Elections in Myanmar
{{Short description|none}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Politics of Burma}}
Myanmar is a unitary republic, with elected representatives at the national state or region levels. On the national level, the president who is the head of state and legislature, is elected indirectly through an Electoral College. According to the 2008 constitution, the term durations of the President, and Cabinet are five years.[http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs5/Myanmar_Constitution-2008-en.pdf Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008)] (English). Sections 61, 119, 151, 168, 235. All elections are regulated by the Union Election Commission.{{Cite web |title=How do elections work in Myanmar? |url=https://merin.org.mm/en/how-do-elections-work-myanmar |website=merin}}
Myanmar is divided into 330 constituencies, and elections are only held in constituencies where there is more than one candidate. Otherwise, a representative is selected from each constituency with additional 110 seats appointed by the military,{{Cite web |title=MYANMAR Pyithu Hluttaw (House of Representatives) |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2388_B.htm}} These 440 representatives comprise the Pyithu Hluttaw. The Election Commission, a body dominated by the military{{Cite web |title=Myanmar: Mechanics of the Elections |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2015/09/myanmar-mechanics-of-the-elections?lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920233001/https://carnegieendowment.org/2015/09/10/myanmar-mechanics-of-elections-pub-61251 |url-status=live |archive-date=20 September 2020 |website=Carnegie}} may decide not to hold elections in certain constituencies where they deem the situation unsafe. The goal of the election is to appoint Members of the Assembly in both the upper house (the House of Nationalities) and the lower house (the House of Representatives) of the Assembly of the Union, and State and Region Hluttaws. Ethnic Affairs Ministers were also elected by their designated electorates on the same day, although only select ethnic minorities in particular states and regions are entitled to vote for them.
The country has had 17 general elections since 1922. Following the 2020 elections, in which the National League for Democracy increased its majority, the Tatmadaw, Myanmar's military, claimed the results were invalid.{{Cite news |title=Myanmar election: No evidence fraud in 2020 vote, observers say |work=BBC News |date=17 May 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-57144397 }} The Tatmadaw deposed democratically elected leaders the day before newly-elected politicians could be sworn in. Democratic elections were forbidden until the ongoing state of emergency ended which was first projected to be on 1 February 2022, later it was extended to 1 February 2023. and as of February 2023, extended by another 6 months.{{Cite web |date=February 2, 2023 |title=Myanmar junta extends state of emergency, delaying promised elections |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/02/myanmar-junta-extends-state-of-emergency-delaying-promised-elections |website=The Guardian}}{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2023 |title=Myanmar military rulers extend state of emergency by six months |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/1/myanmar-military-rulers-extend-state-of-emergency-by-six-months |website=Al Jazeera}}
Results
=1947 Burmese general election (first elections in Burma since its separation from India under the British Raj)=
All 210 seats in the Constituent Assembly, 106 seats needed for a majority.
{{Election results
|party1=Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League|votes1=1755000|seats1=173
|party2=Communist Party of Burma|votes2=126000|seats2=7|color2=#CC232A
|party3=Union Karen League|Karen Youth Organisation|votes3=109000|seats3=19
|party4=Other|votes4=0|seats4=11
}}
=1974 Burmese general election (first elections held under the new constitution)=
All 451 seats in the People's Assembly.
{{Election results
|party1=Burma Socialist Programme Party|votes1=10608267|seats1=451
}}
=1990 Myanmar general election (first multi-party elections)=
All 492 seats in the Constitutional Committee, 247 seats needed for a majority.
{{Election results
|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=7934622|seats1=392
|party2=National Unity Party (Myanmar)|National Unity Party|votes2=2805559|seats2=10
|party3=Peasants National Unity Organisation (National Unity Party (Myanmar)|NUP)|votes3=300906|seats3=0
|party4=Democracy and Peace Party|League for Democracy and Peace|votes4=243023|seats4=0
|party5=Shan Nationalities League for Democracy|votes5=222821|seats5=23
|party6=Union National Democracy Party|votes6=196518|seats6=1
|party7=Arakan League for Democracy|votes7=160783|seats7=11
|party8=Workers Unity Organisation (National Unity Party (Myanmar)|NUP)|votes8=153854|seats8=0
|party9=Mon National Party|Mon National Democratic Front|votes9=138572|seats9=5
|party10=Democracy and Human Rights Party|National Democratic Party for Human Rights|votes10=128129|seats10=4
|party11=Party for National Democracy|votes11=72672|seats11=3
|party12=Youth Unity Organisation (National Unity Party (Myanmar)|NUP)|votes12=71517|seats12=0
|party13=Democracy Party (Myanmar)|Democracy Party|votes13=63815|seats13=1
|party14=Students and Youth League for Mayyu Development|votes14=57088|seats14=0
|party15=Chin National League for Democracy|votes15=51187|seats15=3
|party16=Democratic Front for National Reconstruction|votes16=38203|seats16=0
|party17=Pa-O National Organisation|Union Pa-O National Organisation|votes17=35389|seats17=3
|party18=Arakan People's Democratic Front|votes18=29115|seats18=0
|party19=Ta'ang National League for Democracy|votes19=23975|seats19=2
|party20=Union Danu League for Democracy Party|votes20=23145|seats20=1
|party21=Mro National Development Party|Mro or Khami National Solidarity Organisation|votes21=22778|seats21=1
|party22=Zomi Congress for Democracy|Zomi National Congress|votes22=18638|seats22=2
|party23=Democratic Organisation for Kayan National Unity|votes23=16553|seats23=2
|party24=Union Karen League|votes24=16518|seats24=0
|party25=Lahu National Development Party|votes25=15796|seats25=1
|party26=Union of Burma (Main) AFPFL|votes26=14443|seats26=0
|party27=Kachin State National Congress for Democracy|votes27=13994|seats27=3|color27=green
|party28=Kayah State Nationalities League for Democracy|votes28=11664|seats28=2
|party29=Graduates and Old Students Democratic Association|votes29=10634|seats29=1
|party30=Naga Hills Regional Progressive Party|votes30=10612|seats30=2
|party31=Kamans National League for Democracy|votes31=10596|seats31=1
|party32=Kachin State National Democratic Party|votes32=10069|seats32=0
|party33=Lisu National Solidarity|votes33=9397|seats33=0
|party34=United Nationalities League for Democracy|votes34=9389|seats34=1
|party35=Kokang Democracy and Unity Party|votes35=9085|seats35=0
|party36=Democratic Party for New Society|votes36=9031|seats36=0
|party37=Arakan National Unity Organisation|votes37=8663|seats37=0
|party38=Democratic League for the National Races of Shan State|votes38=7210|seats38=0
|party39=Karen National Congress for Democracy|votes39=6776|seats39=0
|party40=Karen State National Organisation|votes40=6401|seats40=1
|party41=Kachin National Congress|votes41=6304|seats41=0
|party42=Shan State Kokang Democratic Party|votes42=6195|seats42=1
|party43=League of Peasants' Unions|votes43=6037|seats43=0
|party44=Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League|votes44=6029|seats44=0
|party45=Mara People's Party|votes45=5873|seats45=1
|party46=Inn-Tha National Organisation|votes46=5790|seats46=0
|party47=Farmer, Gadu Ganan and Shan National Unity Democratic Headquarters|votes47=5257|seats47=0
|party48=Wa National Development Party|votes48=4676|seats48=0
|party49=Democratic Human Rights Party|votes49=4246|seats49=0
|party50=People's Democratic Party|votes50=4242|seats50=0
|party51=National Peace and Democracy Party|votes51=3988|seats51=0
|party52=Unity and Development Party|votes52=3656|seats52=0
|party53=Free People League of Burma|votes53=2959|seats53=0
|party54=Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League|Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League (Original)|votes54=2882|seats54=0
|party55=Peasants' Development Party|votes55=2847|seats55=0
|party56=People's Volunteer Organisation|votes56=2696|seats56=0
|party57=Union for the Improvement of Burmese Women|votes57=2495|seats57=0
|party58=Patriotic Old Comrades' League|votes58=2435|seats58=1
|party59=All Burma National Progressive Democracy Party|votes59=2249|seats59=0
|party60=League of Democratic Allies|votes60=2114|seats60=0
|party61=Arakan Nationalities Democracy Party|votes61=2033|seats61=0
|party62=Patriotic Democratic Youth Front|votes62=1963|seats62=0
|party63=Rakhine National Humanitarian Development Organisation|votes63=1942|seats63=0
|party64=People's Peasants Union|votes64=1894|seats64=0
|party65=National Ethnic Reformation Party|votes65=1782|seats65=0
|party66=Democratic Allies' League|votes66=1619|seats66=0
|party67=Indigenous Collaboration Party|votes67=1241|seats67=0
|party68=Might of New Generation Youth Front|votes68=1224|seats68=0
|party69=Shan State Kachin Democratic Party|votes69=1197|seats69=0
|party70=United League of Democratic Parties|votes70=1174|seats70=0
|party71=United Trade Union Congress|votes71=1128|seats71=0
|party72=National Progressive Youth of Myanmar Naing Ngan|votes72=1013|seats72=0
|party73=National Peace Party|votes73=954|seats73=0
|party74=Leading Strength of National Realism Centre|votes74=928|seats74=0
|party75=Youths' Solidarity Front|votes75=860|seats75=0
|party76=Union People's Future and Democracy Party|votes76=848|seats76=0
|party77=All Burma Democratic People's Power Organisation|votes77=748|seats77=0
|party78=Democratic People's League|votes78=747|seats78=0
|party79=All Burma United Youths Organisation|votes79=640|seats79=0
|party80=Patriotic Youth Organisation|votes80=609|seats80=0
|party81=Union of Burma Unity Democracy League|votes81=604|seats81=0
|party82=United National Congress|votes82=575|seats82=0
|party83=Amyothar Party|votes83=523|seats83=0
|party84=Anti-Communist, Anti-Socialist, Anti-Totalitarian Free Democracy League|votes84=511|seats84=0
|party85=Union of Burma Democratic Front|votes85=414|seats85=0
|party86=Union of Kachin Youth|votes86=401|seats86=0
|party87=Democratic Labour Party|votes87=393|seats87=0
|party88=Shan National Democratic Development Party|votes88=366|seats88=0
|party89=National Politics Front (Youth)|votes89=354|seats89=0
|party90=Burma United Democratic Party|votes90=269|seats90=0
|party91=People's Power Party|votes91=158|seats91=0
|party92=Union Stability Party|votes92=86|seats92=0
|party93=People's Pioneer Party|votes93=70|seats93=0
|party94=Independents|votes94=152228|seats94=6
|row95=Vacant|seats95=7
}}
Latest election
= House of Nationalities =
161 of the 224 seats in the House of Nationalities, 113 seats needed for a majority.{{Election results
|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=18259248|seats1=138
|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=5923457|seats2=7
|party3=Shan Nationalities League for Democracy|votes3=414073|seats3=2
|party4=Union Betterment Party|votes4=385116|seats4=0
|party5=Mon Unity Party|votes5=281933|seats5=3
|party6=Pa-O National Organisation|votes6=171255|seats6=1
|party7=Kayin National Democratic Party|votes7=109952|seats7=0
|party8=Ta'ang National Party|votes8=102894|seats8=2
|party9=Arakan National Party|votes9=102201|seats9=4
|party10=Shan Nationalities Democratic Party|votes10=99853|seats10=0
|party11=Kachin State People's Party|votes11=94277|seats11=0
|party12=Chin National League for Democracy|votes12=70673|seats12=0
|party13=National Unity Party (Myanmar)|National Unity Party|votes13=64193|seats13=0
|party14=People's Pioneer Party|votes14=60444|seats14=0
|party15=Tai-Leng Nationalities Development Party|votes15=54398|seats15=0
|party16=Union Pa-O National Organization|votes16=44302|seats16=0
|party17=Kayin People's Party|votes17=37623|seats17=0
|party18=Shan-ni Solidarity Party|votes18=36968|seats18=0
|party19=Kayah State Democratic Party|votes19=30298|seats19=3
|party20=Arakan League for Democracy Party|votes20=27656|seats20=0
|party21=Arakan Front Party|votes21=27099|seats21=0
|party22=National Political Democratic Party|votes22=24224|seats22=0
|party23=Lisu National Development Party|votes23=23797|seats23=0
|party24=National Democratic Force|votes24=22017|seats24=0
|party25=Kayan National Party|votes25=19280|seats25=0
|party26=Public Contribute Students Party|votes26=16699|seats26=0
|party27=Danu National Democracy Party|votes27=15814|seats27=0
|party28=People's Party|votes28=15325|seats28=0
|party29=People's Party of Myanmar Farmers and Workers|votes29=15308|seats29=0
|party30=Zomi Congress for Democracy|votes30=14275|seats30=0
|party31=Naga National Party|votes31=13624|seats31=0
|party32=Wa National Party|votes32=13621|seats32=0
|party33=Myanmar New Society Democratic Party|votes33=11486|seats33=0
|party34=United Nationalities Democracy Party|votes34=9554|seats34=0
|party35=Kachin New Democracy Party|votes35=9245|seats35=1
|party36=Ethnic National Development Party|votes36=7493|seats36=0
|party37=Lahu National Development Party|votes37=6670|seats37=0
|party38=Kachin National Party|votes38=6365|seats38=0
|party39=Kachin National Congress|votes39=5243|seats39=0
|party40=Federal Union Party|votes40=4766|seats40=0
|party41=Democratic Party (Myanmar)|Democratic Party|votes41=4394|seats41=0
|party42=Alliance of Myanmar's Worker and Farmer Party|votes42=3687|seats42=0
|party43=Lhaovo National Unity and Development Party|votes43=3234|seats43=0
|party44=National United Democratic Party|votes44=2797|seats44=0
|party45=Myanmar Farmers Development Party|votes45=2770|seats45=0
|party46=Yeomanry Development Party|votes46=2734|seats46=0
|party47=Shan State Kokang Democratic Party|votes47=2310|seats47=0
|party48=Rakhine State National United Party|votes48=1844|seats48=0
|party49=Public of Labour Party|votes49=1055|seats49=0
|party50=Danu National Organization Party|votes50=817|seats50=0
|party51=88 Generation Democracy Party|votes51=792|seats51=0
|party52=Karen National Party|votes52=670|seats52=0
|party53=Khumi (Khami) National Party|votes53=624|seats53=0
|party54=Union Farmer-Labour Force Party|votes54=601|seats54=0
|party55=Zo National Region Development Party|votes55=236|seats55=0
|party56=Independent|votes56=48874|seats56=0
|row57=Vacant|votes57=0|seats57=7
|row58=Tatmadaw|votes58=0|seats58=56
}}
=House of Representatives=
315 of the 440 seats in the House of Representatives, 221 seats needed for a majority.
{{Election results
|party1=National League for Democracy|votes1=18146943|seats1=258
|party2=Union Solidarity and Development Party|votes2=5838533|seats2=26
|party3=Shan Nationalities League for Democracy|votes3=413183|seats3=13
|party4=Union Betterment Party|votes4=299503|seats4=0
|party5=Mon Unity Party|votes5=264839|seats5=2
|party6=Pa-O National Organisation|votes6=231024|seats6=3
|party7=National Unity Party (Myanmar)|National Unity Party|votes7=126725|seats7=0
|party8=Kayin National Democratic Party|votes8=110627|seats8=0
|party9=Arakan National Party|votes9=97100|seats9=4
|party10=Kayin People's Party|votes10=95600|seats10=0
|party11=Shan Nationalities Democratic Party|votes11=94155|seats11=0
|party12=Ta'ang National Party|votes12=91568|seats12=3
|party13=Kachin State People's Party|votes13=85050|seats13=1
|party14=People's Pioneer Party|votes14=71131|seats14=0
|party15=Tai-Leng Nationalities Development Party|votes15=58065|seats15=0
|party16=Chin National League for Democracy|votes16=50551|seats16=0
|party17=Arakan Front Party|votes17=39821|seats17=1
|party18=Shan-ni Solidarity Party|votes18=36043|seats18=0
|party19=People's Party|votes19=34060|seats19=0
|party20=Kayah State Democratic Party|votes20=33781|seats20=2
|party21=National Democratic Force|votes21=32848|seats21=0
|party22=Danu National Democracy Party|votes22=25980|seats22=0
|party23=National Political Democratic Party|votes23=25555|seats23=0
|party24=Union Pa-O National Organization|votes24=24788|seats24=0
|party25=Lisu National Development Party|votes25=24617|seats25=0
|party26=Arakan League for Democracy Party|votes26=23548|seats26=0
|party27=Kayan National Party|votes27=18209|seats27=0
|party28=Naga National Party|votes28=18146|seats28=0
|party29=Public Contribute Students Party|votes29=16049|seats29=0
|party30=Zomi Congress for Democracy|votes30=15638|seats30=1
|party31=Democratic Party (Myanmar)|Democratic Party|votes31=10260|seats31=0
|party32=Kachin National Congress|votes32=9420|seats32=0
|party33=Kokang Democracy and Unity Party|votes33=9273|seats33=0
|party34=United Nationalities Democracy Party|votes34=8905|seats34=0
|party35=Wa National Party|votes35=8849|seats35=1
|party36=Inn National League Party|votes36=8023|seats36=0
|party37=Myanmar National Congress Party|votes37=7990|seats37=0
|party38=Democratic Party for a New Society|votes38=7498|seats38=0
|party39=New Society Party|votes39=7163|seats39=0
|party40=Lahu National Development Party|votes40=5942|seats40=0
|party41=New National Democracy Party|votes41=5781|seats41=0
|party42=Myanmar Farmers Development Party|votes42=4447|seats42=0
|party43=Inn National Development Party|votes43=4288|seats43=0
|party44=Kachin New Democracy Party|votes44=3992|seats44=0
|party45=Yeomanry Development Party|votes45=3623|seats45=0
|party46=People's Party of Myanmar Farmers and Workers|votes46=3489|seats46=0
|party47=National Development Party (Myanmar)|National Development Party|votes47=2972|seats47=0
|party48=Union Farmer-Labour Force Party|votes48=2967|seats48=0
|party49=People's Power Party|votes49=2523|seats49=0
|party50=Myanmar New Society Democratic Party|votes50=2500|seats50=0
|party51=Kachin National Party|votes51=2370|seats51=0
|party52=Guiding Star Party|votes52=2302|seats52=0
|party53=Rakhine State National United Party|votes53=2241|seats53=0
|party54=Shan State Kokang Democratic Party|votes54=2137|seats54=0
|party55=Federal Union Party|votes55=2059|seats55=0
|party56=Wun Thar Nu Democratic Party|votes56=1832|seats56=0
|party57=Lhaovo National Unity and Development Party|votes57=1818|seats57=0
|party58=National Democratic Party for Development|votes58=1484|seats58=0
|party59=Asho Chin National Party|votes59=1482|seats59=0
|party60=National United Democratic Party|votes60=1471|seats60=0
|party61=Danu National Organization Party|votes61=1279|seats61=0
|party62=National Unity Congress Party|votes62=1169|seats62=0
|party63=Women Party (Mon)|votes63=955|seats63=0
|party64=88 Generation Democracy Party|votes64=939|seats64=0
|party65=New Era Union Party|votes65=656|seats65=0
|party66=Peace and Diversity Party|votes66=553|seats66=0
|party67=Phalon-Sawaw Democratic Party|votes67=514|seats67=0
|party68=Modern People Party|votes68=496|seats68=0
|party69=National Political Alliances Party|votes69=448|seats69=0
|party70=Peace and Democracy Party|votes70=429|seats70=0
|party71=Kaman National Progressive Party|votes71=402|seats71=0
|party72=United Democratic Party (Myanmar)|United Democratic Party|votes72=252|seats72=0
|party73=Bamar People's Party|votes73=220|seats73=0
|party74=Zo National Region Development Party|votes74=212|seats74=0
|party75=Public of Labour Party|votes75=182|seats75=0
|party76=Myanmar People's Democratic Party|votes76=114|seats76=0
|party77=National Development and Peace Party|votes77=89|seats77=0
|party78=Independent|votes78=77946|seats78=0
|row79=Vacant|votes79=0|seats79=15
|row80=Tatmadaw|votes80=0|seats80=110
}}
History
In August 1988 Ne Win's one party rule system – the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) – collapsed in August 1988 following the 8888 Uprising,{{Cite journal |last=Watcher |first=Burma |date=February 1989 |title=Burma in 1988: There Came a Whirlwind |journal=Asian Survey |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644577 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=174–180|doi=10.2307/2644577 |jstor=2644577 |url-access=subscription }} In September that year, the military staged coup d'etat under the guise of intending to hold "free and fair" elections in 1990. The first elections to the lower house (the Pyithu Hluttaw or "People's Assembly") under the new military administration, dubbed the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), were held on 27 May 1990.
The major opposition party, the National League for Democracy, achieved a landslide victory with a majority of 392 out of the 492 seats; under the parliamentary system, the NLD should have formed the new government, however, the SLORC refused to acknowledge the results, and thus the People's Assembly never convened.
The military junta placed the leader of the NLD, Aung San Suu Kyi, under house arrest following her party's victory.{{Cite web |date=March 16, 2021 |title=Myanmar coup: What protesters can learn from the '1988 generation' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56331307 |website=BBC}} The SLORC was abolished in November 1997 and resurfaced as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). In August 2003, Prime Minister Khin Nyunt announced a seven-step "roadmap to democracy", which the government was reportedly implementing. The plan did not include a timetable and no independent mechanism for verifying its progress and results.{{Cite journal |last=Aung |first=Htet |date=August 2007 |title=Burma's Rigged Road Map to Democracy |url=https://www2.irrawaddy.com/article.php?art_id=8052 |journal=The Irrawaddy |volume=15 |issue=8}}{{Cite web |date=November 10, 2003 |title=Myanmar's seven-step peace process not inclusive, lacks timeline – Annan |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2003/11/85072-myanmars-seven-step-peace-process-not-inclusive-lacks-timeline-annan |website=UN News}}{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Robert H. |date=2004 |title=MYANMAR: Roadmap to Where? |journal=Southeast Asian Affairs |volume=2004 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27913259 |pages=171–184|jstor=27913259 |s2cid=154156055 }}
On 7 February 2008, SPDC announced that a referendum for the new constitution would be held in May that year, and a multi-party elections in 2010.{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2008 |title=The May 2008 Constitutional Referendum in Burma |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/04/30/vote-nowhere/may-2008-constitutional-referendum-burma |website=Vote to Nowhere}} The constitutional referendum was held on 10 May.{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2008 |title=Burma *Mynanmar: Preliminary Report on the Referendum of May 10 2008 |url=https://anfrel.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Preliminary-Report-on-the-Referendum-of-May-10-2008.pdf}} The first general elections in 20 years were held in November 2010, completing the fifth step of the government's roadmap to democracy.{{Cite journal |last=Maung Than |first=Tin Maung |date=2011 |title=MYANMAR'S 2010 ELECTIONS: Continuity and Change |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41418644 |journal=Southeast Asian Affairs |pages=190–207 |jstor=41418644}} The NLD was executed from participating in these elections as the Election Commission declared them "null and void" in accordance with election laws.{{cite news|title=Sixty Years after Human Rights Declaration Adopted Challenge Remains Same — Bringing Vision Closer to Ground, so It Touches 'Lives of Real People', Third Committee Told|publisher=United Nations| date=20 October 2010|access-date=20 October 2012|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/gashc3984.doc.htm}} The NLD, was however, allowed to participate in the 2012 by-elections that followed, and Suu Kyi – released from house arrest in 2010 – won a seat in the Pyithu Hluttaw.{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2012 |title=Myanmar confirms sweeping election victory for Suu Kyi's party |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/04/04/world/asia/myanmar-elections/index.html |website=CNN}}{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2012 |title=Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi wins by-election: NLD party |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-17577620 |website=BBC}}
In the 2015 general election, the National League for Democracy won an absolute majority of seats, taking 86 percent of the seats in the Assembly of the Union well over the 67 percent supermajority needed to ensure that its preferred candidates will be elected president and first vice president.{{Cite web |date=November 13, 2015 |title=Aung San Suu Kyi wins outright majority in Myanmar election |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/13/aung-san-suu-kyi-wins-myanmar-landmark-election |website=The Guardian}}{{Cite web |date=November 16, 2015 |title=Burma Elections 2015 |url=https://www.hrw.org/blog-feed/burma-elections-2015 |website=Human Rights watch}}
In the 2020 elections, the NLD won 920 of the total 1,117 seats, which was met with claims of fraud from USDP and the military. As a result of widespread investigations and civil unrest, a second coup d'etat occurred in February 2021, and a state of emergency rule was declared.{{Cite journal |date=February 22, 2021 |doi=10.1080/03068374.2021.1886429 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03068374.2021.1886429?journalCode=raaf20 |title=The 2020 Myanmar Election and the 2021 Coup: Deepening Democracy or Widening Division? |last1=Kipgen |first1=Nehginpao |journal=Asian Affairs |volume=52 |pages=1–17 |s2cid=232245443 |url-access=subscription }} This state of emergency was extended twice, and as of February 2023, is meant to end in August 2023.{{Cite web |date=February 2, 2023 |title=Myanmar military rulers extend state of emergency by six months |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/1/myanmar-military-rulers-extend-state-of-emergency-by-six-months |website=Al Jazeera}}
Notes
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References
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External links
- [http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/b/burma/ Adam Carr's Election Archive]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725100310/http://sacredmediacow.com/?p=1268%2F Audio Interview with Mr. Kyaw Zwa Moe, managing editor of Irrawady News Media on Burma and Elections]
- {{cite book|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-east-asia/burma-myanmar/266-myanmar-s-electoral-landscape.pdf|title=Myanmar's Electoral Landscape|author=International Crisis Group|date=28 April 2015|access-date=22 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522111108/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-east-asia/burma-myanmar/266-myanmar-s-electoral-landscape.pdf|archive-date=22 May 2015|url-status=dead}}
{{Burmese elections|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Asia topic|Elections in}}
{{Burma (Myanmar) topics}}