David Cronenberg

David Cronenberg was born in Toronto, Ontario, on March 15, 1943. Cronenberg is the son of Esther ({{nee}} Sumberg), a musician, and Milton Cronenberg, a writer and editor.{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/84/David-Cronenberg.html |title=David Cronenberg Biography (1943–) |publisher=Filmreference.com |access-date=May 18, 2011}} He was raised in a "middle-class progressive Jewish family".{{cite web |url=http://www.egs.edu/faculty/david-cronenberg/biography/ |title=David Cronenberg - Film Director - Biography |access-date=August 19, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817024054/http://www.egs.edu/faculty/david-cronenberg/biography |archive-date=August 17, 2012 }}."{{cite web|url=http://thechronicleherald.ca/heraldmagazine/99409-canadian-icon-david-cronenberg|title=Canadian Icon: David Cronenberg|work=The Chronicle Herald |date=April 14, 2014|access-date=December 2, 2016}} His father was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and his mother was born in Toronto; all of his grandparents were Jews from Lithuania.{{cite web|url=http://www.viggo-works.com/index.php?page=1392|publisher=Viggo Works|title=Film-Related 2007|access-date=December 2, 2016}} Milton wrote some short stories for True Detective and had a column in the Toronto Telegram for around thirty years.{{sfn|Rodley|1997|p=2}} The Cronenberg household was full of a wide variety of books, and Cronenberg's father tried to introduce his son to art films such as The Seventh Seal, although at the time Cronenberg was more interested in western and pirate films, showing a particular affinity for those featuring Burt Lancaster.{{Cite web|url=https://nymag.com/nymetro/movies/features/14547/|title=Filmmaker David Cronenberg Discusses His Influences - Nymag|website=New York Magazine|date=September 22, 2005 |accessdate=June 8, 2021}}

A voracious reader from an early age, Cronenberg started off enjoying science fiction magazines like The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, Galaxy, and Astounding, where he first encountered authors who would prove influential on his own work, including Ray Bradbury and Isaac Asimov, although he wouldn't encounter his primary influence, Philip K. Dick, until much later. Cronenberg also read comic books, noting his favorites were Tarzan, Little Lulu, Uncle Scrooge, Blackhawk, Plastic Man, Superman, and the original Fawcett Comics version of Captain Marvel, later known as Shazam. Although as an adult, Cronenberg feels superhero films are artistically limited, he maintains a fondness for Captain Marvel/Shazam, criticizing how he feels the character had been neglected.{{Cite web|url=http://cronenbergmuseum.tiff.net/science_transcription_06-science_transcript_06-eng.html|title=David Cronenberg: Virtual Exhibition|website=cronenbergmuseum.tiff.net|accessdate=June 8, 2021|archive-date=June 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613043527/http://cronenbergmuseum.tiff.net/science_transcription_06-science_transcript_06-eng.html|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a448221/david-cronenberg-superhero-movies-are-adolescent-at-the-core/|title = Cronenberg: Superhero films are adolescent|website = Digital Spy|date = January 3, 2013}} Cronenberg also read horror comics published by EC, which in contrast to the others, he described as "scary and bizarre and violent and nasty—the ones your mother didn't want you to have." He has cited William S. Burroughs and Vladimir Nabokov as influences.{{cite book|author=Browning, Mark |date=2007|title=David Cronenberg: Author or Film-maker?|publisher= Intellect Books|isbn= 978-1-84150-173-4}}

Early films that later proved influential on Cronenberg's career include avant-garde, horror, science fiction, and thriller films, such as Un Chien Andalou, Vampyr, War of the Worlds, Freaks, Creature from the Black Lagoon, Alphaville, Performance, and Duel. He also cited less obvious films as influences, including comedies like The Bed Sitting Room, as well as Disney cartoons such as Bambi and Dumbo.{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2013/05/watch-90-minute-discussion-with-david-cronenberg-about-his-career-films-inspirations-much-more-98530/|title=Watch: 90-Minute Discussion With David Cronenberg About His Career, Films, Inspirations & Much More|first=Joe|last=Cunningham|date=May 6, 2013|accessdate=June 8, 2021}} Cronenberg said he found these two Disney animated films, as well as Universal's live-action Blue Lagoon, "terrifying" which influenced his approach to horror.{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/sep/14/david-cronenberg-interview-my-imagination-not-a-place-of-horror|title=David Cronenberg: 'My imagination is not a place of horror'|date=September 13, 2014|website=the Guardian|accessdate=June 8, 2021}} Cronenberg went on to say that Bambi was the "first important film" he ever saw, citing the moment when Bambi's mother died as particularly powerful.{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/the-cronenbergs-dark-art-just-runs-in-the-family/article4198336/|title=The Cronenbergs: Dark art just runs in the family|accessdate=June 8, 2021|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=May 21, 2012|last1=Lacey|first1=Liam}} Cronenberg even wished to screen Bambi as part of a museum exhibition of his influences, but Disney refused him permission.{{Cite web|url=http://cronenbergmuseum.tiff.net/tiff_01-eng.html|title=David Cronenberg: Virtual Exhibition|website=cronenbergmuseum.tiff.net|accessdate=June 8, 2021|archive-date=June 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613042635/http://cronenbergmuseum.tiff.net/tiff_01-eng.html|url-status=dead}} In terms of conventional horror films that frightened him, Cronenberg cited Don't Look Now.

Cronenberg attended Dewson Street Public School, Kent Senior School, Harbord Collegiate Institute and North Toronto Collegiate Institute. He enrolled at the University of Toronto for Honours Science in 1963, but changed to Honours English Language and Literature the next year. He graduated from university in 1967, at the top of his class with a general Bachelor of Arts.{{sfn|Rodley|1997|pp=1–2}} Cronenberg decided to not study for a master of arts after making Stereo.{{sfn|Rodley|1997|p=17}}

Cronenberg's fascination with the film Winter Kept Us Warm (1966), by classmate David Secter, sparked his interest in film. He began frequenting film camera rental houses and learned the art of filmmaking.{{cite news|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/person/86249/David-Cronenberg/biography|title=David Cronenberg: Full Biography|access-date=April 16, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222043459/https://movies.nytimes.com/person/86249/David-Cronenberg/biography|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=The New York Times|author=Jonathan Crow|date=2009|archive-date=February 22, 2009}} Cronenberg made two short films, Transfer and From the Drain, with a few hundred dollars.{{sfn|Rodley|1997|p=13}} Cronenberg, Ivan Reitman, Bob Fothergill, and Iain Ewing were inspired by Jonas Mekas and formed the Toronto Film Co-op.{{sfn|Rodley|1997|p=15}}

After two short sketch films and two short art-house features (the black-and-white Stereo and the colour Crimes of the Future) Cronenberg went into partnership with Ivan Reitman. The Canadian government provided financing for his films throughout the 1970s. During this period, he focused on his signature "body horror" films such as Shivers (1975) and Rabid (1977), the latter of which provided pornographic actress Marilyn Chambers with work in a different genre, although Cronenberg's first choice for the role had been a then little-known Sissy Spacek. Rabid was a breakthrough with international distributors, and his next horror feature, The Brood (1979), gained stronger support. Even then, he showed variety by making Fast Company (1979) between The Brood and Rabid, a project reflecting his interest in car racing and bike gangs.

In 1981, Cronenberg directed the science-fiction horror film Scanners (1981). In it, "scanners" are psychics with unusual telepathic and telekinetic powers. The film has since become a cult classic. He followed it with another science-fiction horror film Videodrome (1983) starring James Woods. The film was distributed by Universal Pictures. Janet Maslin of The New York Times remarked on the film's "innovativeness", and praised Woods' performance as having a "sharply authentic edge".{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9D0CE6D9103BF937A35751C0A965948260|title='VIDEODROME,' LURID FANTASIES OF THE TUBE|author=Janet Maslin|date=February 4, 1983|work=The New York Times|access-date=March 11, 2018}} That same year he directed The Dead Zone (1983), based on Stephen King's novel of the same name, starring Christopher Walken.

Cronenberg directed The Fly (1986), starring Jeff Goldblum and Geena Davis. The film is loosely based on George Langelaan's 1957 short story of the same name and the 1958 film of the same name. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and was a box office hit, making $60 million. Cronenberg has not generally worked within the world of big-budget, mainstream Hollywood filmmaking, although he has had occasional near misses. At one stage he was considered by George Lucas as a possible director for Return of the Jedi (1983) but turned down the offer. Peter Suschitzky was the director of photography for The Empire Strikes Back (1980), and Cronenberg remarked that Suschitzky's work in that film "was the only one of those movies that actually looked good",{{cite web |title=David Cronenberg Re-Examines David Cronenberg |publisher=Film Freak Central |url=http://www.filmfreakcentral.net/notes/dcronenbergretrointerview.htm |date=March 9, 2003 |access-date=March 9, 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030401142610/http://filmfreakcentral.net/notes/dcronenbergretrointerview.htm |archive-date=April 1, 2003 }} which was a motivating factor to work with him on Dead Ringers (1988).

Since Dead Ringers, Cronenberg has worked with Suschitzky on each of his films (see List of film director and cinematographer collaborations). Cronenberg has collaborated with composer Howard Shore on all of his films since The Brood (1979), (see List of film director and composer collaborations) with the exception of The Dead Zone (1983), which was scored by Michael Kamen. Other regular collaborators include actor Robert A. Silverman, art director Carol Spier (also his sister) sound editor Bryan Day, film editor Ronald Sanders, his sister, costume designer Denise Cronenberg, and, from 1979 until 1988, cinematographer Mark Irwin. In 2008, Cronenberg directed Shore's first opera, The Fly.

File:David Cronenberg(CannesPhotoCall)-.jpg in 2002]]

Perhaps the best example of a film that straddles the line between Cronenberg's works of personal chaos and psychological confusion is his 1991 "adaptation" of Naked Lunch (1959), his literary hero William S. Burroughs' most controversial book. The novel was considered "unfilmable", and Cronenberg acknowledged that a straight translation into film would "cost 400 million dollars and be banned in every country in the world". Instead—much like in his earlier film, Videodrome—he consistently blurred the lines between what appeared to be reality and what appeared to be hallucinations brought on by the main character's drug addiction. Some of the book's "moments" (as well as incidents loosely based upon Burroughs' life) are presented in this manner within the film. Cronenberg stated that while writing the screenplay for Naked Lunch (1991), he felt a moment of synergy with Burroughs' writing style. He felt the connection between his screenwriting style and Burroughs' prose style was so strong, that he jokingly remarked that should Burroughs pass on, he might write his next novel.{{Cite news |last=Self |first=Will |date=2015-06-17 |title=Man-Eating Philosophers |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v37/n12/will-self/man-eating-philosophers |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=London Review of Books |language=en |volume=37 |issue=12 |issn=0260-9592}}

Cronenberg has also appeared as an actor in other directors' films. Most of his roles are cameo appearances, as in the films Into the Night (1985), Blood and Donuts (1995), To Die For (1995), and Jason X (2002) and the television series Alias, but on occasion he has played major roles, as in Nightbreed (1990) and Last Night (1998). He has not had major roles in any of his own films, but he did put in a brief appearance as a gynecologist in The Fly; he can also be glimpsed among the sex-crazed hordes in Shivers; he can be heard as an unseen car-pound attendant in Crash; his hands can be glimpsed in eXistenZ (1999); and he appeared as a stand-in for James Woods in Videodrome.

Cronenberg has said that his films should be seen "from the point of view of the disease", and that in Shivers, for example, he identifies with the characters after they become infected with the anarchic parasites. Disease and disaster, in Cronenberg's work, are less problems to be overcome than agents of personal transformation. Of his characters' transformations, Cronenberg said, "But because of our necessity to impose our own structure of perception on things we look on ourselves as being relatively stable. But, in fact, when I look at a person I see this maelstrom of organic, chemical and electron chaos; volatility and instability, shimmering; and the ability to change and transform and transmute."{{cite news|author=Gordon, Bette|url=https://bombmagazine.org/articles/david-cronenberg/ |title=David Cronenberg|work=BOMB Magazine|date= Winter 1989|access-date= January 18, 2022}} Similarly, in Crash (1996), people who have been injured in car crashes attempt to view their ordeal as "a fertilizing rather than a destructive event". In 2005, Cronenberg publicly disagreed with Paul Haggis' choice of the same name for the latter's Oscar-winning film Crash (2004), arguing that it was "very disrespectful" to the "important and seminal" J. G. Ballard novel on which Cronenberg's film was based.{{cite news |title=Double Trouble |work=Slate |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2118602/fr/nl/ |date=May 12, 2005 |access-date=December 13, 2009 |archive-date=May 14, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050514233203/http://www.slate.com/id/2118602/fr/nl/ |url-status=dead }}

File:Director DAVID CRONENBERG of the film 'Spider' during the Toronto International Film Festival.jpg]]

His thriller A History of Violence (2005) is one of his highest budgeted and most accessible to date. He has said that the decision to direct it was influenced by his having had to defer some of his salary on the low-budgeted Spider (2002), but it was one of his most critically acclaimed films to date, along with Eastern Promises (2007), a film about the struggle of one man to gain power in the Russian Mafia. Although Cronenberg has worked with a number of Hollywood stars, he remains a staunchly Canadian filmmaker, with nearly all of his films (including major studio vehicles The Dead Zone and The Fly) having been filmed in his home province Ontario. Notable exceptions include M. Butterfly (1993), most of which was shot in China, Spider, and Eastern Promises (2007), which were both filmed primarily in England, and A Dangerous Method (2011), which was filmed in Germany and Austria. Rabid and Shivers were shot in and around Montreal. Most of his films have been at least partially financed by Telefilm Canada, and Cronenberg, a vocal supporter of government-backed film projects, has said: "Every country needs [a system of government grants] to have a national cinema in the face of Hollywood".{{cite web|last=Phipps |first=Keith |url=https://www.avclub.com/david-cronenberg-1798208259 |title=David Cronenberg |work=The A.V. Club |date=March 12, 2003 |access-date=September 18, 2020}}

In 2008, Cronenberg realized two extra-cinematographic projects: the exhibition Chromosomes at the Rome Film Fest, and the opera The Fly at the LaOpera in Los Angeles and Theatre Châtelet in Paris. In July 2010, Cronenberg completed production on A Dangerous Method (2011), an adaptation of Christopher Hampton's play The Talking Cure, starring Keira Knightley, Michael Fassbender, Vincent Cassel, and frequent collaborator Viggo Mortensen. The film was produced by independent British producer Jeremy Thomas.{{cite web|url=http://theplaylist.blogspot.com/2010/03/viggo-mortensen-replaces-christoph.html |title=Viggo Mortensen Replaces Christoph Waltz As Sigmund Freud in David Cronenberg's 'The Talking Cure' |website=The Playlist |date=March 9, 2010 |access-date=May 18, 2011}}{{cite news | title=Keira Knightley Takes The Talking Cure | url=https://www.empireonline.com/News/story.asp?nid=26588|work=Empire|date=December 23, 2009 |access-date=May 18, 2011}} On television, he has appeared in the recurring roles of Dr. Brezzel in Season 3 of Alias, and Kovich in seasons 3, 4, and 5 of Star Trek: Discovery. He has also had main roles as Reverend Verrenger in Alias Grace, and Spencer Galloway in Slasher: Flesh & Blood.

File:David Cronenberg Cannes 2014.jpg in 2014]]

In 2012, his film Cosmopolis competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.{{Cite web|date=2012-05-28|title=Five things we learned from the Cannes premiere of Cosmopolis|url=https://torontolife.com/culture/cosmopolis-cannes-premier/|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Toronto Life|language=en-US}}

Filming for Cronenberg's next film, a satire drama entitled Maps to the Stars (2014)—with Julianne Moore, Mia Wasikowska, John Cusack, and Robert Pattinson{{cite web|title=David Cronenberg's 'Maps to the Stars' Finds Julianne Moore, John Cusack & EOne|url=https://deadline.com/2013/04/david-cronenberg-julianne-moore-john-cusack-robert-pattinson-maps-to-the-stars-entertainment-one-477706/|access-date=February 4, 2013|publisher=Deadline Hollywood}}{{cite web|title=Julianne Moore, John Cusack & Sarah Gadon Join Robert Pattinson in David Cronenberg's 'Map to the Stars'|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/julianne-moore-john-cusack-sarah-gadon-join-robert-pattinson-in-david-cronenbergs-maps-to-the-stars-20130418|access-date=February 4, 2013|website=IndieWire|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424030004/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/julianne-moore-john-cusack-sarah-gadon-join-robert-pattinson-in-david-cronenbergs-maps-to-the-stars-20130418|archive-date=April 24, 2013|url-status=dead}}—began on July 8, 2013, in Toronto, Ontario and Los Angeles.{{cite web|title=Cronenberg starts Maps shoot|url=http://www.screendaily.com/news/production/cronenberg-starts-maps-shoot/5058318.article#.UeRHiRx5XpE.twitter|access-date=July 16, 2013|website=Screen Daily}}{{cite web|title=David Cronenberg Says His Novel May Arrive in 2013, Talks Working With Robert Pattinson, 'Map to the Stars' & More|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/david-cronenberg-talks-cosmopolis-robert-pattinson-his-novel-and-what-he-really-thought-of-dark-knight-rises-20130103|access-date=June 27, 2013|website=IndieWire|date=January 3, 2013 }} This was the first time Cronenberg filmed in the United States. On June 26, 2014, Cronenberg's short film The Nest was published on YouTube. The film was commissioned for "David Cronenberg – The Exhibition" at EYE Film Institute in Amsterdam and was available on YouTube for the duration of the exhibition, until September 14, 2014.{{cite book|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cp8IU1PcThQ#t=530

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627235057/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cp8IU1PcThQ| archive-date=2014-06-27|title=IFFR presents: The Nest by David Cronenberg

|publisher=YouTube|date=June 26, 2014}} Also in 2014, Cronenberg published his first novel, Consumed.{{cite news|last1=Pevere|first1=Geoff|title=David Cronenberg's consuming obsession|url=http://www.quillandquire.com/authors/david-cronenbergs-consuming-obsession/|access-date=November 16, 2014|work=Quill and Quire}} In a May 2016 interview, Viggo Mortensen revealed that Cronenberg is considering retiring due to difficulty financing his film projects.{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2016/05/david-cronenberg-why-hes-considering-retiring-from-filmmaking-290720/|title=David Cronenberg: Why He's Considering Retiring From Filmmaking|first1=Michael|last1=Nordine|date=May 12, 2016}}

Cronenberg appears as himself in the minute-long short film The Death of David Cronenberg, shot by his daughter Caitlin, which was released digitally on September 19, 2021.{{cite web | url=https://nowtoronto.com/movies/david-cronenberg-kisses-his-own-dead-body-in-nft-short-film | title=David Cronenberg kisses his own dead body in NFT short film | date=September 16, 2021 }}{{cite web | url=https://superrare.com/artwork-v2/the-death-of-david-cronenberg-28414 | title=SuperRare | NFT Art | NFT Art Marketplace | Digital Art }} In February 2021, Mortensen said Cronenberg had refined an older script he had written and hopes to film it with Mortensen that summer. He further hinted that it is a "strange film noir" and resembles Cronenberg's earlier body horror films.{{Cite web|url=https://collider.com/viggo-mortensen-david-cronenberg-new-movie/|title=Viggo Mortensen Teases David Cronenberg Reunion — A "Strange Film Noir"|date=February 1, 2021|website=Collider|accessdate=June 8, 2021}} In April 2021, the title was revealed to be Crimes of the Future.{{cite web|url=https://primenews.pl/rozrywka/film/2021/04/29/david-cronenberg-crimes-of-the-future-nowy-film/|title=David Cronenberg returns with a new material. The production of 'Crimes of the Future' is set to begin soon|work=Prime News|publisher=Virtual Press Sp. z o.o.|date=April 29, 2021|access-date=April 29, 2021}} It was shot in Greece during the summer of 2021,{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2021/04/david-cronenberg-sci-fi-movie-crimes-of-the-future-shoot-1234633841/|title=David Cronenberg Returns: Sci-Fi Movie 'Crimes of the Future' Sets 30-Day Shoot in Greece|first=Zack|last=Sharf|date=April 29, 2021|accessdate=June 8, 2021}} and competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2022 Cannes Film Festival.{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/crimes-of-the-future-cannes-premiere-1235030273/|title=David Cronenberg's 'Crimes Of The Future' Nabs Six-Minute Standing Ovation At Cannes World Premiere|date=May 23, 2022 |publisher=Deadline}} Cronenberg's next film The Shrouds is set to premier at the 2024 Cannes Film Festival in competition, and be released theatrically in September 2024.{{Cite web |date=2024-04-11 |title=The films of the Official Selection 2024 |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/press/press-releases/the-films-of-the-official-selection-2024/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Festival de Cannes |language=en-US}}

One of Cronenberg's earliest unproduced film concepts was Roger Pagan, Gynecologist, about a neurotic man who impersonates a medical expert.{{cite web|last=Tupper|first=Peter|url=https://thetyee.ca/ArtsAndCulture/2012/01/18/David-Cronenberg/|title=Can David Cronenberg Still Provoke?|website=The Tyee|date=January 18, 2012|access-date=September 21, 2024}} The project was initially conceived in the early 1970s in the form of a novel.

In the early 1980s Cronenberg attempted to make a film adaption of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein that took place in the modern day.{{sfn|Rodley|1997|p=92}} Cronenberg wrote an original script for Universal after Videodrome titled Six Legs, but the film was never made although aspects were incorporated into The Fly and Naked Lunch.{{sfn|Rodley|1997|p=119}}

Since the 1980s, Cronenberg had planned on directing a film called Red Cars, about the 1961 Grad Prix automobile race won by Phil Hill.{{cite web|url=http://corona.bc.ca/films/details/brothertermite.html|title=Coming Attractions - Red Cars|publisher=IGN|date=June 22, 2000|access-date=April 13, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011116140317/http://corona.bc.ca/films/details/redcars.html|archive-date=November 16, 2001|url-status=dead}} Unable to get the project funded, he adapted his screenplay in the form of an artbook, published in 2005.

Cronenberg was offered the role of director for Witness while it was under the name Come Home, but declined as he "could never be a fan of the Amish". He was also offered the director's position for Return of the Jedi, Flashdance, Top Gun, and Beverly Hills Cop.{{sfn|Rodley|1997|p=116}}{{sfn|Rodley|1997|p=119}}{{cite web|last=Seibold|first=Whitney|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/867790/the-projects-you-didnt-know-david-cronenberg-turned-down/|title=The Projects You Didn't Know David Cronenberg Turned Down|website=/Film|date=May 18, 2022|access-date=February 5, 2025}} Marc Boyman offered Cronenberg the position of director for The Incubus, but declined although this led to Boyman producing The Fly and Dead Ringers.{{sfn|Rodley|1997|p=136}}

Cronenberg also worked for nearly a year on a version of Total Recall (1990), but experienced "creative differences" with producers Dino De Laurentiis and Ronald Shusett; a different version of the film was eventually made by Paul Verhoeven. Cronenberg related in his 1992 memoir, Cronenberg on Cronenberg that, as a fan of Philip K. Dick—author of "We Can Remember it For You Wholesale", the short story upon which the film was based— his dissatisfaction with what he envisioned the film to be and what it ended up being pained him so greatly that, for a time, he suffered a migraine just thinking about it, akin to a needle piercing his eye.{{cite book|author=Cronenberg, David|title=Cronenberg on Cronenberg|date=1992|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/901380.Cronenberg_On_Cronenberg|isbn=9780571144365|publisher=Faber & Faber}}

In 1993, Cronenberg signed a deal with Paragon Entertainment Corporation in which he would create a six-part television series called Crimes Against Nature for CBC Television. Cronenberg described the series as "William Burroughs meets Jean-Luc Godard's Alphaville."{{cite magazine|last=Murray|first=Karen|url=https://variety.com/1993/tv/news/cronenberg-commits-crimes-108851/|title=Cronenberg commits 'Crimes'|magazine=Variety|date=July 20, 1993|access-date=February 4, 2025}} He started writing it on August 1, and filming was meant to begin in February 1994 using 35 mm film. The show was set in 2010 and was about members of the "Flesh Squad" police force. Carol Reynolds, the president of Paragon Entertainment, stated that each episode would cost between $500,000-600,000.{{Cite news |last=McCann |first=Wendy |date=August 26, 1993 |title=Cronenberg brings brand of terror to CBC series |page=D2 |work=The StarPhoenix |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/star-phoenix/154002503/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826230329/https://www.newspapers.com/article/star-phoenix/154002503/ |archive-date=August 26, 2024 |via=Newspapers.com}}{{Cite news |date=August 26, 1993 |title=Cronenberg to produce suspense TV series |page=B4 |work=Toronto Star |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-toronto-star/154063707/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826230431/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-toronto-star/154063707/ |archive-date=August 26, 2024 |via=Newspapers.com}}

In the mid-1990s, he was attached to direct a version of American Psycho, with a screenplay adaptation by the author himself Bret Easton Ellis and with Brad Pitt starring in the role of Patrick Bateman. Cronenberg's vision of the film would have concluded with a musical number involving Barry Manilow's "Daybreak" and Bateman on the World Trade Center.{{cite web |last1=Molloy |first1=Tim |title=American Psycho: An Oral History, 20 Years After Its Divisive Debut |url=https://www.moviemaker.com/american-psycho-anniversary-oral-history-christian-bale-mary-harron-bret-easton-ellis/ |website=MovieMaker |access-date=April 10, 2022 |date=April 14, 2020 |pages=1–4}}

In 1998, author Patricia Anthony stated that Cronenberg would direct the adaptation of her novel Brother Termite written by John Sayles, and to be executive produced by James Cameron. The premise follows an alien race that co-exists with man on Earth, influencing human society.{{cite web|url=http://corona.bc.ca/films/details/brothertermite.html|title=Coming Attractions - Brother Termite|publisher=IGN|date=February 28, 2001|access-date=April 13, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011116122232/http://corona.bc.ca/films/details/brothertermite.html|archive-date=November 16, 2001|url-status=dead}}

In 1999, Cronenberg was reportedly interested in taking the helm of Charlie Kaufman's adaptation of Confessions of Dangerous Mind, with Sean Penn at that time circling to star.{{cite magazine|last=Shaw|first=Jessica|url=https://ew.com/article/1999/07/30/re-best-unproduced-screenplays/|title=Re: Best Unproduced Screenplays|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|date=July 30, 1999|access-date=August 6, 2024}} The following year, he was circling to direct Basic Instinct 2 for which he had a "good script" and Rupert Everett in the lead, but MGM said no because the actor is gay.{{cite web|last=Constantine|first=Zade|url=https://thefilmstage.com/watch-david-cronenberg-discusses-his-filmmaking-process-in-recent-one-hour-conversation/|title=Watch: David Cronenberg Discusses His Filmmaking Process In Recent One-Hour Conversation|website=The Film Stage|date=March 11, 2014|access-date=February 5, 2025}} At one stage, Cronenberg was going to make The Singing Detective as a horror film, with Al Pacino starring.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} In 2004, Cronenberg was attached to direct London Fields, based on Martin Amis' 1991 novel of the same name.{{cite magazine|last=Brodesser|first=Claude|url=https://variety.com/2004/film/news/london-calls-cronenberg-1117902034/|title='London' calls Cronenberg|magazine=Variety|date=March 21, 2004|access-date=February 5, 2025}}

In the mid-2000s, Cronenberg had adapted and was planning to direct an adaptation of The White Hotel by D. M. Thomas.{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2004/aug/28/books.featuresreviews|title=Celluloid dreams|website=The Guardian|date=August 27, 2004|access-date=March 4, 2025}}

For a time it appeared that, as Eastern Promises producer Paul Webster told Screen International, a sequel was in the works that would reunite the key team of Cronenberg, Steven Knight, and Viggo Mortensen. It was slated for production by Webster's new company Shoebox Films in collaboration with Focus Features, and shot in early 2013.{{cite web|url=http://www.screendaily.com/reports/one-on-one/paul-webster/5040550.article?blocktitle=One-On-One&contentID=1799

|title=Paul Webster|website=Screen International|access-date=April 23, 2012}} In 2012, Cronenberg said the Eastern Promises sequel had fallen through due to budget disagreement with Focus Features.{{cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Drew|title=Exclusive: David Cronenberg Shares Details Of Canceled 'Eastern Promises 2' & 'The Fly' Remake|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2012/12/exclusive-david-cronenberg-shares-details-of-canceled-eastern-promises-2-the-fly-remake-250273/|access-date=January 19, 2018|agency=IndieWire|publisher=Penske Business Media, LLC|date=December 14, 2012}}

In 2010, it was announced that Cronenberg would be directing an adaption of As She Climbed Across the Table by Jonathan Lethem. The following year, Media Rights Capital picked up the project, with Bruce Wagner set to write the script.{{cite web|last=Fischeraug|first=Russ|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/516939/david-cronenbergs-black-hole-thriller/|title=MRC Gets Behind David Cronenberg Adaptation Of Jonathan Lethem's 'As She Climbed Across The Table'|website=/Film|date=August 5, 2011|access-date=February 5, 2025}}

In the October 2011 edition of Rue Morgue, Cronenberg stated that he has written a companion piece to his 1986 remake of The Fly, which he would like to direct if given the chance. He has stated that it is not a traditional sequel, but rather a "parallel story".{{Cite web|title=Versions of The Fly that Didn't Fly|url=http://www.untoldhorror.ca/2017/03/15/versions-of-the-fly-that-didnt-fly/|last=UntoldHorror|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-29}}

As of 2022, Cronenberg was working to turn his novel Consumed into his next film.{{cite magazine|last=Keslassy|first=Elsa|url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/david-cronenberg-cannes-interview-crimes-of-the-future-walkouts-netflix-1235267464/|title=David Cronenberg Breaks Down Cannes Walkouts, His New Film’s Sexuality, and Why Netflix Turns Him Down|magazine=Variety|date=May 16, 2022|access-date=April 14, 2025}}{{cite web|last=Ruimy|first=Jordan|url=https://www.worldofreel.com/blog/2019/10/david-cronenberg-may-soon-be-un-retiring-for-a-netflix-series-based-on-his-own-novel|title=David Cronenberg to Write-Direct Netflix Mini-Series Based on His Own Novel ‘Consumed’ [Nouveau Cinema]|website=World of Reel|date=October 11, 2019|access-date=April 14, 2025}}{{cite web|last=Ruimy|first=Jordan|url=https://www.worldofreel.com/blog/2024/12/18/david-cronenbergs-next-film-might-be-consumed|title=David Cronenberg's Next Film Might Be 'Consumed'|website=World of Reel|date=December 18, 2024|access-date=April 13, 2025}}

Cronenberg lives in Toronto.{{sfn|Cronenberg|1992|p=1}} He married his first wife, Margaret Hindson, in 1972: their seven-year marriage ended in 1979 amidst personal and professional differences. They had one daughter, Cassandra Cronenberg. His second wife was film editor Carolyn Zeifman, to whom he was married from 1979 until her death in 2017.{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/carolyn-cronenberg-dead-film-editor-david-cronenbergs-wife-was-66-1018686|title=Carolyn Cronenberg, Film Editor and Wife of David Cronenberg, Dies at 66|date=July 5, 2017|work=The Hollywood Reporter}} The couple met on the set of Rabid while she was working as a production assistant. They have two children, Caitlin and Brandon.{{cite news|author=Mottram, James |date=October 21, 2007|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/david-cronenberg-im-not-ready-to-embrace-hollywood-respectability-quite-yet-397311.html |title=David Cronenberg: 'I'm not ready to embrace Hollywood respectability quite yet|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=January 8, 2012}} In the book Cronenberg on Cronenberg (1992), he revealed that The Brood was inspired by events that occurred during the unraveling of his first marriage, which caused both Cronenberg and his daughter Cassandra a great deal of turmoil. The character Nola Carveth, mother of the brood, is based on Cassandra's mother. Cronenberg said that he found the shooting of the climactic scene, in which Nola was strangled by her husband, to be "very satisfying".{{sfn|Cronenberg|1992|p=84}}

In a September 2013 interview, Cronenberg revealed that film director Martin Scorsese admitted to him that he was intrigued by Cronenberg's early work but was subsequently "terrified" to meet him in person. Cronenberg responded to Scorsese: "You're the guy who made Taxi Driver and you're afraid to meet me?" In the same interview, Cronenberg identified as an atheist. "Anytime I've tried to imagine squeezing myself into the box of any particular religion, I find it claustrophobic and oppressive," Cronenberg elaborated. "I think atheism is an acceptance of what is real." In the same interview, Cronenberg revealed that it depends on the "time of day" as to whether or not he is afraid of death. He further stated that he is not concerned about posthumous representations of his film work: "It wouldn't disturb me to think that my work would just sink beneath the waves without trace and that would be it. So what? It doesn't bother me."

In Cronenberg on Cronenberg, the director further elaborated that he was raised in a secular Jewish home, and while he and his family had no disdain towards any religion, such matters were not discussed. In the same book, Cronenberg said that in his teens he went through a phase where he wondered about the existence of God, but ultimately came to the conclusion that the God concept was developed to cope with the fear of death. In a 2007 interview, Cronenberg explained the role atheism plays in his work. He stated, "I'm interested in saying, 'Let us discuss the existential question. We are all going to die, that is the end of all consciousness. There is no afterlife. There is no God. Now what do we do.' That's the point where it starts getting interesting to me."{{cite news|author=Guttsman, Janet|work=Reuters|date=September 10, 2007|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSN0824644320070910 |title=Cronenberg gets down and dirty with Russian mob}} "I'm an atheist," Cronenberg said."{{cite news|title= Interview|work= Esquire|date= February 1992}} "I'm simply a nonbeliever and have been forever. ... I'm interested in saying, 'Let us discuss the existential question. We are all going to die, that is the end of all consciousness. There is no afterlife. There is no God. Now what do we do.' That's the point where it starts getting interesting to me."

In Cronenberg's later films (e.g. A History of Violence, Eastern Promises and A Dangerous Method) openly religious characters become more common. During an interview for A History of Violence, Cronenberg even chose to identify as a materialist rather than an atheist, stating, "I'm not an atheist, but for me to turn away from any aspect of the human body to me is a philosophical betrayal. And there's a lot of art and religion whose whole purpose is to turn away from the human body. I feel in my art that my mandate is to not do that."{{Cite web|date=2018-02-09|title='A History of Violence': David Cronenberg's Superb Study of the Basic Impulses that Drive Humanity • Cinephilia & Beyond|url=https://cinephiliabeyond.org/a-history-of-violence/|access-date=2020-10-02|website=Cinephilia & Beyond|language=en-US}}

{{main|Filmography of David Cronenberg}}

Cronenberg has appeared on various "Greatest Director" lists. In 2004, Science Fiction magazine Strange Horizons named him the second greatest director in the history of the genre, ahead of better known directors such as Steven Spielberg, James Cameron, Jean-Luc Godard, and Ridley Scott.{{cite news|author=Jeremy Adam Smith |url=http://strangehorizons.com/non-fiction/articles/the-ten-best-science-fiction-film-directors |title=The Ten Best Science Fiction Film Directors |work=strangehorizons.com |date=April 19, 2004 |access-date=June 19, 2020}} In the same year, The Guardian listed him 9th on their list of "The world's 40 best directors".{{cite news|url=http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/page/0,11456,1082823,00.html |title=The world's 40 best directors |work=The Guardian |access-date=May 18, 2011 |location=London}} In 2007, Total Film named him as the 17th greatest director of all time.{{cite web|url=http://www.totalfilm.com/features/the_greatest_directors_ever_-_part_2 |title=Greatest Directors Ever |website=Total Film |date=August 20, 2007 |access-date=May 18, 2011}} Film professor Charles Derry, in his overview of the horror genre Dark Dreams, called the director one of the most important in his field, and that "no discussion of contemporary horror film can conclude without reference to the films of David Cronenberg."{{Citation | last = Derry | first = Charles | contribution = More Dark Dreams: Some Notes on the Recent Horror Film | editor-last = Waller | editor-first = Gregory | title = American Horrors: Essays on the Modern American Horror Film | pages = [https://archive.org/details/americanhorrorse0000unse/page/173 173] | publisher = University of Illinois Press | place = Chicago | year = 1987 | isbn = 0-252-01448-0 | url = https://archive.org/details/americanhorrorse0000unse/page/173 }}

Cronenberg received the Special Jury Prize at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival for Crash.{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4682/year/1996.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Crash |access-date=September 15, 2009 |work=festival-cannes.com |archive-date=August 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805012125/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4682/year/1996.html |url-status=dead }} In 1999, he was inducted onto Canada's Walk of Fame,{{cite web |url=http://www.canadaswalkoffame.com/inductees/99_david_cronenberg.xml.htm |website=Canada's Walk of Fame |title=David Cronenberg, film director, Cannes Film Festival winner |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826110041/http://www.canadaswalkoffame.com/inductees/99_david_cronenberg.xml.htm |archive-date=August 26, 2006 }} awarded the Silver Bear Award at the 49th Berlin International Film Festival.{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1999/03_preistr_ger_1999/03_Preistraeger_1999.html |title=Berlinale: 1999 Prize Winners |access-date=January 29, 2012 |work=berlinale.de |archive-date=March 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327024128/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1999/03_preistr_ger_1999/03_Preistraeger_1999.html |url-status=dead }} and that November received the Governor General's Performing Arts Award, Canada's highest honour in the performing arts.{{cite web|title=David Cronenberg biography|url=http://ggpaa.ca/award-recipients/1999/cronenberg-david.aspx|publisher=Governor General's Performing Arts Awards Foundation|access-date=February 4, 2015}}

In 2002, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada, and was promoted to Companion of the Order of Canada (the order's highest rank) in 2014.{{cite news|url=http://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=15694&lan=eng|title=Order of Canada Appointments|date=June 30, 2014|access-date=July 1, 2014}} In 2006 he was awarded the Cannes Film Festival's lifetime achievement award, the Carrosse d'Or.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/19/arts/19iht-dupont.html|title=Cronenberg: An intellectual with ominous powers|last=Dupont|first=Joan|date=May 19, 2006|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 30, 2011}} In 2009 Cronenberg received the Légion d'honneur from the government of France.{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/cronenberg-to-receive-france-s-l%C3%A9gion-d-honneur-1.791376 |title=Cronenberg to receive France's Légion d'honneur |access-date=January 25, 2010 |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=March 12, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405171050/http://www.cbc.ca/arts/film/story/2009/03/12/cronenberg-france.html |archive-date=April 5, 2009 }} The following year Cronenberg was named an honorary patron of the University Philosophical Society, Trinity College Dublin.{{Cite web|title=David Cronenberg {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/david-cronenberg|access-date=2022-01-25|website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}} In 2012, he received the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal.{{cite news| url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/diamond-jubilee-gala-toasts-exceptional-canadians-1.1226414| title=Diamond Jubilee Gala toasts exceptional Canadians| date=June 18, 2012| publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation| access-date=June 19, 2012}}

The opening of the "David Cronenberg: Evolution" Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) exhibition occurred on October 30, 2013. Held at the TIFF Bell Lightbox venue, the exhibition paid tribute to the director's entire filmmaking career and the festival's promotional material referred to Cronenberg as "one of Canada's most prolific and iconic filmmakers". The exhibition was shown internationally following the conclusion of the TIFF showing on January 19, 2014.{{cite news|title=David Cronenberg: 'I never thought of myself as a prophet'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/sep/12/david-cronenberg-suicide-fantastic-exit?CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2&et_cid=48826&et_rid=7107573&Linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.theguardian.com%2ffilm%2f2013%2fsep%2f12%2fdavid-cronenberg-suicide-fantastic-exit|access-date=September 13, 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=September 12, 2013|author=Henry Barnes}}{{cite web|title=Evolution|url=http://tiff.net/cronenbergparty|work=tiff.|publisher=Toronto International Film Festival Inc.|access-date=September 13, 2013|date=September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909055438/http://tiff.net/cronenbergparty|archive-date=September 9, 2013}}

In 2014, he was made a Member of the Order of Ontario in recognition for being "Canada's most celebrated internationally acclaimed filmmaker".{{cite web|url=http://news.ontario.ca/mci/en/2014/01/new-appointees-to-the-order-of-ontario.html|title=New Appointees to the Order of Ontario|date=January 23, 2014}}

In April 2018, it was announced that Cronenberg would receive the honorary Golden Lion at the 75th Venice International Film Festival.{{cite web|url=http://www.adnkronos.com/intrattenimento/spettacolo/2018/04/19/david-cronenberg-leone-oro-alla-carriera_OYgfPwjzOSxyHIyKUkDJQO.html|title=A David Cronenberg il Leone d'oro alla Carriera|date=April 19, 2018}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book|first=David|last=Cronenberg|editor=Rodley, Chris|title=Cronenberg on Cronenberg|edition=1st|year=1992|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-571-14436-5}}
• {{cite book|first=David|last=Cronenberg|title=Crash|publisher=Faber and Faber|date=1997|isbn=0-571-19127-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/crash00cron}}
• {{cite book|first=David|last=Cronenberg|title=eXistenZ: A Graphic Novel|url=https://archive.org/details/davidcronenbergs0000cron|url-access=registration|publisher= Key Porter Books|date= 1999|isbn= 1-55263-027-7}}
• {{cite book|first=David|last=Cronenberg|title=David Cronenberg: Collected Screenplays 1: Stereo, Crimes of the Future, Shivers, Rabid|date= 2002|publisher= Faber and Faber|isbn= 0-571-21017-1}}
• {{cite book|author= Cronenberg, David |title=Red Cars|series= Volumina Artbooks|location= Bologna, Italia|publisher= Associazione culturale Volumina|date= 2005 |isbn=978-88-901996-8-4}}
• {{cite book|first=David|last=Cronenberg|title=Consumed: A Novel|publisher= Scribner|date= 2014|isbn= 978-1-416-59613-4}}
• {{cite book|author=Grünberg, Serge|author2=Cronenberg, David|name-list-style=amp|title=David Cronenberg: Interviews with Serge Grünberg|publisher= Plexus Publishing|date= 2005|isbn=0-85965-376-5}}
• {{cite book|editor-last=Rodley |editor-first=Chris |title=Cronenberg on Cronenberg |publisher=Faber and Faber |date=1997 |url=https://archive.org/details/cronenbergoncron0000cron |isbn=0571191371}}
• {{cite book|author=Dreibrodt, Thomas J. Dreibrodt |date=2000|title= Lang lebe das neue Fleisch. Die Filme von David Cronenberg – von 'Shivers' bis 'eXistenZ'|publisher=Paragon-Verlag |language= de|isbn= 978-3-932872-05-1}}
• {{cite book|author=Handling, Piers |date=1983|title=The Shape of Rage: The Films of David Cronenberg|publisher=General Publishing Company |isbn= 978-0-7736-1137-5}}
• {{cite news|author=Humm, Maggie |author-link=Maggie Humm |year=1997|title=Cronenberg's Films and Feminist Theories of Mothering|work= Feminism and Film|publisher= Edinburgh University Press|isbn= 978-0-253-21146-0}}
• {{cite book|author=Newman, Kim|author-link=Kim Newman|date=1989|title=Nightmare Movies: A Critical History of the Horror Film 1968–1988|publisher=Harmony Books |isbn=978-0-517-57366-2}}
• {{cite book|editor=Robnik, Drehli Robnik|editor2=Palm, Michael|date=1992|title= Und das Wort ist Fleisch geworden. Texte über Filme von David Cronenberg|location= Vienna|publisher= PVS|isbn= 978-3-901196-02-7}}

{{Wikiquote}}

• {{IMDb name}}
• [http://litreactor.com/columns/behold-the-unfilmable-the-literary-adaptations-of-david-cronenberg/ The Literary Adaptations of David Cronenberg] (via LitReactor, 2011)
• [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/cronenberg.html David Cronenberg Bibliography] (via UC Berkeley)
• [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/18/magazine/18cronenberg.html?pagewanted=all David Cronenberg Profile] by The New York Times Magazine (September 2005)
• [http://www.channel4.com/film/media/video/I/italian_machine_lg_01.ram Teleplay episode "The Italian Machine" online] at the Channel4 website (RealMedia)

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