Close back unrounded vowel

{{Short description|Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɯ⟩ in IPA}}

{{for|the letter|Ɯ}}

{{distinguish|text = the Armenian letter ա (U+0561), the Cyrillic letter ш (U+0448), or the Tamil letter (U+0BAF)}}

{{more citations needed|date=May 2015}}

{{use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}

{{Infobox IPA

| ipa symbol = ɯ

| ipa number = 316

| decimal = 623

| x-sampa = M

| imagefile = IPA Unicode 0x026F.svg

| imagesize = 150px

| braille = 256

| braille2 = u

}}

{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}

The close back unrounded vowel, or high back unrounded vowel,{{Vowel terminology}} is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɯ}}. Typographically, it is a turned letter {{angbr|m}}.

The close back unrounded vowel can in many cases be considered the vocalic equivalent of the voiced velar approximant [ɰ].

File:Spectrogram of close back unrounded vowel (IPA ɯ).png

==Features==

{{close vowel}}

{{back vowel}}

{{unrounded vowel}}

{{Clear}}

Occurrence

class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"

! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! IPA!! Meaning !! Notes

colspan="2" | Acehnese{{cite journal |last=Durie |first=Mark |title=Proto-Chamic and Acehnese Mid Vowels: Towards Proto-Aceh-Chamic |url=http://www.acehinstitute.org/Durie_1990.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714044202/http://www.acehinstitute.org/Durie_1990.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-14 |pages=100–111 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=LII, Part 1 |year=1990|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00021297 |s2cid=162224060 }}{{lang|ace|eu}}{{IPA|[ɯ]}}'see'Also described as closer to {{IPAblink|ɨ}}.{{Cite journal |last=Asyik |first=Abdul Gani |journal=Mon-Khmer Studies |volume=XI |pages=1–33 |url=http://www.lc.mahidol.ac.th/Documents/Publication/MKS/11/abdul1982agreement.pdf |title=The Agreement System in Acehnese |access-date=2012-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730145345/http://www.lc.mahidol.ac.th/Documents/Publication/MKS/11/abdul1982agreement.pdf |archive-date=2009-07-30 |url-status=dead }}{{cite journal |url=http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/594-0403/594-0403-AL-HARBI-0-0.PDF |title=Acehnese Coda Condition: An Optimality-Theoretic Account |journal=Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Educational and Social Sciences and Humanities |first=Awwad Ahmad Al-Ahmadi |last=Al-Harbi |volume=15 |issue=1 |date=January 2003 |pages=9–28}}
colspan="2" |Arara{{sfnp|Alves|2013|p=269}}îput{{IPA|[ɯput̚]}}'my skin'Frequent realisation of {{IPA|/ɨ/}}.{{sfnp|Alves|2013|p=269}}
colspan="2" |ArbëreshArbëreshë{{IPA|[ɑɾbɯɾeʃ]}}'Arbëreshë'{{IPA|/ə/}} in standard Albanian.
colspan="2" | Azerbaijani{{lang|az|bahalı}} / {{lang|az-Arab|باهالیٛ}}{{IPA|[bɑhɑˈɫɯ]}}'expensive'Closer to an {{IPA|[ɘ]}}.{{sfn|Ghaffarvand-Mokari|Werner|2016|p=514}}
colspan="2" | Bashkir{{lang|ba-Cyrl|ҡыҙ}} / {{lang|ba-Arab|قىُث}} / {{Lang|ba-Latn|qıđ}}{{IPA|[qɯð]}}'girl'
rowspan="4" | ChineseMandarin{{lang|cmn-Hant|}} / cì{{IPA|[t͡sʰɯ˥˩]}}'thorn'
Wuhan dialect, Southwestern Mandarin{{lang|cmn-Hant|}} / keu{{IPA|[kʰɯ]}}'to go'
Some Wu dialects{{lang|wuu-Hani|}} / vu{{IPA|[vɯ]}}'father'
Xiang{{lang|hsn-Hani|}} / xu{{IPA|[xɯ]}}'fire'
colspan="2" |Chuvash{{lang|cv|ыхра/ıxra}}{{IPA|[ɯɣra]}}'garlic'
colspan="2" | Crimean Tatar{{lang|crh|джаным/canım}}{{IPA|[dʒanɯm]}}'my dear'
rowspan="6" | EnglishAfrican-American{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=557}}rowspan="2" | hookrowspan="2" | {{IPA|[hɯ̞k]}}rowspan="2" | 'hook'Near-close; possible realization of {{IPAslink|ʊ}}.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=557}}
Tidewater{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=536}}Near-close; may be rounded {{IPAblink|ʊ}} instead.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=536}}
Some California speakers{{sfnp|Ladefoged|1999|pp=42–43}}goose{{IPA|[ɡɯˑs]}}'goose'Corresponds to {{IPAblink|uː}} in other dialects.
New Zealand{{cite report |title=NZE Phonology |page=3|publisher=Victoria University of Wellington |url=https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/lals/research/our-research-areas/new-zealand-english/publications/NZE_PhonologyPW.pdf |last=Warren |first=Paul |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124222357/https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/lals/research/our-research-areas/new-zealand-english/publications/NZE_PhonologyPW.pdf |archive-date=2024-01-24}}{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|2004|p=585}}treacle{{IPA|[ˈtɹ̝̊iːkɯ]}}'treacle'Possible realization of the unstressed vowel {{IPA|/ɯ/}}, which is variable in rounding and ranges from central to (more often) back and close to close-mid.{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|2004|p=585}} Corresponds to {{IPA|/əl/}} in other accents. Develops from dark L; See New Zealand English phonology
Some Philadelphia speakers{{sfnp|Gordon|2004|p=290}}plus{{IPA|[pɫ̥ɯs]}}'plus'Used by some speakers; the exact height and backness is variable.{{sfnp|Gordon|2004|p=290}} It corresponds to {{IPAblink|ʌ}} in other accents. See English phonology
South African{{sfnp|Bowerman|2004|p=936}}pill{{IPA|[pʰɯ̞ɫ]}}'pill'Near-close; possible allophone of {{IPA|/ɪ/}} before the velarised allophone of {{IPA|/l/}}.{{sfnp|Bowerman|2004|p=936}} See South African English phonology
colspan="2" | Estonian{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=369}}{{lang|et|kõrv}}{{IPA|[kɯrv]}}'ear'Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɤ}}; can be close-mid central {{IPAblink|ɘ}} or close-mid back {{IPAblink|ɤ}} instead, depending on the speaker.{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=369}} See Estonian phonology
IrishUlster{{lang|ga|caol}}{{IPA|[kʰɯːl̪ˠ]}}'narrow'See Irish phonology
colspan="2" | Japanese{{sfnp|Labrune|2012|p=25}}{{lang|ja|空気}} / {{Transliteration|ja|kūki}}{{Audio-IPA|ja-kuuki.ogg|[kɯːki]|help=no}}'air'May be compressed {{IPAblink|ɯᵝ}}.{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=118}} See Japanese phonology
colspan="2" |Katukina{{sfnp|dos Anjos|2012|p=129}}{{IPA|[babɯˈdʒɯ]}}'oscar (fish)'
colspan="2" | Kazakh{{lang|kk|қыс/qys}}/{{lang|kk-Arab|قىس}}{{IPA|[qɯs]}}'winter'May be pronounced as {{IPA|kk|qəs
}

|-

| colspan="2" | Korean{{sfnp|Lee|1999|p=122}} || {{lang|ko|음식}} {{nowrap|{{lang|ko-Hani|飮食}}}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|eumsik}} || {{IPA|[ɯːmɕ͈ik̚]}}|| 'food' || See Korean phonology

|-

| rowspan="2" |Kurdish||Kurmanji (Northern) || {{lang|ku|ti}} || rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[tˤɯɾʃ]}} || rowspan="2" |'sour' || rowspan="2" |See Kurdish phonology. The "i" after "t" always uses this sound if the "t" is "tˤ". However, it can also appear at other places.

|-

|Sorani (Central) || rowspan="1" |{{Lang|ku-Arab|ترش}} / tirş

|-

| colspan="2" | Kyrgyz || {{lang|ky|кыз}} / qyz / قىز ||{{IPA|[qɯz]}} || 'girl' || See Kyrgyz phonology

|-

| colspan="2" |Panará{{Sfnp|Vasconcelos|2013|p=182}} || || {{IPA|[tɯˈsəʰ]}} || 'to breathe' ||

|-

| Portuguese || European{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}} || {{lang|pt|pegar}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pegar_european_pt.wav|[pɯ̞ˈɣäɾ]}} || 'to grab' || Reduced vowel. Near-close.{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}} Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɨ}}. See Portuguese phonology

|-

| Romanian || Some speakers || {{lang|ro|când}} || {{IPA|[kɯnd]}} || 'when' || Typically described as {{angbr IPA|ɨ}}. See Romanian phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Scottish Gaelic || {{lang|gd|caol}} || {{IPA|[kʰɯːl̪ˠ]}} || 'thin' || See Scottish Gaelic phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Sop || {{lang|urw|düm}} || {{IPA|[dɯm]}} || 'tree' || See Sop language

|-

| colspan="2" | Tamil || {{Lang|ta|அழகு}} / aḻagu || {{IPA|[əɻəgɯ]}} || 'beauty' ||

|-

| Thai || Standard{{sfnp|Tingsabadh|Abramson|1993|p=24}} || {{lang|th|ขึ้น}} / khuen/khîn ||{{IPA|[kʰɯn˥˩]}} || 'to go up' ||

|-

| colspan="2" | Turkish{{Harvcoltxt|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=10}} || {{lang|tr|sığ}} || {{Audio-IPA| Tr-sığ.ogg|[sɯː]}} || 'shallow' || Described variously as close back {{IPA|[ɯ]}}, near-close near-back {{IPA|[ɯ̞]}}{{Harvcoltxt|Kiliç|Öğüt|2004}} and close central {{IPAblink|ɨ}}.{{Harvcoltxt|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}} See Turkish phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Turkmen || {{lang|tk|ýaşyl}}/{{lang|tk-Arab|یاشیٛل}} || {{IPA|[jɑːˈʃɯl]}} || 'green' ||

|-

| colspan="2" | Uyghur || {{lang|ug|تىلىم/tılım}} / tilim||{{IPA|[tɯlɯm]}} || 'my language' || In complementary distribution with {{IPAslink|ɪ}}. See Uyghur phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Vietnamese || {{lang|vi|tư}} || {{IPA|[tɯ]}} || 'fourth' || See Vietnamese phonology

|}

See also

Notes

{{Reflist|30em}}

References

{{refbegin|30em}}

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{{refend}}