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Colubroidea

{{short description|Superfamily of snakes}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Pantherophis alleghaniensis ssp. quadrivittata 03.JPG

| image_caption = Eastern ratsnake (Pantherophis alleghaniensis)

| taxon = Colubroidea

| authority = Oppel, 1811

| subdivision_ranks = Families

| subdivision = * Colubridae (Sibynophiinae, Dipsadinae, and Natricinae are considered distinct by some studies)

}}

Colubroidea is a superfamily of snakes in the clade Colubroides that includes Colubridae, with some studies splitting Colubridae into multiple families that make up Colubroidea. Historically, Colubroidea also included other caenophidian snakes such as cobras and vipers, as these snakes form a clade. However these groups are now divided into several distinct, but related, families.{{cite journal|last1=Zaher|first1=H.|last2=Grazziotin|first2=F. G.|last3=Cadle|first3=J. E.|last4=Murphy|first4=R. M.|last5=Cesar de Moura-Leite|first5=J.|last6=Bonatto|first6=S. L.|title=Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa.|journal=Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia|date=2009|volume=49|issue=11|pages=115–153|doi=10.1590/S0031-10492009001100001|doi-access=free|hdl=11449/71032|hdl-access=free}}{{cite journal|last1=Grazziotin|first1=F. G.|last2=Zaher|first2=H.|last3=Murphy|first3=R. W.|last4=Srocchi|first4=G.|last5=Benavides|first5=M. A.|last6=Zhang|first6=Y.|last7=Bonatto|first7=S. L.|title=Molecular phylogeny of the new world Dipsadidae (Serpentes: Colubroidea): a reappraisal.|journal=Cladistics|date=2012|volume=28|issue=5|pages=437–459|doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00393.x|s2cid=84934386|doi-access=free|pmid=34836446 }}{{cite journal| author1=Pyron | author2=Burbrink | author3=Wiens | year=2013 | title=A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes | journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume=13 | issue=1 | page=93 | doi=10.1186/1471-2148-13-93 | pmid=23627680 | pmc=3682911 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2013BMCEE..13...93P }}{{cite journal|last1=Figueroa|first1=A.|last2=McKelvy|first2=A. D.|last3=Grismer|first3=L. L.|last4=Bell|first4=C. D.|last5=Lailvaux|first5=S. P.|title=A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus|journal=PLOS ONE|date=2016|volume=11|issue=9|pages=e0161070|pmc=5014348|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0161070|pmid=27603205|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1161070F|doi-access=free}} Zaher et al. (2009) proposed to redefine Colubroidea for colubrids and related families, while designating Colubroides as the group containing vipers and cobras as well as colubroids. The ReptileDatabase considers Colubroidea to be composed of Colubridae and the members of its sister group, Elapoidea, and does not recognize the division of Colubridae into multiple families.{{Cite web |title=Search results {{!}} The Reptile Database |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?taxon=Colubroidea&submit=Search |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=reptile-database.reptarium.cz}}

Classification

Phylogeny{{clade|style=font-size:100%|label1=Colubroidea

|1={{Clade

|label1=Colubridae

|1={{Clade

|label1=

|1={{Clade

|1=Grayiinae

|2=Calamariinae}}

|label2=

|2={{Clade

|1=Ahaetuliinae

|2=Colubrinae}}}}

|label2=

|2={{Clade

|label1=

|1={{Clade

|1=Sibynophiidae

|2=Natricidae}}

|label2=

|2={{Clade

|1=Pseudoxenodontidae

|2={{Clade

|label1=Dipsadidae

|1={{Clade

|1=Carphophiinae

|2={{Clade

|1=Xenodontinae

|2=Dipsadinae}}}}}}}}}}}}}}

Families and Subfamilies

Usual taxonomy:

Alternate taxonomy:

Unknown Genera incertae sedis (not currently placed in a family, usually because of the absence of genetic data, but suspected to be colubroids based on morphology){{columns-list|*Blythia

Fossil Colubroidea

= North America =

; Mexico

{{Location map+|Mexico|relief=1|width=400|caption=Locations of Colubroidea fossil finds in Mexico
14px Cueva de Abra Travertine
14px Goleta Formation#
14px Las Tunas Wash; Jeffries Site|places={{Location map~ | Mexico

| lat_deg = 19.7

| lon_deg = -101.1

| mark = Yellow ffff80 pog.svg

| marksize = 12

| link = Goleta Formation#Fossil content

}}

{{Location map~ | Mexico

| lat_deg = 22.4

| lon_deg = -98.0

| mark = White pog.svg

| marksize = 12

| link = Cueva de Abra Travertine

}}

{{Location map~ | Mexico

| lat_deg = 23.3

| lon_deg = -109.6

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 12

| link =

}}}}

class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"

!Find

!NALMA

!Formation

!Notes

!Refs

Colubrinae indet.

|Pleistocene

|Cueva de Abra Travertine

|Described from Cueva de Abra Travertine in Tamaulipas by W. W. Dalquest and E. Roth. 1970. Late Pleistocene mammals from a cave in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 15(2):217-230

| align="center" |[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=71264 Fossilworks]

?Pituophis sp.

|Blancan

|

|Described from Las Tunas Wash; Jeffries Site in Baja California Sur by W. E. Miller. 1980. The Late Pliocene Las Tunas Local Fauna from Southernmost Baja California, Mexico. Journal of Paleontology 54(4):762-805

| align="center" |[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=19673 Fossilworks]

Lampropeltis intermedius

|Blancan

|Goleta

|Described from locality in Michoacán by C. A. Repenning. 1962. The Giant Ground Squirrel Paenemarmota. Journal of Paleontology 36(3):540-556

| align="center" |{{fossilworks|collection=20072|title=La Goleta ( of Mexico)|access-date=14 December 2021}}

= South America =

{{Location map+|South America|relief=1|width=400|caption=Locations of Colubroidea fossil finds in South America
14px Pleisto-Holocene ages
14px Pliocene ages
14px Miocene ages|places={{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -38.971835

| lon_deg = -61.323988

| mark = Yellow ffff80 pog.svg

| marksize = 12

| link = Brochero Formation#Fossil content

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -38.242134

| lon_deg = -61.880212

| mark = Yellow ffff80 pog.svg

| marksize = 12

| link = Monte Hermoso Formation#Fossil content

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -37.4

| lon_deg = -65.5

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 12

| link = Cerro Azul Formation#Fossil content

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -8.8

| lon_deg = -68.8

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 12

| link = Solimões Formation#Fossil content

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = 5.191944

| lon_deg = -74.7225

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 12

| link = Honda Group, Colombia#Fossil content

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -20.8

| lon_deg = -63.1

| mark = White pog.svg

| marksize = 12

| link = Ñuapua Formation#Fossil content

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -50.0

| lon_deg = -70.0

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 12

| link = Santa Cruz Formation, Argentina

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -45.737665

| lon_deg = -68.771670

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 12

| link = Sarmiento Formation#Fossil content

}}}}

; Legend

class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"

!Find

!SALMA

!Basin

!Formation

!Country

!Notes

!Refs

{{small|"Colubroidea sp." sic}}

|Laventan

|VSM

|Villavieja

|{{COL}}

|Described from same Los Mangos Fishbed in Huila; Colombophis portai and Eunectes stirtoni by R. Hoffstetter and J.-C. Rage. 1977. Le gisement de vertébrés Miocènes de La Venta (Colombie) et sa faune de serpents. Annales de Paléontologie (Vertébrés) 63(2):161-190

| align="center" |[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=186058 Fossilworks]

indet.

|ChasicoanMayoanLaventan

|Solimões

|Solimões

|{{BRA}}

|Described from Talismã, upper Purus River locality in Amazonas; the snakes Colombophis spinosus, aff. Epicrates sp., Eunectes sp. , the turtle Chelonoidis sp., crocodylians Acresuchus pachytemporalis and Caiman brevirostris, lizard cf. Paradracaena sp., and many mammals by {{citation |last=Cozzuol |first=Mario Alberto |year=2006 |title=The Acre vertebrate fauna: Age, diversity, and geography |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222357514 |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=185–203 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2006.03.005 |bibcode=2006JSAES..21..185C |accessdate=2017-08-15}}

| align="center" |[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=67386 Fossilworks]

{{small|Colubrinae indet.}}

|Holocene

|Subandean Belt

|Ñuapua

|{{BOL}}

|Described from Ñuapua 2 locality in Chuquisaca; snakes Tupinambis teguixin, Boidae indet., Crotalidae indet., turtles, frogs Leptodactylus cf. ocellatus, Bufo cf. paracnemis, birds Crypturellus tataupa, Podiceps minor, Podiceps auritus cornutus, Platalea ajaja, Rhea cf. Americana, Anas sp., Coccyzus sp., Dendrocygna sp., Jacana sp., Nyctibius sp., Platalea sp., cf. Rhynchotus sp., Columbidae indet., Falconidae indet., Passeriformes indet., Rallidae indet., fossils of Tolypeutus matacus, Ceratrophrys cf. ornata, and Leposternon sp., and many mammals including Homo sapiens by {{citation |last1=Marshall |first1=Larry G. |last2=Sempere |first2=Thierry |year=1991 |title=The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: A review |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/32979728

|journal=Revista técnica de YPFB |volume=12 |pages=631–652 |accessdate=2017-08-15}}

| align="center" |[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=70705 Fossilworks]

indet.

|Chapadmalalan

|Sierras de Córdoba

|Brochero

|{{ARG}}

|Described from Valle de Traslasierra - Paso del Río Arriba and Pedernara Cliffs locality in Córdoba; with Rhinella cf. arenarum, R. cf. spinulosa, Teius sp., ?Liolaemus sp., Iguanidae indet. and the mammals Chukimys favaloroi and Echimyidae indet. by L. E. Cruz, J. C. Fernicola, and C. A. Carignano. 2018. New Vertebrates of the Brochero Formation (Córdoba, Argentina): A Review of the Pliocene of Central Argentina. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 25:315-326

| align="center" |[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=197905 Fossilworks]

indet.

|Chasicoan

|Colorado

|Cerro Azul

|{{ARG}}

|Described from Cerro La Bota locality in La Pampa; reported with many mammal fossils by {{citation |last1=Verzi |first1=Diego H. |last2=Montalvo |first2=Claudia I. |last3=Deschamps |first3=Cecilia M. |year=2008 |title=Biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Late Miocene of central Argentina: Evidence from rodents and taphonomy |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248616305

|journal=Geobios |volume=41 |pages=145–155 |doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2006.09.005 |bibcode=2008Geobi..41..145V |accessdate=2017-08-15}}

| align="center" |[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=152063 Fossilworks]

indet.

|Montehermosan

|Claromecó

|Monte Hermoso

|{{ARG}}

|From several localities in Buenos Aires; reported by {{small|{{smallcaps|R. L. Tomassini, C. I. Montalvo, C.M. Deschamps and T. Manera. 2013. Biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Monte Hermoso Formation (early Pliocene) at its type locality, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 48:31-42}} and {{smallcaps|C. M. Deschamps, G. I. Esteban, and M. S. Bargo. 2001. El registro más antiguo del género Lestodon Gervais, 1855 (Xenarthra, Tardigrada, Mylodontidae) (Montehermosense, Plioceno Temprano). Ameghiniana 38(2):151-156}}}}

| align="center" |[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=152081 Fossilworks][https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=152085 Fossilworks][https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=152088 Fossilworks][https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=198863 Fossilworks]

indet.

|Colhuehuapian

|Golfo San Jorge

|Trelew Mb of Sarmiento

|{{ARG}}

|Described from same Gaiman locality in Chubut; Gaimanophis tenuis, Waincophis sp., the turtle Chelonoidis gringorum and many mammals by A. M. Albino. 1996. Snakes from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) Part I: The Booidea. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 199(3):417-434

| align="center" |[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=27311 Fossilworks]

indet.

|Santacrucian

|Austral

|Rio Pinturas

|{{ARG}}

|From Río Pinturas locality in Santa Cruz; reported by A. M. Albino. 1996. Snakes from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) Part II: The Colubroidea. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 200(3):353-360

| align="center" |[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=27312 Fossilworks]

indet.

|Santacrucian

|Austral

|Santa Cruz

|{{ARG}}

|Sole reptile described from Santa Cruz Formation locality in Santa Cruz together with the terror birds Psilopterus bachmanni, P. lemoinei, Phororhacos longissimus, Patagornis marshi, Brontornis burmeisteri, penguin Paraptenodytes antarcticus and other birds Eoneornis australis, Eutelornis patagonicus, Anisolornis excavatus, Protibis cnemialis, Opisthodactylus patagonicus, Liptornis hesternus, and many mammals by A. M. Albino. 1996. Snakes from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) Part II: The Colubroidea. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 200(3):353-360 & {{citation |last1=Vizcaíno |first1=Sergio F. |last2=Kay |first2=Richard F. |last3=Bargo |first3=Susana |year=2012 |title=Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ce0uINITb4C |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521194617 |pages=1–370 |accessdate=2017-10-21}}

| align="center" |[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=27313 Fossilworks][https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=176570 Fossilworks]

References

{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q263205}}

Category:Alethinophidia