voiced velar approximant

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɰ⟩ in IPA}}

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=ɰ

|ipa number=154

|decimal=624

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0270.svg

|imagesize=150px

|x-sampa=M\

|kirshenbaum=j<vel>

|braille=“

|braille2=m

}}

The voiced velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɰ}}, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is M\.

The consonant is absent in English, but may be approximated by making {{IPAblink|ɡ}} but with the tongue body lowered or {{IPAblink|w}} but with the lips apart. The voiced velar approximant can in many cases be considered the semivocalic counterpart of the close back unrounded vowel {{IPA|[ɯ]}}. {{angbr IPA|ɰ}} and {{angbr IPA|ɯ̯}} with the non-syllabic diacritic are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.

In some languages, such as Spanish, the voiced velar approximant is an allophone of {{IPA|/g/}} – see below.

The symbol for the velar approximant originates from {{angbr IPA|ɯ}}, but with a vertical line. Compare {{angbr IPA|u}} and {{angbr IPA|ɥ}} for the labio-palatal approximant.

Features

Features of the voiced velar approximant:

{{approximant}} The most common type of this approximant is glide or semivowel. The term glide emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of {{IPA|[ɰ]}} from the {{IPAblink|ɯ}} vowel position to a following vowel position. The term semivowel emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable). For a description of the approximant consonant variant used e.g. in Spanish, see below.

Occurrence

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Aragonese{{sfnp\|Mott\|2007\|pp=104–105}}	{{lang\|an\|caixigo}}	{{IPA\|[kajˈʃiɣ̞o̞]}}	'oak tree'	Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}.
rowspan="4" \| Astur-Leonese	Asturian	{{fix\|text=example needed\|date=July 2016}}			rowspan="4" \| Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}.
Extremaduran	{{fix\|text=example needed\|date=July 2016}}
Leonese	{{fix\|text=example needed\|date=July 2016}}
Mirandese	{{fix\|text=example needed\|date=July 2016}}
colspan="2" \| Catalan{{sfnp\|Carbonell\|Llisterri\|1992\|p=55}}{{sfnp\|Martínez Celdrán\|2004\|p=204}}	{{lang\|ca\|aigua}}	{{IPA\|[ˈajɣ̞wə]}}	'water'	Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}.{{sfnp\|Carbonell\|Llisterri\|1992\|p=55}}{{sfnp\|Martínez Celdrán\|2004\|p=204}} See Catalan phonology
colspan="2" \| Cherokee	ᏩᏥ {{lang\|chr-Latn\|wa-tsi}}	{{IPA\|[ɰad͡ʒi]}}	'watch'	Found only in the Western dialect. Its equivalent in other dialects is [w]. Also represented by Ꮺ, Ꮻ, Ꮼ, Ꮽ, and Ꮾ
Danish	Older speakers{{sfnp\|Grønnum\|2005\|p=123}}	{{lang\|da\|talg}}	{{IPA\|[ˈtsʰalˀɣ̞]}}	'tallow'	Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. Still used by some older speakers in high register, much more commonly than a fricative {{IPAblink\|ɣ}}.{{sfnp\|Grønnum\|2005\|p=123}} Depending on the environment, it corresponds to {{IPA\|[w]}} or {{IPAblink\|j}} in young speakers of contemporary Standard Danish.{{sfnp\|Basbøll\|2005\|pp=211–212}} See Danish phonology
Dutch	Western East Flemish{{sfnp\|Taeldeman\|1979}}				Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. Corresponds to a fricative {{IPAblink\|ɣ}} in other dialects.{{sfnp\|Taeldeman\|1979}}
French	Belgian{{sfnp\|Demolin\|2001\|pp=65, 71}}	{{lang\|fr\|ara}}	{{IPA\|[aɣ̞a]}}	'macaw'	Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. Intervocalic, word-internal allophone of {{IPA\|/ʀ/}} for some speakers.{{sfnp\|Demolin\|2001\|pp=65, 71}} See French phonology
colspan="2" \| Galician{{sfnp\|Martínez Celdrán\|2004\|pp=203–204}}	{{lang\|gl\|auga}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɑwɣ̞ɑ]}}	'water'	Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}.{{sfnp\|Martínez Celdrán\|2004\|pp=203–204}} See Galician phonology
Greek	Cypriot{{sfnp\|Arvaniti\|1999\|p=174}}	{{lang\|el\|μαγαζί}}	{{IPA\|[maɰaˈzi]}}	'shop'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɣ/}}.
rowspan="2" \| Guarani \|	{{lang\|gn\|gotyo}}	{{IPA\|[ɰoˈtɨo]}}	'near, close to'	Contrasts with {{IPA\|[w]}}
Ñandewa Paulista-Paranaense{{Sfnp\|Costa\|2012\|p=78}} \| \|{{IPA\|[adʒaˈɰa]}} \|'I cut' \|Contrasts with {{IPAblink\|ɡ}}.{{Sfnp\|Costa\|2012\|p=78}}
colspan="2" \| Hiw	ter̄og	{{IPA\|[təɡ͡ʟɔɣ̞]}}	'peace'	Contrasts with {{IPA\|/w/}} and with {{IPA\|/ɡ͡ʟ/}}.{{sfnp\|François\|2010\|pp=397-400}}
colspan="2" \|Ibibio{{sfnp\|Urua\|2004\|p=106}}	ufokọ	{{IPA\|[úfʌ̟̀ɰɔ̞]}}	{{fix\|text=translation needed\|date=October 2015}}	Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}}; may be a uvular tap {{IPAblink\|ɢ̆}} instead.{{sfnp\|Urua\|2004\|p=106}}
colspan="2" \| Icelandic	{{lang\|is\|saga}}	{{IPA\|[ˈs̺äːɣ̞ä]}}	'saga'	Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. See Icelandic phonology
colspan="2" \| Irish	{{lang\|ga\|naoi}}	{{IPA\|[n̪ˠɰiː]}}	'nine'	Occurs only between broad consonants and front vowels. See Irish phonology
colspan="2" \| Korean	{{lang\|ko\|의사}} / {{lang\|ko-Latn\|uisa}}	{{IPA\|[ɰisɐ]}}	'doctor'	Occurs only before {{IPA\|/i/}}. See Korean phonology
colspan="2" \| Mwotlap	haghag	{{IPA\|[haɣ̞haɣ̞]}}	'sit'	Contrasts with {{IPA\|[w]}}.{{sfnp\|François\|2001\|p=60}}
colspan="2" \| Shipibo{{sfnp\|Valenzuela\|Márquez Pinedo\|Maddieson\|2001\|p=282}}	{{lang\|shp\|igi}}	{{IPA\|[i̞ɣ̞i̞]}}	{{fix\|text=translation needed\|date=January 2016}}	Unspecified for rounding; varies between an approximant and a fricative. Allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}} in certain high-frequency morphemes.{{sfnp\|Valenzuela\|Márquez Pinedo\|Maddieson\|2001\|p=282}}
colspan="2" \| Spanish{{sfnp\|Martínez Celdrán\|2004\|pp=202–204}}	{{lang\|es\|pagar}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Es_pagar.ogg\|[päˈɣ̞äɾ]\|help=no}}	'to pay'	Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}.{{sfnp\|Martínez Celdrán\|2004\|pp=202–204}} See Spanish phonology
Swedish	Central Standard{{sfnp\|Engstrand\|2004\|p=167}}	{{lang\|sv\|agronom}}	{{nowrap\|{{IPA\|[äɣ̞ɾʊˈn̪oːm]}}}}	'agronomist'	Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} in casual speech. See Swedish phonology
colspan="2" \| Tagalog	igriega''	{{IPA\|[iːɡɾɪˈje̞ɣ̞ɐ]}}	'y (letter)'	Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; intervocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}. See Tagalog phonology
colspan="2" \| Tiwi	{{lang\|tiw\|ngaga}}	{{IPA\|[ˈŋaɰa]}}	'we (inclusive)'
Vietnamese \|Southern	gà	{{nowrap\|{{IPA\|[ɣ̞a:˨˩]}}}}	'chicken'	Typical realization of {{IPA\|/ɡɣ/ or /ɣ/}} in other dialects. Variant is in complementary distribution before open vowels.

=Pre-velar=

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Voiced pre-velar approximant

|ipa symbol=ɰ˖

|ipa symbol2=j˗

|ipa symbol3=ɨ̯

|x-sampa=j-

|kirshenbaum=j"

}}

class="wikitable"

! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes

colspan="2" | Spanish{{sfnp|Canellada|Madsen|1987|p=21}}

'to follow'

Approximant consonant. Lenited allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}} before front vowels;{{sfnp|Canellada|Madsen|1987|p=21}} typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɣ}}. See Spanish phonology

Turkish

Standard prescriptive{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}}

'marriage'

Either post-palatal or palatal; phonetic realization of {{IPA|/ɣ/}} (also transcribed as {{IPA|/ɰ/}}) before front vowels.{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}} See Turkish phonology

Voiced velar bunched approximant

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Voiced velar bunched approximant

|ipa symbol=ɹ̈

|x-sampa=r\_"

}}

Some languages have a velar approximant that is produced with the body of the tongue bunched up at the velum and simultaneous pharyngealization. This gives rise to a type of retroflex resonance resembling {{IPAblink|ɻ}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=200}} The extension to the IPA recommends the use of the "centralized" diacritic combined with the IPA sign for the English alveolar approximant (as in {{angbr IPA|ɹ̈}}) to distinguish the bunched realization from the prototypical apical {{IPAblink|ɹ}}, which may be specified as {{angbr IPA|ɹ̺}}. Typically, the diacritic is omitted, so that the sound is transcribed simply with {{angbr IPA|ɹ}} or {{angbr IPA|ɻ}} (in broader transcriptions: {{angbr IPA|r}}), as if it were a coronal consonant.

In Dutch, this type of r is called {{lang|nl|Gooise r}} {{IPA|nl|ˌɣoːisə ˈʔɛr|}} 'Gooi r'. It is named after het Gooi, a region of the Netherlands where Hilversum (the main centre for television and radio broadcasting) is located.

=Features=

Features of the voiced velar bunched approximant:

{{approximant}} The body of the tongue is bunched up at the velum, rather than just approaching it as it is the case with the prototypical velar approximant.

=Occurrence=

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
rowspan="2" \| Dutch	Randstad varieties{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=200}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|nl\|maar}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ˈmaːɹ̈]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'but'	Pre-velar. Common allophone of {{IPA\|/r/}} in the syllable coda, where it contrasts with {{IPAblink\|w}}. The bunching and pharyngealization may be lost in connected speech, resulting in a semivowel such as {{IPAblink\|j}} or {{IPA\|[ə̯]}}.{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|pp=200–1}} See Dutch phonology
Standard Northern{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=200}}	Pre-velar. Common allophone of {{IPA\|/r/}} in the syllable coda, where it contrasts with {{IPAblink\|w}}.{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=200}} See Dutch phonology
rowspan="2" \| English	American{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|pp=225–6}}	{{lang\|en\|red}}	{{IPA\|[ɹ̈ʷɛd]}}	'red'	Possible realization of {{IPA\|/r/}}; indistinguishable from apical {{IPA\|[ɹ̺]}}.{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|pp=225–6}} See Pronunciation of English /r/
Received Pronunciation{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|pp=225–6}}	{{lang\|en\|curious}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkj̊ʊːɹ̈iəs]}}	'curious'	Possible allophone of {{IPA\|/r/}} before front vowels; indistinguishable from apical {{IPA\|[ɹ̺]}}.{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|pp=225–6}} See Pronunciation of English /r/

Relation with {{IPA|[ɡ]}} and {{IPA|[ɣ]}}

Some languages have a voiced velar approximant that is unspecified for rounding, and therefore cannot be considered the semivocalic equivalent of either {{IPA|[ɯ]}} or its rounded counterpart {{IPAblink|u}}. Examples of such languages are Catalan, Galician and Spanish, in which the approximant consonant (not semivowel) unspecified for rounding appears as an allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}.{{sfnp|Martínez Celdrán|2004|pp=203–204}}

Eugenio Martínez Celdrán describes the voiced velar approximant consonant as follows:{{sfnp|Martínez Celdrán|2004|pp=202–203}}

{{blockquote|text=

As for the symbol {{angbr IPA|ɰ}}, it is quite evidently inappropriate for representing the Spanish voiced velar approximant consonant. Many authors have pointed out the fact that {{IPA|[ɰ]}} is not rounded; for example, Pullum & Ladusaw (1986:98) state that 'the sound in question can be described as a semi-vowel (glide) with the properties "high", "back", and "unrounded"'. They even establish an interesting parallelism: 'the sound can be regarded as an unrounded {{IPAblink|w}}'. It is evident, then, that {{angbr IPA|ɰ}} is not an adequate symbol for Spanish. First of all, because it has never been taken into consideration that there is a diphthong in words like {{lang|es|paga}} 'pay', {{lang|es|vago}} 'lazy', {{lang|es|lego}} 'lay', etc., and, secondly, because this sound is rounded when it precedes rounded vowels. Besides, it would be utterly wrong to transcribe the word {{lang|es|jugo}} 'juice' with {{angbr IPA|ɰ}} *{{IPA|[ˈχuɰo]}}, because the pronunciation of that consonant between two rounded vowels is completely rounded whereas {{IPA|[ɰ]}} is not. [...]

The symbol I have always proposed is {{angbr IPA|ɣ̞}}, the correlate to the other central approximants in Spanish, {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|β̞}} {{IPAplink|ð̞}}]}} (Martínez Celdrán 1991, 1996:47). This coincides with Ball & Rahilly (1999:90), whose example for the three approximants is the Spanish word {{lang|es|abogado}} 'lawyer'[...]. Ball & Rahilly too criticise in a footnote the confusion between these symbols: 'The difference between an approximant version of the voiced velar fricative {{IPA|[ɣ]}}, and the velar semi-vowel {{IPA|[ɰ]}} is that the latter requires spread lips, and must have a slightly more open articulatory channel so that it becomes {{IPAblink|ɯ}} if prolonged' (p. 189, fn. 1).

}}

There is a parallel problem with transcribing the palatal approximant.

The symbol {{angbr IPA|ɣ̞}} may not display properly in all browsers. In that case, {{angbr IPA|ɣ˕}} should be substituted. In broader transcriptions,See e.g. {{Harvcoltxt|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992}}. the lowering diacritic may be omitted altogether, so that the symbol is rendered {{angbr IPA|ɣ}}, i.e. as if it represented the corresponding fricative.

Notes

References

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External links

{{phoible|ɰ}}

Category:Velar consonants

Category:Pulmonic consonants

Category:Voiced oral consonants

Category:Central consonants

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Aragonese{{sfnp\|Mott\|2007\|pp=104–105}}	{{lang\|an\|caixigo}}	{{IPA\|[kajˈʃiɣ̞o̞]}}	'oak tree'	Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}.
rowspan="4" \| Astur-Leonese	Asturian	{{fix\|text=example needed\|date=July 2016}}			rowspan="4" \| Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}.
Extremaduran	{{fix\|text=example needed\|date=July 2016}}
Leonese	{{fix\|text=example needed\|date=July 2016}}
Mirandese	{{fix\|text=example needed\|date=July 2016}}
colspan="2" \| Catalan{{sfnp\|Carbonell\|Llisterri\|1992\|p=55}}{{sfnp\|Martínez Celdrán\|2004\|p=204}}	{{lang\|ca\|aigua}}	{{IPA\|[ˈajɣ̞wə]}}	'water'	Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}.{{sfnp\|Carbonell\|Llisterri\|1992\|p=55}}{{sfnp\|Martínez Celdrán\|2004\|p=204}} See Catalan phonology
colspan="2" \| Cherokee	ᏩᏥ {{lang\|chr-Latn\|wa-tsi}}	{{IPA\|[ɰad͡ʒi]}}	'watch'	Found only in the Western dialect. Its equivalent in other dialects is [w]. Also represented by Ꮺ, Ꮻ, Ꮼ, Ꮽ, and Ꮾ
Danish	Older speakers{{sfnp\|Grønnum\|2005\|p=123}}	{{lang\|da\|talg}}	{{IPA\|[ˈtsʰalˀɣ̞]}}	'tallow'	Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. Still used by some older speakers in high register, much more commonly than a fricative {{IPAblink\|ɣ}}.{{sfnp\|Grønnum\|2005\|p=123}} Depending on the environment, it corresponds to {{IPA\|[w]}} or {{IPAblink\|j}} in young speakers of contemporary Standard Danish.{{sfnp\|Basbøll\|2005\|pp=211–212}} See Danish phonology
Dutch	Western East Flemish{{sfnp\|Taeldeman\|1979}}				Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. Corresponds to a fricative {{IPAblink\|ɣ}} in other dialects.{{sfnp\|Taeldeman\|1979}}
French	Belgian{{sfnp\|Demolin\|2001\|pp=65, 71}}	{{lang\|fr\|ara}}	{{IPA\|[aɣ̞a]}}	'macaw'	Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. Intervocalic, word-internal allophone of {{IPA\|/ʀ/}} for some speakers.{{sfnp\|Demolin\|2001\|pp=65, 71}} See French phonology
colspan="2" \| Galician{{sfnp\|Martínez Celdrán\|2004\|pp=203–204}}	{{lang\|gl\|auga}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɑwɣ̞ɑ]}}	'water'	Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}.{{sfnp\|Martínez Celdrán\|2004\|pp=203–204}} See Galician phonology
Greek	Cypriot{{sfnp\|Arvaniti\|1999\|p=174}}	{{lang\|el\|μαγαζί}}	{{IPA\|[maɰaˈzi]}}	'shop'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɣ/}}.
rowspan="2" \| Guarani \|	{{lang\|gn\|gotyo}}	{{IPA\|[ɰoˈtɨo]}}	'near, close to'	Contrasts with {{IPA\|[w]}}
Ñandewa Paulista-Paranaense{{Sfnp\|Costa\|2012\|p=78}} \| \|{{IPA\|[adʒaˈɰa]}} \|'I cut' \|Contrasts with {{IPAblink\|ɡ}}.{{Sfnp\|Costa\|2012\|p=78}}
colspan="2" \| Hiw	ter̄og	{{IPA\|[təɡ͡ʟɔɣ̞]}}	'peace'	Contrasts with {{IPA\|/w/}} and with {{IPA\|/ɡ͡ʟ/}}.{{sfnp\|François\|2010\|pp=397-400}}
colspan="2" \|Ibibio{{sfnp\|Urua\|2004\|p=106}}	ufokọ	{{IPA\|[úfʌ̟̀ɰɔ̞]}}	{{fix\|text=translation needed\|date=October 2015}}	Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}}; may be a uvular tap {{IPAblink\|ɢ̆}} instead.{{sfnp\|Urua\|2004\|p=106}}
colspan="2" \| Icelandic	{{lang\|is\|saga}}	{{IPA\|[ˈs̺äːɣ̞ä]}}	'saga'	Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. See Icelandic phonology
colspan="2" \| Irish	{{lang\|ga\|naoi}}	{{IPA\|[n̪ˠɰiː]}}	'nine'	Occurs only between broad consonants and front vowels. See Irish phonology
colspan="2" \| Korean	{{lang\|ko\|의사}} / {{lang\|ko-Latn\|uisa}}	{{IPA\|[ɰisɐ]}}	'doctor'	Occurs only before {{IPA\|/i/}}. See Korean phonology
colspan="2" \| Mwotlap	haghag	{{IPA\|[haɣ̞haɣ̞]}}	'sit'	Contrasts with {{IPA\|[w]}}.{{sfnp\|François\|2001\|p=60}}
colspan="2" \| Shipibo{{sfnp\|Valenzuela\|Márquez Pinedo\|Maddieson\|2001\|p=282}}	{{lang\|shp\|igi}}	{{IPA\|[i̞ɣ̞i̞]}}	{{fix\|text=translation needed\|date=January 2016}}	Unspecified for rounding; varies between an approximant and a fricative. Allophone of {{IPA\|/k/}} in certain high-frequency morphemes.{{sfnp\|Valenzuela\|Márquez Pinedo\|Maddieson\|2001\|p=282}}
colspan="2" \| Spanish{{sfnp\|Martínez Celdrán\|2004\|pp=202–204}}	{{lang\|es\|pagar}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Es_pagar.ogg\|[päˈɣ̞äɾ]\|help=no}}	'to pay'	Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}.{{sfnp\|Martínez Celdrán\|2004\|pp=202–204}} See Spanish phonology
Swedish	Central Standard{{sfnp\|Engstrand\|2004\|p=167}}	{{lang\|sv\|agronom}}	{{nowrap\|{{IPA\|[äɣ̞ɾʊˈn̪oːm]}}}}	'agronomist'	Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} in casual speech. See Swedish phonology
colspan="2" \| Tagalog	igriega''	{{IPA\|[iːɡɾɪˈje̞ɣ̞ɐ]}}	'y (letter)'	Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; intervocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}. See Tagalog phonology
colspan="2" \| Tiwi	{{lang\|tiw\|ngaga}}	{{IPA\|[ˈŋaɰa]}}	'we (inclusive)'
Vietnamese \|Southern	gà	{{nowrap\|{{IPA\|[ɣ̞a:˨˩]}}}}	'chicken'	Typical realization of {{IPA\|/ɡɣ/ or /ɣ/}} in other dialects. Variant is in complementary distribution before open vowels.

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
rowspan="2" \| Dutch	Randstad varieties{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=200}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|nl\|maar}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ˈmaːɹ̈]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'but'	Pre-velar. Common allophone of {{IPA\|/r/}} in the syllable coda, where it contrasts with {{IPAblink\|w}}. The bunching and pharyngealization may be lost in connected speech, resulting in a semivowel such as {{IPAblink\|j}} or {{IPA\|[ə̯]}}.{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|pp=200–1}} See Dutch phonology
Standard Northern{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=200}}	Pre-velar. Common allophone of {{IPA\|/r/}} in the syllable coda, where it contrasts with {{IPAblink\|w}}.{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=200}} See Dutch phonology
rowspan="2" \| English	American{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|pp=225–6}}	{{lang\|en\|red}}	{{IPA\|[ɹ̈ʷɛd]}}	'red'	Possible realization of {{IPA\|/r/}}; indistinguishable from apical {{IPA\|[ɹ̺]}}.{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|pp=225–6}} See Pronunciation of English /r/
Received Pronunciation{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|pp=225–6}}	{{lang\|en\|curious}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkj̊ʊːɹ̈iəs]}}	'curious'	Possible allophone of {{IPA\|/r/}} before front vowels; indistinguishable from apical {{IPA\|[ɹ̺]}}.{{sfnp\|Cruttenden\|2014\|pp=225–6}} See Pronunciation of English /r/

voiced velar approximant

Features

Occurrence

=Pre-velar=

Voiced velar bunched approximant

=Features=

=Occurrence=

Relation with {{IPA|[ɡ]}} and {{IPA|[ɣ]}}

See also

Notes

References

External links