Coffee culture#Coffee utensils

{{See also|History of coffee}}File:John Frederick Lewis 004.jpg quarters in Cairo (1857)]] The earliest-grown coffee can be traced from Ethiopia. Evidence of knowledge of the coffee tree and coffee drinking first appeared in the late 15th century; the Sufi shaykh Muhammad ibn Sa'id al-Dhabhani, the Mufti of Aden, is known to have imported goods from Ethiopia to Yemen.{{cite book |last1=Weinberg |first1=Bennett Alan |last2=Bealer |first2=Bonnie K. |title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-92722-2 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/worldofcaffeines00benn |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/worldofcaffeines00benn/page/n28 3–4] |access-date=18 November 2015}} Yemeni sufis drank coffee to help in concentration when they chanted the name of God.{{cite news |date=18 April 2013 |title=Coffee and qahwa: How a drink for Arab mystics went global |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22190802}}

By 1414, the plant was known in Mecca, and in the early 16th century was spreading to the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt and North Africa from the Yemeni port of Mokha.{{cite web |author=John K. Francis |title=Coffea arabica L. Rubiaceae |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Coffea%20arabica.pdf#search=%22%22Coffea%20Arabica%22%20native%22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811015915/http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Coffea%20arabica.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2007 |access-date=27 July 2007 |publisher=Factsheet of U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service}}

During the 15th century, coffee was known to be a beverage used in the Ottoman Empire. Later, in the early 16th century coffee was forbidden by conservative imams but a fatwa by the Grand Mufti Ebussuud Efendi overturned this ban.{{cite book |last=Schneider |first=Irene |title=Juristen: ein biographisches Lexikon; von der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert |publisher=Beck |year=2001 |isbn=3-406-45957-9 |editor-last=Stolleis |editor-first=Michael |edition=2nd |location=München |page=193 |language=de |chapter=Ebussuud}} Also during this period, coffee plants spread from Africa to the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant and Persia. From the Middle East, coffee drinking spread to Italy, then to the rest of Europe, and coffee plants were transported by the Dutch to the East Indies and to the Americas.{{cite web |last=Meyers |first=Hannah |date=7 March 2005 |title='Suave Molecules of Mocha' – Coffee, Chemistry, and Civilization |url=http://www.newpartisan.com/home/suave-molecules-of-mocha-coffee-chemistry-and-civilization.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221214125/http://www.newpartisan.com/home/suave-molecules-of-mocha-coffee-chemistry-and-civilization.html |archive-date=21 February 2007 |access-date=3 February 2007}}

Within a year of the Battle of Mohacs (1526), coffee had reached Vienna by Turks.{{cite book |author1=William J. Duiker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWQSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189 |title=World History |author2=Jackson J. Spielvogel |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=9781317895701 |pages=189–190}} In Italy, like in most of Europe, coffee arrived in the second half of the 16th century through the commercial routes of the Mediterranean Sea. In 1580 the Venetian botanist and physician Prospero Alpini imported coffee into the Republic of Venice from Egypt.{{Cite book |last=Ukers |first=William Harrison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJxpQX4ko7cC&q=prospero+alpini&pg=PT610 |title=All about Coffee |date=1935 |publisher=Library of Alexandria |isbn=9781465523976 |language=en}} The first coffeehouse in England was opened in St. Michael's Alley in Cornhill, London. The proprietor was Pasqua Rosée, the servant of Daniel Edwards, a trader in Turkish goods. By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses throughout England.{{cite web |title=History of Coffee |url=http://www.nestleprofessional.com/uk/en/SiteArticles/Pages/History_of_Coffee.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815075437/http://www.nestleprofessional.com/uk/en/SiteArticles/Pages/History_of_Coffee.aspx |archive-date=15 August 2012 |access-date=31 December 2009 |website=Nestlé Professional}}

In 1658 the Dutch first used them to begin coffee cultivation in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and later in southern India; but abandoned this cultivation to focus on their Javanese plantations in order to avoid lowering the price by oversupply.{{Cite web |title=From 'Coffee Rush' to 'Devastating Emily': A History of Ceylon Coffee |url=http://serendib.btoptions.lk/article.php?issue=49&id=1261 |access-date=25 June 2021 |website=serendib.btoptions.lk |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201105237/http://serendib.btoptions.lk/article.php?issue=49&id=1261 |url-status=dead }} Within a few years, the Dutch colonies (Java in Asia, Suriname in the Americas) had become the main suppliers of coffee to Europe. The Dutch also introduced it to Japan in the 17th century, it remained a curiosity until the lifting of trade restrictions in 1858 (the first European-style coffeehouse opened in Tokyo in 1888).{{cite web |title=Brief history of Coffee in Japan |url=http://d-cage.blogspot.com/2005/03/brief-history-of-coffee-in-japan.html |website=d-cage}} Coffee also came to India from Baba Budan, a Sufi saint{{cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Anthony |title=The East India Company Book of Coffee |publisher=Harper Collins |year=1995 |isbn=0004127390}} who introduced coffee beans from Yemen to the hills of Chikmagalur, Karnataka, in 1670.{{cite web |title=Baba Budan Giri |url=http://www.chickmagalur.nic.in/htmls/tour_bbgiri.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120215459/http://www.chickmagalur.nic.in/htmls/tour_bbgiri.htm |archive-date=20 November 2010 |access-date=27 November 2010 |website=chickmagalur.nic.in}} Since then coffee plantations have become established in the region, extending south to Kodagu.

Gabriel de Clieu brought coffee seedlings to Martinique in the Caribbean in 1720. Those sprouts flourished and 50 years later there were 18,680 coffee trees in Martinique enabling the spread of coffee cultivation to Saint-Domingue (Haiti), Mexico and other islands of the Caribbean. The French territory of Saint-Domingue saw coffee cultivated starting in 1734, and by 1788 supplied half the world's coffee. Coffee had a major influence on the geography of Latin America.{{cite journal |last=Rice |first=Robert A. |year=1999 |title=A Place Unbecoming: The Coffee Farm of Northern Latin America |journal=Geographical Review |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=554–579 |doi=10.2307/216102 |jstor=216102 |pmid=20662186}} For many decades in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Brazil was the biggest producer of coffee and a virtual monopolist in the trade. However, a policy of maintaining high prices soon opened opportunities to other nations, such as Venezuela and Colombia.{{cite book |last=Palacios |first=Marco |title=Coffee in Colombia, 1850–1970: An Economic, Social and Political History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-521-52859-3}} Worldwide production is increasing as of 2021.{{Cite web|title=The History of Coffee|url=https://www.ncausa.org/about-coffee/history-of-coffee|access-date=19 November 2021|website=www.ncausa.org}}

{{main|Coffeehouse}}File:Journal Cafe - Melbourne City Library.jpg (2006)]]A coffeehouse or café is an establishment that primarily serves coffee, as well as other beverages. Historically, cafés have been important social gathering places in Europe, and continue to be venues of social interaction today. During the 16th century, coffeehouses were temporarily banned in Mecca due to a fear that they attracted political uprising.{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/coffee-prohibition-history-2016-10|title=The history of coffee shows people have been arguing about the drink for over 500 years|last=Nguyen|first=Clinton|website=Business Insider|access-date=27 June 2019}}

In 2016, Albania surpassed Spain as the country with the most coffeehouses per capita in the world. In fact, there are 654 coffeehouses per 100,000 inhabitants in Albania; a country with only 2.5 million inhabitants.{{cite web|url=http://www.monitor.al/rekordi-shqiperia-kalon-e-para-ne-bote-per-numrin-e-larte-te-bar-kafeve-per-banor/|title=Rekordi, Shqipëria kalon e para në botë për numrin e lartë të bar-kafeve për banor -|date=19 February 2018}}

Café culture in China has multiplied over the years: Shanghai alone has an estimated 6,500 coffeehouses, including small chains and larger corporations like Starbucks.{{cite news|last1=Jourdan|first1=Adam|last2=Baertlein|first2=Lisa|title=China's budding coffee culture propels Starbucks, attracts rivals|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-starbucks-china/chinas-budding-coffee-culture-propels-starbucks-attracts-rivals-idUSKBN1DZ0TO|work=Reuters|date=5 December 2017 |access-date=9 February 2018}}

Additionally, Seoul, South Korea, has a high concentration of coffeehouses. There was a 900% rise in coffee shops between 2006 and 2011, as well as an 1800% rise in national sales during this same time. There is a coffee Expo in Seoul that attracts many buyers and sellers, and continues to promote the growth of coffee within South Korea.{{Cite web|url=http://www.asiatoday.com/pressrelease/coffee-expo-seoul-2013-provide-hub-koreas-booming-coffee-market|title=Coffee Expo Seoul 2013 to Provide Hub for Korea's Booming Coffee Market|date=5 February 2013|work=asiatoday.com|access-date=12 February 2022|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221346/http://www.asiatoday.com/pressrelease/coffee-expo-seoul-2013-provide-hub-koreas-booming-coffee-market|url-status=dead}}

In addition to coffee, many cafés also serve tea, sandwiches, pastries, and other light refreshments. Some cafés provide other services, such as wired or wireless internet access (the name, internet café, has carried over to stores that provide internet service without any coffee) for their customers. This has also spread to a type of café known as the LAN Café, which allows users to have access to computers that already have PC games installed.{{cite web|last1=Jourdan|first1=Adam|last2=D'Anastasio|first2=Cecilia|title=The LAN Cafe Is Making A Comeback|date=22 February 2018 |url=https://kotaku.com/the-lan-cafe-is-making-a-comeback-1823232102|agency=Reuters|access-date=11 June 2019}}

File:Lesdeuxmagots.jpg in Paris, once a famous haunt of French intellectuals (2006)]]

Many social aspects of coffee can be seen in the modern-day lifestyle. By absolute volume, the United States is the largest market for coffee, followed by Germany and Japan, with Canada, Australia, Sweden and New Zealand also being large coffee-consuming countries. Countries in Northern and Western Europe consume the most coffee per capita, with Finland typically occupying the top spot with a per-capita consumption of {{Convert|12|kg|lb|abbr=on}} per year, followed by Norway, Iceland, Denmark, The Netherlands, and Sweden.{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/top-10-coffee-consuming-nations.html |title=The Top Coffee-Consuming Countries |publisher=WorldAtlas |access-date=29 April 2023}}{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/chart/8602/top-coffee-drinking-nations/ |title=The Countries Most Addicted to Coffee |publisher=Statista |access-date=29 April 2023}} Consumption has vastly increased in recent years in the traditionally tea-drinking United Kingdom, but is still below {{Convert|5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} per person per year as of 2005. Turkish coffee is popular in Turkey, the Eastern Mediterranean, and southeastern Europe.File:20140402 sanmarco gallery 005 web.jpg in Trieste, known for its artists, writers and intellectuals (2014)]]

Coffeehouse culture had a strong cultural penetration in much of the former Ottoman Empire, where Turkish coffee remains the dominant style of preparation. The coffee enjoyed in the Ottoman Middle East was produced in Yemen/Ethiopia, despite multiple attempts to ban the substance for its stimulating qualities. By 1600, coffee and coffeehouses were a prominent feature of Ottoman life.{{Cite journal|last=Baram|first=Uzi|date=1999|title=Clay tobacco pipes and coffee cup sherds in the archaeology of the Middle East: Artifacts of social tensions from the Ottoman past|journal=International Journal of Historical Archaeology|volume=3|issue=3|pages=137–151|doi=10.1023/A:1021905918886|s2cid=160356345 }} There are various scholarly perspectives on the functions of the Ottoman coffeehouse. Many of these argue that Ottoman coffeehouses were centres of important social ritual, making them as, or more important than, the coffee itself.{{Cite book|title=The heart's desire: Gender, urban space, and the Ottoman coffee house. Ottoman Tulips, Ottoman Coffee: Leisure and Lifestyle in the Eighteenth Century ed. Dana Sajdi|last=Mikhail|first=Alan|publisher=Tauris Academic Studies|year=2014|location=London|pages=133–170}} "At the start of the modern age, the coffeehouses were places for renegotiating the social hierarchy and for challenging the social order".{{Cite journal|last1=Karababa|first1=Emİnegül|last2=Ger|first2=Gülİz|date=2011|title=Early Modern Ottoman Coffeehouse Culture and the Formation of the Consumer Subject|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/656422|journal=Journal of Consumer Research|volume=37|issue=5|pages=737–760|doi=10.1086/656422|jstor=10.1086/656422 |hdl=11511/34922 |issn=0093-5301|hdl-access=free}} Throughout the existence of the coffeehouse, banning of women from the houses was quite prevalent. They were banned from visiting them in England however; they often frequented them in parts of Germany. The ban may have been due to the 1674 "Women's Petition Against Coffee" which stated:

"The Excessive Use of that Newfangled, Abominable, Heathenish Liquor called COFFEE has Eunucht our Husbands, and Crippled our more kind Gallants, that they are become as Impotent, as Age."{{Cite web |last=Axelrod |first=Lauren |title=Ancient Digger Archaeology |url=http://www.ancientdigger.com/2009/07/history-of-coffee.html |access-date=2022-12-07 |language=English}}File:Cafe Braeunerhof Wien 2004.jpg

Coffee has been important in Austrian and French culture since the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Vienna's coffeehouses are prominent in Viennese culture and known internationally, while Paris was instrumental in the development of "café society" in the first half of the 20th century.

The Viennese coffee house culture then spread across Central Europe. Scientists and artists met in the special microcosm of the Viennese coffee houses of the Habsburg Empire. The artists, musicians, intellectuals, bon vivants and their financiers met in the coffee house and discussed new projects, theories and worldviews. A lot of information was also obtained in the coffee house, because local and foreign newspapers were freely available to all guests.Friedrich Torberg "Kaffeehaus war überall" (1982) pp 8. This multicultural atmosphere and culture was largely destroyed by the later National Socialism and Communism and only persisted in individual places that remained in the slipstream of history, such as Vienna or Trieste. Trieste in particular was and is an important point of reference in terms of coffee culture, because it is the most important port and processing location for coffee in Central Europe and Italy. In this diverse coffee house culture of the multicultural Habsburg Empire, various types of coffee preparation also developed. This is how the world-famous cappuccino developed from the Viennese Kapuziner coffee via the Italian-speaking parts of the empire in northern Italy.Helmut Luther "Warum Kaffeetrinken in Triest anspruchsvoll ist" In: Die Welt, 16 February 2015.

In France, coffee consumption is also often viewed as a social activity and exists largely within the café culture.{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafe-de-flore.com/the-cafe-culture-in-france/|title=The café culture in France|last=Daniel|date=12 May 2012|website=Café de Flore|language=en-US|access-date=10 March 2019}} Espresso based drinks, including but not limited to café au lait and caffè crema, are most popular within modern French coffee culture.

File:Coffee and Cheesecake.jpg at a cafe in Helsinki, Finland]]Notably in Northern Europe, coffee parties are a popular form of entertainment. The host or hostess of the coffee party also serves cake and pastries, which are sometimes homemade. In Germany, Netherlands, Austria, and the Nordic countries, strong black coffee is also regularly consumed during or immediately after main meals such as lunch and dinner and several times a day at work or school. In these countries, especially Germany and Sweden, restaurants and cafés will often provide free refills of black coffee, especially if customers purchase a sweet treat or pastry with their drink. In the United States, coffee shops are typically used as meeting spots for business, and are frequented as dating spots for young adults.

Coffee has played a large role in history and literature because of the effects of the industry on cultures where it is produced and consumed. Coffee is often regarded as one of the primary economic goods used in imperial control of trade. The colonised trade patterns in goods, such as slaves, coffee, and sugar, defined Brazilian trade for centuries. Coffee in culture or trade is a central theme and prominently referenced in poetry, fiction, and regional history.{{cite web |last1=Ouyang |first1=Wen-Chin |title=Coffee as connection-tradition, controversy and literary representations |url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/blog/coffee-as-connection-tradition-controversy-and-literary-representations/ |publisher=The British Academy |access-date=3 March 2025}}{{Cn|date=December 2024}}

• Coffee grinder
• Coffee pot, for brewing with hot water, made of glass or metal
• Coffeemaker
• Coffee cup, for drinking coffee, usually smaller than a teacup in North America and Europe
• Saucer placed under the coffee cup
• Coffee spoon, usually small and used for stirring the coffee in the cup
• Coffee service tray, to place the coffee utensils on and to keep the hot water from spilling onto the table
• Coffee canister, usually airtight, for storing coffee
• Water kettle, or coffee kettle, for heating the water
• Sugar bowl, for granular sugar or sugar lumps or cubes
• Cream pitcher or jug, also called a creamer, for fresh milk or cream

File:Coffee break.JPG (2013)]]

A coffee break is a routine social gathering for a snack or short downtime by employees in various work industries. Allegedly originating in the late 19th century by the wives of Norwegian immigrants, in Stoughton, Wisconsin, it is celebrated there every year with the Stoughton Coffee Break Festival.{{cite web|title= Stoughton, WI - Where the Coffee Break Originated|url= http://www.stoughtonwi.com/coffee.shtml |publisher=Stoughton, Wisconsin Chamber of Commerce|access-date= 11 June 2009|quote= Mr Osmund Gunderson decided to ask the Norwegian wives, who lived just up the hill from his warehouse, if they would come and help him sort the tobacco. The women agreed, as long as they could have a break in the morning and another in the afternoon, to go home and tend to their chores. Of course, this also meant they were free to have a cup of coffee from the pot that was always hot on the stove. Mr Gunderson agreed, and with this simple habit, the coffee break was born.|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090520144944/http://www.stoughtonwi.com/coffee.shtml|archive-date= 20 May 2009}} In 1951, Time magazine noted that "since the war, the coffee break has been written into union contracts".{{cite magazine|title=Manners & Morals: The Coffee Hour|magazine= Time|url=https://content.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,7601510305,00.html|access-date=10 August 2019|volume=LVII|number=10|date=5 March 1951}} The term subsequently became popular through a 1952 ad campaign of the Pan-American Coffee Bureau which urged consumers to "give yourself a Coffee-Break — and Get What Coffee Gives to You."{{cite web | title = The Coffee break | url = https://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/patc/coffeebreak/index.html | publisher = NPR| date = 2 December 2002 | access-date = 10 June 2009 | quote = Wherever the coffee break originated, Stamberg says, it may not actually have been called a coffee break until 1952. That year, a Pan-American Coffee Bureau ad campaign urged consumers, 'Give yourself a Coffee-Break -- and Get What Coffee Gives to You.' | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090528075409/http://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/patc/coffeebreak/index.html | archive-date = 28 May 2009 | url-status = dead }} John B. Watson, a behavioural psychologist who worked with Maxwell House later in his career, helped popularise coffee breaks within American culture.{{cite book |last= Hunt |first= Morton M. |title= The story of psychology |edition= 1st |year= 1993 |publisher= Doubleday |location= New York |isbn= 0-385-24762-1 |page= [https://archive.org/details/storyofpsycholog00hunt/page/260 260] |quote= [work] for Maxwell House that helped make the 'coffee break' an American custom in offices, factories, and homes. |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/storyofpsycholog00hunt/page/260 }}

Coffee competitions take place across the globe with people at the regional competing to achieve national titles and then compete on the international stage. World Coffee Events holds the largest of such events – the World Coffee Championships – in a different location each year. The competition includes the World Barista Championship – a competition that judges Baristas worldwide on drink taste, presentation, technique, and cleanliness – the World Brewer's Cup – a competition that judges coffee brewers on hand-brewed filter coffee{{cite web |title=World Brewers Cup |url=https://www.worldbrewerscup.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928005508/http://www.worldbrewerscup.org/ |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |publisher=World Brewers Cup}} – the World Latte art championship, World Cup Tasters championship, a Coffee Roasters championship and a Cezve/Ibrik championship.{{Cite web |last=Amandac |title=Events |url=https://worldcoffeeevents.org/wce-events/ |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=World Coffee Events |language=en-US}}

File:Tirana - street, cafe, lifestyle 2017.jpg (2017)]]

In 2016, Albania surpassed Spain by becoming the country with the most coffeehouses per capita in the world.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ocnal.com/2018/02/albania-ranked-first-in-world-for.html|title=Albania ranked first in the World for the number of Bars and Restaurants per inhabitant}} There are 654 coffeehouses per 100,000 inhabitants in Albania, a country with only 2.5 million inhabitants. This is due to coffeehouses closing down in Spain because of the economic crisis, whereas Albania had an equal amount of cafés opening and closing. Also, the fact that it is one of the easiest ways to make a living after the fall of communism in Albania, together with the country's Ottoman legacy, further reinforces the strong dominance of the nation's coffee culture.{{Cn|date=December 2024}}

{{Excerpt|Coffee culture in Australia}}

{{Excerpt|Greek café culture in Australia}}

In Esperanto culture, a gufujo (plural gufujoj) is a non-alcoholic, non-smoking, makeshift European-style café that opens in the evening. Esperanto speakers meet at a specified location, either a rented space or someone's house, and enjoy live music or readings with tea, coffee, pastries, etc. There may be a cash payment required as expected in an actual café. It is a calm atmosphere in direct contrast to the wild parties that other Esperanto speakers might be having elsewhere. Gufujoj were originally intended for people who dislike crowds, loud noise and partying.{{cite web |title=Help: What does this word mean? |author=Kirilo81 |date=2015-04-17 |website=lernu.net |url=https://lernu.net/forumo/temo/17506 |access-date=2023-08-02 |quote=The Gufujo is something you can't understand without participating in the Esperanto culture. It is something like a chill room (I hope this has the intended meaning; in German the angli[ci]sm chillen means something like "relax, do nothing, hang around") where you can spend the evening/night with tea, quiet conversations, slow (live) music etc.}}{{Citation |title=La gufujo |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4gicTfH-8MA |language=en |access-date=2021-11-19}}

{{main|Coffee in Italy}}

File:Entrata Caffè Florian.jpg in Venice (2015)]]

In Italy, locals drink coffee at the counter, as opposed to taking it to-go. Italians serve espresso as the default coffee, do not flavor espresso, and traditionally never drink cappuccinos after 11 a.m.{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/your-cheat-sheet-to-italian-coffee-culture_us_57193299e4b0d0042da8a39a|title=Your Cheat Sheet To Italian Coffee Culture|last=Santoro|first=Paola|date=22 April 2016|website=Huffington Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627231505/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/your-cheat-sheet-to-italian-coffee-culture_us_57193299e4b0d0042da8a39a|archive-date=27 June 2017|url-status=live|access-date=7 July 2018}} In fact, dairy-based espresso drinks are usually only enjoyed in the morning. A macchiato is an espresso shot with a splash of milk.{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/italian-coffee-rules_n_598866b9e4b041356ec0f9de|title=Why You Shouldn't Even Think About Ordering An Afternoon Latte In Italy|date=8 August 2017|website=HuffPost|language=en|access-date=14 May 2019}} The oldest cafe in Italy is Caffe Florian in Venice.{{Cite web|title=Italy's Coffee Culture Brims With Rituals And Mysterious Rules|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/07/14/535638587/italys-coffee-culture-brims-with-rituals-and-mysterious-rules|access-date=13 June 2020|website=NPR.org|language=en}}

In terms of coffee consumption, the city of Trieste, once the port of Austria-Hungary, stands out, because inhabitants from Trieste drink an average of 1500 cups of coffee per year and capita; about twice the average that is drunk elsewhere in Italy.Gisela Hopfmüller, Franz Hlavac "Triest: Die Kaffeehauptstadt" In: Falstaff, 28 June 2020.

{{main|Coffee in Japan}}

In 1888, the first coffeehouse opened in Japan, known as Kahiichakan, which means a café that provides coffee and tea.{{Cite book|title=Coffee Life in Japan|last=White|first=Merry|publisher=University of California Press; First edition (1 May 2012)|year=2012|isbn=978-0520271159}} In the 1970s, many kissaten (coffee-tea shop) appeared around the Tokyo area such as Shinjuku, Ginza, and in the popular student areas such as Kanda. These kissaten were centralized in estate areas around railway stations with around 200 stores in Shinjuku alone. Globalization made the coffee chain stores start appearing in the 1980s. In 1982, the All Japan Coffee Association stated that there were 162,000 stores in Japan. The import volume doubled from 1970 to 1980 from 89,456 to 194,294 tons.{{Cite web|url=http://coffee.ajca.or.jp/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/coffee_market_in_japan.pdf|title=Coffee Market in Japan|date=July 2012|website=All Japan Coffee Association (AJCA)|access-date=2019-03-06|archive-date=2017-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306052918/http://coffee.ajca.or.jp/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/coffee_market_in_japan.pdf|url-status=dead}}

File:Anders Truedsson Selander (1841) & family c 1916.jpg, Sweden, seated for fika ({{Circa|1916}})]]{{Main articles|Coffee in Sweden}}

The first recorded shipment of coffee arrived in 1685 in Gothenburg{{Cite news |title=Sweden's Coffee History Began in Gothenburg |url=https://a43.se/en/history/swedens-coffee-history-began-in-gothenburg |website=A43 Kaffebaren |access-date=2025-01-09}} but only gained popularity in the early 18th century, among the wealthy.{{cite web |url=http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/it_telekom/allmant/article247458.ece |title=Gustav IIIs odödliga kaffeexperiment |trans-title=Gustav III's immortal coffee experiment |last=Sempler |first=Kaianders |date=15 March 2006 |publisher=Ny Teknik |access-date=6 February 2012 |language=sv |archive-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001015448/http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/it_telekom/allmant/article247458.ece |url-status=dead }} Various royal edicts and bans later attempted to curb coffee consumption.{{cite book|last1=Weinberg|first1=Bennett Alan|last2=Bealer|first2=Bonnie K.|title=The world of caffeine: the science and culture of the world's most popular drug|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdpL2YCGLVYC&pg=PA92|access-date=9 February 2012|year=2001|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-92722-2|pages=92–3}} King Gustav III opposed coffee, commissioning an experiment on its effects. Restrictions ended in 1823, after which coffee became a staple. Sweden is now among the highest per capita consumers of coffee in the world.{{cite book|last1=Crozier|first1=Alan|last2=Ashihara|first2=Hiroshi|last3=Tomás-Barbéran|first3=Francisco|title=Teas, Cocoa and Coffee: Plant Secondary Metabolites and Health|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=muk4bokwmuQC&pg=PA21|access-date=9 February 2012|date=26 September 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-4706-7|page=21}}

Swedes have fika ({{IPA|sv|ˈfîːka|pron|sv-fika.ogg}}) (back slang of kaffi (coffee, dialectal)), which is a coffee break with sweet breads or sometimes pastries,{{Cite book |last=Henderson |first=Helene |title=The Swedish Table |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2005 |page=xxiii-xxv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQB0VYX8ooUC&pg=PP224 |isbn=978-0-8166-4513-8}} although coffee can be replaced by tea, juice, lemonade, hot chocolate, or squash for children.{{Cn|date=December 2024}}

The tradition has spread throughout Swedish businesses around the world.{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20160112-in-sweden-you-have-to-stop-work-to-chat |title=Is this the sweet secret to Swedish success? |last=Hotson |first=Elizabeth |access-date=2 February 2017 |publisher=BBC}} Fika is a social institution in Sweden and the practice of taking a break with a beverage and snack is widely accepted as central to Swedish life.{{Cite web|url=https://sweden.se/culture-traditions/fika/|title=Fika {{!}}sweden.se|date=8 May 2014|website=sweden.se|language=en-US|access-date=21 May 2016}} As a common mid-morning and mid-afternoon practice at workplaces in Sweden, fika may also function partially as an informal meeting between co-workers and management people, and it may even be considered impolite not to join in.Paulsen, Roland (2014) Empty Labor: Idleness and Workplace Resistance. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

{{ISBN|9781107066410}}; p. 90 [https://books.google.com/books?id=d_8OBAAAQBAJ&dq=fika+sweden&pg=PA90]{{Cite book |last1=Goldstein |first1=Darra |first2=Kathrin |last2=Merkle |title=Culinary cultures of Europe: identity, diversity and dialogue

|publisher=Council of Europe |year=2005 |pages=428–29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Dz0srxxDFoC&pg=PA429 |isbn=978-92-871-5744-7}} Fika often takes place in a meeting room or a designated fika room. A sandwich, some fruit, or a small meal may be called fika like the English concept of afternoon tea.{{Cite book |last=Johansson Robinowitz |first=Christina |author2=Lisa Werner Carr

|title=Modern-day Vikings: a practical guide to interacting with the Swedes |publisher=Intercultural Press |year=2001 |page=149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MAn641nHfrYC&pg=PA149 |isbn=978-1-877864-88-9}}

In the 1920s, mostly wealthy people or those with higher socioeconomic status could afford to drink coffee whereas ordinary people were rarely able to afford the drink, which was more expensive than traditional beverages.{{Cite web|url=https://hkccea.org/2015/10/28/%e9%a6%99%e6%b8%af%e6%ad%b7%e5%8f%b2-%e5%85%ab%e5%8d%81%e5%85%ad%e5%b9%b4%e8%80%81%e5%ad%97%e8%99%9f-%e6%a6%ae%e9%99%bd%e5%92%96%e5%95%a1/|title=【香港歷史】 八十六年老字號 榮陽咖啡|last=coffeeDeAmour|date=28 October 2015|website=香港咖啡文化促進會|language=en|access-date=3 March 2019}} Yuenyeung (coffee with tea) was invented in Hong Kong in 1936.{{Cite web|url=https://observer.com/2006/10/new-york-world-66/|title=New York World 66|author=Observer staff|website=The New York Observer |date=October 2006}}

An American college course entitled "Design of Coffee" is part of the chemical engineering curriculum at University of California, Davis. A research facility devoted to coffee research was under development on the UC Davis campus in early 2017.{{Cite magazine|last=Barber|first=Gregory|date=February 2017|title=Brewmaster Bill: Inside the Coffee Lab|page=18|magazine=Wired|department=Alpha}}

Trieste is the seat of the Universita del Caffe, founded in 1999 by Illy. This competence center was created to spread the culture of quality coffee through training all over the world, to train Barrista and to carry out research and innovation.Almut Siefert "Zu Besuch in der Kaffee-Universität in Triest. Eine Bohne kann alles verderben". In: Stuttgarter Zeitung, 27 September 2019.

Coffee culture frequently appears in comics, television, and film in varied ways. The comic strips Adam and Pearls Before Swine frequently centre the strip around visiting or working at coffee shops. Television shows such as NCIS frequently show characters with espresso in hand or distributing to-go cups to other characters. In the television show Friends, the main cast gathers at the fictional coffee shop Central Perk in nearly every episode. Gilmore Girls, a popular show from the early 2000s, depicts the central characters Lorelai Gilmore and her daughter Rory frequently referencing their need for coffee, as well as enjoying coffee at their local diner, Lukes.{{cn|date=November 2022}} In the NBC series Frasier, the characters are often seen drinking coffee at the fictional Café Nervosa, which is said to have been inspired by the real-life Elliott Bay Café in Seattle.{{cite web|url=http://www.iamnotastalker.com/2010/10/14/elliott-bay-cafe-the-inspiration-for-cafe-nervosa-on-frasier/|title=Elliott Bay Cafe – The Inspiration for Cafe Nervosa on 'Frasier'|date=14 October 2010 |access-date=19 March 2016}}

{{portal|Coffee}}

• Coffee culture in former Yugoslavia
• Coffee in world cultures
• Coffee service
• List of coffeehouse chains
• Tea culture

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Catherine M. |title=Coffee Culture: Local Experiences, Global Connections |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=9781138933033 |pages=188 |edition=2nd |url=https://www.routledge.com/Coffee-Culture-Local-Experiences-Global-Connections/Tucker/p/book/9781138933033}}

• [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4937519.cms "Coffee Quotient: An Intellectual's Elixir"] by The Times of India

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Category:Urban culture