D with stroke

In the lowercase, the crossbar is usually drawn through the ascender, but when used as a phonetic symbol it may be preferred to draw it through the bowl, in which case it is known as a barred d.{{cite book |author=The Unicode Consortium |year=2003 |title=The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 |location=Boston, MA |publisher=Addison-Wesley Developers Press |page=432}} In some African languages' orthographies, such as that of Moro, the barred d is preferred.[http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n2847.pdf ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 Revised Proposal to Encode Additional Latin Orthographic Character JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2847R]

In the uppercase, the crossbar normally crosses just the left stem, but in Vietnamese and Moro it may sometimes cross the entire letter.Example: {{cite book|author=Lê Bá Khanh|author2=Lê Bá Kông|title=Vietnamese-English/English-Vietnamese Dictionary|edition=7th printing|location=New York City|publisher=Hippocrene Books|year=1991|isbn=0-87052-924-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780870529245}}

The DE ligature should not be confused with the Đ.{{Contradictory inline|reason=Is the ligature the same as the letter.|date=September 2024|section=Spanish}} That ligature was used stylistically in pre-19th century Spanish as a contraction for {{lang|es|de}}, as a D with an E superimposed. For example, {{lang|es|Universidad}} DE {{lang|es|Guadalajara}}.

File:Constellations9thcentury(p.31)Text2.png

A lowercase đ appeared alongside a lowercase retroflex D in a 1982 revision of the African reference alphabet. This revision of the alphabet eliminated uppercase forms, so there was no conflict between ɖ and đ.

The letter Đ, which is not used in standard Finnish, became used in Kven language texts in the early 2020's, with its users as of March 2025 including the Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection (e.g. {{lang|fkv|Omavalmhiuđen tarkistuslista}}),{{cite web|url=https://www.dsb.no/siteassets/sikkerhverdag/egenberedskap/brosjyren/dsb-egenberedskap-kvensk-web.pdf|title=Näin olet myötä vahvistamassa Norjan valmhiutta|lang=fkv|publisher=Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection|accessdate=14 March 2025}} NRK (e.g. {{lang|fkv|Pienemät piđot Hortenissa}}),{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/kvensk/kvaanin-tuuli-puhalttaa-etela-norjassa-1.16271064|title=Kväänin tuuli puhalttaa Etelä-Norjassa|lang=fkv|accessdate=14 March 2025|author=Tomi Vaara|date=26 January 2023|publisher=NRK}} and Kainun Institutti (e.g. {{lang|fkv|Sillä heiđän kieli oon muuttunu omhaan laihiin.}}).{{Cite web|url=https://www.kvenskinstitutt.no/kvener/kainulaiset-eli-kvaanit/|title=Kainulaiset eli kväänit|accessdate=14 March 2025|lang=fkv|publisher=Kainun Institutti}}

Đ was used in Medieval Latin to mark abbreviations of words containing the letter d. For example, {{lang|la|hđum}} could stand for {{lang|la|heredum}} "of the heirs". Similar crossbars were added to other letters to form abbreviations.{{cite book |last=Bischoff |first=Bernhard |year=1990 |title=Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages |url=https://archive.org/details/latinpalaeograph00bisc |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/latinpalaeograph00bisc/page/n159 150]}}

The letter Đ/đ is used to write the voiced alveolo-palatal affricate, {{IPAblink|dʑ}}, similar to the {{angbr|j}} in "jam".

The crossed d was introduced by the Serbian philologist Đuro Daničić in 1878 for use in Serbo-Croatian in his Dictionary of the Croatian or Serbian Language, replacing the older digraphs dj and gj.Maretić, Tomislav. Gramatika i stilistika hrvatskoga ili srpskoga književnog jezika, p. 14-15. 1899. Daničić modeled the letter after the Icelandic and Anglo-Saxon letter eth, albeit representing a different sound. In 1892 it was officially introduced in Croatian and Slavonian schools (in the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia where the Croatian language was official) and so definitively added to Gaj’s Latin alphabet. The letter thereafter gradually entered daily use, spreading throughout Serbo-Croatian and then to Macedonian (its Latin transliterations are heavily influenced by Serbo-Croatian from the Yugoslav period){{citation needed|date=January 2025}}.

The crossed d is today considered a distinct letter, and is placed between Dž and E in alphabetical order. Its Cyrillic equivalent is Ђ ђ. Its partial equivalent in Macedonian is Ѓ ѓ (because only some dialects contain the {{IPA|/dʑ/}} sound). When a true đ is not available or desired, it is transcribed as dj in modern Serbo-Croatian, and as gj in Macedonian. The use of dj in place of đ used to be more common in Serbo-Croatian texts, but it is falling out of practice.

Image:Wright germanic spirants.gif of early Germanic languages, alongside ƀ for bilabial and ʒ for velar, from Joseph Wright's Old High German Primer (1906).]]

In the present-day orthographies of Northern Sámi, Inari Sámi and Skolt Sámi, đ represents the fricative {{IPAblink|ð}}. It is considered a distinct letter and placed between D and E in alphabetical order.

File:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum.pdf, Đ only appears in lowercase in de Rhodes's works.]]

Đ is the seventh letter of the Vietnamese alphabet, after D and before E.{{cite web|title=Bài Tập Tại Nhà #1|trans-title=Homework Practice #1|location=Portland, Oregon|publisher=Lạc Hồng Vietnamese Language School|page=1|date=August 7, 2009|access-date=November 17, 2013|url=http://www.vscso.org/lachong/Classes/2007/Cap2A/Bai%20Tap%20Tai%20Nha%201%20-%20Hoc%20on.pdf|archive-date=January 5, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105202904/http://www.vscso.org/lachong/Classes/2007/Cap2A/Bai%20Tap%20Tai%20Nha%201%20-%20Hoc%20on.pdf|url-status=dead}} Traditionally, digraphs and trigraphs like CH and NGH were considered letters as well, making Đ the eighth letter.{{cite web|title=Tài Liệu Cho Giáo Viên|trans-title=Teaching Materials|publisher=La Vang Vietnamese Language School|date=October 28, 2011|access-date=November 18, 2013|page=1|url=http://truongvietngu.cdmelavang.com/downloads/TaiLieuGVFall2011.pdf|language=vi}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Đ is a letter in its own right, rather than a ligature or letter-diacritic combination; therefore, đá would come after dù in any alphabetical listing.

Đ represents a voiced alveolar implosive ({{IPA|/ɗ/}}) or, according to Thompson (1959), a preglottalized voiced alveolar stop ({{IPA|/ʔd/}}).{{cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Laurence|author-link=Laurence Thompson|title=Saigon phonemics|journal=Language|publisher=Linguistic Society of America|volume=35|issue=3|year=1959|pages=458–461|doi=10.2307/411232|jstor=411232}} Whereas D is pronounced as some sort of dental or alveolar stop in most Latin alphabets, an unadorned D in Vietnamese represents either {{IPA|/z/}} (Hanoian) or {{IPA|/j/}} (Saigonese).

The Vietnamese alphabet was formally described for the first time in the 17th-century text {{lang|la|Manuductio ad Linguam Tunckinensem}}, attributed to a Portuguese Jesuit missionary, possibly Francisco de Pina{{cite book|title=Portuguese Pioneers of Vietnamese Linguistics|first=Roland|last=Jacques|location=Bangkok|publisher=Orchid Press|year=2002|isbn=9748304779}} or Filipe Sibin.{{cite book|title=Gesammelte Studien|series=Bibliotheca Instituti Historici S.I.|publisher=Jesuit Historical Institute|year=1963|volume=21|page=12|language=pt|quote=…e a « Manuductio ad linguam Tunckinensem » do Padre Filipe Sibin SI…}} This passage about the letter Đ was later incorporated into Alexandre de Rhodes' seminal {{lang|la|Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum}}:{{cite journal|title=Alexandre de Rhodes có phải là cha đẻ của chữ Quốc ngữ?|trans-title=Was Alexandre de Rhodes the father of the Vietnamese alphabet?|author=Nguyễn Minh Hoàng|journal=Hồn Việt|access-date=November 17, 2013|url=http://honvietquochoc.com.vn/bai-viet/3028-alexandre-de-rhodes-co-phai-la-cha-de-cua-chu-quoc-ngu.aspx|language=vi|archive-date=October 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017173357/http://honvietquochoc.com.vn/bai-viet/3028-alexandre-de-rhodes-co-phai-la-cha-de-cua-chu-quoc-ngu.aspx|url-status=dead}}

{{Quotation|Another letter written with the symbol đ is completely different than our own and is pronounced by raising the tip of the tongue to the palate of the mouth, immediately removing it, without in any way touching the teeth, for example đa đa: partridge. And this letter is very commonly used at the beginning of a word.|{{lang|la|Manuductio ad Linguam Tunckinensem}}{{refn|group=note|As printed in Hồn Việt: {{lang|la|Alterum đ notatur eo signo, quia est omnino diversù à nostro et pronunciatur attollendo extremum linguae ad palatum oris illamque statim amovendo absque eo, quod ullo modo dentes attingat, ùt}} {{lang|vi|đa đa}}: {{lang|la|perdrix. Et haec littera est valde in usu in principio dictionis.}}

As paraphrased by de Rhodes:{{cite book|chapter=Lingue annamiticæ seu tunchinensis brevis declaratio|title=Dictionarium annamiticum lusitanicum, et latinum|first=Alexandre|last=de Rhodes|location=Rome|publisher=Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith|year=1651|page=3|url={{fullurl:File:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum.pdf|page=493}}|language=la}} {{lang|la|...estque vitium linguæ, aliud đ notatur eo signo quia est omninò diversum à nostro & pronunciatur attollendo extremum linguæ ad palatum oris, illamque statim amovendo, absque eo quod ullo modo dentes attingat ut}} {{lang|vi|đa đa}}, {{lang|la|perdix: & hæc litera est valdè in usu in principio dictionis.}}

On older typewriters, {{key press|Đ}} was located where {{key press|Z}} would be in the French AZERTY layout.{{flickr-inline2|photos/13712099@N05/1503345730/|VietNamese Typewriter}} Alternatively, a hyphen can be overstruck onto a D.

On computers without support for a Vietnamese character set or Unicode, Đ is encoded as DD and đ as dd according to the Vietnamese Quoted-Readable standard. Vietnamese computer users typically input Đ as {{key press|D}}{{key press|D}} in the Telex and VIQR input methods or as {{key press|D}}{{key press|9}} in the VNI input method. In the absence of an input method, the TCVN 6064:1995 and Microsoft Windows Vietnamese keyboard layouts map ZA0-09 ({{key press|0}} on a U.S. keyboard) to đ, or Đ when holding down {{key press|shift}}. The Windows layout also maps ZA0-11 ({{key press|1==}}) to ₫.

Other modes of communication also have dedicated representations of Đ. In Vietnamese Braille, it is {{Braille cell|145}}, which corresponds to D in French Braille. In the Vietnamese manual alphabet, Đ is produced by touching the thumb to the index finger. In Morse code, it is rendered – · · – · ·, corresponding to Telex's "DD".{{cite web|title=Morse Code|location=Albuquerque, New Mexico|publisher=Our Lady of La Vang Eucharistic Youth Society|year=2011|access-date=October 12, 2014|url=http://tntt.lavangnm.org/morsecode.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022053116/http://tntt.lavangnm.org/morsecode.shtml|archive-date=October 22, 2014|url-status=dead}}

The Spanish language uses Đ as a ligature of the word "de" (Spanish for "of").{{Contradictory inline|reason=The ligature is not the same as the letter.|date=September 2024|section=Appearance}} It is rarely typed, but commonly used on signs and in handwritten text.

File:DE ligature.JPG|Sign with the letter Đ, in Oaxaca, Mexico

File:DE ligature.svg|Spanish letter Đ, in the font Coruña

File:Coat_of_arms_of_Chihuahua.svg| Spanish letter Đ used on the Coat of Arms of the State of Chihuahua Mexico.

The lowercase đ is used in some phonetic transcription schemes to represent a voiced dental fricative {{IPA|[ð]}} (English th in this). Eth (ð) is more commonly used for this purpose, but the crossed d has the advantage of being able to be typed on a standard typewriter, by overlaying a hyphen over a d.{{cite book |last=Pullum |first=Geoffrey K. |author-link=Geoffrey K. Pullum |author2=Ladusaw, William A. |year=1996 |title=Phonetic Symbol Guide |publisher=University of Chicago Press |pages=36–37}}

A minuscule form of the letter, đ, is the symbol of the đồng, the currency of Vietnam, by a 1953 decree by Hồ Chí Minh.{{cite web|title=Sắc lệnh của Chủ tịch Nước Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa số 162/SL|trans-title=Decree number 162/SL of the President of Vietnam|author=Ho Chi Minh|author-link=Ho Chi Minh|publisher=Democratic Republic of Vietnam|date=May 20, 1953|url=http://moj.gov.vn/vbpq/Lists/Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=1119|language=vi}} The South Vietnamese đồng, on the other hand, was symbolized "Đ.", in majuscule. In Unicode, the Vietnamese đồng symbol is properly represented by {{unichar|20ab|Dong sign}}, but {{unichar|0111|Latin small letter D with stroke}} is often used instead. In Vietnamese, the đồng sign is written after the amount in superscript, often underlined.

The uppercase form, Ð, is used as the currency symbol for the cryptocurrency Dogecoin.

Dispersity is represented by the symbol Đ, and is a measure of the heterogeneity of sizes of molecules or particles in a mixture, referring to either molecular mass or degree of polymerization.

In Japanese handwriting, the letter D may be written as {{lang|ja-Latn|Đ}} to clearly distinguish it from the letter O or the digit 0. This is similar to writing Z or 7 with a bar to distinguish them from 2 and 1 respectively.

{{charmap

|0110

|name1 = LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE

|0111

|name2 = LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE

|map1 = ISO Latin-2, -4, -10

|map1char1 = D0

|map1char2 = F0

|map2 = Latin-6

|map2char1 = A9

|map2char2 = B9

|namedref1 = PostScript

|ref1char1 = Dcroat, Dslash

|ref1char2 = dcroat, dmacron

|namedref2 = LaTeX

|ref2char1 = \DJ

|ref2char2 = \dj

}}

In Unicode, both crossed d and barred d are considered glyph variants of U+0111.

Unicode has a distinct code point for the visually very similar capital eth, Ð, U+00D0, which can lead to confusion.

As part of WGL4, Đ and đ can be expected to display correctly even on older Windows systems.

• Eth (Ð, ð), used in the Faroese and Icelandic languages
• African D (Ɖ, ɖ)
• I with bar (Ɨ, ɨ)
• U with bar (Ʉ, ʉ)

{{reflist|group=note}}

{{reflist|2}}

{{Latin script|D|stroke}}

Category:Palaeography

Category:South Slavic languages

Category:Sámi languages

Category:Vietnamese language

Category:Vietnamese alphabets

D stroke

D stroke