Close back unrounded vowel
{{Short description|Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɯ⟩ in IPA}}
{{for|the letter|Ɯ}}
{{distinguish|text = the Armenian letter ա (U+0561), the Cyrillic letter ш (U+0448), or the Tamil letter ய (U+0BAF)}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2015}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox IPA
| ipa symbol = ɯ
| ipa number = 316
| decimal = 623
| x-sampa = M
| imagefile = IPA Unicode 0x026F.svg
| imagesize = 150px
| braille = 256
| braille2 = u
}}
{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}
The close back unrounded vowel, or high back unrounded vowel,{{Vowel terminology}} is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɯ}}. Typographically, it is a turned letter {{angbr|m}}.
The close back unrounded vowel can in many cases be considered the vocalic equivalent of the voiced velar approximant [ɰ].
File:Spectrogram of close back unrounded vowel (IPA ɯ).png
==Features==
{{close vowel}}
{{back vowel}}
{{unrounded vowel}}
{{Clear}}
Occurrence
class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! IPA!! Meaning !! Notes | |||||
colspan="2" | Acehnese{{cite journal |last=Durie |first=Mark |title=Proto-Chamic and Acehnese Mid Vowels: Towards Proto-Aceh-Chamic |url=http://www.acehinstitute.org/Durie_1990.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714044202/http://www.acehinstitute.org/Durie_1990.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-14 |pages=100–111 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=LII, Part 1 |year=1990|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00021297 |s2cid=162224060 }} | {{lang|ace|eu}} | {{IPA|[ɯ]}} | 'see' | Also described as closer to {{IPAblink|ɨ}}.{{Cite journal |last=Asyik |first=Abdul Gani |journal=Mon-Khmer Studies |volume=XI |pages=1–33 |url=http://www.lc.mahidol.ac.th/Documents/Publication/MKS/11/abdul1982agreement.pdf |title=The Agreement System in Acehnese |access-date=2012-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730145345/http://www.lc.mahidol.ac.th/Documents/Publication/MKS/11/abdul1982agreement.pdf |archive-date=2009-07-30 |url-status=dead }}{{cite journal |url=http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/594-0403/594-0403-AL-HARBI-0-0.PDF |title=Acehnese Coda Condition: An Optimality-Theoretic Account |journal=Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Educational and Social Sciences and Humanities |first=Awwad Ahmad Al-Ahmadi |last=Al-Harbi |volume=15 |issue=1 |date=January 2003 |pages=9–28}} | |
colspan="2" |Arara{{sfnp|Alves|2013|p=269}} | îput | {{IPA|[ɯput̚]}} | 'my skin' | Frequent realisation of {{IPA|/ɨ/}}.{{sfnp|Alves|2013|p=269}} | |
colspan="2" |Arbëresh | Arbëreshë | {{IPA|[ɑɾbɯɾeʃ]}} | 'Arbëreshë' | {{IPA|/ə/}} in standard Albanian. | |
colspan="2" | Azerbaijani | {{lang|az|bahalı}} / {{lang|az-Arab|باهالیٛ}} | {{IPA|[bɑhɑˈɫɯ]}} | 'expensive' | Closer to an {{IPA|[ɘ]}}.{{sfn|Ghaffarvand-Mokari|Werner|2016|p=514}} | |
colspan="2" | Bashkir | {{lang|ba-Cyrl|ҡыҙ}} / {{lang|ba-Arab|قىُث}} / {{Lang|ba-Latn|qıđ}} | {{IPA|[qɯð]}} | 'girl' | ||
rowspan="4" | Chinese | Mandarin | {{lang|cmn-Hant|刺}} / cì | {{IPA|[t͡sʰɯ˥˩]}} | 'thorn' | |
Wuhan dialect, Southwestern Mandarin | {{lang|cmn-Hant|去}} / keu | {{IPA|[kʰɯ]}} | 'to go' | ||
Some Wu dialects | {{lang|wuu-Hani|父}} / vu | {{IPA|[vɯ]}} | 'father' | ||
Xiang | {{lang|hsn-Hani|火}} / xu | {{IPA|[xɯ]}} | 'fire' | ||
colspan="2" |Chuvash | {{lang|cv|ыхра/ıxra}} | {{IPA|[ɯɣra]}} | 'garlic' | ||
colspan="2" | Crimean Tatar | {{lang|crh|джаным/canım}} | {{IPA|[dʒanɯm]}} | 'my dear' | ||
rowspan="6" | English | African-American{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=557}} | rowspan="2" | hook | rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[hɯ̞k]}} | rowspan="2" | 'hook' | Near-close; possible realization of {{IPAslink|ʊ}}.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=557}} |
Tidewater{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=536}} | Near-close; may be rounded {{IPAblink|ʊ}} instead.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=536}} | ||||
Some California speakers{{sfnp|Ladefoged|1999|pp=42–43}} | goose | {{IPA|[ɡɯˑs]}} | 'goose' | Corresponds to {{IPAblink|uː}} in other dialects. | |
New Zealand{{cite report |title=NZE Phonology |page=3|publisher=Victoria University of Wellington |url=https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/lals/research/our-research-areas/new-zealand-english/publications/NZE_PhonologyPW.pdf |last=Warren |first=Paul |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124222357/https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/lals/research/our-research-areas/new-zealand-english/publications/NZE_PhonologyPW.pdf |archive-date=2024-01-24}}{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|2004|p=585}} | treacle | {{IPA|[ˈtɹ̝̊iːkɯ]}} | 'treacle' | Possible realization of the unstressed vowel {{IPA|/ɯ/}}, which is variable in rounding and ranges from central to (more often) back and close to close-mid.{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|2004|p=585}} Corresponds to {{IPA|/əl/}} in other accents. Develops from dark L; See New Zealand English phonology | |
Some Philadelphia speakers{{sfnp|Gordon|2004|p=290}} | plus | {{IPA|[pɫ̥ɯs]}} | 'plus' | Used by some speakers; the exact height and backness is variable.{{sfnp|Gordon|2004|p=290}} It corresponds to {{IPAblink|ʌ}} in other accents. See English phonology | |
South African{{sfnp|Bowerman|2004|p=936}} | pill | {{IPA|[pʰɯ̞ɫ]}} | 'pill' | Near-close; possible allophone of {{IPA|/ɪ/}} before the velarised allophone of {{IPA|/l/}}.{{sfnp|Bowerman|2004|p=936}} See South African English phonology | |
colspan="2" | Estonian{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=369}} | {{lang|et|kõrv}} | {{IPA|[kɯrv]}} | 'ear' | Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɤ}}; can be close-mid central {{IPAblink|ɘ}} or close-mid back {{IPAblink|ɤ}} instead, depending on the speaker.{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=369}} See Estonian phonology | |
Irish | Ulster | {{lang|ga|caol}} | {{IPA|[kʰɯːl̪ˠ]}} | 'narrow' | See Irish phonology |
colspan="2" | Japanese{{sfnp|Labrune|2012|p=25}} | {{lang|ja|空気}} / {{Transliteration|ja|kūki}} | {{Audio-IPA|ja-kuuki.ogg|[kɯːki]|help=no}} | 'air' | May be compressed {{IPAblink|ɯᵝ}}.{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=118}} See Japanese phonology | |
colspan="2" |Katukina{{sfnp|dos Anjos|2012|p=129}} | {{IPA|[babɯˈdʒɯ]}} | 'oscar (fish)' | |||
colspan="2" | Kazakh | {{lang|kk|қыс/qys}}/{{lang|kk-Arab|قىس}} | {{IPA|[qɯs]}} | 'winter' | May be pronounced as {{IPA|kk|qəs |
|-
| colspan="2" | Korean{{sfnp|Lee|1999|p=122}} || {{lang|ko|음식}} {{nowrap|{{lang|ko-Hani|飮食}}}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|eumsik}} || {{IPA|[ɯːmɕ͈ik̚]}}|| 'food' || See Korean phonology
|-
| rowspan="2" |Kurdish||Kurmanji (Northern) || {{lang|ku|tirş}} || rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[tˤɯɾʃ]}} || rowspan="2" |'sour' || rowspan="2" |See Kurdish phonology. The "i" after "t" always uses this sound if the "t" is "tˤ". However, it can also appear at other places.
|-
|Sorani (Central) || rowspan="1" |{{Lang|ku-Arab|ترش}} / tirş
|-
| colspan="2" | Kyrgyz || {{lang|ky|кыз}} / qyz / قىز ||{{IPA|[qɯz]}} || 'girl' || See Kyrgyz phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Panará{{Sfnp|Vasconcelos|2013|p=182}} || || {{IPA|[tɯˈsəʰ]}} || 'to breathe' ||
|-
| Portuguese || European{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}} || {{lang|pt|pegar}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pegar_european_pt.wav|[pɯ̞ˈɣäɾ]}} || 'to grab' || Reduced vowel. Near-close.{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}} Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɨ}}. See Portuguese phonology
|-
| Romanian || Some speakers || {{lang|ro|când}} || {{IPA|[kɯnd]}} || 'when' || Typically described as {{angbr IPA|ɨ}}. See Romanian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Scottish Gaelic || {{lang|gd|caol}} || {{IPA|[kʰɯːl̪ˠ]}} || 'thin' || See Scottish Gaelic phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Sop || {{lang|urw|düm}} || {{IPA|[dɯm]}} || 'tree' || See Sop language
|-
| colspan="2" | Tamil || {{Lang|ta|அழகு}} / aḻagu || {{IPA|[əɻəgɯ]}} || 'beauty' ||
|-
| Thai || Standard{{sfnp|Tingsabadh|Abramson|1993|p=24}} || {{lang|th|ขึ้น}} / khuen/khîn ||{{IPA|[kʰɯn˥˩]}} || 'to go up' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Turkish{{Harvcoltxt|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=10}} || {{lang|tr|sığ}} || {{Audio-IPA| Tr-sığ.ogg|[sɯː]}} || 'shallow' || Described variously as close back {{IPA|[ɯ]}}, near-close near-back {{IPA|[ɯ̞]}}{{Harvcoltxt|Kiliç|Öğüt|2004}} and close central {{IPAblink|ɨ}}.{{Harvcoltxt|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}} See Turkish phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Turkmen || {{lang|tk|ýaşyl}}/{{lang|tk-Arab|یاشیٛل}} || {{IPA|[jɑːˈʃɯl]}} || 'green' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Uyghur || {{lang|ug|تىلىم/tılım}} / tilim||{{IPA|[tɯlɯm]}} || 'my language' || In complementary distribution with {{IPAslink|ɪ}}. See Uyghur phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Vietnamese || {{lang|vi|tư}} || {{IPA|[tɯ]}} || 'fourth' || See Vietnamese phonology
|}
See also
Notes
{{Reflist|30em}}
References
{{refbegin|30em}}
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{{refend}}
External links
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