Voivode of Transylvania

The origin of the office is unclear. The title voivode is of Slavic origin with a meaning of "commander, lieutenant". Although Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos wrote of the voivodesConstantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 38.), p. 171. or chieftains of the Hungarian tribes around 950, he seems to have adopted the term used by a Slavic interpreter.{{sfn|Bóna|1994|p=153}} Romanian historians maintain that the title, homonymous with the one used in Wallachia and Moldavia, suggests a perpetuation of the local ruling tradition.Ioan Aurel Pop: [https://www.academia.edu/6547960/Capitolul_IV_VOIEVODATUL_TRANSILVANIEI_%C5%9EI_P%C4%82R%C5%A2ILE_VESTICE_%C3%8EN_SEC_XII_1541 Istoria României. Transilvania, Volumul I], Edit. „George Barițiu”, Cluj-Napoca, 1997, p.452{{explain|reason=It is quite obvious that the Slavic title can be traced back to the local Slavic population. What does Pop exactly propose.|date=August 2023}}

The border position of Transylvania{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=355}} led to the formation of the voivodeship, since the monarchs could not maintain direct control over this remote region.Rady 2000, p. 18. Thus the voivodes were never autonomous, but remained provincial officials of the kings.{{sfn|Bóna|1994|p=153}} The voivodes were heads of Fehér County from 1201,{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=354}} which may indicate that their position had its origin in the office of that county's ispán.Kristó 2003, p. 98.

Two royal charters issued in 1111 and 1113 mention one Mercurius "princeps Ultrasilvanus", but he may have been only an important landowner in Transylvania without holding any specific office.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=355}} Leustach Rátót was the first individual whose title voivode was documented. He held the office in the late 12th century, but his voivodeship was mentioned by a royal charter in 1230. The earliest extant document mentioning a voivode named Legforus was issued in 1199.Kristó 2003, p. 97.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=355}} In addition to voivode, royal charters used the titles banus,Sălăgean 2005, p. 176. dux and herzog for the same office in the next decades, showing that the terminology remained uncertain until the second half of the 13th century.

{{See also|Count of the Székelys}}

The territories under the jurisdiction of the voivodes are known as Voivodeship or Voivodate of Transylvania.Kristó 1979, p. 110Pop 1996, p. 143 Voivodes were the chiefs of the ispáns of the Transylvanian counties. Although the counties in Transylvania were first attested from the 1170s, earlier references to fortresses at their seats{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=355–356}} and archaeological finds suggest that a system of counties existed in the 11th century.Kristó 2003, p. 90. For instance, Torda County was first mentioned in a charter of 1227, but a royal castle at Torda (Turda) had already been documented in 1097,{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=356}} and three burials coin-dated to the reign of Stephen I of Hungary (1000 or 1001–1038) were unearthed in the same fortress.Kristó 2003, pp. 90–92.

File:Transylvania16cent adm div.PNG

The ispáns of the Transylvanian counties of Doboka, Hunyad, Kolozs, Küküllő and Torda were not listed among the witnesses of royal charters from the beginning of the 13th century, hinting that their direct connection to the monarchs had by that time been interrupted. Thereafter they were employed by the voivode who appointed and dismissed them at will.Pop 2005, p. 227.Engel 1996, p. 246. Only the heads of Szolnok County remained directly connected to the monarchs for a longer period, until their office was united with the voivodeship in the 1260s.Zsoldos 2011, p. 209.Engel 2001, p. 144.Sălăgean 2005, p. 177. Similarly, the voivodes were simultaneously the ispáns of the nearby Arad County between 1321 and 1412.Engel 1996, p. 97.

The kings exempted some communities from the jurisdiction of the voivodes. The Diploma Andreanum, a royal charter of 1224, placed the territory of the Saxons between Broos (Szászváros, Orăștie) and Barót (Baraolt) under the authority of the Count of Hermannstadt (Nagyszeben, Sibiu), who was appointed by and directly subordinate to the monarchs.Makkai 1994, p. 180.Sedlar 1994, p. 279. Likewise, a special royal official, the Count of the Székelys, administered the Székely communityEngel 2001, p. 115. from around 1228.Kristó 2003, p. 133. In the latter case, the two offices were united by custom in 1462: from then on each voivode was also appointed Count of the Székelys.

Following the Mongol invasion of 1241 and 1242, King Béla IV of Hungary exempted the inhabitants of Bilak (Mărişelu),{{Citation |last = Vistai |first = András János |title = Tekintő: Erdélyi helynévkönyv, Első kötet, A – H (""Tekintő": Book on Transylvanian Toponymy, Volume II, A – H ") |url = http://www.fatornyosfalunk.com/helynevkonyv_-_1._kotet_A-H.pdf |access-date = 21 August 2012 |archive-date = 10 July 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110710230653/http://www.fatornyosfalunk.com/helynevkonyv_-_1._kotet_A-H.pdf |url-status = dead }} Gyalu (Gilău), Gyulafehérvár (Alba Iulia), Harina (Herina), Tasnád (Tășnad) and Zilah (Zalău).Kristó 2003, pp. 156–157., 182. King Charles I of Hungary granted immunity to the Saxon communities of Birthälm (Berethalom, Biertan), Kleinschelken (Kisselyk, Şeica Mică),{{Citation |last = Vistai |first = András János |title = Tekintő: Erdélyi helynévkönyv, Harmadik kötet, Q – Zs (""Tekintő": Book on Transylvanian Toponymy, Volume II, Q – Zs") |url = http://www.fatornyosfalunk.com/helynevkonyv_-_3._kotet_Q-Zs.pdf |access-date = 21 August 2012 |archive-date = 10 July 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110710230724/http://www.fatornyosfalunk.com/helynevkonyv_-_3._kotet_Q-Zs.pdf |url-status = dead }} and Mediasch (Medgyes, Mediaș) in 1315, but the same monarch annulled other communities' similar privileges in 1324.Kristó 2003, pp. 125., 234. Altrodenau (Radna, Rodna) and Bistritz (Beszterce, Bistrița) received immunity in 1366.Makkai 1994, p. 183.

The office of voivode was one of the most important royal honours in the kingdom.Engel 2001, p. 151. All income from lands attached to the Transylvanian royal castles was collected for the voivodes. They enjoyed the income from fines, but royal revenues from taxes, tolls and mines remained the kings' due.

File:Ansamblul Rupea 01.JPG (Cetatea Cohalmului, Romania), held by the voivodes between 1324 and c. 1418Engel 1996, p. 348.]]

During most of the 14th century, the voivodes held the castles at Bánffyhunyad (Huedin), Boroskrakkó (Cricău), Csicsóújfalu (Ciceu-Mihăieşti), Déva (Deva), Hátszeg (Hațeg), Kőhalom (Rupea), Küküllővár (Cetatea de Baltă), Léta (Lita), Nagy-Talmács (Tălmaciu), Torja (Turia) and Újvár (Gogan Varolea), together with their lands.Engel 1996, pp. 11, 272, 295, 299, 325–326, 338, 354, 358, 408–409, 452. Additionally, the voivodes enjoyed the revenues of royal estates in Transylvania. For instance, the estates at Bonchida (Bonțida) and Vajdahunyad (Hunedoara) were attached to them for decades.Engel 1996, p. 11. However, the monarchs started to grant their castles and estates to noblemen, to the bishops of Transylvania or to the Saxon community after 1387. Consequently, Küküllővár and the lands pertaining to it remained the last piece of the "voivodal domain" in the 1450s.

The inhabitants of the Transylvanian counties were compelled to accommodate the voivodes and their officials.Kristó 2003, p. 234. The "guest settlers"{{spaced ndash}}privileged colonists{{spaced ndash}}at Boroskrakkó,{{Citation |last = Vistai |first = András János |title = Tekintő: Erdélyi helynévkönyv, Második kötet, I – P (""Tekintő": Book on Transylvanian Toponymy, Volume II, I – P ") |url = http://www.fatornyosfalunk.com/helynevkonyv_-_2._kotet_I-P.pdf |access-date = 21 August 2012 |archive-date = 10 July 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110710230835/http://www.fatornyosfalunk.com/helynevkonyv_-_2._kotet_I-P.pdf |url-status = dead }} Magyarigen (Ighiu) and Romosz (Romos) were the first to be released from this duty in 1206.Kristó 2003, p. 182. In Alvinc (Vinţu de Jos) and Borberek (Vurpăr), the obligation itself was not abolished, but limited to two occasions a year.Kristó 2003, p. 183. Finally King Charles I exempted all Transylvanian noblemen and their serfs from this irksome duty in 1324.

The voivodes who preferred to stay in the royal court seldom resided in their province, but were represented by their deputies. The earliest record of a vicar of a voivode dates from 1221.Kristó 2003, p. 222. Later the title "vice-voivode", first documented in 1278, came into general use.Sălăgean 2005, p. 178. In addition to vice-voivodes and ispáns of the Transylvanian counties, the voivodes appointed the castellans of the royal fortresses.Rady 2000, p. 116. They tended to choose from among the noblemen serving in their own retinue,Engel 2001, pp. 151–152. which ensured that their followers received a fair share of their revenues.Engel 2001, p. 152.Rady 2000, p. 110. Accordingly, when a king dismissed a voivode, his men were also replaced with his successor's men.

Along with the palatine, the judge royal and the ban, the voivode was one of the Kingdom's highest judges.Rady 2000, p. 69. In this capacity, he was authorized to issue "credible" charters. The earliest preserved charter dates to 1248. The voivodes or their vice-voivodes always heard disputes together with local noblemen who knew local customs.Stipta 1997, p. 51.Mályusz 1994, p. 39. Initially, the voivodes and their deputies held their courts at Marosszentimre (Sântimbru), but they heard disputes at their own abodes from the 14th century. Voivodes rarely headed their courts after the 1340s and were rather represented by their deputies.

Although limiting his own jurisdiction, in 1342 voivode Thomas Szécsényi recognized the right of Transylvanian noblemen to judge legal cases of peasants who held parcels of land in their estates, "with the exception of three cases, such as robbery, highway robbery, and violent trespass".Makkai 1994, p. 207. This concession was confirmed in 1365 by King Louis I of Hungary. Furthermore, the monarchs granted jus gladii (the right to the application of capital punishment) to more and more nobles in the course of the same century.Pop 2005, p. 244.

According to customary law, noblemen could not be sued outside the province until the 15th century. King Louis I even prohibited all prelates and noblemen who owned lands in Transylvania from bringing legal proceedings of lesser importance concerning these estates to the royal court.Stipta 1997, p. 52. Nevertheless, legal actions between Transylvanians and the inhabitants of other parts of the kingdom remained outside the jurisdiction of the voivodes. Litigants could appeal to the royal court against the decision of the voivode from the 14th century, but the voivode often remained involved in the proceedings. Legislation prescribed that appeals against decisions of the voivodes were to be addressed to the judge royal only from 1444.Pop 2005, p. 244.

{{Quote box

| quote = "Then, contempt of the general diet and the noble assembly of the Transylvanians held on the mandate of the king or of the lord voivode of Transylvania is fined by a hundred marks, amounting to the same number of florins; and that of a judicial seat, by fifty."

| source = "Tripartitum"Stephen Werbőczy: The Customary Law of the Renowned Kingdom of Hungary in Three Parts (1517) (3.3.10.), p. 381.

| width = 220px

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}}

"General assemblies" convoked and presided over by the principal judges of the realm became important judicial institutions in the last decade of the 13th century.Kristó 2003, p. 220. General assemblies for the representatives of the Transylvanian counties were presided over by the voivode or the vice-voivode.Pop 2005, p. 230. The first such assembly was held on June 8, 1288. They became important legal institutions from 1322.Sălăgean 2005, p. 182. Thereafter they were held on a regular basis, at least once a year at Keresztes (Cristiş) near Torda.Makkai 1994, p. 223.

With the authority of the monarch, the voivodes occasionally also invited the representatives of the Saxon and Székely communities to the counties' general meetings. This contributed to the development of legal connections among the future "Three Nations of Transylvania". The threat from the peasants' revolt of 1437 gave rise to the first joint meeting of the Hungarian noblemen and the representatives of the Saxons and the Székelys, which was convoked without a former royal authorization by the vice-voivode.Makkai 1994, p. 226. Romanian cneazes were only once, in 1355, invited to the general assembly. Otherwise, the vice-voivodes organized separate meetings for them.

File:Deva Citadel 2011 - Seen from Distance-4.jpg (Cetatea Deva, Romania), a fortress of the voivodes from 1321 to c. 1443Engel 1996, p. 299.]]

The etymology of the title ("commander") suggests that voivodes had significant military duties.Pop 2005, p. 246. They were the supreme leader of the troops recruited in the counties under their jurisdiction. Although law obliged noblemen to fight in the king's army, Transylvanian nobles fought under the command of the voivode.Mályus 1994, p. 29. Furthermore, the voivodes had their own private retinue, formed primarily by armed noblemen. Their right to raise an army under their own flag was confirmed by legislation in 1498.Rady 2000, pp. 147, 152–153

Military functions are attested, for instance, by Pousa, the voivode at the time of the Mongol invasion who fell in battle on March 31, 1241.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=411}}Zsoldos 2011, p. 38. Voivode Lawrence of the Aba clan fought in the royal army in a war against Austria in 1246. A Mongol army attacking the southern regions of Transylvania was defeated by voivode Ernye of the Ákos clan in 1260. Roland Borsa fought against the invading Mongols in 1285.Kristó 2003, p. 168.

Voivode Nicholas Csáki failed to repel an Ottoman invasion of Transylvania in 1420.Pop 2005, p. 258.Makkai 1994, p. 224. In contrast, John Hunyadi, voivode between 1441 and 1446,Pop 2005, p. 261. defeated a major Ottoman army at Gyulafehérvár in 1442.Sedlar 1994, p. 247. His successor Stephen Báthory likewise won a resounding victory at Breadfield ({{langx|hu|Kenyérmező}}, {{langx|ro|Câmpul Pâinii}}) on October 13, 1479.Makkai 1994, p. 229. By contrast, John Zápolya (Szapolyai), the last voivode before the battle of Mohács on August 29, 1526 did not arrive to the battlefield in time, summoned too late.Engel 1996, pp. 370–371. The battle ended with the Ottomans' annihilation of the royal army.Engel 1996, p. 371. King Louis II of Hungary was also killed on the battlefield.Sedlar 1994, p. 398.

The voivodes had power concentrated in their hands, impelling the monarchs to replace them frequently: forty-three voivodes ruled between 1199 and 1288.Kristó 2003, p. 223. Monarchs usually refrained from appointing as voivode noblemen who owned Transylvanian estates.Makkai 1994, p. 200. Michael of the Kacsics clan was the first voivode to receive a land grant in the province, around 1210.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=400}} However, these originally uninhabited lands along the upper courses of the river Mureș (Maros) were confiscated in 1228.Makkai 1994, p. 201.

The era beginning with 1288 was characterized by longer periods in office.Kristó 2003, p. 98. Roland Borsa survived 10 years, while his successor, Ladislaus Kán, lasted 20 years. This apparent stability was the consequence of the weakening of central government under the last two kings of the Árpád dynasty, Ladislaus IV (1272–1290) and Andrew III (1290–1301).Makkai 1994, p. 204. Royal power was only restored in the reign of Charles I (1308–1342) who one by one defeated the rebellious noblemen throughout his kingdom.Engel 1996, pp. 132–133.

In Transylvania, he was assisted by Thomas Szécsényi, the voivode between 1321 and 1342.Makkai 1994, p. 205. Historian Ioan-Aurel Pop characterizes the following period as including "voidvodal dynasties": five members of the Lackfi family (father and four sons) were successively appointed between 1356 and 1376.Engel 1996, p. 182. Likewise, Nicholas Csáki (1415 to 1426) was succeeded by his son Ladislaus. The pair preferred to entrust their vice-voivode Roland Lépes to represent them, instead of visiting the province. From the middle of the 15th century it was not unusual for two or even three noblemen to hold the office at the same time. For instance, John Hunyadi was appointed together with Nicholas Újlaki in 1441 by King Wladislas I.Engel 2001, p. 283.

{{Further|Roland Borsa|Ladislaus Kán}}

The Mongols comprehensively plundered the eastern territories of the Kingdom of Hungary, including Transylvania, during both their invasion in 1241 and their withdrawal the following year.Sălăgean 2005, p. 175. The consolidation of the province was the main task of Lawrence of the Aba clan, who the office for 10 years from 1242.Sălăgean 2005, pp. 175–176. One of his successors, appointed by King Béla IV, Ernye of the Ákos clan, was dismissed in 1260 by the king's son, Stephen who had just taken over Transylvania with the title of duke. The duke's action showed emerging tensions between father and son, rather than conflicts between the duke and Ernye.Engel 1996, p. 106.

The first years of the reign of the minor Ladislaus IV were characterized by armed conflicts between parties of the leading noble families.Sălăgean 2005, p. 179. Although Roland Borsa, voivode in 1282 and between 1284 and 1294, was initially among the nobles assisting the king in consolidating royal power, he himself became the source of new conflicts. First he prevented the canons of the Gyulafehérvár Chapter from collecting their income in 1289. Next he unlawfully compelled noblemen and Saxon landowners in Transylvania to accommodate him and his retinue. Later Borsa fought the bishop of Várad (Oradea) and even resisted King Andrew III who besieged him in the fortress of Adorján (Adrian) at Szalárd (Sălard) for three months in 1294.Sălăgean 2005, p. 183.

Borsa's successor Ladislaus Kán went even further by usurping royal prerogative during his voivodeship between 1294 and 1315.Sălăgean 2005, p. 185. He arbitrarily assumed the titles of count of Bistritz, Hermannstadt and the Székelys to expand his authority over Saxon and Székely communities exempted from voivodal authority.Kristó 2003, p. 228. He set up a tax-collecting body, seemingly covering the entire province.Sălăgean 2005, p. 186. He captured Otto of Bavaria, a claimant to the Hungarian throne and seized the Holy Crown of Hungary from him in the first half of 1307.Engel 2001, pp. 129–130.Sălăgean 2005, pp. 186–187. He handed the royal diadem to King Charles I in 1310, but continued to rule Transylvania de facto independently until his death in 1315.Sălăgean 2005, pp. 187., 188. His son of the same name declared himself voivode, a title even used by the monarch when referring to him in a charter of August 12, 1315.Kristó 2003, p. 232. Dózsa Debreceni, the voivode King Charles I appointed in 1318, defeated some rebellious minor lords, but royal authority in Transylvania was only restored by Thomas Szécsényi in the 1320s.Engel 2001, p. 133.

The next rebellion against royal power in Transylvania broke out in 1467.Makkai 1994, p. 228. Irritated by a new tax that King Matthias Corvinus had just introduced, representatives of the Three Nations concluded an alliance against the monarch and declared the three incumbent voivodes (the brothers Counts John and Sigismund Szentgyörgyi and Berthold Ellerbach) their leaders. The king put down the revolt in a week, but did not sentence the three voivodes, because their active role in the revolt was never proven.Engel 2001, p. 302.

{{Further|Eastern Hungarian Kingdom|Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)}}

The barons did not find a compromise candidate to succeed King Louis II who perished in the battle of Mohács in 1526.{{sfn|Barta|1994|p=247}} First the voivode, John Szapolyai was proclaimed king by a group of nobles, but the opposing party also elected its own king, Ferdinand I, a scion of the Habsburg family, by the end of the year.Engel 2001, p. 371.

File:Dobo istvan.jpg, last voivode appointed by a king of Hungary (1553–1559)]]

King John I accepted Ottoman suzerainty in 1529, but in the Treaty of Nagyvárad of 1538 he conceded the right of the Habsburgs to succeed him after his death.{{sfn|Barta|1994|p=251}} At that point his voivodes, Stephen Majláth and Emeric Balassa, decided to separate Transylvania from the kingdom in order to save the province from an Ottoman invasion. Although other leading Transylvanian noblemen soon joined them, King John I overcame their rebellion in some weeks.{{sfn|Barta|1994|p=252}}

Following John's death, Ottoman troops occupied the central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1541.{{sfn|Barta|1994|p=253}} Sultan Suleiman I permitted the king's widow, Queen Isabella, to retain the territories east of the river Tisza (Tisa), including Transylvania, in the name of her infant son, John Sigismund.{{sfn|Barta|1994|p=253}}Felezeu 2009, p. 20. George Martinuzzi, bishop of Várad, soon started to reorganize the government in the name of the dowager queen and her son. The Ottomans assisted the bishop by capturing his opponent, Stephen Majláth,{{sfn|Barta|1994|p=253}} although the sultan had earlier confirmed the latter's position as voivode.Felezeu 2009, p. 19. An assembly of the Three Nations elected George Martinuzzi as governor on behalf of the infant king in 1542.{{sfn|Barta|1994|p=253}}

The office of voivode was vacant until September 1549, when Ferdinand (who had not given up the idea of reuniting the territories of the entire kingdom) appointed Martinuzzi to this post.{{sfn|Barta|1994|p=256}} However, Isabella and his son only left their realm in 1551.Felezeu 2009, p. 22. Thereafter, Transylvania was again under the rule of voivodes appointed by the monarch, ending with István Dobó. He administered the province until 1556, when Isabella and John Sigismund returned.{{sfn|Barta|1994|p=259}}

John Sigismund ceased to style himself king of Hungary after the Treaty of Speyer of 1570, under which he adopted the title of "Prince of Transylvania and Lord of parts of the Kingdom of Hungary".{{sfn|Barta|1994|pp=259–260}}Felezeu 2009, p. 25. His successor Stephen Báthory (who was elected ruler by the assembly of the Three Nations) revived the title of voivode, initially for himself.{{sfn|Barta|1994|p=260}} He adopted the title of "prince of Transylvania" when he was elected king of Poland in 1576.{{sfn|Barta|1994|p=263}} At the same time, he conferred the title voivode on his brother Christopher in 1576.{{sfn|Barta|1994|p=263}} Christopher Báthory was followed in 1581 by his minor son Sigismund who continued to style himself voivode until the death of his uncle, Stephen Báthory in 1586.{{sfn|Barta|1994|p=294}} Sigismund Báthory's title of prince was acknowledged in 1595 by Emperor Rudolph (also king of Hungary).{{sfn|Barta|1994|p=294}}

File:Grb Lackovića.JPG family]]

File:Scibor.jpg]]

File:Epitaf Nikole Ilockog crkva sv Ivana Kapistrana Ilok 221208.jpg in the Church of St. John of Capistrano at Újlak (Ilok, Croatia)]]

File:Ioan de Hunedoara.jpg on an engraving]]

File:Stefan Bathori prince.jpg]]

{{Quote box

| quote="Voivode of Transylvania, István Báthory! (...) Transylvania has long been under my protection, (...) and the country is my own (...). Therefore, out of my power, in accordance with your fealty to me I make Transylvania over to you."

| source = Ahidnâme of 1571 to Stephen Báthory by Sultan Selim II{{sfn|Barta|1994|p=260}}

| width = 170px

| align = right

}}

• Vice-voivode of Transylvania
• Ban of Croatia
• Ban of Slavonia
• Governor of Transylvania
• Palatine (Kingdom of Hungary)
• Transylvania in the Middle Ages
• List of rulers of Transylvania
• List of chancellors of Transylvania

{{Reflist|15em}}

{{Refbegin}}

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• {{cite book|editor1-last=Pop|editor1-first=Ioan-Aurel|editor2-last=Nägler|editor2-first=Thomas

|last1=Bărbulescu|first1=Mihai|last2=Dörner|first2=Anton E.|last3=Glodariu|first3=Ioan|last4=Pop|first4=Grigor P.|last5=Rotea|first5=Mihai|last6=Sălăgean|first6=Tudor|last7=Vasiliev|first7=Valentin|last8=Aldea|first8=Bogdan|last9=Proctor|first9=Richard |date=2005|url=http://www.bjmures.ro/bdPublicatii/CarteStudenti/P/AurelPop-Istoria_Transilvaniei.pdf|title=The History of Transylvania, Vol. I. (Until 1541)|publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies)|isbn=973-7784-00-6}}

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• [http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/57.html "TRANSYLVANIA IN THE MEDIEVAL HUNGARIAN KINGDOM (896–1526) (László Makkai)"]
• {{in lang|fr}} [http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02114/html/38.html "La Transylvanie dans l'Etat hongrois médiéval (895–1526)"]
• {{in lang|de}} [http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02113/html/38.html "Siebenbürgen im mittalterlichen Königreich Ungarn"]

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{{good article}}

Category:Barons of the realm (Kingdom of Hungary)

ro:Listă de voievozi ai Transilvaniei