017}}

{{See also|Category:Tourist attractions in Changsha}}

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Tourism is a major industry in Changsha. Changsha has been consistently ranked as China's top tourist city.{{Cite web |last= |title=Top 10 Chinese destinations for summer vacations |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202207/14/WS62cf49cda310fd2b29e6c315.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030032840/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202207/14/WS62cf49cda310fd2b29e6c315.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last= |title=Top 10 most popular destinations during Dragon Boat Festival |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202206/08/WS629fd3d1a310fd2b29e613ce.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030032851/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202206/08/WS629fd3d1a310fd2b29e613ce.html |url-status=live }} There are several sites in Changsha, notably the Yuelu Academy and the Changsha Meixihu International Culture and Arts Centre, a cultural complex designed by the British firm Zaha Hadid Architects overlooking the Meixi Lake at the Meixihu subdistrict of the city. Others include the Young Mao Zedong statue on Orange Isle, Meixi Lake Park, Changsha IFS Tower, Window of the World, Kaifu Temple and Changsha Ice World.{{cite web |title=IMPOSSIBLE BUILDS: Episode 5 Preview {{!}} Ice World |url=https://www.pbs.org/video/episode-5-preview-ice-world-kjaeg5/ |access-date=December 9, 2021 |publisher=PBS |archive-date=10 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210205804/https://www.pbs.org/video/episode-5-preview-ice-world-kjaeg5/ |url-status=live }}

Yuelu Mountain is named after the "Nanyue Ji" written in the Liu and Song dynasties in the Southern and Northern dynasties, which states that "the surrounding area of Nanyue is eight hundred miles, with Huiyan as the head and Yuelu as the foot." Yuelu Mountain is located on the west bank of the Xiangjiang River in Yuelu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province; Orange Island is located in the middle of the Xiangjiang River, running through the center of the river from south to north, looking at Yuelu to the west and the ancient city to the east. There are 977 species of plants in 559 genera and 174 families in Yuelu Mountain Scenic Area. They are mainly typical subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests and subtropical warm coniferous forests. In some areas, large areas of native evergreen broad-leaved secondary forests are preserved. A large number of precious endangered tree species and ancient and famous trees.

Orange Island is located in the center of the Xiangjiang River in Yuelu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province. The original area is about 17 hectares, and the overall developed land area of the scenic spot reaches 91.64 hectares. It is the largest sandbar among the many alluvial sandbars in the lower reaches of the Xiangjiang River, and is known as "China's First Continent" . Orange Island has Mao Zedong Youth Art Sculpture, Wen Tiantai and other attractions. According to historical records, Orange Island was formed in the second year of Yongxing (305), the second year of Emperor Hui of the Jin dynasty. It was formed by the alluvial accumulation of rapids and sand and gravel.

Huaming Tower: Liu Shaoqi's former residence is a national high-end tourist attraction in China and a national key cultural relics protection unit.Huaming Tower, formerly known as Huamen Tower, is a beautiful town in the southeast of Ningxiang City, Changsha City, Hunan Province. It is the former residence of Comrade Liu Shaoqi, the revolutionary great man and former president of the country.

Hunan Museum, located at No. 50 Dongfeng Road, Kaifu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province, is one of the first batch of national first-level museums in China, one of the eight national key museums jointly built by the central and local governments, and the largest comprehensive history and art museum in Hunan Province. The Hunan Provincial Museum was founded in the 23rd year of Guangxu's reign in the Qing dynasty (1897), and the current site is its new museum.

As of the 2020 Chinese census, Changsha was home to 10,047,914 people, whom 7,355,198 lived in its built-up (or metro) area made of the 6 urban Districts plus Changsha County largely conurbated. The majority of people living in Changsha are Han Chinese. A sizeable population of ethnic minority groups also live in Changsha. The three largest are the Hui, Tujia, and Miao peoples. The 2000 census showed that 48,564 members of ethnic minorities live in Changsha, 0.7% of the population. The other minorities make up a significantly smaller part of the population. Twenty ethnic minorities have fewer than 1,000 members living in the city.{{Cite web|url=http://www.hntj.gov.cn/vital_statistics/census/default.htm#part1|script-title=zh:湖南人口信息服务网 – 人口普查资料 |publisher=Hunan Bureau of Statistics |access-date=2017-01-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331215130/http://www.hntj.gov.cn/vital_statistics/census/default.htm#part1|archive-date=31 March 2016}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/ |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局|website=www.stats.gov.cn|access-date=2017-01-23|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110509030033/http://www.stats.gov.cn/|archive-date=9 May 2011}}

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Hunan Broadcasting System is China's largest television after China Central Television (CCTV). Its headquarters is in Changsha and produces some of the most popular programs in China, including Super Girl. These programs have also brought a new entertainment industry into the city, which includes singing bars, dance clubs, theater shows, as well as related businesses including hair salons, fashion stores, and shops for hot spicy snacks at night (especially during summer). While Changsha has developed into an entertainment hub, the city has also become increasingly westernized and has attracted a growing number of foreigners.

Various types of cuisine are found in Changsha, yet the hot and spicy Hunan cuisine typical of the region remains the most popular. The snack chain Juewei Duck Neck, which now has over 10,000 outlets, originates from Changsha.

The city has its own siu yeh culture.

In May 2008, the BBC broadcast, as part of its Storyville documentary series, the four-part The Biggest Chinese Restaurant in the World, which explored the inner workings of the 5,000-seating-capacity West Lake Restaurant (Xihu Lou Jiujia) in Changsha.

During the Warring States period, Qu Yuan, a great patriotic poet, recorded many dishes in Hunan in his famous poem "The Soul"({{lang|zh|招魂}}). During the Western Han dynasty, there were 109 varieties of dishes in Hunan, and there were nine categories of cooking methods. After the Six Dynasties, Hunan's food culture was rich and active. The Ming and Qing dynasties are the golden age for the development of Hunan cuisine. The unique style of Hunan cuisine is basically a foregone conclusion. At the end of the Qing dynasty, there were two kinds of Hunan cuisine restaurants in Changsha. In the early years of the Republic of China, the famous Dai (Yang Ming) School, Sheng (Shan Zhai) School, Xiao (Lu Song) School, and Zuyu School appeared in various genres, which laid the historical status of Hunan cuisine. Since the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening up, it has been better developed.{{Cite web|url=http://www.china.com.cn/news/zhuanti/zhcx/2007-09/26/content_8954971.htm|title=Hunan cuisine|website=www.china.com.cn|access-date=2019-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116174649/http://www.china.com.cn/news/zhuanti/zhcx/2007-09/26/content_8954971.htm|archive-date=16 November 2014|url-status=live}}

Changsha has one of China's largest multi-purpose sports stadiums—Helong Stadium, with 55,000 seats. The stadium was named after the Communist military leader He Long. It is the home ground of local football team Hunan Billows F.C., which plays in China League Two. The more modest 6,000-seat Hunan Provincial People's Stadium, also located in Changsha, is used by the team for their smaller games.{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/china-pr/hunan-xiangtao-fc/|title=Hunan Xiangtao FC|publisher=soccerway.com|access-date=25 December 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213031342/http://int.soccerway.com/teams/china-pr/hunan-xiangtao-fc/|archive-date=13 February 2013}}

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Changsha hosts the Hunan Provincial Museum. 180,000 historical significant artifacts ranging from the Zhou dynasty to the recent Qing dynasty are hosted in the {{convert|51000|acre|km2 sqmi ha}} of space in the museum.{{Cite web|url=http://www.hnmuseum.com/hnmuseum/eng/|title=Hunan Provincial Museum|website=www.hnmuseum.com|access-date=2017-01-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202061339/http://www.hnmuseum.com/hnmuseum/eng/|archive-date=2 February 2017}}

Mawangdui is a well-known tomb located {{convert|22|km|mi}} east of Changsha.Buck, David D., 1975, Three Han Dynasty Tombs at Ma-Wang-Tui. World Archaeology, 7(1): 30–45.Lee, Sherman E., 1994, A History of Far Eastern Art, Fifth edition, Prentice Hall It was discovered with numerous artifacts from the Han dynasty. Numerous Silk Funeral banners surround the tomb, along with a wealth of classical texts.Hsu, Mei-Ling, 1978, The Han Maps and Early Chinese Cartography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 68(1): 45–60{{Cite web|url=http://www.hnmuseum.com/hnmuseum/whatson/e_exhibitions/mwd/index.html |script-title=zh:马王堆汉墓陈列全景数字展厅--湖南省博物馆|website=www.hnmuseum.com|access-date=2017-01-29|language=zh-cn|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018013753/http://www.hnmuseum.com/hnmuseum/whatson/e_exhibitions/mwd/index.html|archive-date=18 October 2016}} The tomb of Lady Dai lies in Mawangdui is well known due to its well-preserved state: scientists were able to detect blood, conduct an autopsy and determined that she died of heart disease due to a poor diet.Harper, Don, 1998, Early Chinese Medical Literature: The Mawangdui Medical Manuscripts, Kegan Paul International{{Cite web|url=http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/mawangdui/galleries/artifacts/|title=A Selection of Artifacts from Mawangdui – Photo Gallery – Archaeology Magazine Archive|website=archive.archaeology.org|access-date=2017-01-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202065342/http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/mawangdui/galleries/artifacts/|archive-date=2 February 2017}}

Changsha is a sister city with St. Paul, Minnesota. St. Paul is developing a China garden at Phalen Park, based on the design of architects from Changsha.[https://www.stpaul.gov/departments/parks-recreation/design-construction/current-projects/phalen-regional-park-chinese Phalen Regional Park China Garden] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113234424/https://www.stpaul.gov/departments/parks-recreation/design-construction/current-projects/phalen-regional-park-chinese |date=13 January 2017 }} Current plans include a pavilion replicating one in Changsha, while in return St. Paul will send the city five statues of the Peanuts characters. They will be placed in Phalen's sister park, Yanghu Wetlands.[http://www.twincities.com/2017/07/20/st-paul-chinese-garden-to-feature-pavilion-donated-by-sister-city-changsha/ St. Paul Chinese garden getting pavilion gift from sister city] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721162327/http://www.twincities.com/2017/07/20/st-paul-chinese-garden-to-feature-pavilion-donated-by-sister-city-changsha/ |date=21 July 2017 }}

Changsha is the birthplace of super hybrid rice, Yinhe-1, the first China's supercomputer built in the 1980s,{{Cite web |date=2019-07-19 |title=The Race To Exascale |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/2019/07/print/china-exascale-lu-yutong/ |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=Asian Scientist Magazine |language=en-US |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127023427/https://www.asianscientist.com/2019/07/print/china-exascale-lu-yutong/ |url-status=live }} the Tianhe-1 supercomputer, China's first laser 3D printer, and China's first domestic medium-low speed maglev line. In November 2010, the National Supercomputing Changsha Center was established at Hunan University, becoming the first National Supercomputing Center in Central China and third National Supercomputing Center in China, after those in Tianjin and Shenzhen.{{Cite web |date=2010-11-28 |title=Hunan starts building supercomputing center |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-11/28/content_11620723.htm |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011062509/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-11/28/content_11620723.htm |url-status=live }}

Changsha is a major city for research and innovation in Central China, as well as in the Asia-Pacific region.{{Cite web|date=2019-03-27|title=Changsha, a Hub for China's Creative Industries|first1=Tom|last1=O'Malley|url=https://discovery.cathaypacific.com/changsha-hub-chinas-creative-industries/|access-date=2021-03-02|website=Discovery|language=en-US|archive-date=6 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306041421/https://discovery.cathaypacific.com/changsha-hub-chinas-creative-industries/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities {{!}} Nature Index 2022 Science Cities {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2022-science-cities/tables/overall |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126154701/https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2022-science-cities/tables/overall |archive-date=26 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=www.nature.com |language=en}} It ranked 23rd globally, 15th in the Asia & Oceania region, 13th in China, 5th in the South Central region after (Guangzhou, Wuhan, Hong Kong and Shenzhen), and 2nd in the Central China region after Wuhan by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the Nature Index 2024 Science Cities.{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities {{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2024-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.nature.com}}

Changsha was also ranked 32nd globally and 3rd in the South Central region after (Shenzhen–Hong Kong–Guangzhou and Wuhan) in the "Top 100 Science & Technology Cluster Cities" rankings based on "publishing and patent performance" released by the Global Innovation Index 2024.{{Cite web |title=Science and Technology Cluster Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.wipo.int/en/web/global-innovation-index/2024/science-technology-clusters#top100 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=global-innovation-index |language=en-US |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829070656/https://www.wipo.int/en/web/global-innovation-index/2024/science-technology-clusters#top100 |url-status=live }}

As of 2020, Changsha ranked 8th in the top 10 China's innovation-oriented cities,{{Cite web |last= |title=Top 10 China's innovation-oriented cities in 2020 |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202101/07/WS5ff63c41a31024ad0baa0eeb.html |access-date=2021-03-02 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128232615/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202101/07/WS5ff63c41a31024ad0baa0eeb.html |url-status=live }} and 6th (behind Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Shanghai, Chengdu and Beijing) in the Top 10 China's most attractive cities for talent, according to the 21st Century Business Herald report.{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-01-14 |title=Top 10 most attractive cities for talent in 2020 |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202101/14/WS5fff76c3a31024ad0baa26f6.html |access-date=2021-03-02 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210101922/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202101/14/WS5fff76c3a31024ad0baa26f6.html |url-status=live }} Changsha has held the title "China's Leading Smart City" since 2021.{{Cite web |title=Changsha Named "China's Leading Smart City 2022" |url=http://www.enghunan.gov.cn/hneng/News/Localnews/202211/t20221123_29135319.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=www.enghunan.gov.cn}} As of 2021, Changsha had 97 independent scientific research institutions, 14 national engineering and technology research centers, 15 national key engineering and technology laboratories, and 12 national enterprise technology centers.{{Cite web |title=Changsha City |url=http://enghunan.gov.cn/hneng/AboutHunan/HunanFacts/AdministrativeDivisions/201508/t20150804_1814341.html |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=enghunan.gov.cn |archive-date=7 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207065815/http://www.enghunan.gov.cn/hneng/AboutHunan/HunanFacts/AdministrativeDivisions/201508/t20150804_1814341.html |url-status=live }}

{{Main|List of universities and colleges in Hunan}}

Changsha has long been the seat of several ancient schools and academies. The Yuelu Academy (later to become Hunan University) was one of the four most prestigious academies in China over the last 1000 years.[http://dm.hnu.cn/english/04history/04history.html Yeulu Academy, Changsha] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416005619/http://dm.hnu.cn/english/04history/04history.html|date=16 April 2011}}. Dm.hnu.cn. Retrieved on 2011-08-28. The city is also the site of the Hunan Medical University (later to become Central South University), which was established in 1914.

File:原湖南大学科学馆.jpg]]

As of June 2023, Changsha hosts 59 institutions of higher education (excluding adult colleges), ranking 8th nationwide and 4th among all cities in the South Central China region after Guangzhou, Wuhan and Zhengzhou. Changsha ranked among the top 10 cities in the whole country and among the top three cities in South Central China region with strong education based on an evaluation of Chinese universities' discipline levels, including A+, A, and A− issued by the Ministry of Education as of 2020.{{Cite web|last=于小明|title=Top 10 Chinese cities with strong education|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202009/22/WS5f692bc0a31024ad0ba7adf3.html|access-date=2020-09-22|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922125533/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202009/22/WS5f692bc0a31024ad0ba7adf3.html|url-status=live}}File:Zhongnandaxue.jpg]]

National key public universities

There are three Project 985 universities in Changsha: Central South University, Hunan University, and the National University of Defense Technology, the third highest among all cities in China after Beijing and Shanghai.{{Cite web |title=Project 211 and 985 - China Education Center |url=https://www.chinaeducenter.com/en/cedu/ceduproject211.php |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=www.chinaeducenter.com |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814140730/https://www.chinaeducenter.com/en/cedu/ceduproject211.php |url-status=live }} Hunan Normal University is the key construction university of the national 211 Project. These four national key universities are Double First-Class Construction. Changsha, the provincial capital of Hunan Province, is home to a significant number of top-tier educational institutions.{{Cite web |title=Nature Index 2018 Science Cities {{!}} Nature Index Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.natureindex.com/supplements/nature-index-2018-science-cities/global-city-map |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002014918/https://www.natureindex.com/supplements/nature-index-2018-science-cities/global-city-map |archive-date=2 October 2020 |access-date=2020-09-22 |website=www.natureindex.com}} Specifically, among the twelve universities in Hunan Province included in the 2022 U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking, eight are based in Changsha, accounting for almost two-thirds of the total. This concentration of highly ranked universities further solidifies Changsha's status as a prominent hub for higher education within the province.

Hunan University and Central South University are included in the world's top 300 in several global university-rankings, including the Academic Ranking of World Universities, the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking, the CWTS Leiden Ranking and the Center for World University Rankings,.{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities |url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2021 |access-date=2021-10-16 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815040132/https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2021 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=World University Rankings 2023 {{!}} Global 2000 List {{!}} CWUR |url=https://cwur.org/2023.php |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=cwur.org |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701065524/https://cwur.org/2023.php |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Studies (CWTS) |first=Centre for Science and Technology |title=CWTS Leiden Ranking |url=http://www.leidenranking.com/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=CWTS Leiden Ranking |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202100254/http://www.leidenranking.com/ |url-status=live }} As of 2024, these two universities are placed among the world's top 50 universities ranked by the Nature Index.{{Cite web |title=2024 Research Leaders: Leading institutions {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/research-leaders/2024/institution/all/all/all |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.nature.com |archive-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623022720/https://www.nature.com/nature-index/research-leaders/2024/institution/all/all/all |url-status=live }}

Hunan Normal University and the National University of Defense and Technology were ranked in the world's top 501-600 of the Academic Ranking of World Universities.{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023 |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815063042/http://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023 |url-status=live }}

• Central South University (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)
• Hunan University (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)
• Hunan Normal University (Project 211, Double First Class University)
• National University of Defense Technology (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)

Provincial key public universities

Changsha University of Science and Technology and Hunan Agricultural University were ranked in the world's top 701 and 801 respectively of the Academic Ranking of World Universities. Central South University of Forestry and Technology was ranked # 1429 in the 2022 Best Global Universities by the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking. Hunan University of Chinese Medicine was ranked the best in the Central China region and 26th nationwide among Chinese medical universities,{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Best Chinese Universities Ranking |url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/bcur/202321 |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721034947/http://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/bcur/202321 |url-status=live }} and ranked #1854 globally in the 2023 Best Global Universities by the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking.{{Cite web |date=2022-10-24 |title=US News Best Global Universities Rankings: Hunan University of Chinese Medicine |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/hunan-university-of-chinese-medicine-530079 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714191816/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/hunan-university-of-chinese-medicine-530079 |url-status=live }} Hunan University of Technology and Business was ranked # 2341 in the world by the University Ranking by Academic Performance 2022–2023.{{Cite web |title=URAP - University Ranking by Academic Academic Performance |url=https://urapcenter.org/Rankings/2022-2023/World_Ranking_2022-2023 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=urapcenter.org |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206162625/https://urapcenter.org/Rankings/2022-2023/World_Ranking_2022-2023 |url-status=live }}

• Central South University of Forestry and Technology
• Changsha University of Science and Technology
• Hunan Agricultural University
• Hunan First Normal University
• Hunan University of Technology and Business
• Hunan University of Chinese Medicine

General undergraduate universities (public)

• Changsha University
• Hunan University of Finance and Economics
• Hunan Police Academy
• Hunan Women's University
• Changsha Normal University

General undergraduate universities (private)

• Changsha Medical University
• Hunan International Economics University
• Hunan Institute of Information Technology

Vocational and technical colleges/universities

• Changsha Aeronautical Vocational and Technical College
• Changsha Social Work College
• Hunan Mass Media Vocational and Technical College

Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.

• Changsha WES Academy

• Yali High School
• The High School Affiliated to Hunan Normal University
• Changjun High School
• The First High School of Changsha

• Changsha Experimental Primary School
• Datong Primary School
• Qingshuitang Primary School
• Shazitang Primary School
• Yanshan Primary School
• Yucai Primary School
• Yuying Primary School

File:Changsha South Railway Station 10.JPG (high-speed rail service)]]

File:Changsha Huanghua Airport T2 Departure hall 20131122.jpg.]]

Changsha is well connected by roads, river, rail, and air transportation modes, and is a regional hub for industrial, tourist, and service sectors.

The city's public transportation system consists of an extensive bus network with over 100 lines. Changsha Metro is the city’s 6-line network. Metro Line 2, the first line, opened on 29 April 2014{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/changsha-metro-opens.html|title=Changsha metro opens|author=|date=29 April 2014|website=railwaygazette.com|access-date=30 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429185118/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/changsha-metro-opens.html|archive-date=29 April 2014}} and 20 stations for Line 2{{cite web |url=http://www.hncsmtr.com/channels/123.html |script-title=zh:线路图 |trans-title=Official Map |author= |website=hncsmtr.com |publisher=Changsha Metro Group Co., Ltd. |access-date=30 April 2014 |language=zh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429061840/http://www.hncsmtr.com/channels/123.html |archive-date=29 April 2014 }} opened on 28 June 2016.{{Cite web |language=zh-hans |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2016-06/29/c_129100065.htm?from=singlemessage&isappinstalled=1|script-title=zh:长沙地铁1号线正式开通试运营 告别单线出行迎来换乘时代_图片频道_新华网 |publisher=Xinhua News |access-date=2016-10-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025112538/http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2016-06/29/c_129100065.htm?from=singlemessage&isappinstalled=1|archive-date=25 October 2016}}{{cite web |url=http://news.changsha.cn/cs/2/201010/t20101026_1179224.htm |script-title=zh:长沙地铁1号线一期工程可研报告获批 2015年全面竣工 |author= |date=26 October 2010 |publisher=Changsha News Online (长沙新闻网) |access-date=30 April 2014 |language=zh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618054148/http://news.changsha.cn/cs/2/201010/t20101026_1179224.htm |archive-date=18 June 2015 }} Line 3 runs southwest–northeast and is {{convert|33.4|km}} long, Line 4 northwest-southeast and {{convert|29.1|km}} long.{{cite web |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/metro-projects-underway-in-changsha-xian-wuhan-and-xiamen.html?sword_list%5B%5D=Changsha&no_cache=1 |title=Metro projects underway in Changsha, Xi'an, Wuhan and Xiamen |author= |date=13 July 2011 |website=railwaygazette.com |access-date=30 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021005245/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/metro-projects-underway-in-changsha-xian-wuhan-and-xiamen.html?sword_list%5B%5D=Changsha&no_cache=1 |archive-date=21 October 2014 }} A maglev link running {{convert|16.5|km}} between Changsha South station and Changsha airport opened in April 2016, with a construction cost of €400m.{{cite web | url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/asia/changsha-airport-maglev-line-opens.html | title=Changsha airport maglev line openes | work=Railway Gazette| date=4 April 2016 | access-date=4 April 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408062929/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/asia/changsha-airport-maglev-line-opens.html | archive-date=8 April 2016}}[http://en.changsha.gov.cn/About/Local/201401/t20140109_538177.html Changsha to Construct Maglev Train] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116080757/http://en.changsha.gov.cn/About/Local/201401/t20140109_538177.html |date=16 January 2014 }}, 2014-01-09 Connecting Changsha with Zhuzhou and Xiangtan, Changzhutan Intercity Rail opened on 26 December 2016.{{cite news |language=zh-hans |url=http://www.12306.cn/mormhweb/zxdt_ggxx/201612/t20161225_7694.html|script-title=zh:广铁集团公司关于长株潭城际铁路开通运营的公告|publisher=12306.cn|date=2016-12-25|access-date=2016-12-25|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150554/http://www.12306.cn/mormhweb/zxdt_ggxx/201612/t20161225_7694.html|archive-date=25 December 2016}}

The G4, G4E, G4W2, G5513 and G0401 of National Expressways, G107, G106 and G319 of National Highways, S20, S21, S40, S41, S50, S60 and S71 of Hunan provincial Expressways, connect the Changsha metro area nationally. There are three main bus terminals in Changsha: the South Station, East Station and West Station, dispatching long- and short-haul trips to cities within and outside the province of Hunan. Changsha is surrounded by major rivers, including the Xiang ({{lang|zh-Hans-CN|湘江}}) and its tributaries such as the Liuyang, Jin, Wei, Longwanggang and Laodao. Ships mainly transport goods from Xianing port in North Changsha domestically and internationally.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

Changsha Railway Station is in the city center and provides express and regular services to most Chinese cities via the Beijing–Guangzhou and Shimen–Changsha Railways. The Changsha South Railway Station is a new high-speed railway station in Yuhua district on the Beijing–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway (as part of the planned Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong High-Speed Railway). The station, with eight platforms,{{cite news|last1=Huang |first1=Chen (黄琛)|author2=Su Yi |script-title=zh:长沙南站好多市民过眼瘾|url=http://news.xinmin.cn/rollnews/2010/01/02/3231455.html|access-date=21 June 2014|agency=新民网|publisher=长沙晚报|date=2010-01-02|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618073622/http://news.xinmin.cn/rollnews/2010/01/02/3231455.html|archive-date=18 June 2015}} opened on 26 December 2009.{{cite web |url=http://news.0731fdc.com/fc/200912/26/20091226_17_3723_1.html |script-title=zh:抢占先机 武广高速铁路通车长沙商圈又添新丁 |website=0731fdc.com news |date=2009-12-26 |access-date=29 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200524/http://news.0731fdc.com/fc/200912/26/20091226_17_3723_1.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead|language=zh}} Since then passenger volume has increased greatly.{{cite news

|last = Bradsher

|first = Keith

|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/24/business/global/high-speed-train-system-is-huge-success-for-china.html

|access-date = 26 September 2013

|newspaper = New York Times

|date = 2013-09-24

|title = Speedy Trains Transform China

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130926183304/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/24/business/global/high-speed-train-system-is-huge-success-for-china.html

|archive-date = 26 September 2013}} The Hangzhou-Changsha-Huaihua sector of the Shanghai-Changsha-Kunming high-speed railway entered service in 2014.

Changsha Huanghua International Airport is a regional hub for China Southern Airlines. The airport has daily flights to major cities in China, including Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, as well as Hong Kong and Macau. Other major airlines also provide daily service between Changsha and other domestic and international destinations. The airport provides direct flights to 45 major international cities, including Taipei, Los Angeles, Singapore, Seoul, Pusan, Osaka, Tokyo, Kuala Lumpur, London (Heathrow Airport), Frankfurt and Sydney.{{cite web |url=https://www.hainanairlines.com/HUPortal/dyn/portal/DisplayPage?COUNTRY_SITE=US&SITE=CBHZCBHZ&LANGUAGE=US&PAGE=FLMP |title=???ALLP.list.sharingTitle.FLMP??? |access-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911181123/https://www.hainanairlines.com/HUPortal/dyn/portal/DisplayPage?COUNTRY_SITE=US&SITE=CBHZCBHZ&LANGUAGE=US&PAGE=FLMP |archive-date=11 September 2016}} {{as of|2016|August|5}} the airport handled 70,011 people daily.{{Cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://csa.hnjcjt.com/contents/763/10155.html|script-title=zh:湖南省机场管理集团有限公司,贵宾服务|publisher=Hunan Airport Management Group Co., Ltd.|access-date=2016-09-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923002833/http://csa.hnjcjt.com/contents/763/10155.html|archive-date=23 September 2016}} Due to the global effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, Changsha Huanghua International Airport was the 34th busiest airport in the world in 2020, making its debut in the world's top 50 busiest airports for the first time.{{cite web|date=9 April 2021|title=2020 Civil Airports Statistics Report|url=https://www.mot.gov.cn/tongjishuju/minhang/202104/P020210419539594659351.xls|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2021|publisher=Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510143105/https://www.mot.gov.cn/tongjishuju/minhang/202104/P020210419539594659351.xls |archive-date=10 May 2021 }}

1. The city ranked 27th in the world by numbers of 150m+completed buildings as of 2021{{Cite web |title=Changsha - The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/changsha |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913163954/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com:80/city/changsha |archive-date=13 September 2014 |access-date=2021-05-08 |website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}
2. Changsha IFS Tower T1 ranked the 16th tallest completed building in the world as of 2020{{Cite web |title=The 17 tallest buildings in the world right now, ranked, Business Insider - Business Insider Singapore |url=https://www.businessinsider.sg/the-tallest-buildings-in-the-world-2015-12-3 |access-date=2020-05-09 |website=www.businessinsider.sg |language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=April 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
3. China's Top 2nd Most Influential City of Nighttime Economy in 2022
4. Top 10 "China's Happiest Cities"{{Cite web |title=China selects happiest cities of 2019 - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-11/26/c_138584539.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128104458/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-11/26/c_138584539.htm |archive-date=28 November 2019 |access-date=2020-05-07 |website=www.xinhuanet.com}}{{Cite web |title=Official website of Changsha, China |url=http://en.changsha.gov.cn/aboutcs/Cityhonors/201911/t20191127_6459142.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225161443/http://en.changsha.gov.cn/aboutcs/Cityhonors/201911/t20191127_6459142.html |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date=2020-05-09 |website=en.changsha.gov.cn}}
5. One of China's new first-tier cities in 2017{{Cite web |title=2017"新一线"城市排行榜发布成都、杭州、武汉蝉联三甲郑州、东莞新晋入榜 |url=https://www.yicai.com/news/5293378.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718211456/https://www.yicai.com/news/5293378.html |archive-date=18 July 2020 |access-date=2020-05-07 |website=www.yicai.com}}
6. 32nd globally in the "Top 100 Science & Technology Cluster Cities" rankings by "publishing and patent performance" released by the Global Innovation Index 2024
7. 23rd globally and 15th in the Asia & Oceania region in the "Top 200 cities" by scientific research outputs released by the Nature Index 2024 Science Cities Rankings.
8. 67th worldwide in the Global Cities Outlook rankings of the 2018 Global Cities Report released by AT Kearney{{Cite web|title=Changsha appears on Global Cities lists- China.org.cn|url=http://www.china.org.cn/china/2018-06/07/content_51720348.htm|website=www.china.org.cn|access-date=2020-05-07|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225024206/http://www.china.org.cn/china/2018-06/07/content_51720348.htm|url-status=live}}{{Cite book|title=2018 Global Cities Report|publisher=AT Kearney|year=2018}}
9. 68th worldwide in terms of "Urban Economic Competitiveness" in 2019 jointly released by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) and the United Nations Programme for Human Settlements (UN-Habitat){{Cite web|title=Changsha Ranks 68th Worldwide in Urban Economic Competitiveness-Hunan Government Website International-enghunan.gov.cn|url=http://enghunan.gov.cn/News/Localnews/201911/t20191113_5494484.html|website=enghunan.gov.cn|access-date=2020-05-09|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224114533/http://enghunan.gov.cn/News/Localnews/201911/t20191113_5494484.html|url-status=live}}
10. The first Chinese city to be recognized as a "World Creative City in Media Arts" by UNESCO{{Cite web|title=Changsha {{!}} Creative Cities Network|url=https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/changsha|website=en.unesco.org|access-date=2020-05-07|archive-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705024638/https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/changsha|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=Changsha named UNESCO Creative City|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/hunan/changshacounty/2017-11/03/content_34193557.htm|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn|access-date=2020-05-07|archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608173635/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/hunan/changshacounty/2017-11/03/content_34193557.htm|url-status=live}}
11. Changsha was classified as a Beta- (global second tier) city together with Manchester (the U.K), Geneva (Switzerland) and Seattle (the U.S) by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.{{Cite web|title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2018|url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2018t.html|access-date=2020-06-23|website=www.lboro.ac.uk|archive-date=3 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503165246/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html|url-status=live}}
12. The 10 fastest growing cities in the world{{Cite web|title=长沙竞争力进全球"十快"居首_资讯频道_凤凰网|url=http://news.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2013_04/25/24618340_0.shtml|website=news.ifeng.com|access-date=2020-05-07|archive-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903211235/https://news.ifeng.com/|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|last=Edwards|first=Rhiannon|date=2016-02-04|title=China's fastest-growing cities and why you should visit them|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/china/articles/Chinas-fastest-growing-cities-and-why-you-should-visit-them/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/china/articles/Chinas-fastest-growing-cities-and-why-you-should-visit-them/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2020-05-07|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}} Changsha's nominal GDP is projected to be among the world top 50 largest cities according to a study by Oxford Economics in 2035, and its nominal GDP per capita will reach US$41,000 in 2030.

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in China}}{{Incomplete list|date=February 2023}}

By the end of June 2018, Changsha has established friendly city relationship with 49 foreign cities.{{Cite web|title=International Sister Cities of Changsha|url=http://en.changsha.gov.cn/aboutcs/SisterCities/201809/t20180903_6459172.html|access-date=2020-10-13|website=Official website of Changsha, China|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419012743/http://en.changsha.gov.cn/aboutcs/SisterCities/201809/t20180903_6459172.html|url-status=live}}

Changsha is twinned with:{{cite web|title=友好城市|url=http://www.changsha.gov.cn/xfzs/zjmlzs/yhcs/|website=changsha.gov.cn|publisher=Changsha|language=zh|access-date=2020-10-13|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017114033/http://www.changsha.gov.cn/xfzs/zjmlzs/yhcs/|url-status=dead}}

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• {{flagicon|CGO}} Brazzaville, Congo
• {{flagicon|KOR}} Gumi, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea
• {{flagicon|JPN}} Kagoshima, Kagoshima, Japan
• {{flagicon|BLR}} Mogilev, Mogilev Region, Belarus
• {{flagicon|BEL}} Mons, Hainaut, Belgium
• {{flagicon|USA}} New Haven, Connecticut, United States
• {{flagicon|USA}} Jersey City, New Jersey, United States
• {{flagicon|USA}} Annapolis, Maryland, United States
• {{flagicon|USA}} Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States
• {{flagicon|SUI}} Fribourg, Canton of Fribourg, Switzerland
• {{flagicon|AUS}} City of Auburn, New South Wales, Australia
• {{flagicon|UGA}} Entebbe, Uganda

{{div col end}}

{{LAO}}

{{Flag|Malawi}}{{Cite web |title=Consulate General of the Republic of Malawi in Changsha Opens-Hunan Government Website International-enghunan.gov.cn |url=http://www.enghunan.gov.cn/hneng/News/Localnews/202306/t20230630_29388701.html |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.enghunan.gov.cn}}

The following people are from the Greater Changsha Metropolitan Region:

• Mao Zedong – Founding father of the People's Republic of China
• Zeng Guofan – Most influential politician of China in 19th century
• Liu Shaoqi – President of the People's Republic of China (PRC), 1959–1968
• Zhu Rongji – Premier of the People's Republic of China, 1998–2003
• Hu Yaobang – General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (1982–1987)
• Yang Kaihui – Mao Zedong's second wife
• Huang Xing – Chinese revolutionary leader and the first army commander-in-chief of the Republic of China
• Tian Han – Author of the lyrics to "March of the Volunteers", China's national anthem
• Wang Tao – Economist
• Zhou Guangzhao – Theoretical physicist and recipient of the "Two Bombs, One Satellite" Meritorious Award
• Zhou Jianping – Aerospace engineer and chief designer of China Manned Space Program
• Qi Xueqi – General in the Kuomintang (KMT)
• Lei Feng – A People's Liberation Army's cultural icon
• Liang Heng – Writer and literary scholar
• Tan Dun – Contemporary composer (soundtracks for the films Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and Hero)
• Huang Zuqia – Theoretical and nuclear physicist
• Tang Sulan – Writer and politician
• Zhang Ye – Singer
• Xiong Ni – Olympic male diver and gold medalist
• Leo Li – Actress and singer-songwriter
• Li Xiaopeng – Olympic male gymnast and gold medalist
• Liu Yun – Actress
• Liu Xuan – Olympic female gymnast and gold medalist
• Meng Jia – Singer and actress, former member of the Korean-Chinese girl group Miss A
• Lay (entertainer) – A member of South Korean-Chinese boy band under SM entertainment, Exo
• Qi Baishi – Painter
• Shen Wei – Dancer and the choreographer of modern dance for the 2008 Beijing Olympics
• He Jiong – One of the most famous TV show hosts in China
• Lexie Liu – Singer-songwriter and rapper
• Can Xue – Avant-garde fiction writer
• Xue Yiwei - Writer living in Montreal{{cite web|url=https://china.usc.edu/calendar/fate-novel-amid-chinas-reform|title=The Fate of a Novel Amid China's Reform|publisher=University of California Los Angeles|accessdate=2022-07-29|archive-date=14 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914083955/https://china.usc.edu/calendar/fate-novel-amid-chinas-reform|url-status=live}}
• Zhao Wendi (born 2001) - footballer

Changsha is represented by the star Zeta Corvi in a Chinese constellation.[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Corvus*.html Star Name – R.H. Allen p.182] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903211241/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Corvus%2A.html |date=3 September 2023 }}. Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved on 2011-08-28.

• Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Changsha)
• List of twin towns and sister cities in China

{{Notelist}}

{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Changsha}}

{{Wikivoyage|Changsha}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120205013739/http://www.casachangsha.com/ Changsha Interactive Map, Information on Locations]
• [http://www.changsha.gov.cn/ Changsha Government official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208025227/http://www.changsha.gov.cn/ |date=8 February 2014 }}
• [http://www.cshtz.gov.cn/ Changsha National High-Tech Industrial Development Zone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209111145/http://www.cshtz.gov.cn/ |date=9 February 2014 }}

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{{Hunan}}

{{Hunan topics}}

{{Metropolitan cities of the People's Republic of China}}

{{Provincial capitals of China}}

{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Cities in Hunan

Category:Provincial capitals in China

Category:Populated places established in the 1st millennium BC

Category:National forest cities in China

Category:National Civilized City

Category:National Famous Historical and Cultural City