Digul
{{short description|River in Indonesia}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Sungai Digul
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other = Oewamba Rivier, Digoel-rivier, Oewimboe, Digoel Oewimboe, Digoel-Kian, Uwimbu, Digul
| name_etymology =
| image = Digul.png
| image_size = 250
| image_caption = NASA Landsat image (enhanced) of the Digul Estuary, looking roughly east. Dolak can be seen towards the south.
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Indonesia#Indonesia South Papua
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of river mouth
| pushpin_map_size =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = Indonesia
| subdivision_type2 = Province
| subdivision_name2 = Papua
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =
| length = {{cvt|853|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width_min =
| width_avg ={{cvt|300-900|m|abbr=on}} (Lower Digul)
| width_max =
| depth_min ={{cvt|6|m|abbr=on}} (Lower Digul)
| depth_avg =
| depth_max ={{cvt|28|m|abbr=on}} (Lower Digul)
| discharge1_location=Digul Delta
| discharge1_avg ={{cvt|3,867.2|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/29742120|title=Grafik Neraca Air Pulau Papua|last1=Firmansyah|first1=Rendy}}
| source1 = Maoke Mountains
| source1_location =
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|4|53|33.4068|S|140|23|52.9512|E}}
| source1_elevation = {{cvt|3,700|m|abbr=on}}
| source2 =
| source2_location =
| source2_coordinates=
| source2_elevation =
| mouth =
| mouth_location = Arafura Sea
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|7|7|S|138|42|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}}
| progression = Arafura Sea
| river_system = Digul River
| basin_size ={{cvt|44,953.98|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left=Digul Timur, Takum, Murup, Anggarap, Mandobo, Uwimmerah
| tributaries_right =Arup, Kia, Ederah, Mappi, Uwamba
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
The Digul River ({{Langx|nl|Digoel}}) is a major river in South Papua province, Indonesia, on the island of New Guinea. It is the fourth longest river in New Guinea after Sepik, Mamberamo, and Fly. With a total length of {{cvt|853|km|mi|abbr=on}} and a drainage basin of {{cvt|45,900|km2|abbr=on}}.[http://www.geonames.org/1645472/sungai%20digul.html Sungai Digul] - Geonames.org.
Course
The river originates in the central part of the island, on the southern side of the Maoke Mountains (Digul or Star Mountains), which rise above sea level at 4,700 m. After leaving the mountainous section, it cuts through lowland swamps in a south-southwest direction and then flows by delta into the Arafura Sea, across Dolak Island. Its marshy, swampy floodplain is lined with reed beds. As there are no accessible and developed roads in the area, the river is still the only transport route across the marshes to the fertile hills and mountains in the interior of the island. It is navigable by larger boats from Tanahmerah (320 km) and by smaller boats from the foot of the mountains. This swampy navigable stretch is often referred to as Boven-Digul. Its length as the crow flies from its source to its mouth is relatively short, but it follows a very winding course over flat land to the sea.{{cite book|url=https://bookline.ro/product/home.action?_v=Balazs_Denes_Ausztralia_Oceania_Antar&type=20&id=398323|title=Ausztrália, Óceánia, Antarktisz|last1=Balázs|first1=Dénes|year=1978}}
History
The swamplands upstream were known by the name "Boven-Digoel" (Above the Digul, in Dutch) and hosted a penal colony at Tanahmerah (Red Earth) in the early 20th century, when Indonesia was a colony of Holland. As a result of the abortive 1926 revolt by the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), the Dutch exiled 823 of the most troublesome revolutionaries here.Brackman, A.C., Indonesian Communism: A History, 1963, Praeger Press
Geography and hydrology
Rising on the southern slopes of Maoke Mountains, the Digul flows first south and then west to empty into the Arafura Sea. For much of its length, it travels across a low region of extensive swamps and creates a delta near Dolak (Yos Sudarso Island, formerly Frederik Hendrik) Island. The river has a length of {{cvt|853|km|mi|abbr=on}} and is navigable as far as Tanahmerah. Together with the Mappi, which joins its northernmost delta, it collects the waters of an area of about 45,000 square kilometres.
The river flows in the southern area of Papua with predominantly tropical monsoon climate (designated as Am in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification) and tropical rainforest (designated as Af in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification) transitional type, with an annual rainfall of 3,500–4,000 mm.{{cite book|url=https://bookline.ro/product/home.action?_v=Balazs_Denes_Ausztralia_Oceania_Antar&type=20&id=398323|title=Ausztrália, Óceánia, Antarktisz|last1=Balázs|first1=Dénes|year=1978}}{{Cite journal | title = Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification| url = http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html| year = 2007| journal = Hydrology and Earth System Sciences| volume = 11 | date =| doi = 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007| first1 =M C| first2 = B L| first3 = T A| last1 = Peel| last2 = Finlayson| last3 =McMahon| issue = 5| pages = 1633–1644| bibcode = 2007HESS...11.1633P| doi-access = free}}
{{climate_chart
| Sungai Digul
| 19| 25| 464
| 20| 22| 396
| 22| 23| 342
| 23| 24| 346
| 21| 24| 249
| 18| 22| 178
| 20| 22| 28
| 21| 24| 51
| 22| 25| 93
| 23| 25| 235
| 21| 25| 336
| 23| 25| 355
|float=right
}}
The annual average temperature in the area is 22 °C. The warmest month is April, when the average temperature is around 24 °C, and the coldest is June, at 20 °C.{{Cite web|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|date= 30 January 2016|publisher= NASA|access-date= 29 November 2018|archive-date= 7 April 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190407091601/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|url-status= dead}} The average annual rainfall is 3,072 mm. The wettest month is January, with an average of 464 mm rainfall, and the driest is July, with 28 mm rainfall.{{Cite web|url = http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&year=2014|title = NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|date = 30 January 2016|publisher = NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission|access-date = 29 November 2018|archive-date = 11 May 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200511075534/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M|url-status = dead}}
The average rainfall for the whole catchment area between 2002 and 2011 was 3,522 mm.{{cite web|url=https://publicwiki.deltares.nl/display/JCP/Final+Reports|title=Final report Einlanden-Digul-Bikuma basin IWRM case study|last1=van Beek|first1=E.|last2=Bons|first2=K.|last3=Brinkman|first3=J.|year=2013}}
Delta
Its delta is a relatively new tidal delta in development with wide and deep delta branches and channels. The intermittent tides reach 5–7 metres. The delta is changing rapidly from year to year (new channels and delta branches) due to the high sedimentation process (clay deposits, sedimentary silt) on the banks. The delta is rich in fauna and, although navigable, very sparsely populated.{{cite web|url=https://thecomfortyellow.wordpress.com/2013/05/28/delta-digul-papua|title=Delta Digul Papua}}
Ecology
The Digul catchment has a rich and diverse fauna. Around 100 endemic species are found here (Paradisaea apoda, Ptilinopus perlatus, Chelodina novaeguineae, Centropus violaceus, Alcedinidae, etc.). The mud islands of the delta are covered with marsh and forest vegetation. The dominant species are mangrove (Avicenia alba, Rhizophora apiculata), mahogany (Xylocarpus moluccensis), nipa palm (Nypa fruticans), marsh plant (Bruguiera cylindrica) and their hybrids (Rhizphora mucronata).{{cite web|url=https://thecomfortyellow.wordpress.com/2013/05/28/delta-digul-papua|title=Delta Digul Papua}}
Discharge
| class="wikitable"
|+Digul River discharge !Period !Average discharge !Ref |
| colspan="3" |Digul delta |
| |{{cvt|3,867.2|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}* |
| 1971–2000
|{{cvt|3,332.7|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} |
| 2002–2011
|{{cvt|2,760|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} |
| 2015–2019
|{{cvt|3,027.89|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} |
| colspan="3" |Before delta |
| 1971–2000
|{{cvt|2,443.9|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} |
| 1979–2015
|{{cvt|69.42|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}} |
| 1996–2005
|{{cvt|68.251|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}} |
| 2002–2011
|{{cvt|2,127|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} |
| 2003–2015
|{{cvt|82.6|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}} |
| 2015–2019
|{{cvt|1,999.09|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}* |
| colspan="3" |Tanah Merah |
| 1971–2000
|{{cvt|1,140.7|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} |
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Month !Before |
| JAN
|2,066.8 |4,077.8 |
| FEB
|2,401.4 |5,137.5 |
| MAR
|2,463.6 |5,072.1 |
| APR
|2,378.9 |4,862.5 |
| MAY
|2,255.1 |4,367.8 |
| JUN
|1,793.9 |3,244.1 |
| JUL
|1,243 |1,903.1 |
| AUG
|1,149.5 |1,766.9 |
| SEP
|1,479.3 |2,321.5 |
| OCT
|1,902.6 |3,404.3 |
| NOV
|2,426.9 |4,944.6 |
| DEC
|2,488.2 |5,304 |
| colspan="3" | |
| Avg.
|1,999.1 |3,867.2 |
Tributaries
The main tributaries from the mouth:{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=109&catid=277&Itemid=179|title=Bulaka}}{{cite web|url=https://papua.go.id/view-detail-kabupaten-114/Geografi.html|title=Pemerintah Provinsi Papua}}
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Left tributary ! Right tributary ! Length (km) ! Basin size (km2) ! Average discharge (m3/s)* |
| colspan="2" |Digul
|853 |42,142.6 |3,332.7 |
| colspan="5" | |
| rowspan="4" |
|Uwamba | |1,268.3 |98.8 |
| Mappi
|524.98 |9,581.7 |540.7 |
| Ederah
|170 |2,277.4 |113.2 |
| Kia
| |1,272.3 |68.7 |
| Uwimmerah
| rowspan="5" | | |6,437.4 |777.4 |
| Mandobo
| |1,397.6 |118.9 |
| Anggarap
| |562.2 |55.5 |
| Murup
| |440.7 |50.9 |
| Takum
| |543.3 |60.3 |
| |Arup
| |1,077.8 |104.2 |
| Digul Timur
| |196.06 |3,166 |541.2 |
*Period: 1971–2000
See also
References
{{reflist}}
{{Rivers of Papua}}
{{Rivers in Indonesia}}
Category:Landforms of Western New Guinea