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Engishiki

{{Short description|Japanese book about laws and customs}}

{{italic title}}

{{Shinto}}

The {{Nihongo|Engishiki|延喜式||extra="Procedures of the Engi Era"}} is a Japanese book of laws and customs. The major part of the writing was completed in 927.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA178&dq= "Engi-shiki"] in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 178.

History

Emperor Daigo ordered the compilation of the Engishiki in 905. Although previous attempts at codification are known to have taken place, neither the Konin nor the Jogan Gishiki"Jogan Gishiki" in Stuart D. B. Pecken, ed., Historical Dictionary of Shinto. Second edition. (Lanham, MD, USA: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2011) p. 139. survive, making the Engishiki important for early Japanese historical and religious studies." Engishiki" in Stuart D. B. Pecken, ed., Historical Dictionary of Shinto. Second edition. (Lanham, MD, USA: Scarecrow Press, Inv, 2011) p. 92.

Fujiwara no Tokihira began the task, but work stalled when he died four years later in 909. His brother Fujiwara no Tadahira continued the work in 912 eventually completing it in 927.

While the Engishiki was presented to the throne in 927, it was not used as a basis for enacting policy until 967. Possible reasons for this delay in application include a need for it to be revised, the fact that it was simply a record of already existing systems, and also that some of those systems functioned in name only.{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge history of Japan. 2: Heian Japan / ed. by Donald H. Shively and William H. McCullough |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Pr |isbn=978-0-521-22353-9 |editor-last=Shively |editor-first=Donald H. |edition=Repr |location=Cambridge |pages=366}}

Contents

The text is 50 volumes in lengths and is organized by department:

  • volumes 1–10: Department of Worship: In addition to regulating ceremonials including Daijōsai (the first Niiname-sai following the accession of a new emperor) and worship at Ise Grand Shrine and Saikū, this section of the Engishiki recorded liturgical texts and 2,861 officially recognized Shinto shrines as well as 3,131 officially-recognized kami." Engishiki" in Stuart D. B. Pecken, ed., Historical Dictionary of Shinto. Second edition. (Lanham, MD, USA: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2011) p. 92.
  • volumes 11–40: Department of State and Eight Ministries
  • volumes 41–49: Other departments
  • volume 50: Miscellaneous laws

''Engishiki Jinmyōchō''

The Engishiki Jinmyōchō is the part of the Engishiki where the main shrines and kami of Japan are listed. Shrines listed in the Engishiki are referred to collectively as {{Nihongo|2=式内社|3=shikinaisha|4="in Engishiki shrines"}} while shrines that existed at the time but were not included are called {{Nihongo|2=式外社|3=shikigesha|4="out of Engishiki shrines"}}.{{Cite book |title=神社の由来がわかる小事典 |date=2007 |publisher=PHP研究所 |isbn=978-4-569-69396-5 |location=東京 |language=ja |trans-title=The Little Dictionary for Understanding the Origin of Shrines}}

There are 2,861 shrines and 3,132 kami listed in the Engishiki, divided into four categories based on whether they were imperially or nationally run, and major or minor:{{Cite book |last=Hardacre |first=Helen |title=Shinto: a history |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University press |isbn=978-0-19-062171-1 |location=New York (N.Y.) |pages=9}}

  • {{Nihongo|Major imperial shrine|官幣大社|kanpei taisha}} - 198 shrines and 304 kami
  • {{Nihongo|Minor imperial shrine|官幣小社|kanpei shōsha}} - 375 in total and 433 kami
  • {{Nihongo|Major national shrine|国幣大社|kokuhei taisha}} - 155 in total and 188 kami
  • {{Nihongo|Minor national shrine|国幣小社|kokuhei shōsha}} - 2,133 in total and 2,207 kami

In addition to listing officially recognized shrines and kami, the Jinmyōchō notes 285 kami of those officially recognized as having the title of {{Nihongo|2=名神|3=myōjin}} due to their particularly noteworthy power.{{Cite book |last=Bowring |first=Richard |title=The religious traditions of Japan, 500 - 1600 |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-521-72027-4 |location=Cambridge |pages=186}}

Shrine lists

These are non-exhaustive lists of shrines of the given categories defined by the Engishiki

= List of Myojin Taisha =

= List of Shikinai Taisha =

= List of Shikinai Shosha =

See also

References

{{reflist}}

Further reading

  • {{NKBJ}}
  • {{NKBD}}
  • Gressit Felicia (1970). Engi-shiki; procedures of the Engi era. Felicia Gressitt. Sophia University, Tokyo

External links

  • [https://jhti.berkeley.edu/Engi%20shiki.html Japanese text and English translation] at the Japanese Historical Text Initiative
  • Manuscript scans, Waseda University Library: volumes [http://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/wa03/wa03_01594/ 1-50] and [http://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/wa03/wa03_01350/ 8-10]

{{Shinto Shrines}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Government of Japan

Category:920s in Japan

Category:Law of Japan

Category:Society of Japan

Category:Late Old Japanese texts

Category:Law books

Category:Legal history of Japan

Category:Shinto texts

Category:10th century in law

Category:10th-century Japanese books

Category:927

Category:Engishiki Jinmyocho