Chronica Hungarorum#Buda Chronicle

{{Short description|15th-century Hungarian illustrated chronicle}}

{{italic title}}

{{for|the first printed book in Hungary also known as Chronica Hungarorum|Buda Chronicle}}

{{Infobox book

| name = Chronica Hungarorum – Thuróczy Chronicle

| image = Thuróczy krónika - Első két lap.jpg

| caption = The first page of one version of the Augsburg edition of the Chronica Hungarorum by Johannes Thuróczy from 1488, also known as the "Thuróczy Chronicle". For the first time in history, gold paint was used for this print. This edition is stored in the National Széchény Library in Budapest in Hungary.

| alt = Chronica Hungarorum, Thuróczy Chronicle, Chronicle of the Hungarians, Johannes Thuróczy, medieval, chronicle, book, illumination, illustration, history

| author = Johannes Thuróczy

| country = Kingdom of Hungary

| language = Latin

| genre = Chronicle

| image_size = 300px

| published = 1488

| subjects = History of the Hungarians

| title_orig = {{lang|la|italics=unset|Chronica Hungarorum}}

| media_type = Print

}}

Chronica Hungarorum (Latin for "Chronicle of the Hungarians") ({{langx|hu|A magyarok krónikája}}), also known as the Thuróczy Chronicle, is the title of a 15th-century Latin-language Hungarian chronicle written by Johannes Thuróczy by compiling several earlier works in 1488. It served as the primary source for the history of medieval Hungary for centuries.{{Cite web |title=Johannes Thuróczy: Chronica Hungarorum |url=https://corvina.hu/en/corvina/virtual-corvinas/inc1143-en/ |website=Bibliotheca Corvina Virtualis – National Széchényi Library, Budapest, Hungary}}

History

Johannes Thuróczy followed a career typical of contemporary legal scholars and, in the final years of his life, served as judge of the Court of the King's Personal Presence. Between the late 1480s and early 1490s, three Hungarian histories were written at the court of the Hungarian king, Matthias Corvinus: the Chronica Hungarorum by Johannes Thuróczy, the Epitome rerum Hungarorum by Pietro Ranzano and the Rerum Hungaricarum decades by Antonio Bonfini. The Thuróczy Chronicle was rooted in the tradition of the previous medieval Hungarian chronicle writing and it was the final work of its genre.

The chronicle recounts the history of the Hungarians from their origins up to the capture of Wiener Neustadt by King Matthias in 1487. The historical knowledge of future generations of people was based on the Thuróczy Chronicle, because it was the most complete medieval Hungarian history at that time. The chronicle itself was the result of a historiographical construction based on the predecessor Hungarian chronicles spanning previous centuries, beginning with the Ancient Gesta. According to Thuróczy, he worked from contemporary works of the time of King Charles I (1301–1342) and King Louis I (1342–1382), which also based on older chronicles. The basic premise of the Hungarian medieval chronicle tradition that the Huns, i.e. the Hungarians coming out twice from Scythia, the guiding principle was the Hun-Hungarian continuity.{{Cite book |last=Dr. Szabados |first=György |url=http://real-j.mtak.hu/13031/1/EPA00001_ITK_1998_05-06.pdf |title=Irodalomtörténeti Közlemények, 102 (5-6) |publisher=MTA Irodalomtudományi Intézet (Institute for Literary Studies of Hungarian Academy of Sciences) |year=1998 |pages=615–641 |language=Hungarian |chapter=A krónikáktól a Gestáig – Az előidő-szemlélet hangsúlyváltásai a 15–18. században |trans-chapter=From the chronicles to the Gesta - Shifts in emphasis of the pre-time perspective in the 15th–18th centuries |issn=0021-1486 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/28283729}}

{{Blockquote|No one doubts that the mother of the Huns, namely the Hungarians, was Scythia: Even at the beginning of their exodus from Scythia, the famous fighting virtue glowed in them, and now, in our day, their swords are flashing over the head of the enemy.|Johannes Thuróczy: Chronica Hungarorum{{Cite book |last=Thuróczy |first=János |url=https://docplayer.hu/26126437-Thuroczy-janos-a-magyarok-kroni-kaja.html |title=A magyarok krónikája |publisher=Magyar Helikon |editor= |location= |pages= |language=Hungarian |translator-last=Horváth |translator-first=János |trans-title=Chronicle of the Hungarians}}}}

King Matthias of Hungary was happy to be described as "the second Attila".{{Cite book |last=Malcolm |first=Noel |title=Useful Enemies: Islam and The Ottoman Empire in Western Political Thought, 1450-1750 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0198830139 |quote=In Hungary, King Matthias Corvinus (r.1458–90) was happy to be described as 'the second Attila', and the tradition of identifying the Hungarians with 'Scythian' Huns, already present in the writings of earlier Hungarian chroniclers but greatly strengthened in his reign, would continue for hundreds of years.}} In the prologue of his chronicle, Thuróczy set the goal of glorifying Attila, which was undeservedly neglected, moreover, he introduced the famous "Scourge of God" characterization to the later Hungarian writers, because the earlier chronicles remained hidden for a long time. Thuróczy worked hard to endear Attila, the Hun king with an effort far surpassing his predecessor chroniclers. He made Attila a model for his victorious ruler, King Matthias of Hungary (1458–1490) who had Attila's abilities, with this he almost brought "the hammer of the world" to life.

The chronicle was published in print twice in 1488, in Brno and in Augsburg. The Augsburg edition was published in two versions, the one dedicated to the German audience omitted the description of the Austrian campaign of King Matthias. Two ornate copies made for King Matthias of Hungary have been preserved. Both were printed on parchment, and the editor's preface was adorned with gilded letters. The Augsburg edition of the Chronica Hungarorum from 1488 is the first known print made with gold paint. The engravings in both volumes were hand-painted at the Hungarian royal court. The chronicle contains hand-colored woodcuts depicting 41 Hungarian kings and leaders.

File:Thuróczy krónika - 1.jpg

File:Thuróczy krónika - 2.jpg

File:Thuróczy krónika - 3.jpg

File:Thuróczy krónika - 4.jpg

File:Thuróczy krónika - Mátyás király nagy birodalmi címere.jpg

File:Thuróczy krónika - Attila király (4).jpg

File:Thuróczy krónika - Szent László király (1).jpg

File:Thuróczy krónika - Szent László király (2).jpg

The images are listed alongside the chapter titles in the same order as they appear in one version of the Augsburg edition of the Chronica Hungarorum.

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! width="30%" | Illustration

! width="70" | Description


File:Thuróczy krónika - Mátyás király nagy birodalmi címere (2).jpg

|The Great Coats of Arms of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary


File:Thuróczy krónika - Szent László üldözi a leányrabló kunt.jpg

|Saint Ladislaus Chases the Cuman Warrior Who Kidnapped a Girl

  • Two scene in one picture. Saint Ladislaus is chasing and fighting a duel with a Cuman warrior. The legends related to Saint Ladislaus of Hungary, the events of the Battle of Kerlés in 1068 described in the chronicle and the scene of the girl kidnapping had a deep impact on posterity. The scene of the fight of the Christian king symbolizes the victory of Christianity over paganism.
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The Prologue of Master Johannes Thuróczy to the First Book of the Chronicle of the Hungarians

File:Thuróczy krónika - Aranykeretes oldal.jpg

|Preface

{{Blockquote|It seemed they are almost silent that even about the glory of the deeds by the great King Attila, because a weak pen wrote it down, although his deeds are no less worthy of praise. But we should not accuse the old Hungarians of the sin of allowing the memory of their past to sink into the deep sea of forgetfulness. The generation of men who lived at the time of these events were more occupied with the sound of guns than with the science of casting letters. Because even in our time, a part of the same nation, which lives in the region of Transylvania, knows how to carve some kind of letters in wood, and using this rune, they live with it in the manner of casting letters. I think it was only the hatred of foreign peoples deprived King Attila from the glorifying pen that would have been worthy of his victories, and this robbed King Attila from the glory of the imperial title as well. That is why we find that nothing was written in praise of the deeds he accomplished, only the misery he caused was recorded in lamentable songs... Therefore, in order to describe in more detail the region of Scythia and the era worthy of immortality due to the great deeds of King Attila, and at the same time to review the history of the Hungarian kings who came after him, which had been written in the past, and to correct any mistakes in them due to the carelessness of their writers: encouraged by your encouragement, I gathered courage, to begin a task beyond my strength.|Johannes Thuróczy: Chronica HungarorumJohannes Thuróczy: Chronica Hungarorum http://thuroczykronika.atw.hu/pdf/Thuroczy.pdf}}

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The Arrival of the Huns Into Pannonia and the Battle of Tárnok Valley

File:Thuróczy krónika - A tárnokvölgyi csata.jpg

|Battle of Tárnok Valley

  • The Battle of Tárnok Valley was a legendary battle in the medieval Hungarian chronicles between the Huns and Romans in Pannonia. Captain Keve fell during the battle.

{{Blockquote|According to the old history of the Hungarians, Captain Keve and 125,000 men of the Huns fell in this battle, and 210,000 men of the army of Detre and Macrinus fell, not counting those who were destroyed in their tents by the night battle...According to Scythian custom, Captain Keve's body was buried with due respect in a grave worthy of him, beside the highway, and a statue, that is a stone pillar was erected there with great ceremony as an eternal memory of this great event.|Johannes Thuróczy: Chronica HungarorumJohannes Thuróczy: Chronica Hungarorum http://thuroczykronika.atw.hu/pdf/Thuroczy.pdf}}

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The Battle Near a Place Named Zeiselmauer

File:Thuróczy krónika - A zeilesmaueri csata.jpg

|Battle of Zeiselmauer

  • The Battle of Zeiselmauer was a legendary battle in the medieval Hungarian chronicles between the Huns and Romans in Pannonia.

{{Blockquote|After the Huns, namely the Hungarians experienced the bravery of the Romans and the way of their warefare, they reorganized their army, rushed the Transdanubian regions of Pannonia, took possession of them and they moved the people of their house here, then they moved towards the city of Tulln, where their opponents were assembled. Detre, Macrinus, and all the available forces of the Roman army marched against them on the field of Zeiselmauer. Both opponents attacked the opposing teams with equal fierceness. And the Huns wanted to die rather than retreat in the battle, according to Scythian custom they made a terrifying noise, they beat their drums and used every weapon against the enemy, but most of all their innumerable number of arrows. This caused the Roman troops to be confused, and so the Huns made a great slaughter among them. The morning began, and in a fierce battle which lasted until nine o'clock, the Roman army was defeated and put to flight with enormous loss.|Johannes Thuróczy: Chronica HungarorumJohannes Thuróczy: Chronica Hungarorum http://thuroczykronika.atw.hu/pdf/Thuroczy.pdf}}

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Election of King Attila, His Morals and Weapons He Used Against the Enemy

File:Thuróczy krónika - Attila király.jpg

|King Attila

{{Blockquote|King Attila himself was feared by his own subjects because of his innate strictness and gloomy look, but he behaved with a noble spirit towards the peoples subject to him. As a military insignia, a crowned falcon was painted on both his shield and his flag. This military badge was worn by the Huns, namely the Hungarians, until the time of the son of Prince Taksony, Prince Géza. His title was like this: Attila son of Bendegúz, grandson of the great Nimrod who was raised in Engaddi, by the grace of God, King of the Huns, Medes, Goths and Danes, the Fear of the World, the Scourge of God.|Johannes Thuróczy: Chronica HungarorumJohannes Thuróczy: Chronica Hungarorum http://thuroczykronika.atw.hu/pdf/Thuroczy.pdf}}

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The Famous and Great Battle of King Attila Which Was Fought on the Catalaunum Plain

File:Thuróczy krónika - Attila király csatája a catalaunumi síkon.jpg

|Battle of the Catalaunian Plains

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About the First Captain, the White Horse, the Golden Saddle and the Golden Brake

File:Thuróczy krónika - Árpád.jpg

|Árpád, the First Captain

  • Árpád, Grand Prince of the Hungarians.

{{Blockquote|And since Captain Árpád held a certain special dignity in Scythia, and it was the legal and approved Scythian custom of his tribe that when going on a campaign, one had to go first, and on retreat one had to stay behind – as a result, Árpád allegedly preceded the other captains in the entry into Pannonia.|Johannes Thuróczy: Chronica HungarorumJohannes Thuróczy: Chronica Hungarorum http://thuroczykronika.atw.hu/pdf/Thuroczy.pdf}}

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About the First Captain, the White Horse, the Golden Saddle and the Golden Brake

File:Thuróczy krónika - A magyarok legyőzik Szvatoplukot.jpg

|The Hungarians Defeat Svatopluk

{{Blockquote|Meanwhile, Árpád entered Pannonia with the Seven Leaders – not as a guest, but as one who owns this land by right of inheritance... Upon hearing this, the leader [Svatopluk] suddenly gathered an army because he was afraid of the Hungarians. He asked his friends for help, and they all marched together against the Hungarians. In the meantime, they arrived at the Danube, and in the early dawn, they went into battle in a beautiful field. The help of the Lord was with the Hungarians, and before their sight the aforementioned leader retreated and ran. The Hungarians pursued him all the way to the Danube, and here he threw himself into the Danube in fear, and drowned in the fast-flowing water. The Lord returned Pannonia to the Hungarians, just as He gave the land of Sihon, the king of the Amorites, and the entire kingdom of Canaan to the children of Israel in the time of Moses.|Johannes Thuróczy: Chronica HungarorumJohannes Thuróczy: Chronica Hungarorum http://thuroczykronika.atw.hu/pdf/Thuroczy.pdf}}

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The Second Captain

File:Thuróczy krónika - Szabolcs.jpg

|Szabolcs, the Second Captain

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The Third Captain

File:Thuróczy krónika - Gyula.jpg

|Gyula, the Third Captain

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The Fourth Captain

File:Thuróczy krónika - Künd.jpg

|Kund, the Fourth Captain

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The Fifth Captain

File:Thuróczy krónika - Lehel.jpg

|Lehel, the Fifth Captain

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The Sixth Captain

File:Thuróczy krónika - Vérbulcsú.jpg

|Vérbulcsú, the Sixth Captain

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The Seventh Captain

File:Thuróczy krónika - Örs.jpg

|Örs, the Seventh Captain

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The Hungarians Are Destroying Bulgaria

File:Thuróczy krónika - A magyarok pusztítják Bulgáriát.jpg

|Hungarian Campaign Against Bulgaria

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The Birth and Reign of Saint Stephen, the First King of the Hungarians

File:Thuróczy krónika - Szent István király és Szent Imre herceg.jpg

|King Saint Stephen and Prince Saint Emeric

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Battle of King Saint Stephen Against Koppány, Duke of Somogy

File:Thuróczy krónika - Szent István király csatája Koppány somogyi vezér ellen.jpg

|Battle of King Saint Stephen Against Koppány

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The Death of King Saint Stephen and the Election of King Peter

File:Thuróczy krónika - Péter király.jpg

|King Peter

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Expulsion of Peter and Election of Aba as King

File:Thuróczy krónika - Aba Sámuel király.jpg

|King Samuel Aba

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The Coronation of King Andrew Who Was Called Endre the First

File:Thuróczy krónika - I. András király.jpg

|King Andrew I

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The Coronation and Engagement of King Solomon

File:Thuróczy krónika - Salamon király.jpg

|King Solomon

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The Coronation, Life and Reign of King Béla the First

File:Thuróczy krónika - I. Béla király.jpg

|King Béla I

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The King’s Fraud, the Two Campaigns of the Princes and Their Victory

File:Thuróczy krónika - Salamon király és Géza herceg csatája a görögök ellen.jpg

|The Battle of King Solomon and Prince Géza Against the Greeks

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How Géza the First Was Crowned As King After the Defeat and Running Away of King Solomon

File:Thuróczy krónika - I. Géza király.jpg

|King Géza I

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The Coronation and Campaigns of Saint Ladislaus the First, Brother of Géza and Son of King Béla the First

File:Ladislaus I (Chronica Hungarorum).jpg

|King Saint Ladislaus

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The Coronation of Coloman, Son of King Géza the First, Grandson of King Béla the First

File:Coloman (Chronica Hungarorum).jpg

|King Coloman

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After the Death of King Coloman, His Son, Stephen the Second Was Crowned As King

File:Stephen II (Chronica Hungarorum).jpg

|King Stephen II

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The Reign of Béla the Second the Blind, He Is the Son of Prince Álmos, Grandson of Lampert, Great-Grandson of King Béla the First

File:Thuróczy krónika - II. (Vak) Béla király.jpg

|King Béla the Blind

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The Coronation and the Deeds of King Géza the Second, the First-Born Son of King Béla the Blind

File:Thuróczy krónika - II. Géza király.jpg

|King Géza II

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The Coronation and the Deeds of King Géza the Second, the First-Born Son of King Béla the Blind

File:Thuróczy krónika - A Fischa menti csata.jpg

|The Battle of the Fischa

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The Coronation of King Stephen the Third, Who Was the Son of Géza the Second and the Grandson of King Béla The Blind. Prince Ladislaus, the Second Son of King Béla the Blind Usurs the Crown

File:Thuróczy krónika - III. István király.jpg

|King Stephen III

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The Coronation of King Béla the Third, Who Was the Brother of Stephen the Third and the Son of Géza the Second

File:Thuróczy krónika - III. Béla király.jpg

|King Béla III

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The Coronation of King Emeric, Who Was the Son of King Béla the Third

File:Thuróczy krónika - Imre király.jpg

|King Emeric

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The Coronation of King Ladislaus the Third, Who Was the Son of King Emeric

File:Thuróczy krónika - III. László király.jpg

|King Ladislaus III

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The Coronation of King Andrew the Second, Father of Saint Elizabeth, He Was the Son of King Béla the Third and Was Also Called Andrew of Jerusalem

File:Thuróczy krónika - II. András király.jpg

|King Andrew II

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The Coronation of King Béla the Fourth, He Was the Son of King Andrew the Second. Also the First Arrival of the Tatars and the Terrible Destruction of Hungary

File:Béla IV (Chronica Hungarorum).jpg

|King Béla IV

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The War of King Béla With Ottokar, King of Bohemia

File:Battle of Kressenbrunn Thuróczy.JPG

|The Battle of Kressenbrunn

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The Coronation of King Stephen the Fifth, Son of King Béla the Fourth

File:Thuróczy krónika - V. István király.jpg

|King Stephen V

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The Coronation of King Ladislaus the Fourth, Son of King Stephen the Fifth, Who Is Called Ladislaus the Cuman

File:Thuróczy krónika - IV. (Kun) László király.jpg

|King Ladislaus the Cuman

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The Coronation of King Andrew the Third, the Grandson of King Andrew the Second, He Was Also Called Andrew the Venetian

File:Thuróczy krónika - III. András király.jpg

|King Andrew III

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Ladislaus, that is King Wenceslaus Leaves Hungary and Returns to Bohemia

File:Thuróczy krónika - Vencel király.jpg

|King Wenceslaus

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Bringing Otto, Prince of Bavaria to Hungary, His Coronation, Captivity and Expulsion, All This Is the Work of Some Barons Against Charles the Child

File:Thuróczy krónika - Otto király.jpg

|King Otto

  • King Otto of Hungary.
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The Arrival of Friar Cardinal Gentilis to Hungary and the Crowning of Charles as King

File:Charles I (Chronica Hungarorum).jpg

|King Charles I

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The Unfortunate Campaign of King Charles Against Voivode Basarab of Wallachia

File:Thuróczy krónika - A posadai csata.jpg

|The Battle of Posada

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The Coronation, Life and Campaigns of King Louis

File:Thuróczy krónika - Nagy Lajos király.jpg

|King Louis I

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The Campaign Against the Croatians

File:Thuróczy krónika - Nagy Lajos horvátok elleni hadjárata.jpg

|The Campaign of King Louis I Against the Croatians

  • The campaign of King Louis I of Hungary against the rebellious Croatian nobles. King Louis I marched to Croatia in June 1345 and besieged Knin.
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The Battle of Voivode Stephen Against the Army of Louis, Husband of Joanna Around Naples

File:Thuróczy krónika - Lackfi István ütközete Tarantói Lajossal Nápoly környékén.jpg

|The Battle of Stephen Lackfi Against Louis of Taranto Around Naples

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The Coronation of Queen Mary and This Following Hate

File:Thuróczy krónika - Mária királynő.jpg

|Queen Mary

  • Queen Mary of Hungary.
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The Coronation of King Charles

File:Charles II (Chronica Hungarorum).jpg

|King Charles II

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The Coronation of King Sigismund

File:Sigismund (Chronica Hungarorum).jpg

|King Sigismund

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Punishment of Ban John Horvati

File:Thuróczy krónika - Zsigmond király hadjárata a lázadó urak ellen.jpg

|Campaign of King Sigismund Against the Rebel Lords

  • Campaign of King Sigismund of Hungary against the rebellious House of Horvat in 1387.
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King Sigismund’s Wars Against the Hussites and the Burning of John Hus

File:Thuróczy krónika - Zsigmond király háborúi a husziták ellen.jpg

|The Wars of King Sigismund Against the Hussites

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The Campaign of the Hungarians in the Region of Bosnia

File:Thuróczy krónika - A magyarok boszniai hadjárata Zsigmond király idején.jpg

|The Campaign of Hungarians Against Bosnia

  • The campaign of Hungarians against Bosnia during the reign of King Sigismund of Hungary.
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The Coronation of King Albert and the Plundering in the City of Buda

File:Albert (Chronica Hungarorum).jpg

|King Albert

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The Birth and Crowning of Ladislaus the Child, and Taking of the Crown

File:Thuróczy krónika - V. László király.jpg

|King Ladislaus V

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The Coronation of King Vladislaus, and the Internal Strife That Followed

File:Thuróczy krónika - I. Ulászló király.jpg

|King Vladislaus I

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The Battle of Lord Voivode John Around Belgrade

File:Thuróczy krónika - Hunyadi János Nándorfehérvár körül vívott csatája.jpg

|The Battle of John Hunyadi Around Belgrade

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The Transylvanian Campaign and Battle of Lord Voivode John

File:Thuróczy krónika - A szebeni csata.jpg

|The Battle of Szeben

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The Battle of Lord Voivode John Which He Fought at the Iron Gate

File:Thuróczy krónika - Hunyadi János csatája a Vaskapunál.jpg

|The Battle of John Hunyadi at the Iron Gate

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Lord Voivode John Avenges the Grief on the Turks, Six Lucky Battles

File:Thuróczy krónika - Hunyadi János hosszú hadjárata.jpg

|The Long Campaign of John Hunyadi

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The Campaign and Destruction of King Vladislaus in the Area of Rumelia, Around the City of Varna, Close to the Sea

File:Thuróczy krónika - A várnai csata.jpg

|The Battle of Varna

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Election of Lord Voivode John as Governor and His Revenge Against Voivode Dracul

File:Thuróczy krónika - Hunyadi János.jpg

|John Hunyadi

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The Battle of Lord Governor at the Blackbird's Field

File:Thuróczy krónika - A rigómezei csata.jpg

|The Battle of Kosovo

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The Emperor of the Turks Is Sieging Nándorfehérvár

File:Thuróczy krónika - Nándorfehérvár ostroma.jpg

|The Siege of Belgrade

  • After the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Siege of Belgrade in 1456 was a major issue for the entire Europe, the fall of Belgrade would have opened the gates of Europe to the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror mobilized his armies in an attempt to crush the Kingdom of Hungary, his immediate objective was the border fortress of Belgrade. John Hunyadi, who had fought many battles against the Turks in the previous two decades, prepared the defenses of the fortress. The siege escalated into a major battle, during which Hunyadi led a sudden counterattack that overran the Ottoman camp, ultimately compelling the wounded Mehmed II to lift the siege and retreat. The battle had significant consequences, as it stabilized the southern frontiers of the Kingdom of Hungary for more than half a century and thus considerably delayed the Ottoman advance in Europe.
  • Pope Callixtus III ordered the bells of every European church to be rung every day at noon, as a call for believers to pray for the defenders of the city. The news of victory arrived before the Pope’s order in many European countries. Therefore, the ringing of the church bells was believed to be in celebration of the victory. As a result, the church bells ringing is now the commemoration of the victory of John Hunyadi against the Ottomans.
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The Election of Lord Count Matthias as King

File:Thuróczy krónika - Mátyás király (2).jpg

|King Matthias Corvinus

Appendix at the end of the chronicle from Master Roger: A mournful song about the destruction of the Tatars in Hungary.

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! width="70" | Description

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The Arrival of Tatars in Hungary During the Time of King Béla the Fourth

File:Thuróczy krónika - A tatárjárás.jpg

|First Mongol Invasion of Hungary

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

  • {{Cite book |last=Dr. Szabados |first=György |url=http://real-j.mtak.hu/13031/1/EPA00001_ITK_1998_05-06.pdf |title=Irodalomtörténeti Közlemények, 102 (5-6) |publisher=MTA Irodalomtudományi Intézet (Institute for Literary Studies of Hungarian Academy of Sciences) |year=1998 |pages=615–641 |language=Hungarian |chapter=A krónikáktól a Gestáig – Az előidő-szemlélet hangsúlyváltásai a 15–18. században |trans-chapter=From the chronicles to the Gesta - Shifts in emphasis of the pre-time perspective in the 15th–18th centuries |issn=0021-1486 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/28283729}}