Cultural depictions of lions#Film

File:Lascaux-diverticule-félins.jpg caves]]

The earliest known cave paintings of lions (which are of the extinct species Panthera spelaea) were found in the Chauvet Cave and in Lascaux in France's Ardèche region and represent some of the earliest paleolithic cave art, dating to between 32,000 and 15,000 years ago.{{cite book |last1=Chauvet | first1=J.-M. |last2=Brunel |first2=D. E. |last3=Hillaire |first3=C. |year=1996 |title=Dawn of Art: The Chauvet Cave. The oldest known paintings in the world |url=https://archive.org/details/dawnofartchauvet0000chau |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Harry N. Abrams}}{{cite conference |first=Christian |last=Züchner |title=Grotte Chauvet Archaeologically Dated |date=1998 |conference=International Rock Art Congress |location=Vila Real, Portugal |url=http://www.uf.uni-erlangen.de/chauvet/chauvet.html |access-date=2007-08-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010221092412/http://www.uf.uni-erlangen.de/chauvet/chauvet.html |archive-date=21 February 2001}} The zoomorphic Löwenmensch figurine from Hohlenstein-Stadel and the ivory carving of a lion's head from Vogelherd Cave in the Swabian Jura in southwestern Germany were carbon-dated 39,000 years old, dating from the Aurignacian culture.{{cite journal |last1=Kind |first1=Claus-Joachim |title=Löwenmensch, Mammut und eine Frau. Die älteste Kunst der Menschheit auf der Schwäbischen Alb und die Nachgrabungen am Hohlenstein im Lonetal |journal=Denkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg – Nachrichtenblatt der Landesdenkmalpflege |date=2014 |volume=40 |doi=10.11588/nbdpfbw.2011.1.12105 }}

{{multiple image |perrow=1 |image1=Part of a menat of Harsiesi, high priest of Amun of Thebes, circa 870 BC, 22nd Dynasty, gold, silver and copper inlays, from Thebes, Egypt, ÄM 23733, in the Ägyptisches Museum Berlin.jpg |caption1=Detail of a ritual Menat necklace, exhibited at Altes Museum, Berlin, catalogue number 23733. It shows a ritual performed before a statue of Sekhmet sitting on her throne. Sekhmet is flanked by the goddess Wadjet as the cobra and the goddess Nekhbet as the white vulture, symbols of lower and upper Egypt, respectively. They were depicted on the crown of Egypt; this triad remained fundamental to ancient Egyptian religion throughout the rise and fall of other deities |image3=Lioness Bast cosmetic jar 83d40m tut burial artifact.jpg |caption3=An alabaster cosmetic jar topped with Bast, from the tomb of Tutankhamun ({{circa|1323 BC}}—Cairo Museum) |image2=Mycenae lion gate detail dsc06384.jpg |caption2=The Lion Gate of Mycenae; two confronted animals flank the central column}}

The earliest tomb paintings in Ancient Egypt, at Nekhen, c. 3500 BC, classified as Naqada, possibly Gerzeh, culture include images of lions, including an image of a human (or deity) flanked by two lions in an upright posture. Among ancient Egyptians, from prehistoric times through well documented records, the war goddess Sekhmet, a lioness, later depicted as woman with a lioness head, was one of their major deities. She was a sun deity as well as a fierce warrior and protector. Usually she was assigned significant roles in the natural environment. The Egyptians held that this sacred lioness was responsible for the annual flooding of the Nile, the most significant contributing factor to the success of the culture. Sometimes with regional differences in names, a lioness deity was the patron and protector of the people, the king, and the land. As the country united, a blending of those deities was assigned to Sekhmet.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

Similar regional lioness deities assumed minor roles in the pantheon or, when so significant in a region, continued local religious observance in their own right, such as Bast. Offspring of these deities found niches in the expanding pantheon as well.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

During the New Kingdom the Nubian gods Maahes (god of war and protection and the son of Bast) and Dedun (god of incense, hence luxury and wealth) were depicted as lions. Maahes was absorbed into the Egyptian pantheon, and had a temple at the city the invading Greeks called Leontopolis, "City of Lions", at the delta in Lower Egypt. His temple was attached to the major temple of his mother, Bast. Dedun was not absorbed into the Ancient Egyptian religion and remained a Nubian deity.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

Bast, originally depicted as a lioness and the "eye of Ra" in the delta region,{{Cite book |last=Garai |first=Jana |title=The Book of Symbols |year=1973 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-671-21773-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofsymbols0000gara }} was the parallel deity to Sekhmet in the southern region. Her nature gradually changed after the unification of the country and Sekhmet prevailed throughout. At that time Bast changed into the goddess of personal protection with different responsibilities, and often was depicted as a very tame lioness or a cat. She is shown to the left atop an alabaster jar that contained precious oils and lotions. The name of the stone probably bears her named because materials sacred to her usually were stored in it..{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

The sphinx of Ancient Egypt shows the head and shoulders of a human and the body of a lioness. The statues represents Sekhmet, who was the protector of the pharaohs. Later pharaohs were depicted as sphinxes, being thought as the offspring of the deity.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

{{multiple image |perrow=1 |image1=Jiroft tabriz museum 1.JPG|caption1=Lions on A Chlorite object from Jiroft, currently at the National Museum of Iran, 3rd mil. BC|image2=Lion Darius Palace Louvre Sb3298.jpg |caption2=Lion on a decorative panel from Darius I the Great's palace at Susa |image3=Amulet-pendant Louvre Sb3906.jpg |caption3=Lioness used as a pendant, late sixth–fourth centuries BC, from Susa, Louvre}}

Lions are depicted on vases dating to about 2600 before present that were excavated near Lake Urmia.{{cite book |author1=Gesché-Koning, N. |author2=Van Deuren, G. |name-list-style=amp |year=1993 |title=Iran |location=Bruxelles, Belgium |publisher=Musées Royaux D'Art et D'Histoire}}

In Iranian mythology, the lion is a symbol of courage and monarchy. It is portrayed standing beside the kings in artifacts and sitting on the graves of knights. Imperial seals were also decorated with carved lions. The lion and sun motif is based largely on astronomical configurations, and the ancient zodiacal sign of the sun in the house of Leo. Lion and sun is a symbol of royalty in Iranian flag and coins. Goddess Anahita was sometimes shown standing on a lion. Lion is also title of the fourth grade of mithraism.{{cite journal |last1=طاهری |first1=صدرالدین |title=کهن الگوی شیــر در ایران، میانرودان و مصر باستان |trans-title=The Archytype of Lion, in Ancient Iran, Mesopotamia & Egypt |language=Persian |journal=نشریه هنرهای زیبا- هنرهای تجسمی |date=September 2012 |volume=4 |issue=49 |doi=10.22059/jfava.2012.28523 }}

File:Mitra-Lion_and_Sun.jpg, which is related to the Achaemenid period. ]]

Lions have been extensively used in ancient Persia as sculptures and on the walls of palaces, in fire temples, tombs, on dishes and jewellery; especially during the Achaemenid Empire. The gates were adorned with lions.{{Cite web|url=http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/ancient-art/persian.htm|title=Ancient Persian Art |website=visual-arts-cork.com}}

{{See also|Lion of Babylon}}

File:Sumerian, Iraq, c. 2100 BC - Lioness - 1989.253 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif

In ancient Mesopotamia, the lion was regarded as a symbol of kingship.{{cite journal |last1=Cassin |first1=Elena |title=Le roi et le lion |journal=Revue de l'histoire des religions |date=1981 |volume=198 |issue=4 |pages=355–401 |doi=10.3406/rhr.1981.4828 }} Depictions of the Mesopotamian lion show that it was an important symbol of Ancient Iraq. It is depicted in Ninevan reliefs.{{cite book |last=Scarre |first=C. |author-link=Chris Scarre |year=1999 |title=The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World |url=https://archive.org/details/seventywondersof00scar |url-access=registration |location=London |publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=9780500050965 }} The lion of Babylon is a statue at the Ishtar Gate in Babylon{{cite book |last1=Humphreys, P. |last2=Kahrom, E. |year=1999 |title=Lion and Gazelle: The Mammals and Birds of Iran |publisher=Images Publishing |location=Avon |isbn=978-0951397763 |chapter=Lion |pages=77−80 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esV0hccod0kC&pg=PP1}} The lion has an important association with the figure Gilgamesh, as demonstrated in his epic.{{cite book |editor-last=Dalley |editor-first=S. |editor-link=Stephanie Dalley |title=Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-953836-2}} The Babylonian goddess Ishtar was represented driving a chariot drawn by seven lions.

The Iraqi national football team is nicknamed "Lions of Mesopotamia."{{cite news |date=2017-03-18 |title=Iraq secure much-needed win over rivals Iran in friendly |website=Iraqi-Football.com |url=http://www.iraqi-football.com/Iran%200-1%20Iraq%20-%20Lions%20secure%20much-needed%20win%20over%20rivals%20in%20friendly.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042314/http://www.iraqi-football.com/Iran%200-1%20Iraq%20-%20Lions%20secure%20much-needed%20win%20over%20rivals%20in%20friendly.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=1 December 2017}}File:Processional Way, Babylon - Google Art Project.jpg.

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Sculptures and reliefs of the Neo-Assyrian Empire dating to the 6th and 7th centuries BC were rediscovered and excavated in the mid 19th century. Several reliefs feature lions, including the Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal, a famous group of Assyrian palace reliefs with numerous small narrative scenes, now in the British Museum. A well-known detail of this group of reliefs is The Dying Lioness depicting a half-paralyzed lioness pierced with arrows. They were originally in an Assyrian royal palace in Nineveh, in modern-day Iraq.{{cite book |author=Reade, J. |title=Assyrian Sculpture |year=1988 |edition=Second |publisher=British Museum Press |location=London |isbn=9780714120201 |url=https://archive.org/details/assyriansculptur00juli }}

{{multiple image |direction=vertical |image1=West Pediment from the Temple of Artemis in Corfu.jpg |caption1=Lionesses flanking the Gorgon on the western pediment of the Artemis Temple of Corfu, exhibited by the Archaeological Museum of Corfu |image2=Georgia (15).jpg |caption2=Golden figure from Colchis on display in the Georgian National Museum}}

A bronze statue of a lion from either southern Italy or southern Spain, from {{circa}} 1000–1200 years CE was put on display at the Louvre Abu Dhabi.{{cite report |publisher=Abu Dhabi Department of Culture & Tourism |title=Annual Report 2017 |volume=((1: Culture)) |page=52 |url=https://tcaabudhabi.ae/DataFolder/reports/2017%20Annual%20report%20-%20EN.pdf#page=51 |year=2017 |access-date=2019-03-09}}

{{multiple image |perrow=1 |image1=Lion of Menekrates at the Corfu Museum.JPG |caption1=Lion of Menekrates, seventh century BC |image2=Chaironeia lion (cropped).JPG |caption2=The Lion of Chaeronea, Greek, after 338 BC}}

Lions have been widely used in sculpture to provide a sense of majesty and awe, especially on public buildings. Lions were bold creatures and many ancient cities would have an abundance of lion sculptures to show strength in numbers as well.[http://www.thechicagotraveler.com/the-art-institute-of-chicago/ "The Art Institute of Chicago"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819174654/http://www.thechicagotraveler.com/the-art-institute-of-chicago/ |date=19 August 2007 }}. The Chicago Traveller. 2007[http://www.thy.com/en-INT/skylife/archive/en/2001_9/konu6.htm "The Hidden Language of Anatolia"]. Skylife Magazine, 2001 This usage dates back to the origin of civilization.[http://www.zindamagazine.com/html/archives/2004/5.24.04/index.php "Iraqi Multi-National Force & Corps Logos, Ancient Assyro-Babylonian Images"]. Zinda Magazine, 2004. There are lions at the entrances of cities and sacred sites from Mesopotamian cultures; notable examples include the Lion Gate of ancient Mycenae in Greece that has two lionesses flanking a column that represents a deity,Matthews, Kevin (2007). [http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Lion_Gate.html Lion Gate]. Great Buildings Online. and the gates in the walls of the Hittite city of Bogazköy, Turkey.

{{see also|Medici lions|Albani lion}}

Several discoveries of lion bones in Greece, Ukraine and the Balkans have confirmed that lions lived there certainly from 5th millennium BC until the 6th century BC, while according to the written sources they survived up to perhaps the 1st or even the 4th century AD, which was previously only a suspicion by some archaeologists.Douglas, N. (1927). Birds and Beasts of Greek Anthology. Florence: Norman Douglas.{{page needed|date=October 2023}}{{cite journal |last1=Alden |first1=Maureen |date=2005 |title=Lions in Paradise: Lion Similes in the Iliad and the Lion Cubs of IL. 18.318-22 |journal=The Classical Quarterly |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=335–342 |doi=10.1093/cq/bmi035 |jstor=4493342}}{{cite journal |last1=Bartosiewicz |first1=L. |title=A lion's share of attention: Archaeozoology and the historical record |journal=Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |date=June 2009 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=275–289 |doi=10.1556/aarch.59.2008.2.28 }}Cohen, A. (2010), Art in the era of Alexander the Great: Paradigms of manhood and their cultural traditions, Cambridge University Press, pp. 68–69, {{ISBN|978-0-5217-6904-4}}.Uhm, D.P. van (2016). The Illegal Wildlife Trade: Inside the World of Poachers, Smugglers and Traders. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.{{page needed|date=October 2023}}Thomas, N.R. 2014: A lion's eye view of the Greek Bronze Age. Annales liégeoises et PASPiennes d’archéologie égéenne. 11–14 décembre 2012. 375–392. Thus the strong emphasis on lions in the earliest figurative Greek art, especially that of Mycenaean Greece from around 1600–1400 BC, reflected the world in which Greeks lived, rather than being based on stories from further east, as once thought.{{cite book |author=Thomas, Nancy R. |chapter=The Early Mycenaean Lion up to Date |year=2004 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQOQey4OkAsC&pg=PA181 |title=Charis: Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immerwahr |publisher=Hesperia |location=Princeton |pages=189–191 |isbn=0876615337}}

Lionesses often flanked the Gorgon, a vestige of the earliest Greek protective deity that often was featured atop temples of later eras. The western pediment from the Artemis Temple of Corfu is a well preserved example.

The most notable lion of Ancient Greek mythology was the Nemean lion, killed barehanded by Heracles, who subsequently bore the pelt as an invulnerable magic cloak.{{Cite book |last=Graves |first=R |author-link=Robert Graves |title=Greek Myths |year=1955 |publisher=Penguin |location=London |isbn=0-14-001026-2 |pages=465–469 |chapter=The First Labour:The Nemean Lion |url=https://archive.org/details/greekmythsvolume00robe |url-access=registration }}

This lion is also said to be represented by the constellation of Leo, and also the sign of the Zodiac. Lions are known in many cultures as the king of animals, which can be traced to the Babylonian Talmud,Hagigah 13b.{{full citation needed|date=August 2022}} and to the classical book Physiologus. In his fables, the famed Greek story teller Aesop used the lion's symbolism of power and strength in The Lion and the Mouse and Lion's Share.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

{{anchor|Gaetulian lion}}

Since classical antiquity, a Gaetulian lion in literature is a lion of fierce reputation. Gaetulia, in ancient geography, was the land of the Gaetuli, a warlike tribe of ancient Libya that appears in Virgil's Aeneid (19 BC).{{cite book |title=Aeneid |author=Virgil |chapter=Book V, Line 352 |quote=..my task to offer consolation to our friend for the downfall he did nothing to deserve." With these words he gave Salius the hide of a huge Gaetulian lion, weighed down with gilded claws and mane.}} The Gaetulia lion appears in Odes of Horace (23 BC),{{cite book |title=Odes of Horace |chapter=Book I, Ode XXIII |author=Horace |quote=You shun me, Chloe, like a fawn that is seeking its timorous mother in the pathless mountains, not without a vain dread of the breezes and the thickets: for she trembles both in her heart and knees, whether the arrival of the spring has terrified by its rustling leaves, or the green lizards have stirred the bush. But I do not follow you, like a savage tigress, or a Gaetulian lion, to tear you to pieces. Therefore, quit your mother, now that you are mature for a husband.}} Pliny the Elder's Natural History (77 AD),{{cite book |title=Natural History |chapter=Book VIII – Chapter: Wonderful feats performed by lions |author=Pliny the Elder |quote=It was formerly a very difficult matter to catch the lion, and it was mostly done by means of pit-falls. In the reign however, of the Emperor Claudius, accident disclosed a method which appears most disgraceful to the name of such an animal; a Gaetulian shepherd stopped a lion, that was rushing furiously upon him, by merely throwing his cloak over the animal; a circumstance which afterwards afforded an exhibition in the arena of the Circus, when the frantic fury of the animal was paralyzed in a manner almost incredible by a light covering being thrown over its head, so much so, that it was put into chains without the least resistance; we must conclude, therefore, that all its strength lies in its eyes. The circumstance renders what was done by Lysimachus less wonderful, who strangled a lion, with which he had been shut up by command of Alexander.}} Philostratus's Life of Apollonius of Tyana ({{circa}} 215),{{cite book |title=Life of Apollonius of Tyana |author=Philostratus |year=215 |quote=The extremity of Libya, which bears the name Abinna, furnishes a haunt of lions, who hunt their prey along the brows of the mountains which are to be seen rising inland, and it marches with the Gaetuli and Tingae, both of them wild Libyan tribes.}} Robert Louis Stevenson's Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes (1879).{{cite book |title=Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes |author=Robert Louis Stevenson |year=1879 |quote="Your father and mother?" cried the priest. "Very well; you will convert them in their turn when you go home." I think I see my father’s face! I would rather tackle the Gaetulian lion in his den than embark on such an enterprise against the family theologian.}}

In Socrates' model of the psyche (as described by Plato), the bestial, selfish nature of humanity is described metaphorically as a lion, the "leontomorphic principle".{{cite web | url = http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/plato.html | title = Plato, Republic 588A-589B | publisher = "The Gnostic Society Library | access-date = 2009-02-12 }}

File:Daniel's Answer to the King, by Briton Riviere, GMIII MCAG 1937 123-001.jpg, R.A. (1840–1920), 1890 (Manchester City Art Gallery)]]

Several Biblical accounts document the presence of lions, and cultural perception of them in ancient Israel.

The best known Biblical account featuring lions comes from the Book of Daniel (chapter 6), where Daniel is thrown into a den of lions and miraculously survives.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

A lesser known Biblical account features Samson who kills a lion with his bare hands, later sees bees nesting in its carcass, and poses a riddle based on this unusual incident to test the faithfulness of his fiancée (Judges 14). The prophet Amos said (Amos, 3, 8): "The lion hath roared, who will not fear? the Lord GOD hath spoken, who can but prophesy?", i.e., when the gift of prophecy comes upon a person, he has no choice but to speak out.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

The lion is one of the living creatures in the Book of Ezekiel.

They were represented in the tetramorph.

In 1 Peter 5:8, the Devil is compared to a roaring lion "seeking someone to devour."{{Cite book |last=Guggisberg |first=Charles Albert Walter |title=Simba, The Life of the Lion |publisher=Chilton Books |year=1963 |location=Philadelphia |oclc=371079}}Wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/1 Peter#Chapter 5 Verse 8

File:Daniel in the Lions' Den LACMA 22.6.3.jpg ]]

The lion is the biblical emblem of the tribe of Judah and later the Kingdom of Judah.{{Cite book|author=Epstein, Marc Michael |title=Dreams of subversion in medieval Jewish art and literature |pages=110, 121|publisher=Penn State Press|year=1997|isbn=0-271-01605-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bzINIM23-TcC&dq=lions+symbolize+yehuda&pg=PA110|access-date=13 September 2010}} It is contained within Jacob's blessing to his fourth son in the penultimate chapter of the Book of Genesis, "Judah is a lion's whelp; On prey, my son have you grown. He crouches, lies down like a lion, like the king of beasts—who dare rouse him?" (Genesis 49:9JPS Tanakh{{full citation needed|date=August 2022}}). In the modern state of Israel, the lion remains the symbol of the capital city of Jerusalem, emblazoned on both the flag and coat of arms of the city.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

The power and ferocity of the lion is invoked when describing the anger of God ({{bibleverse|Amos|3:4–8}}, {{bibleverse|Lam|3:10}}) and the menace of Israel's enemies ({{bibleverse|Psalm|17:12|22:21}}, {{bibleverse|Jer|2:30|5:6}}) and Satan ({{bibleverse|1 Pet|5:8}}). The book of Isaiah uses the imagery of a lion laying with a calf and child, and eating straw to portray the harmony of creation ({{bibleverse|Isa|11:6–7}}). In the Book of Revelation, a lion, an ox, a man and an eagle are seen on a heavenly throne in John's vision;({{bibleverse|Rev|4:7}}).{{cite book |editor=Sakenfeld, K. D. |year=2008 |title=New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible |volume=3 |chapter=Lion |author=Borowski, O. |publisher=Abingdon Press|pages=669–670 |isbn=978-0687333653}}

In Christian tradition, Mark the Evangelist, the author of the second gospel is symbolized by the lion of Saint Mark – a figure of courage and monarchy. It also represents Jesus' Resurrection (because lions were believed to sleep with open eyes, a comparison with Christ in the tomb), and Christ as king. Some Christian legends refer to Saint Mark as "Saint Mark the Lionhearted". Legends say that he was fed to the lions and the animals refused to attack or eat him. Instead the lions slept at his feet, while he petted them. When the Romans saw this, they released him, spooked by the sight.

Christian tradition has associated lions with Christ's resurrection. In the Christian text Physiologus, lion cubs are said to be born stillborn and the mothers cares for them until the father returns on the third day to breathe life into them.{{cite book|last=Apostolos-Cappadona|first=Diane|year=2020|title=A Guide to Christian Art|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|page=185|isbn=9780567685148}}

A lion-faced figurine is usually associated with the Mithraic mysteries. Without any known parallel in classical, Egyptian, or middle-eastern art,{{cite book |last1=von Gall |first1=Hubertus |chapter=The Lion-headed and the Human-headed God in the Mithraic Mysteries |page=511 |title=Etudes mithriaques: actes du 2e congres international, Teheran, du 1er au 8 septembre 1975 |date=1978 |publisher=Bibliotheque Pahlavi |isbn=978-90-04-03902-5 }} what this figure is meant to represent currently is unknown. Some have interpreted it to be a representation of Ahriman,{{cite journal |last1=Jackson |first1=Howard M. |title=The Meaning and Function of the Leontocephaline in Roman Mithraism |journal=Numen |date=1985 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=17–45 |id={{ProQuest|1299160146}} |doi=10.1163/156852785X00148 |jstor=3269961 |s2cid=144419653}} of the aforementioned gnostic Demiurge,{{cite book |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004180000.i-570 |title=Religious Diversity in Late Antiquity |date=2010 |editor1-last=Gwynn |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Bangert |editor2-first=Susanne |isbn=978-90-474-4453-4 |page=448}} or of some similar malevolent, tyrannical entity, but it has also been interpreted as some sort of time or season deity,{{Cite book |last=Beck |first=Roger |title=Beck on Mithraism |publisher=Ashgate Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=9780754640813 |series=Ashgate Contemporary Thinkers on Religion |location=Aldershot, Hants, England |page=194 |oclc=54843901}} or even a more positive symbol of enlightenment and spiritual transcendence.{{Cite web|title=The Eighth Gate: The Mithraic Lion-Headed Figure and the Platonic World-Soul|website=mysterium.com |url=http://www.mysterium.com/eighthgate.html}}

File:Haldi09.jpg|Portrait of Ḫaldi riding on lion at Erebuni Fortress

File:Sphinx Darius Louvre.jpg|Winged sphinx with body of lioness, palace of Darius the Great at Susa

File:Sainttrophimefigures.jpg|Samson and the lions, Saint Trophime Church Portal, 12th century

File:TumboA Alfonso.jpg|A lion at the side of King Alfonso IX of Leon, from the Tumbo A cartulary of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela

File:Gold cup kalardasht.jpg|A Hyrcanian Achaemenid golden cup depicting lions, excavated at Kalardasht in Mazandaran, Iran

File:The Golden Age (fresco by Pietro da Cortona).jpg|A lion in Pietro da Cortona's depiction of the Golden Age

File:Schabrak, detalj - Livrustkammaren - 42217.tif|Embroidered lion on saddle pad of King Charles XI of Sweden, ca. 1670

File:RWS Tarot 08 Strength.jpg|The "Strength" card of the Rider–Waite tarot deck

File:Lion-faced deity.jpg|A Gnostic gem portraying a lion-faced deity

File:Baalbek-109929.jpg|The lion head motif is a recurring architectural element in the great temple of Baalbek

In a key scene of Yvain, the Knight of the Lion ({{langx|fr|Yvain, le Chevalier au Lion}}), a romance by Chrétien de Troyes, the hero is depicted as rescuing a lion from a serpent. Subsequently, the lion proves to be a loyal companion and a symbol of knightly virtue, and helps Yvain complete his altruistic ventures. In the happy end, the lion comes to dwell with Yvain and his wife Laudine at their castle.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

Germany Hohenzollern Protestant Chapel Lion.jpg|Lion door handle at Burg Hohenzollern

Bronze lion and church spire, Trafalgar Square - geograph.org.uk - 1600280.jpg|One of the four lions in Trafalgar Square, London, by Landseer at the base of Nelson's Column

Luzern asv2022-10 Löwendenkmal img2.jpg|The Lion Monument in Lucerne, Switzerland, commemorates the sacrifice of the Swiss Guards at the Tuileries in 1792.

{{Further|Animals in Islam}}

File:Kelileh va Demneh.jpg dated 1429, from Herat, a Persian translation of the Panchatantra – depicts the manipulative jackal-vizier, trying to lead his lion-king into war]]

In both Arab and Persian culture, the lion is regarded as a symbol of courage, bravery, royalty and chivalry. The depiction of lions is derived from earlier Mesopotamian arts. Islamic art commonly manifests its aesthetic elements predominantly in Islamic calligraphy, floral and geometric decorative patterns, since Islamic religious tradition discourages the depictions of humans and living creatures in sculptures. Through Persian arts miniatures and paintings, however, the depictions of humans and animals survives.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} In al-Andalus (Muslim Spain), lion statues as supporters and waterspouts of fountains were built around 10th-century Cordoba, such as in the palaces of Madinat al-Zahra and Munyat an-Na'ura,{{Cite book |last=Arnold |first=Felix |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXjXDQAAQBAJ&dq=Islamic+Palace+Architecture+in+the+Western+Mediterranean&pg=PP1 |title=Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=9780190624552 |pages=111–116}}{{Cite book |last=Farrar |first=Linda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dir3CwAAQBAJ&dq=lion+fountain+madinat+al-zahra&pg=PT340 |title=Gardens and Gardeners of the Ancient World: History, Myth and Archaeology |publisher=Windgather Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-909686-86-1 |language=en}} as well as in the Maristan of Granada and in the Court of the Lions of the Alhambra in the 14th century.{{Cite web |author=Pastor, G.A. |title=The lions from the maristán |url=https://www.alhambra-patronato.es/en/elemento-del-mes/the-lions-from-the-maristan |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=The court of the lions |url=https://www.alhambra-patronato.es/en/edificios-lugares/the-court-of-the-lions |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife |language=en}} Animal motifs were also commonly used in stone-carved decoration in Anatolian Seljuk architecture (12th–13th centuries) and images of lions were favoured in this context.{{cite journal |last1=Otto-Dorn |first1=Katharina |title=Figural Stone Reliefs on Seljuk Sacred Architecture in Anatolia |journal=Kunst des Orients |date=1978 |volume=12 |issue=1/2 |pages=103–149 |jstor=20752481 }} Examples include the lion reliefs on the Döner Kümbet tomb (c. 1275) and the lion-head carvings on the Sahabiye Madrasa (c. 1267), both in Kayseri, and two reliefs of a lion fighting a bull on the Great Mosque of Diyarbakir.{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195309911.001.0001/acref-9780195309911-e-476 |isbn=978-0-19-530991-1 |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |chapter=Kayseri |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor1-first=Jonathan M. |editor1-last=Bloom |editor2-first=Sheila S. |editor2-last=Blair }}

File:Contemporary or near-contemporary depiction of Guru Gobind Singh hunting lion.jpg contemporary or near-contemporary art depiction of Guru Gobind Singh hunting Asiatic lion]]

The lion symbolism and its cultural depictions can be found in Hindu and Buddhist art of India and Southeast Asia. The lion symbolism in India was based upon Asiatic lions that once spread in Indian subcontinent as far as the Middle East.

Neolithic cave paintings of lions were found in Bhimbetka rock shelters in central India, which are at least 30,000 years old.{{cite book |author=Badam, G. L. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Sathe, V. G. |year=1991 |chapter=Animal depictions in rock art and palaeoecology – a case study at Bhimbetka, Madhya Pradesh, India |title=Rock Art – The Way Ahead: South African Rock Art Research Association First International Conference Proceedings |location=Natal |publisher=Southern African Rock Art Research Association |pages=196–208 |editor1=Pager, S. A. |editor2=Swatrz Jr., B. K. |editor3=Willcox, A. R.}}

{{more citations needed|date=October 2018}}

{{Main|Lion Capital of Ashoka}}

File:Durga Mahishasura-mardini, the slayer of the buffalo demon.jpg has a lion as her vahanam or divine mount]]

Narasimha ("man-lion") is described as the fourth incarnation (avatara) of the Hindu deity Vishnu in the Puranic texts of Hinduism, an anthropomorphic form assumed to slay a daitya (demon) named Hiranyakashipu.{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=narasimha+vishnu&pg=PT857 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=857 |language=en}} A goddess corresponding to the appearance of Narasimha is also featured, called Narasimhi.{{Cite book |last=Coburn |first=Thomas B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hy9kf7_TOHgC&pg=PA206 |title=Devī-Māhātmya: The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition |date=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0557-6 |pages=206 |language=en}}

Lions are also found in Buddhist symbolism. Lion pillars erected during the reign of Emperor Ashoka show lions and the chakra emblem. The lions depicted in the Lion Capital of Ashoka inspired artists who designed the Emblem of India.

Singh is an ancient Indian name meaning "lion", dating more than 2,000 years ago to ancient India. It was originally only used by warriors in India. After the birth of the Khalsa brotherhood in 1699, the Sikhs also adopted the name "Singh" due to the wishes of Guru Gobind Singh. Singh is used by various communities today, it is also used by more than 20 million Sikhs worldwide.{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |title=A History of the Sikhs 1469-1839 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1963 |volume=1 |location=Princeton, NJ |language=en-US |oclc=830270907}} The appellation of the name Singh was used by the Rajputs before being adopted by the Sikhs in 1699.{{cite book|author=Gopal Singh|year=2015|title=A History of the Sikh People (1469–1988)|location=New Delhi|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-139-4}} Therefore, all "Singh"s in Indian history before 1699 are Hindu and mainly Rajputs. The lion also features as the carrier or the vehicle of Durga, the Hindu goddess of war, worshipped in and around the Bengal region.

The lion is symbolic for the Sinhalese, Sri Lanka's ethnic majority; the term derived from the Indo-Aryan Sinhala, meaning the "lion people" or "people with lion blood", while a sword-wielding lion is the central figure on the modern national flag of Sri Lanka. The entrance to Sigiriya, the Lion-Rock of Sri Lanka, was through the Lion Gate, the mouth of a stone lion. The paws of the lion is one of seven World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

File:Borobudur Lion Guardian.jpg]]

File:Champa Stone (9980801826).jpg, Champa, 6th–8th century AD]]

Lions were never native animals of Southeast Asia in recorded history. As the result, the depiction of lion in ancient Southeast Asian art, especially in ancient Java and Cambodia, is far from naturalistic style as depicted in Greek or Persian art counterparts, since the artist who carved the lion sculpture never saw the lion before, and all were based on perception and imagination. The cultural depictions and the reverence of lion as the noble and powerful beast in Southeast Asia was influenced by Indian culture.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

Statues of a pair of lions are often found in temples in Southeast Asia as the gate guardian. In the Borobudur Buddhist monument Central Java, Indonesia andesite stone statues of lions guarding four main entrances of Borobudur. The thrones of Buddha and Boddhisattva found in Kalasan and Mendut buddhist temples of ancient Java depicted elephant, lion, and makara. The statue of a winged lion also is found in Penataran temple East Java, as well as in Balinese temples. The Balinese winged lion often served as the guardian statue or as the pedestal of wooden column.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

File:Lion gardien et Garuda sur Naga (Bayon, Angkor Thom) (6775469688).jpg, Angkor]]

In Cambodia statues of lions flanking the temple gate or access roads are commonly found in temples of Angkor. Bakong, a stepped pyramid Hindu temple from earlier period also displays lion statues as guardians of each stage on each of the cardinal points. Khmer lion guardian statues are commonly found in Angkor Wat, Bayon, Pre Rup and Srah Srang. Just like ancient Java, the depiction of lion in ancient Khmer art is not in naturalistic style, more like a symbolic mythical animal derived from Indian Hindu-Buddhist art. The royal emblem of Cambodia depicting a pair of guardian animals; gajasingha (hybrid of elephant and lion) and singha (lion). In Thailand, a pair of lion statues are often placed in front of temple gate as guardian. The style of Thai lion is similar to those of Cambodian, since Thailand derived many of its aesthetics and arts elements from Cambodian Khmer art.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

In Myanmar, the statue of lion called Chinthe guarding the stupas, pagodas, and Buddhist temples in Bagan, while pair of lions are also featured in the country's coat-of-arms.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

The island nation of Singapore (Singapura) derives its name from the Malay words {{lang|ms|singa}} (lion) and {{lang|ms|pura}} (city), which in turn is from the Tamil-Sanskrit சிங்க singa {{lang|sa|सिंह}} {{IAST|siṃha}} and {{lang|sa|पुर}} புர {{IAST|pura}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/46/S0424600.html |title=Singapore |publisher=bartleby.com |access-date=2006-04-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629044446/http://www.bartleby.com/61/46/S0424600.html |archive-date=29 June 2008 }} According to the Malay Annals, this name was given by a fourteenth-century Sumatran Malay prince named Sang Nila Utama, who, on alighting the island after a thunderstorm, spotted an auspicious beast on shore that his chief minister identified as a lion (Asiatic lion).{{cite web | title = Early History | url = http://www.sg/explore/history.htm | publisher = Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts, Singapore | access-date = 2006-04-14 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060427030111/http://www.sg/explore/history.htm | archive-date = 27 April 2006 }} Recent studies of Singapore indicate that lions have never lived there.

In the modern era, the lion or Merlion became the icon of Singapore due to the island's name. The Merlion also figures heavily in the official symbols of the Philippines as it was once an overseas possession of Spain; it appears on the coat-of-arms of Manila, as well as the emblems of the president, vice-president, and its navy.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

File:Forbidden City Imperial Guardian Lions.jpg-era guardian lion pair within the Forbidden City, China]]

The common motif of the "majestic and powerful" lion was introduced to China by Buddhist missionaries from India, somewhere in the first century AD.{{Cite web|author=B. N. Goswamy |date=6 October 2002 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021006/spectrum/art.htm |title=Celebrating with the Lion Dance |website=tribuneindia.com}} Lions themselves, however, are not native to China, yet appear in the art of China and the Chinese people believe that lions protect humans from evil spirits, hence the Chinese New Year lion dance to scare away demons and ghosts. Chinese guardian lions are frequently used in sculpture in traditional Chinese architecture. For instance, in the Forbidden City in Beijing, two lion statues are seen in almost every door entrance.

Lions feature prominently in the Tibetan culture with a pair of Snow Lions seen on the Tibetan flag. The Snow Lions are mythical creatures that are seen as protector entities. The Snow Lion symbolizes fearlessness, unconditional cheerfulness, east, and the Earth element. It is one of the Four Dignities. It ranges over the mountains, and is commonly pictured as being white with a turquoise mane.

The lion became popular in Japanese art from the 14th century onwards, under Chinese influence. The Chinese artistic form of the "dog-lion" (kara-shishi in Japanese) was almost always used, but was generally somewhat fatter, and with a shorter torso, than in China, with a short fan-like tail and a flattened face.von Krenner & Jeremiah, 78 Hokusai had a "special cult of the Chinese lion, whose "spiritual form" he drew each morning".von Krenner & Jeremiah, 81

Lions (獅子, shishi) feature prominently in many kabuki plays and other forms of Japanese legend and traditional tales.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

The lion appears in several fairy and folk tale traditions all over the world. Some tale types, according to the Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index, show it as the hero's helper or a protagonist on its own right:

• Aarne-Thompson-Uther type number 156, "Androcles and the Lion": a slave helps a lion by removing a thorn from its paw. Later, when the slave is put in a perilous situation against the very same lion, the lion recognizes him and spares his life in gratitude.{{cite book |author=Aarne, A. |author2=Thompson, S. |year=1961 |title=The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography |location=Helsinki |publisher=Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Academia Scientiarum Fennica}}{{cite book |author=Uther, Hans-Jörg |year=2008 |title=Handbuch zu den "Kinder- und Hausmärchen" der Brüder Grimm: Entstehung – Wirkung – Interpretation |location=Berlin, New York |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-019441-8}}{{page needed|date=August 2022}}
• Aarne-Thompson-Uther type number 300, "The Dragon-Slayer": in some variants, a lion appears as part of the hero's animal entourage to defeat a vicious dragon and rescue the princess.{{cite journal |last1=Theuerkauf |first1=Marie-Luise |title=Essay - Dragon Slayers and Lion Friends: Intertextual Considerations in Tochmarc Emire |journal=Aigne Journal |date=2014 |volume=5 |url=https://aigne.ucc.ie/index.php/aigne/article/view/1488 }}
• Aarne-Thompson-Uther type number 303, "The Twins or Blood-Brothers": this tale type sometimes merges with the previous one. Twins (or triplets) or lookalike individuals acquire two sets of fierce animals, like bears, lions and wolves. Each goes their separate ways: one defeats the dragon and the other meets a witch who petrifies his twin. Example: The Three Princes and their Beasts, Lithuanian fairy tale; The Two Brothers, German fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm.{{cite book |author=Uther, Hans-Jörg |title=Handbuch zu den "Kinder- und Hausmärchen" der Brüder Grimm: Entstehung – Wirkung – Interpretation |location=Berlin, New York |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2008 |pages=448–449 |isbn=978-3-11-019441-8}}
• Aarne-Thompson-Uther type number 425, "The Search for the Lost Husband", and Aarne-Thompson-Uther type number 425A, "Animal as Bridegroom": a maiden is betrothed to an animal bridegroom (a lion, in several variants), who comes at night to the bridal bed in human form. The maiden breaks a taboo and her enchanted husband disappears. She is forced to seek him.{{cite book |author=Uther, Hans-Jörg |title=Handbuch zu den "Kinder- und Hausmärchen" der Brüder Grimm: Entstehung – Wirkung – Interpretation |location=Berlin, New York |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2008 |pages=200–201 |isbn=978-3-11-019441-8}} Example: The Singing, Springing Lark, a German fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm;{{cite book |last1=Schwabe |first1=Claudia |title=Craving Supernatural Creatures: German Fairy-Tale Figures in American Pop Culture |date=2019 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=978-0-8143-4197-1 |page=157 |id={{Project MUSE|65930|type=book}} }} La fiancée du lion ("The Lion's Bride"), Breton folktale collected by Paul Sébillot.Sébillot, Paul. Contes des landes et des grèves. Hyacinthe Caillière Editeur, Rennes, 1900. pp. 117–127. [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Contes_des_landes_et_des_gr%C3%A8ves/La_fianc%C3%A9e_du_lion]
• Aarne-Thompson-Uther type number 552, "The Girls who married Animals": a bankrupt nobleman or a poor farmer is forced to wed his daughters to three animal suitors, who are actually enchanted princes under a curse. In some variants, one of the suitors is a lion. Example: The Three Enchanted Princes.von Hahn, Johann Georg. Griechische und Albanesische Märchen 1–2. München/Berlin: Georg Müller. 1918 [1864]. pp. 139–145 and 363.Kretschmer, Paul. Neugriechische Märchen. 1919. pp. 77–84.Hoogasian-Villa, Susie. 100 Armenian Tales and Their Folkloristic Relevance. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 1966. pp. 440–441.Kunos, Ignacz. Forty-four Turkish fairy tales. London: G. Harrap. [undated] pp. 102–116.Fansler, Dean Spouill. Filipino Popular Tales. The American folk-lore society. 1921. pp. 171–178.
• Aarne-Thompson-Uther type number 590, "The Faithless Mother" or "The Prince and the Arm Bands": a boy with his mother finds a magic belt (magic arm bands) that grants strength. Later, his mother conspires with her new paramour (giant or ogre) to kill her son. Two lions end up helping the youth.{{cite book |author=Aarne, A. |author2=Thompson, S. |year=1961 |title=The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography |location=Helsinki |publisher=Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Academia Scientiarum Fennica |pages=215–217}} Example: The Blue Belt, Norwegian fairy tale.

The lion also appears as a king's councillor in the German fairy tale The Twelve Huntsmen.{{cite book |author=De Blécourt, W. |year=2012 |chapter=A Quest for Rejuvenation |title=Tales of Magic, Tales in Print: On the Genealogy of Fairy Tales and the Brothers Grimm |location=Manchester |publisher=Manchester University Press |page=98 |jstor=j.ctv6p4w6.8 |isbn=9781526129703}}

The lion also appears as an obstacle in the hero's dangerous quest, such as a guardian of the water of life, of a garden or of a princess.{{cite book |author=Marzolph, U. |author2=van Leewen, R. |title=The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia |volume=I |location=California |publisher=ABC-Clio |date=2004 |pages= 81, 131, 262 and 401 |isbn=1-85109-640-X}}{{cite book |first1=Hasan |last1=El-Shamy |author-link=Hasan M. El-Shamy |chapter=Individuation: Motif J1030.1§ |pages=263–270 [265] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aEArDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA263 |editor1-first=Jane |editor1-last=Garry |editor2-first=Hasan |editor2-last=El-Shamy |title=Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature: A Handbook |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-315-09712-1 |doi=10.4324/9781315097121 }}

Various kings and political leaders in different cultures and times, famed for courage or fierceness, were entitled "the lion" – such as:

• Llywelyn the Great, along with his family, were known to bear lions on their arms
• Henry the Lion of Saxony
• Richard the Lionheart, first used a single lion, then the three-lion bearing that became the arms of the Plantagenet dynasty.
• Robert III, "The Lion of Flanders"
• Lala Lajpat Rai, "The Lion of Punjab"
• Omar Mukhtar was called Asad aṣ-Ṣaḥrā' ({{langx|ar|أَسَـد الـصَّـحْـرَاء}}, "Lion of the Desert").{{cite book |last=As-Salab |first=A. M. |title=Omar Al Mokhtar Lion of the Desert (The Biography of Shaikh Omar Al Mukhtar) |year=2011 |location=Al-Firdous |isbn=978-1874263647}}
• Sundiata Keita the "Lion of Mali".{{cite book |last=Lynch |first=P. A. |year=2004 |title=African Mythology A to Z |publisher=Infobase Publishing |page=63 |isbn=978-0-8160-4892-2 |chapter=Lion |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/africanmythology00lync_0/page/63}}
• The Al-Assad family, ruling in Syria, derives its surname from the title Asad ("lion" in Arabic) of an ancestor{{Cite book |title=Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East |page=[https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal/page/25 25] |last=Seale |first=Patrick |publisher=University of California Press |year=1990 |isbn=9780520069763 |url=https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal/page/25 }}
• Fourteen popes took the name Leo
• Maharaja Ranjit Singh, "Lion of the Punjab"{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ranjit-Singh-Sikh-maharaja|title=Ranjit Singh Sikh maharaja|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=8 August 2022}}

During the Renaissance, animals, especially those close to man, were depicted with passion but also with scientific rigor. However, exotic animals, which were difficult to observe, were in part imagined by the painter: La Chaste au tigre (The Tiger Hunt), a Baroque painting by Rubens depicting a hunt for big cats, including lions, is a work that was partly imagined by the painter; the composition of the picture, however, allowed realism to be breathed into these invented felines.{{Cite web |title=Rubens, Pierre Paul, la Chasse au tigre |url=http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/video/Rubens,_Pierre_Paul,__la_Chasse_au_tigre/1309368 |access-date=6 August 2009 |website=Larousse.fr |language=fr}} For Théophile Gautier, it was essentially "lions with wigs" that were produced during Classicism.{{Cite book |last=Brion |first=Marcel |title=Les animaux, un grand thème de l'Art |publisher=Horizons de France |year=1995 |location=Paris |language=fr}}

The Romantic painter worked as much on anatomical accuracy, notably by practicing the representation of real subjects held in zoos, as on the desire to depict a sentimental animal, which drew the ridicule of classical-style artists. Lion and tiger enjoy renewed interest. The Romantic period was marked by a number of great paintings, such as Eugène Delacroix's lions.

{{citation needed span |text=In the 19th century, numerous zoological illustrations by naturalists show the lion in particular. From the same period onwards, humorous and often irreverent depictions of the "king of animals" proliferated, particularly in political cartoons and comics.|date=March 2024}}

File:Hans Memling - Allegory with a Virgin - WGA14896.jpg|Allegory with a Virgin, 1479–80 by Hans Memling

File:Albrecht Dürer 055.jpg|Löwe by Albrecht Dürer, 1494

File:Albrecht Altdorfer 003.jpg|Hieronymus and the Lion, 1507 by Albrecht Altdorfer

File:Heracles and the Nemea Lion Pieter Paul Rubens.jpg|Hercules fight with the Nemeean lion by Pieter Paul Rubens

File:Lucas Cranach d.Ä. - Simson bezwingt den Löwen.jpg|Samson's Fight with the Lion, by Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1525

File:Eugène Delacroix - Lion of Atlas.jpg|Lion of the Atlas ({{langx|fr|Lion de l'Atlas}}) by Eugène Delacroix, 1829, in the Saint Louis Art Museum

File:Jean-Léon Gérôme - The Christian Martyrs' Last Prayer - Walters 37113.jpg|The Christian Martyrs' Last Prayer by Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1863

File:Briton Rivière - Una and the Lion.jpg|Una and the Lion by Briton Rivière, 1880

File:The King Drinks.jpg|The King Drinks by Briton Rivière, 1881

File:William Blake Richmond - Venus and Anchises - Google Art Project.jpg|Painting Venus and Anchises by William Blake Richmond (1889 or 90)

• Nelson's Column (1843) in Trafalgar Square, London, UK, four lions sculpted by Edwin Landseer.
• The South Bank Lion, also in London. One of the first sculptures in Coade stone.

• National Zoological Park, two 5,000 pound, reclining brass lions flank the Connecticut Avenue entrance,{{cite web|title=Bronze Lions Flank Connecticut Avenue Entrance|website=National Zoo|url=http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/ZooArt/BronzeLions/|access-date=4 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115449/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/ZooArt/BronzeLions/|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}
• Patience and Fortitude, the two Tennessee marble lions flanking the main entrance to the New York Public Library Main Branch, in Manhattan; sculpted by Edward Clark Potter
• Ulysses S. Grant Memorial, West Front, in the Botanic Garden, Washington D.C., four protective bronze lions crouching on the American flag, sculpted by Henry Merwin Shrady, installed 28 April 1912; shown in the opening credits of the House of Cards{{cite web |author=Willimon, Beau |display-authors=etal |date=20 February 2014 |title=History Behind Lion Statues House of Cards Opening Credits |url=http://ghostsofdc.org/2014/02/20/history-behind-lion-statues-house-cards-opening-credits/ |website=Ghosts of DC}}
• Mount Ecclesia: the (main) entrance arch, the Lions Arch, is considered to be a contributing structure in the Rosicrucian Fellowship Temple Historic District and is also a local landmark in Oceanside, California. Cast concrete lions stand guard at each end of the arch.{{Cite web|url=http://www.rosicrucian.com/foreign/images/gate03.jpg|title=Main Entrance of Mount Ecclesia (Lions Arch)}}{{Cite web|url=http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-k9-6A24L7k4/VX94wwUr0II/AAAAAAAAx_Y/5srchttx-84/s1600/sfg3%2B%25281%2Bof%2B1%2529.jpg|title=Lions Arch at Mt. Ecclesia: photo by Robert Sommers, 2015}}

{{Main|Lion (heraldry)}}

File:Bagratuni_flag.svg in 885–1045]]

File:Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg

File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg

File:Coat_of_arms_of_Finland.svg in the coat of arms of Finland (1978 design, based on the 16th-century coat of arms of the Grand Duke of Finland).]]

The lion is a common charge in heraldry, traditionally symbolizing courage.{{Cite book |last=Wade |first =W. C. |title =Symbolisms of Heraldry |publisher=Kessinger |year=1898 |location=London |isbn=978-0-7661-4168-1 |page=168}} The following positions of heraldic lions are recognized:{{cite book |title=Heraldic Dictionary: Beasts |publisher=University of Notre Dame |url=http://www.rarebooks.nd.edu/digital/heraldry/charges/lions.html |access-date = 2007-07-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070610045340/http://www.rarebooks.nd.edu/digital/heraldry/charges/lions.html |archive-date=10 June 2007 | url-status = dead }}

{{div col|colwidth=12em}}

• rampant
• guardant
• reguardant
• passant
• statant
• couchant
• salient
• sejant
• dormant

{{div col end}}

The lion holds historical significance for English heraldry and symbolism. The Coat of arms of England was a symbol for Richard the Lionheart, and later, for England. For many centuries the lion had been a feature of the Armorial of Plantagenet of the House of Plantagenet, and is still worn by both the England national football team and England and Wales cricket team.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The Royal Banner of Scotland continues to be used widely today and has given rise to its use as the emblem for the Scotland national football team and Rangers F.C. and Dundee United F.C. of the Scottish Premier League, as well as English Premier League club Aston Villa F.C.; and not only sport but businesses such as the French car company Peugeot, the international beer company Lion Nathan, and Caledonian MacBrayne ferries. Arising from heraldic use, the Red Lion is also a popular pub name, with over 600 pubs bearing the name.{{Cite book |author-link=Leslie Dunkling |author1=Dunkling, L. |author2=Wright, G. |title=The Wordsworth Dictionary of Pub Names |year=1994 |orig-year=1987 |publisher=Wordsworth Reference |location=Ware, Hertfordshire |isbn=1-85326-334-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/wordsworthdictio0000dunk}} A rarer inn name is the White Lion, derived from Edward IV of England or the Duke of Norfolk. Though the lion appears on the coats of arms and flags of Lyon and León, the cities' names have an unrelated derivation despite the similarity. Rampant lions are common charges in heraldry. For example, the arms of the Carter of Castle Martin family, Ireland (see Carter-Campbell of Possil) include a pair of rampant combatant lions.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

File:Royal arms of Cambodia.svg|Royal insignia of Cambodia with gajasingha and singha lions

File:Lion Dormant.svg|A heraldic lion 'dormant'

File:Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Iraq (1921–1958).svg|Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Iraq (1932–1959), depicting the lion and horse

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File:Silver Coin of Jalaluddin.jpg ruler Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah (1415–1433), showing a lion Passant, designed on the basis of coins issued by his father, the Hindu Raja Ganesha.]]

National currencies of three countries in Europe are named after the lion: the Bulgarian lev ({{langx|bg|лев}}, plural: лева, левове / {{transliteration|bg|leva, levove}}), and the Moldovan and Romanian leu (/leŭ/, plural: lei /lej/) all mean "lion".

A lion appears on the South African 50-rand banknotes.

No fewer than 18 consecutive ships of the British Royal Navy bore the name HMS Lion. Various other navies have also used the name for their vessels,{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} as have civil shipping companies.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

• Singapore's name is the Anglicised form of the original Sanskrit-derived Malay name Singapura, which means 'Lion City'. Malay mythology describes how the founder-prince of Singapore (then called 'Temasek') sighted a strange red and black beast with a mane when he first set ashore the island. Believing it to be a lion and a good omen (although lions were not known to exist anywhere in Southeast Asia) he renamed the island Singapura. The lion features on the Singapore national coat of arms and is also the nickname of the national football team. 'Lion City' is also a common moniker for the city-state.
• Many places in India and greater South Asia use "Singh" in their names
• Using Leon (lion) as a placename started in Ancient Greece; several locations in Greece itself had the name (Greek:: {{lang|grc|Λέων}}) as well as a Greek colony in Sicily.
• Lviv, the major city of western Ukraine, is named for Prince Lev I of Galicia. Lev is a common Slavic name meaning "lion". The Latin name for Lviv is Leopolis, meaning "Lion City".
• The name of the city of Oran in Algeria is derived from the Berber root 'HR meaning lion, from which are also derived the names of Tahert and Souk Ahras. The name is attested in multiple Berber languages, for instance as uharu and ahra. A popular Oran legend tells that in the period around 900 BC, there were sightings of lions in the area. The two last felines were killed in a mountain near the city of Oran, which is now known as La montagne des Lions ("The Mountain of Lions"). In fact, there are two giant lion statues in front of Oran's city hall, hence the twin lions' mountain is Oran's symbol.
• Despite common misconception, the name of the French city of Lyon is a corruption of Lugdunum, a Latinization of Celtic for "fortress of god Lugus". The same happens with the Spanish city of León, whose name is a corruption of legio, Latin for "legion". However their coats of arms wear lions as armes parlant.

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File:ChineseVarietyart HumanLion.jpg

File:Longleat , Lion Topiary - geograph.org.uk - 1225442.jpg

• Lionel traces its etymology from Latin, and means "little lion".
• Leo means "lion".
• Leonard means "lion strength", "lion-strong", or "lion-hearted".

• In Thus Spoke Zarathustra by Friedrich Nietzsche, the lion is used as a metaphor to describe a human who rebels against old knowledge, to make a new morality possible. The morality of the overman.
• The lion's symbolism continues in fantasy literature. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz features the Cowardly Lion, who is particularly ashamed of his cowardice because of his cultural role as the "king of the beasts".L. Frank Baum, Michael Patrick Hearn, The Annotated Wizard of Oz, p 148, {{ISBN|0-517-50086-8}} Aslan, the "Greatest Lion" is the central figure in C.S. Lewis' Narnia series.{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=C.S. |author-link=C. S. Lewis |title=The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe |year=1950 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0-06-023481-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060234812 |url-access=registration}} The word aslan is Turkish for lion. The lion is also the symbol for Gryffindor house, the house of bravery, in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series.
• Lafcadio: The Lion Who Shot Back is a 1963 children's book written and illustrated by Shel Silverstein. Lions also tend to appear in several children's stories, being depicted as "the king of the jungle".
• In award-winning children's picture book, Charlie and Mama Kyna, Leo, the lion, befriends and journeys home with Charlie in vivid illustrations.
• In the A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R. R. Martin, one of the main noble houses and main antagonists of the series, the Lannisters, have a golden lion on crimson as their family symbol, and in contrast to the lion being presented as a regal, noble creature in traditional folklore, it carries the undertones of pride, corruption, and lust for power of the Lannisters.
• Again adhering to king of the beast role, the book The Forges of Dawn focuses on the lions (called lyons) as opposed to the other creatures of Africa. These lyons rule empires and, in the case of the antagonists, almost entire continents. They are somewhat evolved from the lions we know today. For example, lyons have more mobile dewclaws as opposed to lions whose dewclaws are more stationary. They also live longer and speak varied languages.
• The Pride of Baghdad is based on a real story of African lions that escaped from Baghdad Zoo in 2003.{{cite web |author=Richards, D. |year=2006 |url-status=dead |url=http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&old=1&id=8330 |title=The Joy of Pride: Vaughan talks "Pride of Baghdad" |work=Comic Book Resources |access-date=10 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223133626/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&old=1&id=8330 |archive-date=23 December 2013 }}

Image:Thai Marble Lion at Wat Benchamabopit Thailand.jpg]]

The lion's role as "king of the beasts" has been utilized in a number of cartoons, from the Leonardo Lion of King Leonardo and His Short Subjects (1960–1963) series to the Disney animated feature film The Lion King (1994).

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios have used a lion as their logo since 1924. At least seven different lions have played Leo the Lion, the lion seen at the start of every MGM film.{{cite web | url = http://www.tvacres.com/adanimals_leolion.htm | title = TV ACRES: Advertising Mascots – Animals – Leo the MGM Lion (MGM Studios) | work = TV Acres | access-date = 6 August 2007 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20121205093550/http://www.tvacres.com/adanimals_leolion.htm | archive-date = 5 December 2012 | url-status = dead }}

• The live action film Born Free (1966), based on the true story from the bestselling book of the same title, covered the story of the Kenyan lioness Elsa, and the efforts of Joy Adamson and her game-warden husband George to train Elsa for release back into the wild.
• Roar (1981) features numerous untrained lions, three of which were credited as actors. The lions did as they pleased on-set, so they also share writing and directing credits.{{cite web|url=http://www.thecine-files.com/donovan/#_edn5|title=Animalistic Laughter: Camping Anthropomorphism in Roar|work=CineFiles|last=Donovan|first=Sean|date=20 March 2019|access-date=11 September 2019}}
• The Ghost and the Darkness (1996) is a movie set in 1898. It is based on the true story of two lions in Africa that killed 130 people over a nine-month period, during the construction of a railroad bridge across the Tsavo River, in what is now Kenya. The local natives named the two lions, both males, "The Ghost" and "The Darkness".{{Cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/dalmatica/446710932/|title=The Ghost and the Darkness Were Their Names | Maneless Man-e… | Flickr|date=4 April 2007 }}
• In 2005, the Kenyan lioness Kamuniak captured international attention when she adopted oryx calves, an animal species normally preyed upon by lions. She fought off predators and lion prides who attempted to eat her charges. Kamuniak's story was captured in the Animal Planet special Heart of a Lioness.{{Cite web|url=http://www.animalplanet.com/alaska-gold-diggers-schedule-fallback/wild-kingdom-schedule-fallback/|title=Wild Kingdom Schedule Fallback|date=25 September 2014|website=Animal Planet}}

File:The Empire Needs Men WWI.jpg British enlistment poster depicting Britain as "The Old Lion" and Canada, Australia, New Zealand and India as "The Young Lions"]]

The lion is a popular mascot or symbol, for businesses, government entities, sports, and other uses; for example:

• Some Ford Motor Company motor vehicles of the 1960s and 1970s featured a lion as part of the car emblem, e.g., the Ford Torino, Ford LTD, Mercury Marquis, and Ford XL.
• A modified heraldic lion is the emblem of Australian car company Holden, an iconic Australian brand.{{Cite book|title=Superbrands:An Insight into more than 80 of Australia's Superbrands – Volume II|year= 1999|publisher=Stephen P. Smith |location=Sydney |isbn=0-9577000-0-8}}
• Peugeot has as symbol a lion in heraldic style, a French mark
• INKAS, Büssing, MAN AG and Roewe all feature lions in their branding for their automobiles

• Patience and Fortitude, the large stone lions outside the main branch of the New York Public Library, are the mascots of the New York Public Library system serving the Bronx, Manhattan, and Staten Island.
• The Flag of Iran bore the Lion and Sun from 1576 to 1979.{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Iranica|last=Shahbazi|first=A. Shapur|title=Flags|volume=10|year=2001|url=http://www.iranica.com/articles/v10f1/v10f103a.html|location=Costa Mesa|publisher=Mazda|access-date=6 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817212014/http://www.iranica.com/articles/v10f1/v10f103a.html|archive-date=17 August 2007|url-status=usurped}}
• In Brazil, the lion is a popular symbol of the income tax.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

• Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar) (political party in India) uses a Khanda, flanked by 2 lions as its emblem.{{cite web|url=https://akalidalamritsar.in/ |title=SADA – Shromani Akalidal Amritsar Official Website}}

• The 1966 FIFA World Cup and the 2006 FIFA World Cup both used lions as their mascot.
• Turkish major football club Galatasaray SK has been symbolized by a lion since the 1930s.
• The Detroit Lions of the National Football League have featured a lion in their logo since 1934.
• IPL teams Chennai Super Kings, Punjab Kings, Rajasthan Royals, Royal Challengers Bangalore, and the Gujarat Lions all used lions in their logos.
• MMA fighter Amanda Nunes uses the ring name "The Lioness"{{cite web|url=https://www.ufc.com/athlete/amanda-nunes |title=Amanda Nunes |publisher=UFC |date=2022-07-30 |access-date=2022-08-06}}{{cite web|url=http://ufcstats.com/fighter-details/80fa8218c99f9c58 |title=Amanda Nunes |publisher=UFC Stats |date=2022-07-30 |access-date=2022-08-09}}{{cite web |url=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/fighters/amanda-nunes-lioness-of-the-ring |title=Amanda Nunes ("The Lioness") {{!}} MMA Fighter Page |website=Tapology |date=2022-07-30 |access-date=2022-08-09}}
• The Saitama Seibu Lions in the Nippon Professional Baseball League have used lion-themed branding since 1951.

• Lion-baiting
• Winged lion
• Piraeus Lion
• Medici lions
• Manticore (mythical part-lion beast)
• Khoekhoe Lion Story
• Lion of Amphipolis
• Lion of Venice
• Animal representation in Western medieval art

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{{Reflist}}

• von Krenner, Walther G., Jeremiah, Ken, Creatures Real and Imaginary in Chinese and Japanese Art: An Identification Guide, 2015, McFarland, {{ISBN|9780786497287}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8Jc-CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 google books]

{{Mammals in culture}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cultural depictions of lions}}

Category:Lions in art

Category:Lions in literature

Category:Lions in religion

Lions

Category:Cultural depictions of animals