Doab#The Doab

{{main|Khadir and Bangar}}

{{See also|Bagar tract| Dhani_(settlement_type) | Chak_(village) | label 2 = Dhani | label 3 = Chak}}

File:Khadir-and-bangar.jpg

Since North India and Pakistan are coursed by a multiplicity of Himalayan rivers that divide the plains into doabs (i.e. regions between two rivers), the Indo-Gangetic plains consist of alternating regions of river, khadir and bangar. The regions of the doabs near the rivers consist of low-lying, floodplains, but usually, very fertile khadir and the higher-lying land away from the rivers consist of bangar, less prone to flooding but also less fertile on average.{{Citation | title=Pakistan: Soils | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010 | url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1404392/bhangar | quote=... khaddar soils. Away from the river, toward the middle of the doabs, older alluvial soils (called bangar) are widely distributed ...}}[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hi&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khaskhabar.com%2Flocal%2Fdelhi-ncr%2Fdelhi-news%2Fnews-art-of-living-responsible-to-damage-yamuna-khadar-said-ngt-news-hindi-1-277190-KKN.html Damage to Yamuna Khadar, Ravi Shankar's Art of Living Responsible: NGT], [http://www.khaskhabar.com Khas Khabar]. 7 Dec 2017.

Khadir is also called nali or naili, specially in northern Haryana the fertile prairie tract between the Ghaggar river and the southern limits of the Saraswati channel depression in that gets flooded during the rains.[https://archive.org/stream/imperialgazettee14grea/imperialgazettee14grea_djvu.txt "The imperial gazeteers of India, 1908"], British Raj, page 288.

Within bangar area, the barani is any low rain area where the rain-fed dry farming is practiced, which nowadays are dependent on the tubewells for irrigation. Bagar tract, an example of barani land, is the dry sandy tract of land on the border of Rajasthan state adjoining the states of Haryana and Punjab.E. Walter Coward, 1980, [https://books.google.com.sg/books?isbn=0801498716 "Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Asia: Perspectives from the social sciences"], Cornell University press, {{ISBN|0801498716}}. Nahri is any canal-irrigated land, for example, the Rangoi tract which is an area irrigated by the Rangoi channel/canal made for the purpose of carrying flood waters of Ghagghar river to dry areas.1987, [http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf "gazetteer of India: Hisar District"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf |date=1 May 2014 }}, page 7.1987, [http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/hisar_1987/Revenue_Administration.pdf "Gazeteers of Hisar district, 1987"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107072120/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/hisar_1987/Revenue_Administration.pdf |date=7 November 2017 }}, Government of Haryana, page 162.]

Historically, villages in the doabs have been officially classified as khadir, khadir-bangar (i.e. mixed) or bangar for many centuries, and different agricultural tax rates applied based on a tiered land-productivity scale.{{Citation | title=Land Revenue Settlement of the Gurgaon District | author=F.C. Channing | year=1882 | publisher=Government of India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75kIAAAAQAAJ | quote=... The rates here applied were the same as those applied in the Bangar and Khadar circles and the same comparisons hold good ...}}{{Citation | title=Final report on the settlement of land revenue in the Delhi District | author=Oswald Wood, R. Maconachie | year=1882 | publisher=Government of India, 1882 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23EIAAAAQAAJ | quote=... The Khadar-Bangar chak lies along the river; 37 villages are purely Khadar and 39 partly Khadar partly Bangar. The villages nearest the river are subject to inundations, but where the water runs off in time, the natural fertility of the ...}}

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The Doab designates the flat alluvial tract between the Ganges and Yamuna rivers extending from the Sivalik Hills to the two rivers' confluence at Prayagraj. It is also called as Ganges-Yamuna Doab or Ganga Doab. The region has an area of about 23,360 square miles (60,500 square km); it is approximately {{convert|500|mi|km|0}} in length and {{convert|60|mi|km|0}} in width.[https://www.britannica.com/place/Ganges-Yamuna-Doab Ganges-Yamuna Doab], Encyclopædia Britannica.

The British raj divided the Doab into three administrative districts, viz., Upper Doab (Meerut), Middle Doab (Agra) and Lower Doab (Allahabad).{{Citation needed|reason=about the British claim|date=December 2017}}

Currently the following states and districts form part of The Doab:

Main article : Upper Doab

• Uttarakhand:

Dehradun and Haridwar

• Uttar Pradesh:

Saharanpur, Shamli, Muzaffarnagar, Baghpat, Meerut, Ghaziabad, Hapur, Gautam Buddh Nagar and Bulandshahr

• Delhi{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

Etah, Kasganj, Aligarh, Agra, Hathras, Firozabad, Mainpuri and Mathura is in the trans-Yamuna region of Braj.

Farrukhabad, Kannauj, Etawah, Auraiya, Kanpur (Urban & Rural), Fatehpur, Kaushambi and Allahabad.{{cite news|url=https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/archaeology-of-lower-ganga-yamuna-doab-2-volumes-2007703973.html|title=Archaeology Of Lower Ganga-Yamuna Doab 2 Volumes}}

File:Lower Bari Doab canal.jpg{{Punjabis}}

Each of the tracts of land lying between the confluent rivers of the Punjab region of Pakistan and India has a distinct name, said to have been coined by Raja Todar Mal, a minister of the Mughal emperor Akbar. The names (except for "Indus Sagar") are a combination of the first letters, in the Persian alphabet, of the names of the rivers that bound the Doab. For example, "Chaj" ({{lang|fa|چج}}) = Chanāb ({{lang|fa|چناب}}, "Chenab") + Jehlam ({{lang|fa|جہلم}}, "Jhelum"). The names are from east to west.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

{{main article|Sind Sagar Doab}}

The Sind Sagar Doab lies between the Indus and Jhelum rivers.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

{{main article|Chaj Doab}}

The Chaj Doab lies between the Jhelum and the Chenab rivers.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

{{main article|Rachna Doab}}

The Rachna Doab (considerable portion of the Rechna Doab is Majha) lies between the Chenab and the Ravi rivers.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

{{See also|Bar Region}}

The Bari Doab (considerable portion of the Bari Doab is MajhaKakshi, S.R.; Pathak, Rashmi; Pathak, S.R.Bakshi R. (2007-01-01). Punjab Through the Ages. Sarup & Sons. {{ISBN|978-81-7625-738-1}}. Retrieved 12 June 2010.) lies between the Ravi, Beas and Sutlej rivers.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

{{main article|Bist Doab}}

The Bist Doab (or Doaba) - between the Beas and the Sutlej rivers.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

{{main article|Raichur Doab}}

The Raichur Doab is the triangular region of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka states which lies between the Krishna River and its tributary the Tungabhadra River, named for the town of Raichur.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

• Ap (water)
• Interamnia, an ancient Latin placename, meaning "between rivers"
• Mesopotamia, in {{langx|grc|links=no|Μεσοποταμία}} '[land] between rivers'.

{{reflist|2}}

• {{citation|last=McGregor|first=Ronald Stuart|author-link=R. S. McGregor|title=The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MILAQgAACAAJ&pg=PA513|access-date=11 September 2013|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=513|isbn=978-0-19-864339-5}}

{{Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh}}

{{GeoSouthAsia}}

{{PunjabGeography}}

{{Historical regions of North India|state=expanded}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

Category:Geography of Haryana

Category:Geography of Madhya Pradesh

Category:Geography of Rajasthan

Category:Geography of Uttar Pradesh

Category:Regions of Haryana

Category:Regions of Madhya Pradesh

Category:Regions of Punjab, India

Category:Regions of Rajasthan

Category:Regions of Uttar Pradesh

Category:Persian words and phrases

Category:Natural regions of India

Category:Landforms