Embolemidae
{{Short description|Family of wasps}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| oldest_fossil = Barremian
| image = Embolemus nearcticus.jpg
| image_caption = Embolemus nearcticus
| taxon = Embolemidae
| authority = Förster, 1856
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = *†Baissobius Rasnitsyn, 1975
- †Cretembolemus Omni et al., 2014
- †Embolemopsis Omni et al., 2010
- Embolemus Westwood, 1833
- †Ponomarenkoa Omni, 2010
- Trogloembolemus Omni et al., 2014
}}
Embolemidae is a family of small solitary parasitoid wasps with around 70 species in 2 genera distributed around the world.van Achterberg, Cornelis & Kats, R.. (2000). Revision of the Palaearctic Embolemidae (Hymenoptera). Zoöl. Med. 74 (2000), 17: 251-269. The few species whose biology is known are parasites on planthopper nymphs of the families Achilidae and Cixiidae.{{Cite journal|last1=Perkovsky|first1=Evgeny E.|last2=Olmi|first2=Massimo|last3=Müller|first3=Patrick|last4=Guglielmino|first4=Adalgisa|last5=Jarzembowski|first5=Edmund A.|last6=Capradossi|first6=Leonardo|last7=Rasnitsyn|first7=Alexandr P.|date= November 2020|title=A review of the fossil Embolemidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea), with description of seven new species and history of the family|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667120303955|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=121 |language=en|pages=104708|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104708|s2cid=229502829 |url-access=subscription}} There is debate regarding the status of the genus named Ampulicomorpha by Ashmead in 1893, generally considered now to be a junior synonym of Embolemus (e.g.,), though some authorities dispute this (e.g.,)
Biology
Females are wingless while males have wings, and in temperate regions emerge later than the females, which overwinter as adults.{{cite web | url = http://www.bwars.com/wasp/embolemidae/embolemus-ruddii | title = Embolemus ruddii (Westwood,1833) | access-date = 8 July 2017 | publisher = Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society | author = J.T. Burn | year = 1997}} The wingless females have been recorded from the nests of ants and small mammal burrows,{{cite web | url = http://www.waspweb.org/Chrysidoidea/Embolemidae/index.htm | title = Embolemidae | access-date = 8 July 2017 | publisher = Iziko Museums of South Africa | work = WaspWeb: Hymenoptera of the Afrotropical region | author = Simon van Noort | year = 2017}} or under stones in pastures and grasslands, and they appear to be ant mimics. A Palearctic species, Embolemus ruddii, has been found in association with the ant species Formica fusca and Lasius flavus, while in Japan, Embolemus walkeri was taken in a nest of another ant, from the genus Myrmica. A Nearctic species, Embolemus confusus, has been reared from nymphs of a planthopper in the family Achilidae, where the host fed on fungi beneath the bark of rotting logs. The wasp larva lives in a bulging sac attached to the host nymph between the second and third segments.{{cite web | url = http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/identify/embolem.htm | title = HYMENOPTERA, Embolemidae (Chrysidoidea) (formerly Bethyloidea) | access-date = 8 July 2017 | publisher = University of California, Riverside}}
Fossil species
After{{Cite web|last=Ross|first=Andrew|date=21 June 2021|title=Burmese (Myanmar) amber taxa, on-line supplement v.2021.1|url=https://www.nms.ac.uk/media/1164144/burmese-amber-taxa-v2021_1.pdf|access-date=5 November 2021|website=National Museums Scotland}}
- †Baissobius Rasnitsyn 1975
- †Baissobius carolianus Rasnitsyn 1996 Dzun-Bain Formation, Mongolia, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
- †Baissobius minimus Rasnitsyn 1996 Zaza Formation, Russia, Aptian
- †Baissobius minutus Olmi et al. 2010 Zaza Formation, Russia, Aptian
- †Baissobius parvus Rasnitsyn 1975 Zaza Formation, Russia, Aptian
- †Cretembolemus Olmi et al. 2014
- †Cretembolemus orapensis Olmi et al. 2014 Orapa, Botswana, Late Cretaceous (Turonian)
- †Embolemopsis Olmi et al. 2010
- †Embolemopsis baissensis Olmi et al. 2010 Zaza Formation, Russia, Aptian
- †Embolemopsis maryannae Olmi, Jarzembowski, Capradossi and Perkovsky, 2020 Wessex Formation, United Kingdom, Early Cretaceous (Barremian)
- Embolemus Westwood 1833 (incl. Ampulicomorpha Ashmead, 1893)
- †Embolemus antiquus Perkovsky et al., 2021 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)
- †Embolemus brachypterus Olmi et al., 2021 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
- †Embolemus burmensis Perkovsky et al., 2021 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
- †Embolemus cretacicus Perkovsky et al., 2021 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
- †Embolemus excitus Perrichot and Engel 2011 Baltic amber, Eocene
- †Embolemus janzeni (Olmi et al., 2014) Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
- †Embolemus micropterus Olmi et al., 2021 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
- †Embolemus ohmkuhnlei Perkovsky et al., 2021 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
- †Embolemus perialla (Ortega-Blanco et al., 2011) Spanish amber, Early Cretaceous (Albian)
- †Embolemus quesnoyensis (Chény, Guillam, Nel and Perrichot, 2020) Oise amber, France, Eocene (Ypresian)
- †Embolemus succinalis (Brues, 1933) Baltic amber, Rovno amber, Eocene
- †Embolemus zherikhini Perkovsky et al., 2021 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
- †Ponomarenkoa Olmi 2010
- †Ponomarenkoa burmensis Perkovsky et al., 2021 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
- †Ponomarenkoa ellenbergeri Olmi et al. 2013 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
- †Ponomarenkoa polonica Ponomarenko 1988 Baltic amber, Eocene
References
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{{Hymenoptera}}
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