Ephemerality#Geographical features

An ephemeral stream is that which only exists following precipitation.{{Cite journal|last1=De Jong|first1=Grant D.|last2=Canton|first2=Steven P.|date=2013|title=Presence of long-lived invertebrate taxa and hydrologic permanence|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2012.738252|journal=Journal of Freshwater Ecology|volume=28|issue=2|pages=277–282|doi=10.1080/02705060.2012.738252|s2cid=83612253 |issn=0270-5060}} They are not the same as intermittent or seasonal waterbodies, which exist for longer periods, but not all year round.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} Ephemeral streams can be difficult to "conceptually defin[e]"; those that are discontinuous, due to altering between aggradation or degradation, have the appearance of continual change.{{Cite journal|last=Bull|first=William B.|date=1997|title=Discontinuous ephemeral streams|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X97000160|journal=Geomorphology|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=227–276|doi=10.1016/S0169-555X(97)00016-0|bibcode=1997Geomo..19..227B |issn=0169-555X}}{{Cite journal|last1=Tramblay|first1=Yves|last2=Rutkowska|first2=Agnieszka|last3=Sauquet|first3=Eric|last4=Sefton|first4=Catherine|last5=Laaha|first5=Gregor|last6=Osuch|first6=Marzena|last7=Albuquerque|first7=Teresa|last8=Alves|first8=Maria Helena|last9=Banasik|first9=Kazimierz|last10=Beaufort|first10=Aurelien|last11=Brocca|first11=Luca|date=2021|title=Trends in flow intermittence for European rivers|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2020.1849708|journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal|volume=66|issue=1|pages=37–49|doi=10.1080/02626667.2020.1849708|hdl=10261/266227 |s2cid=228921477 |issn=0262-6667|hdl-access=free}} Furthermore, the characteristics of terrain and rainfall are profound in affecting ephemeral streams.{{Cite journal |last1=Serrano-Notivoli |first1=Roberto |last2=Martínez-Salvador |first2=Alberto |last3=García-Lorenzo |first3=Rafael |last4=Espín-Sánchez |first4=David |last5=Conesa-García |first5=Carmelo |date=2022 |title=Rainfall–runoff relationships at event scale in western Mediterranean ephemeral streams |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/26/1243/2022/ |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |language=English |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=1243–1260 |doi=10.5194/hess-26-1243-2022 |bibcode=2022HESS...26.1243S |s2cid=247332775 |issn=1027-5606|doi-access=free }} Ephemeral waterbodies experience formative change upon the end of a hydroperiod. "Due to lack of continuous hydrology data, the designation of sites as ephemeral or intermittent is necessarily tenuous". Ephemeral streams feature a low degree of hydrological connectivity.{{Cite journal |last1=Segev |first1=Ori |last2=Blaustein |first2=Leon |date=2014 |title=Influence of water velocity and predation risk on fire salamander (Salamandra infraimmaculata) larval drift among temporary pools in ephemeral streams |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/676634 |journal=Freshwater Science |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=950–957 |doi=10.1086/676634 |jstor=10.1086/676634 |s2cid=85331539 |issn=2161-9549}}

File:2006-05-20 - Staircase Falls.jpg in Yosemite National Park only flows after heavy rainfall or snowmelt]]

File:LakeBadwater.JPG within Death Valley National Park during the unusually wet winter and spring of 2005]]

Small wetlands are often ephemeral and ephemeral ecosystems are often aquatic; ephemeral wetlands, streams and ponds are a varied and global occurrence.{{Cite journal|last=Ogden|first=Lesley Evans|date=2017|title=Dried Out: Aquatic biodiversity faces challenges in a drying climate.|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=11|pages=949–956|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix115|issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last=O'Neill|first=Brian J.|date=2016|title=Community disassembly in ephemeral ecosystems|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44082190|journal=Ecology|volume=97|issue=12|pages=3285–3292|doi=10.1002/ecy.1604 |jstor=44082190 |pmid=27861768 |issn=0012-9658}} In northeastern United States, ephemeral freshwater systems are abundant and are "critical to the maintenance of forest biodiversity".{{Cite journal |last=Brooks |first=Robert T. |date=2009 |title=Potential impacts of global climate change on the hydrology and ecology of ephemeral freshwater systems of the forests of the northeastern United States |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10584-008-9531-9 |journal=Climatic Change |language=en |volume=95 |issue=3–4 |pages=469–483 |doi=10.1007/s10584-008-9531-9 |bibcode=2009ClCh...95..469B |s2cid=154713741 |issn=0165-0009}} Hydroperiod, predation, competition and food availability are among the "highly heterogeneous" elements of these features. In tropical biomes, amphibians often reside in ephemeral habitats during dry seasons; opportunistic species utilise similar and ephemeral habitats for food, sleep or mating.{{Cite journal|last1=Brandão|first1=Reuber A.|last2=Fenker|first2=Jéssica|last3=Lopes|first3=Bruno E. Pires de Carmago|last4=de Sena|first4=Vitor M. de Alcantara|last5=Vasconcelos|first5=Beatriz D.|date=2020|title=Diet of terrestrial anurans in an ephemeral and simplified habitat during the dry season in the Brazilian Cerrado|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2020.1755373|journal=Ethology Ecology & Evolution|volume=32|issue=6|pages=527–550|doi=10.1080/03949370.2020.1755373|s2cid=219744576 |issn=0394-9370}} Environments akin to ephemeral ponds can be very significant sites of reproduction for amphibians; many other organism make use of ephemeral ponds, pools and streams to breed.{{Cite journal|last1=Almeida-Gomes|first1=Mauricio|last2=Rocha|first2=Carlos F. D.|last3=Vieira|first3=Marcus V.|date=2016|title=Local and Landscape Factors Driving the Structure of Tropical Anuran Communities: Do Ephemeral Ponds have a Nested Pattern?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48574984|journal=Biotropica|volume=48|issue=3|pages=365–372|doi=10.1111/btp.12285 |jstor=48574984 |s2cid=87000604 |issn=0006-3606}} Those which do utilise these sites are significantly constrained by time thus they mature, reproduce or disperse before evaporation.{{Cite journal |last1=Jocqué |first1=Merlijn |last2=Riddoch |first2=Bruce J. |last3=Brendonck |first3=Luc |date=2007 |title=Successional phases and species replacements in freshwater rock pools: towards a biological definition of ephemeral systems |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01802.x |journal=Freshwater Biology |volume=52 |issue=9 |pages=1734–1744 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01802.x |issn=0046-5070}} Ephemeral pools lasting only days or weeks are exclusively used for breeding by Fletcher's frog regardless of the precarious survival of offspring.{{Cite journal |last1=Gould |first1=John |last2=Clulow |first2=John |last3=Clulow |first3=Simon |date=2022 |title=High clutch failure rate due to unpredictable rainfall for an ephemeral pool-breeding frog |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-022-05139-2 |journal=Oecologia |volume=198 |issue=3 |pages=699–710 |doi=10.1007/s00442-022-05139-2 |pmid=35247072 |pmc=8956532 |bibcode=2022Oecol.198..699G |issn=0029-8549}} Fletcher's frogs use these sites to exploit them, by-passing predation and competition. Tadpoles, however, are hindered by ephemeral streams, as can surrounding systems.{{Cite journal |last1=Oh |first1=Dogeun |last2=Kim |first2=Yongsu |last3=Yoo |first3=Sohee |last4=Kang |first4=Changku |date=2021 |title=Habitat ephemerality affects the evolution of contrasting growth strategies and cannibalism in anuran larvae |journal=PeerJ |volume=9 |pages=e12172 |doi=10.7717/peerj.12172 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=8445080 |pmid=34603854 |doi-access=free }} Limited and unpredictable food availability means ephemeral waterbodies may be rife with cannibalism.{{Cite journal |last1=Gould |first1=John |last2=Clulow |first2=John |last3=Clulow |first3=Simon |date=2020 |editor-last=Goymann |editor-first=Wolfgang |title=Food, not friend: Tadpoles of the sandpaper frog ( Lechriodus fletcheri ) cannibalise conspecific eggs as a food resource in ephemeral pools |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eth.12995 |journal=Ethology |language=en |volume=126 |issue=4 |pages=486–491 |doi=10.1111/eth.12995 |s2cid=213241715 |issn=0179-1613}} Specific adaptions to ephemeral pools are abundant.{{Cite journal |last1=Wellborn |first1=Gary A. |last2=Skelly |first2=David K. |last3=Werner |first3=Earl E. |date=1996 |title=Mechanisms Creating Community Structure Across a Freshwater Habitat Gradient |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.337 |journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=337–363 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.337 |issn=0066-4162}} Human alterations to the habitats of ephemeral nectar that flying foxes consume has led to urban migration.{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-38953-0 |title=Sociality in Bats |publisher=Springer |year=2016 |isbn=978-3-319-38953-0 |editor-last=Ortega |editor-first=Jorge |pages=105–139 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-38953-0|s2cid=44759441 }} Climate change significantly affects ephemeral freshwater systems and changes in climates may be precisely identified by the ecosystems of ephemeral pools.{{Cite journal |last1=Hulsmans |first1=Ann |last2=Vanschoenwinkel |first2=Bram |last3=Pyke |first3=Chris |last4=Riddoch |first4=Bruce J. |last5=Brendonck |first5=Luc |date=2008 |title=Quantifying the Hydroregime of a Temporary Pool Habitat: A Modelling Approach for Ephemeral Rock Pools in SE Botswana |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-007-9110-3 |journal=Ecosystems |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=89–100 |doi=10.1007/s10021-007-9110-3 |s2cid=3242106 |issn=1435-0629}}

Ephemeral habitat patches have repeatedly been assessed as detrimental to metapopulation persistence, although metapopulations are not always negatively affected by ephemeral landscapes.{{Cite journal|last1=Reigada|first1=Carolina|last2=Schreiber|first2=Sebastian J.|last3=Altermatt|first3=Florian|last4=Holyoak|first4=Marcel|last5=Berger|first5=Uta|last6=Bronstein|first6=Judith L.|date=2015|title=Metapopulation Dynamics on Ephemeral Patches|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/679502|journal=The American Naturalist|volume=185|issue=2|pages=183–195|doi=10.1086/679502|jstor=10.1086/679502 |pmid=25616138 |s2cid=15472069 |issn=0003-0147}} These patches occur as a result of the habitat's turnover.{{Cite journal |last1=Altermatt |first1=Florian |last2=Bieger |first2=Annette |last3=Morgan |first3=Steven G. |date=2012 |title=Habitat characteristics and metapopulation dynamics of the copepod Tigriopus californicus |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |volume=468 |pages=85–93 |doi=10.3354/meps09994 |jstor=24876158 |bibcode=2012MEPS..468...85A |issn=0171-8630|doi-access=free }} Ephemeral streams have, relative to their perennial counterparts, lower species richness; the streams are "potentially demanding" for inhabitants, although some species do reside.{{Cite journal|last1=Pohe|first1=Stephen R.|last2=Wade|first2=M. Lyn|last3=Winterbourn|first3=Michael J.|last4=Ball|first4=Olivier J.-P.|date=2020|title=Invertebrate fauna of ephemeral streams on Hauturu-o-Toi/Little Barrier Island in northern New Zealand|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2019.1576214|journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology|volume=47|issue=1|pages=53–70|doi=10.1080/03014223.2019.1576214|s2cid=91835792 |issn=0301-4223}}

Ephemeral rivers sometimes form waterholes in geological depressions or areas scoured by erosion, and are common in arid regions of Australia.{{cite journal | last=Cockayne | first=Bernie | title=Climate change effects on waterhole persistence in rivers of the Lake Eyre Basin, Australia | journal=Journal of Arid Environments | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=187 | year=2021 | issn=0140-1963 | doi=10.1016/j.jaridenv.2020.104428 | page=104428}}{{cite web | title=The Wondrous Waterholes of Northern Australia | website=Australian River Restoration Centre | date=4 December 2015 | url=https://arrc.au/the-wondrous-waterholes-of-northern-australia/ | access-date=9 February 2024}}

The ephemerality of a river network is a particularly significant element in the hydrological transmission of waterborne diseases, via a direct and indirect presence in the transmission cycle – the nature of the disease and area covered are important factors as well.{{Cite journal|last1=Perez-Saez|first1=Javier|last2=Mande|first2=Theophile|last3=Larsen|first3=Joshua|last4=Ceperley|first4=Natalie|last5=Rinaldo|first5=Andrea|date=2017|title=Classification and prediction of river network ephemerality and its relevance for waterborne disease epidemiology|journal=Advances in Water Resources|language=en|volume=110|pages=263–278|doi=10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.10.003|bibcode=2017AdWR..110..263P |issn=0309-1708|doi-access=free}} Diseases like malaria, dengue fever, chikungunya, zika and schistosomiasis are found in ephemeral waterbodies due to their vectors' relation toward and/or reliance on them.{{Cite journal |last1=Rinaldo |first1=Andrea |last2=Rodriguez-Iturbe |first2=Ignacio |date=2022 |title=Ecohydrology 2.0 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12210-022-01071-y |journal=Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=245–270 |doi=10.1007/s12210-022-01071-y |pmid=35673327 |pmc=9165276 |bibcode=2022RLSFN..33..245R |issn=2037-4631}}

Examples of ephemeral streams are the Luni river in Rajasthan, India, Ugab River in Southern Africa, and a number of small ephemeral watercourses that drain Talak in northern Niger. Other notable ephemeral rivers include the Todd River and Sandover River in Central Australia as well as the Son River, Batha River, and the Trabancos River.

Any endorheic basin, or closed basin, that contains a playa (dry lake) at its drainage lowpoint can become an ephemeral lake. Examples include Lake Carnegie in Western Australia, Lake Cowal in New South Wales, Mystic Lake and Rogers Lake in California, and Sevier Lake in Utah. Even the driest and lowest place in North America, Death Valley (more specifically Badwater Basin), became flooded with a short-lived ephemeral lake in the spring of 2005."[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7182113 Death Valley Alive With Wildflowers]", MSNBC (March 14, 2005). Costelloe et al. (2009) describes salt lakes found in the arid zone of Australia as profoundly ephemeral.{{Cite journal |last1=Costelloe |first1=Justin F. |last2=Irvine |first2=Elizabeth C. |last3=Western |first3=Andrew W. |last4=Herczeg |first4=Andrew L. |date=2009 |title=Groundwater Recharge and Discharge Dynamics in an Arid-Zone Ephemeral Lake System, Australia |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=86–100 |doi=10.4319/lo.2009.54.1.0086 |jstor=40058399 |bibcode=2009LimOc..54...86C |s2cid=129599417 |issn=0024-3590|doi-access=free }}

There are also ephemeral islands such as Banua Wuhu and Home Reef. These islands appear when volcanic activity increases their height above sea level, but disappear over several years due to wave erosion. Bassas da India, on the other hand, is a near-sea level island that appears only at low tide.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} On account of changing demarcation, shores exist as ephemeral.{{Cite journal |last1=Gulick |first1=Sean P.S. |last2=Miller |first2=Kenneth |last3=Keleman |first3=Peter |last4=Morgan |first4=Joanna|author4-link= Joanna Morgan |last5=Proust |first5=Jean-Noel |last6=Takazawa |first6=Eiichi |date=2019 |title=Scientific Drilling across the Shoreline |journal=Oceanography |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=157–159 |doi=10.5670/oceanog.2019.139 |jstor=26604970 |s2cid=134824825 |issn=1042-8275|doi-access=free }}

Only a small amount of southern Costa Rica's secondary forests reach maturity, indicating that they may be "generally ephemeral".{{Cite journal|last1=Reid|first1=J. Leighton|last2=Fagan|first2=Matthew E.|last3=Lucas|first3=James|last4=Slaughter|first4=Joshua|last5=Zahawi|first5=Rakan A.|date=2019|title=The ephemerality of secondary forests in southern Costa Rica|journal=Conservation Letters|language=en|volume=12|issue=2|doi=10.1111/conl.12607|s2cid=91258573 |issn=1755-263X|doi-access=free}} Deciduous forests, via the seasonal change of leaves, are subject to natural ephemeral changes. Ephemeral pools located in forests are commonly known as "vernal pools", often lasting in a seasonal manner. Landscapes feature ephemeral changes of both natural and man-made origin.{{Cite journal|last=Brassley|first=Paul|date=1998|title=On the unrecognized significance of the ephemeral landscape|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01426399808706531|journal=Landscape Research|volume=23|issue=2|pages=119–132|doi=10.1080/01426399808706531|issn=0142-6397}} Furrows, haystacks and sheaves are ephemeral aspects of a landscape.

{{main|Ephemeral plant}}

Plants whose life cycle is significantly less than the time of a growing season are deemed ephemeral.{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1100041140|title=A Dictionary of Biology|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2019|isbn=978-0-19-186081-2|editor-last=Hine|editor-first=Roberts|edition=8th|chapter=Ephemeral|oclc=1100041140}} Winter annuals, Epilobium and Senecio vulgaris are examples of ephemeral plants.{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/619552330|title=A Dictionary of Ecology|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-956766-9|editor-last=Allaby|editor-first=Michael|edition=4th|chapter=Ephemeral|oclc=619552330}} The conditions for ephemeral plants are markedly present in deserts.

Animals can be ephemeral, with brine shrimp and the mayfly being examples. The placenta is considered an ephemeral organ present during gestation and pregnancy.

Ephemerality is a component of olfaction, breathing, speech and memory, aligned with permanency in the latter.{{Cite book|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198722304.001.0001/oso-9780198722304|title=Perceptual Ephemera|date=2018-07-19|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-872230-4|editor-last=Crowther|editor-first=Thomas|volume=1|pages=89|language=en|doi=10.1093/oso/9780198722304.001.0001|editor2-last=Mac Cumhaill|editor2-first=Clare}}{{Cite journal|last=Chun|first=Wendy Hui Kyong|date=2008|title=The Enduring Ephemeral, or the Future Is a Memory|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/595632|journal=Critical Inquiry|language=en|volume=35|issue=1|pages=148–171|doi=10.1086/595632|s2cid=162327675 |issn=0093-1896}}{{sfn|Fuller|Saunders|Macnaughton|2021|p=486}}{{Cite journal |last1=Goldman |first1=Jerry |last2=Renals |first2=Steve |last3=Bird |first3=Steven |last4=de Jong |first4=Franciska |last5=Federico |first5=Marcello |last6=Fleischhauer |first6=Carl |last7=Kornbluh |first7=Mark |last8=Lamel |first8=Lori |last9=Oard |first9=Douglas W. |last10=Stewart |first10=Claire |last11=Wright |first11=Richard |date=2005 |title=Accessing the spoken word |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00799-004-0101-0 |journal=International Journal on Digital Libraries |language=en |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=287–298 |doi=10.1007/s00799-004-0101-0 |s2cid=8047589 |issn=1432-1300}} With regards to witnessing an artwork in a museum, limited research indicates that the ephemerality of solely gazing at the artwork results in greater remembrance compared to the resulting memory from taking a photograph.{{Cite journal|last1=van Nimwegen|first1=Christof|last2=Bergman|first2=Kristi|date=2019|title=Effects on cognition of the burn after reading principle in ephemeral media applications|journal=Behaviour & Information Technology|volume=38|issue=10|pages=1060–1067|doi=10.1080/0144929x.2019.1659853|s2cid=202782412 |issn=0144-929X|doi-access=free}} Psychologists have studied why ephemerality may improve memory retention; social psychologist Karl E. Scheibe, conversely, suggested that ephemeral images are only memorable if repeated.{{Cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=Colin |last2=Sands |first2=Sean |last3=Treen |first3=Emily |last4=McFerran |first4=Brent |date=2021 |title=Fleeting, But Not Forgotten: Ephemerality as a Means to Increase Recall of Advertising |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1094996821000360 |journal=Journal of Interactive Marketing |language=en |volume=56 |pages=96–105 |doi=10.1016/j.intmar.2021.06.001 |s2cid=239629237 |issn=1094-9968}} The ephemerality of memory leads objects to assume the function of begeting remembrance on account of their greater stability.{{Cite journal |last1=Zarzycka |first1=Marta |last2=Mogul |first2=Jonathan |date=2015 |title=Introduction: Souvenirs and Objects of Remembrance |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24739829 |journal=The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts |volume=27 |pages=7–11 |jstor=24739829 |issn=0888-7314}}

{{See also|Ephemera}}

Objects which are ephemeral, per one perspective, are those whose compositional material experience chemical or physical changes and are thus permanently altered; this process occurs in a matter of decades.{{Cite journal|last=Hornbeck|first=Stephanie E.|date=2009|title=A Conservation Conundrum: Ephemeral Art at the National Museum of African Art|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20627009|journal=African Arts|volume=42|issue=3|pages=52–61|doi=10.1162/afar.2009.42.3.52 |jstor=20627009 |s2cid=57570843 |issn=0001-9933}} Furthermore, ephemerality can be perceived as defiance of value or durability; common uses of the term indicate a "complicated relationship between temporality and value".{{sfn|The Multigraph Collective|2018|p=127}} Ephemerality is a matter of varying scale and can affect the entire spectrum of literature, from a "finely bound" Bible to a "hastily printed" handbill: "Paper is the medium of permanence and ephemerality at once".{{sfn|The Multigraph Collective|2018|p=126}}{{Cite book |last=Schaffer |first=Talia |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195398045.001.0001 |title=Novel Craft: Victorian Domestic Handicraft and Nineteenth-Century Fiction |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539804-5 |pages=68|doi=10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195398045.001.0001 }}{{Sfn|Wasserman|2020|p=110}} Due to them often outlasting their expressed purpose, these objects can be perceived as temporal and ontological oddities; ephemerality has been described as constitutionally liminal.{{Sfn|Wasserman|2020|p=6}}{{Cite journal|last=Purpura|first=Allyson|date=2009|title=Framing the Ephemeral|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20627005|journal=African Arts|volume=42|issue=3|pages=11–15|doi=10.1162/afar.2009.42.3.11 |jstor=20627005 |s2cid=57568572 |issn=0001-9933}}{{Cite journal|last=Parkins|first=Ilya|date=2010|title=Fashion as Methodology|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0961463x09354420|journal=Time & Society|volume=19|issue=1|pages=98–119|doi=10.1177/0961463x09354420|s2cid=145724698 |issn=0961-463X}} Ephemerality has been seen as indicative of epochs like the Printing Revolution, a greater expansion thereof, the Baroque era, the Victorian era, the Georgian era, modernity, or the "emergent post-print age".{{Cite journal |last=Russell |first=Gillian |date=2014 |title=The neglected history of the history of printed ephemera |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00766232&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA394113310&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Melbourne Historical Journal |language=English |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=7–37}}{{Cite book |first=Dror |last=Wahrman |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/813232892 |title=Mr. Collier's Letter Racks: A Tale of Art & Illusion at the Threshold of the Modern Information Age |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-973886-1 |page=20 |oclc=813232892}}{{Cite journal |last=Quinz |first=Emanuele |date=2014 |title=For an Esthetics of the Ephemeral |url=https://hybrid.univ-paris8.fr/lodel/index.php?id=314 |journal=Hybrid |volume=1 |pages=49–59}}{{Cite book |last=Stubenrauch |first=Joseph |url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198783374.001.0001/acprof-9780198783374 |title=The Evangelical Age of Ingenuity in Industrial Britain |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-19-878337-4 |page=16 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198783374.001.0001}}{{Cite book |last=Fyfe |first=Paul |url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198732334.001.0001/acprof-9780198732334 |title=By Accident or Design: Writing the Victorian Metropolis |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-19-873233-4 |pages=133 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198732334.001.0001}}{{Cite journal |last=Stewart |first=David |date=2013 |title=Hazlitt, The Living Poets, and Ephemerality |url=https://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/27762/3/HR%20Stewart%202013-4.pdf |journal=The Hazlitt Review |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=47–59}} The likes of food, clothes, novels, zines, illnesses, breath, regimes, persons, glass, ash and ephemera have been said to illustrate and/or be affected by ephemerality.{{Cite journal |last=Christensen |first=Danille Elise |date=2017 |title=Materializing the Everyday: "Safe" Scrapbooks, Aesthetic Mess, and the Rhetorics of Workmanship |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jfolkrese.54.3.04 |journal=Journal of Folklore Research |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=233–284 |doi=10.2979/jfolkrese.54.3.04 |jstor=10.2979/jfolkrese.54.3.04 |s2cid=149123338 |issn=0737-7037}}{{Sfn|Wasserman|2020|p=2}}{{Cite journal |last=Human |first=Deléne |date=2021 |title=Catching Ghosts and Consecrating the Forgotten: The Seen and Unseen in the Work of Diane Victor |journal=Pharos Journal of Theology |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=66–84 |doi=10.46222/pharosjot.102.16 |issn=2414-3324 |s2cid=237865158|doi-access=free }}{{Cite book |last=Attfield |first=Judy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRkMEAAAQBAJ |title=Wild Things: The Material Culture of Everyday Life |date=2000 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-350-07229-9 |page=63 |language=en}}{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/847131730 |title=Material Powers: Cultural Studies, History and the Material Turn |date=2010 |publisher=Routledge |others=Tony Bennett, Patrick Joyce |isbn=978-1-134-01516-0 |editor-last=Bennett |editor-first=Tony |location= |page=65 |oclc= 847131730|editor-last2=Joyce |editor-first2=Patrick}}{{sfn|The Multigraph Collective|2018|p=130}}{{sfn|Fuller|Saunders|Macnaughton|2021|p=17}} The new media of the 20th century conditioned perceptions of ephemerality in the 21st century—the advent of the telegraph, camera, and film projector instilled an understanding of ephemeral media.{{sfn|Zieger|2018|p=11}}{{Cite journal |last=Fraser |first=Alison |date=2019 |title=Mass Print, Clipping Bureaus, and the Pre-Digital Database: Reexamining Marianne Moore's Collage Poetics through the Archives |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/745755 |journal=Journal of Modern Literature |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=19–33 |doi=10.2979/jmodelite.43.1.02 |s2cid=213899584 |issn=1529-1464}} Scholars such as Charles Baudelaire, Georg Simmel, and Walter Benjamin saw the distinctly and intentionally ephemeral practice of fashion as emblematic of modernity.{{Cite book |last=Pecorari |first=Marco |title=Fashion Remains: Rethinking Ephemera in the Archive |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=9781350074774 |page=14}} Scholars have described ephemerality as affixed to the present, a present that is ephemeral insofar as it is contingent.{{sfn|Eeckhout|Goldfarb|2012|p=112, 118}}{{Cite book |last=Germain |first=Gilbert G. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/423389300 |title=Spirits in the Material World: The Challenge of Technology |date=2009 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-3368-2 |location= |page=92 |oclc=423389300}}

Baudelaire, who considered aesthetics to be centered around an interplay of the perennial and the ephemeral, defined the artistic component of modernity by its ephemeral quality.{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/949884201 |title=Thackeray in Time: History, Memory and Modernity |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |others=Richard Salmon, Alice Crossley |isbn=978-1-4724-1415-1 |editor-last=Salmon |editor-first=Richard |pages=17 |oclc=949884201 |editor2-last=Crossley |editor2-first=Alice}}{{Cite journal |last=Moran |first=Claire |date=2012 |title=Baudelaire, Daumier, and the Reinvention of History Painting |url=https://doi.org/10.1179/1478731811Z.00000000011 |journal=Dix-Neuf |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=49–61 |doi=10.1179/1478731811Z.00000000011 |s2cid=193194312}} Sarah Kofman posited that art is utilised to abate the "intolerable nature of all ephemeral things".{{Cite journal |last=Naas |first=Michael |date=2015 |title=Echoing Sentiments: Art and Melancholy in the Work of Pleshette DeArmitt |journal=Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=76–83 |doi=10.5195/jffp.2015.696 |issn=2155-1162|doi-access=free }} Ephemerality has been relevant to a considerable amount of art; various artists have drawn upon the matter to explore time, memory, politics, emotions, spirituality and death.{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/952728867 |title=Emotion, Place and Culture |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |others=Mick Smith |isbn=978-1-315-57923-8 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Makr |pages=149 |oclc=952728867 |editor2-last=Bondi |editor2-first=Liz |editor3-last=Davidson |editor3-first=Joyce}} The Dada, Fluxus, Surreal, and Futurist movements all incorporated ephemerality as have Kuba, Mono-ha, and ukiyo-e.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrilU_MmmLMC |title=Ephemeral Monuments: History and Conservation of Installation Art |publisher=Getty Conservation Institute |year=2013 |isbn=9781606061343 |editor-last=Ferriani |editor-first=Barbara |pages=7, 23 |editor2-last=Pugliese |editor2-first=Marina}}{{Cite journal |last=Ravicz |first=Marilyn Ekdahl |date=2009 |title=Ephemeral art: A case for the functions of aesthetic Stimuli |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/semi.1980.30.1-2.115/pdf |journal=Semoitca |volume=30 |issue=1–2 |pages=115–134 |doi=10.1515/semi.1980.30.1-2.115 |s2cid=170322468}}{{Cite journal |last1=Noriyuki |first1=Haraguchi |last2=Susumu |first2=Koshimizu |last3=Ufan |first3=Lee |last4=Nobuo |first4=Sekine |last5=Kishio |first5=Suga |last6=Goodall |first6=Hollis |last7=Hiro |first7=Rika Iezumi |date=2013 |title=Roundtable |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/555867 |journal=Review of Japanese Culture and Society |volume=25 |issue=25 |pages=235–237 |doi=10.1353/roj.2013.0001 |issn=2329-9770 |s2cid=246283112}}{{Cite journal |last1=Liu-Brennan |first1=Damien |last2=Bryce |first2=Mio |date=2010 |title=Japanese Fireworks (Hanabi): The Ephemeral Nature and Symbolism |url=https://researchers.mq.edu.au/en/publications/japanese-fireworks-hanabi-the-ephemeral-nature-and-symbolism |journal=International Journal of the Arts in Society |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=189–201}}{{Cite journal |last=Bouchard |first=Norma |date=1997 |title=Rereading Beckett's 'Dream of Fair to Middling Women' |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25781215 |journal=Samuel Beckett Today |volume=6 |pages=137–148 |doi=10.1163/18757405-90000056 |issn=0927-3131 |jstor=25781215}} Perceptions of ephemerality vary between cultures, from melancholy and mitigation to embrace.{{Cite journal |last=Campoli |first=Alessandra |date=2010 |title=Tropical Melancholy: The Ephemeral in Thai Visual Imagination |journal=4th Annual International ACSA Conference, the Visual Imagination: Across Boundaries |page=14}}{{Efn|Literature scholar Peter Schwenger further stated that "the traditional lament of the ephemeral object" is one of sadness at witnessing beauty fade away.{{sfn|Wasserman|2020|p=30}} Professor of English Andrea Henderson wrote that said lament occurs as a result of "attaching oneself to ephemeral objects", which are "made lovely" due to their short-lived nature. John Keats defined melancholy as profound desire resulting from ephemeral objects.{{Cite journal|last=Henderson|first=Andrea|date=2009|title=Mastery and Melancholy in Suburbia|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ecy.0.0034|journal=The Eighteenth Century|volume=50|issue=2–3|pages=221–244|doi=10.1353/ecy.0.0034|s2cid=143018535 |issn=1935-0201}}}} Performance art has frequently been described as ephemeral in nature; with regards to historical performances, the traces: playbills, scrapbooks of newspaper clippings and material artifacts are themselves ephemeral.{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/526106420 |title=Theorizing Visual Studies: Writing Through the Discipline |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-87793-0 |editor-last=Elkins |editor-first=James |location= |pages=113 |oclc= 526106420|editor-last2=McGuire |editor-first2=Kristi |editor-last3=Burns |editor-first3=Maureen |editor-last4=Chester |editor-first4=Alica |editor-last5=Kuennen |editor-first5=Joel}}{{Cite journal |last=Russell |first=Gillian |date=2015 |title=Sarah Sophia Banks's Private Theatricals: Ephemera, Sociability, and the Archiving of Fashionable Life |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/584625 |journal=Eighteenth-Century Fiction |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=535–555 |doi=10.3138/ecf.27.3.535 |issn=1911-0243 |s2cid=162841068}}

Literature is ephemeral, including definitions and "all printed texts".{{Cite journal |last=Calè |first=Luisa |date=2020 |title=Extra-Illustration and Ephemera: Altered Books and the Alternative Forms of the Fugitive Page |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/758814 |journal=Eighteenth-Century Life |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=111–135 |doi=10.1215/00982601-8218624 |issn=1086-3192 |s2cid=192946334}}{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Gillian |url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232192.001.0001/acprof-9780199232192 |title=Truth in Virtue of Meaning: A Defence of the Analytic/Synthetic Distinction |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-19-923219-2 |page=145 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232192.001.0001}} Ephemeral was first used colloquially in reference to printed matters.{{Sfn|Russell|2020|p=56}} By 1750, an "expansion of all kinds of ephemeral print" had occurred.{{Sfn|Russell|2020|p=33, 44}} Hazlitt contended that such ephemerality was the result of widespread aestheticism, thus the creations were subject to being abruptly disregarded due to the cascading "gaze of fashion". Wallace Stevens adjusted his poetic standards due to a "perception of ephemerality" that living in New York City instigated.{{sfn|Eeckhout|Goldfarb|2012|p=105}} Art Spiegelman asserted that the format of comics, even during degradation, defies ephemerality, although they have been deemed as such.{{Cite journal |last1=Spiegelman |first1=Art |last2=Johnston |first2=Phillip |last3=Randich |first3=Jean |last4=Moore |first4=Alice Rebecca |date=2003 |title=The Ephemeral Page Meets the Ephemeral Stage: Comix in Performance |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/41930 |journal=Theater |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=4–27 |doi=10.1215/01610775-33-1-5 |issn=1527-196X |s2cid=144410203}} Women's writing, the likes of diaries and political pamphlets, have amassed a status as long being ephemeral, acknowledged by some affected in the then-present.{{Cite journal |last=Garret |first=Nicole |date=2017 |title=Recovering a Sentimental Past |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/684756 |journal=The Eighteenth Century |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=515–519 |doi=10.1353/ecy.2017.0042 |issn=1935-0201 |s2cid=166046765}}{{Sfn|Wasserman|2020|p=33, 183}} The ubiquity of digital media has spurred the opinion that print material is comparatively less ephemeral. Elisa New and Anna Akhmatova varyingly opined that poetry is a means of repealing mortal ephemerality, with Akhamatova invoking the aphorism {{lang|la|ars longa, vita brevis}} ("skillfulness takes time and life is short").{{Cite book |last=Amert |first=Susan |title=In a Shattered Mirror: The Later Poetry of Anna Akhmatova |publisher=Stanford Univ. Press |year=1992 |isbn=9780804765688 |page=29}}{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Linda |title=Elizabeth Bishop: Lines of Connection |publisher=Edinburgh Univ. Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-7486-6575-4 |page=43}}

Ephemeral objects chiefly disappear; when preserved it is often knowingly, having been "rescued from ephemerality", though this practice is still fraught with uncertainty and an object's ephemerality may only be suspended, thus still capable of being transitory.{{Cite journal |last=Angello |first=Aaron |date=2015 |title=To Archive or Not to Archive: The Resistant Potential of Digital Poetry |url=https://digijournals.uni.lodz.pl/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093&context=textmattershttps://digijournals.uni.lodz.pl/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093&context=textmatters |journal=Text Matters |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=13–27|doi=10.1515/texmat-2015-0002 |s2cid=64210339 |doi-access=free }}{{Sfn|Wasserman|2020|p=2}}{{Cite book |last=Frederick |first=Samuel |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1245956071 |title=The Redemption of Things: Collecting and Dispersal in German Realism and Modernism |date=2021 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-5017-6158-4 |location= |pages=101 |oclc=1245956071}} The legacy of ephemerality often manifests as "traces, glimmers, residues, and specks of things".{{Cite journal |last=Haber |first=Benjamin |date=2019 |title=The digital ephemeral turn: queer theory, privacy, and the temporality of risk |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443719831600 |journal=Media, Culture & Society |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=1069–1087 |doi=10.1177/0163443719831600 |s2cid=150849886 |issn=0163-4437}} Literature may contest, document or approximate ephemerality although the immateral nature means that there can only be an approximation: "In other words, there must always be an ephemeral beyond the ephemeral".{{Cite journal|last=Phillpot|first=Clive|date=1995|title=Flies in the Files: Ephemera in the Art Library|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27948707|journal=Art Documentation|volume=14|issue=1|pages=13–14|doi=10.1086/adx.14.1.27948707 |jstor=27948707 |s2cid=193272024 |issn=0730-7187}}{{Cite journal |last=Franzel |first=Sean |date=2017 |title=Kleist's Magazines: Archiving the Ephemeral in the Berliner Abendblättern |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/675833 |journal=German Studies Review |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=487–507 |doi=10.1353/gsr.2017.0090 |issn=2164-8646 |s2cid=158590919}}{{Cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=Joanna E. |last2=Gregory |first2=Ian N. |last3=Donaldson |first3=Christopher |date=2018 |title=Combining Close and Distant Reading: A Multiscalar Analysis of the English Lake District's Historical Soundscape |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/ijhac.2018.0220 |journal=International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=163–182 |doi=10.3366/ijhac.2018.0220 |s2cid=134360215 |issn=1753-8548}} Film has been used to document and combat ephemeral aspects of human development.{{Cite journal |last=Anselmo-Sequeira |first=Diana |date=2013 |title=Apparitional Girlhood: Material Ephemerality and the Historiography of Female Adolescence in Early American Film |url=https://cinema.usc.edu/spectator/33.1/4_Anselmo.pdf |journal=Spectator |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=25–35}} Digital media's encompassing archival process means that information of varying importance can either be affixed or ephemeral, the former seen as the more generally common outcome.{{Cite journal |last=Lothian |first=Alexis |date=2013 |title=Archival anarchies: Online fandom, subcultural conservation, and the transformative work of digital ephemera |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1367877912459132 |journal=International Journal of Cultural Studies |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=541–556 |doi=10.1177/1367877912459132 |issn=1367-8779 |s2cid=145568162}}{{Cite journal |last1=Ringel |first1=Sharon |last2=Davidson |first2=Roei |date=2022 |title=Proactive ephemerality: How journalists use automated and manual tweet deletion to minimize risk and its consequences for social media as a public archive |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820972389 |journal=New Media & Society |language=en |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=1216–1233 |doi=10.1177/1461444820972389 |issn=1461-4448 |s2cid=228863154}} Digital personas, on account of precariousness and whim, can be entirely ephemeral, without any record.{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Joohan |date=2001 |title=Phenomenology of Digital-Being |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1010763028785 |journal=Human Studies |volume=24 |issue=1–2 |pages=87–111 |doi=10.1023/a:1010763028785 |issn=0163-8548 |s2cid=145208972}} Grey literature has prove particularly vulnerable to the internet's ephemerality.{{Cite web |last1=Witt |first1=Steven W. |last2=Rudasill |first2=Lynne M. |date=2015 |title=World Sustainable Development Web Archive: Preserving and disseminating knowledge for sustainable growth |url=http://ifla-test.eprints-hosting.org/id/eprint/1117/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601223000/http://ifla-test.eprints-hosting.org/id/eprint/1117/| archive-date=1 June 2022| quote=Paper presented at: IFLA WLIC 2015 - Cape Town, South Africa in Session 90 - Preservation and Conservation with Information Technology.}}

File:WTC smoking on 9-11.jpeg, in reference to the September 11 attacks, described the World Trade Center as “ephemeral as...old newspapers”.{{Cite book |title=From Comic Strips to Graphic Novels: Contributions to the Theory and History of Graphic Narrative |publisher=De Gruyter |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-11-042766-0 |editor-last=Stein |editor-first=Daniel |pages=310 |editor2-last=Thon |editor2-first=Jan-Noël}}]]

Ephemeral acquired its common meaning of short-living in the mid-19th century and has connotations of passing time, fragility, change, disappearance, transformation, and the "philosophically ultimate vision of our own existence".{{Cite journal|last=Anghelescu|first=Hermina G. B.|date=2001|title=A Bit of History in the Library Attic|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j105v25n04_07|journal=Collection Management|volume=25|issue=4|pages=61–75|doi=10.1300/j105v25n04_07|s2cid=60723329 |issn=0146-2679}}{{Cite journal|last=Roylance|first=Dale|date=1976|title=Graphie Americana: The E. Lawrence Sampter Collection of Printed Ephemera|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40858619|journal=The Yale Univ. Library Gazette|volume=51|issue=2|pages=104–114|jstor=40858619 |issn=0044-0175}}{{Cite book|last=Dezeuze|first=Anna|url=http://manchester.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7228/manchester/9780719088575.001.0001/upso-9780719088575|title=Almost Nothing: Observations on precarious practices in contemporary art|date=2017|publisher=Manchester Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-7190-8857-5|pages=4|language=en|doi=10.7228/manchester/9780719088575.001.0001}}{{efn|Ephemeral in early archival theorisation often indicated little value.{{Cite journal |last=Wisniewski |first=Timothy |date=2007 |title=Framers of the Kept: Against the Grain Appraisal of Ephemeral Moving Images |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/235609 |journal=The Moving Image |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=1–24 |doi=10.1353/mov.2008.0002 |s2cid=194031057 |issn=1542-4235}}}} Sarah Kofman questioned if "the beauty that conceals the evanescent nature of all things were itself ephemeral". Rather than melancholic, Sigmund Freud and Walter Pater viewed ephemerality as valuable; awareness and acceptance were to Freud commendable.{{Cite journal |last=Razinsky |first=Liran |date=2015 |title=On Time, Transience and Literary Creation: Freud and Rilke a Century Ago |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fmls/cqv056 |journal=Forum for Modern Language Studies |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=464–479 |doi=10.1093/fmls/cqv056 |issn=0015-8518}}{{Cite journal |last=Gallagher |first=Catherine |date=2000 |title=Formalism and Time |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/22848 |journal=Modern Language Quarterly |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=229–251 |doi=10.1215/00267929-61-1-229 |issn=1527-1943 |s2cid=161169531}}

Multiple scholars have viewed ephemerality as intrinsic to the human condition, a phenomenon of physicality.{{Cite book |last=Kirshenblatt-Gimblett |first=Barbara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYGxAQAACAAJ |title=Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums, and Heritage |publisher=University of California Press |year=1998 |isbn=9780520204676 |pages=30 |quote="The ephemeral encompasses all forms of behavior – everyday activities, story-telling, ritual, dance, speech, performance of all kinds."}}{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Becky |date=2012 |title=Prosceniums and Screens: Audience Embodiment into the Digital Age |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/488296 |journal=Theatre Symposium |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=30–38 |doi=10.1353/tsy.2012.0001 |s2cid=191318485 |issn=2166-9937}}{{Cite journal |last=Rickman |first=H. P. |date=1959 |title=Poetry and the Ephemeral: Rilke's and Eliot's Conceptions of the Poet's Task |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0483.1959.tb00564.x |journal=German Life and Letters |language=en |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=174–185 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0483.1959.tb00564.x}}{{Cite journal |last=Sapino |first=Roberta |date=2021 |title=Ephemeral identities, blurred geographies, and social media in twenty-first-century French fiction: a reading of Licorne by Nora Sandor and Un amour d'espion by Clément Bénech |journal=Neohelicon |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=95–111 |doi=10.1007/s11059-021-00590-1 |s2cid=235448233 |issn=0324-4652|doi-access=free }} A significant amount of living is ephemeral, considered by some as a component of everyday life: "we might best understand the ephemeral as a routine and constant force... that establishes the presence of the everyday".{{sfn|Russell|2020|p=31, 33, 40}}{{sfn|The Multigraph Collective|2018|p=130}}{{Cite journal |last=Andrews |first=Martin J. |date=2006 |title=The stuff of everyday life: a brief introduction to the history and definition of printed ephemera |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/art-libraries-journal/article/abs/stuff-of-everyday-life-a-brief-introduction-to-the-history-and-definition-of-printed-ephemera/9DB2C34164B19D4C862818709AA79780 |journal=Art Libraries Journal |language=en |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=5–8 |doi=10.1017/S030747220001467X |issn=0307-4722 |s2cid=190490100}} Ephemeral aspects are evident in communication, of both digitial and physical origin.{{Cite journal |last=Park |first=Sora |date=2018 |title=FOMO, Ephemerality, and Online Social Interactions among Young People |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/710108 |journal=East Asian Science, Technology and Society |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=439–458 |doi=10.1215/18752160-7218675 |issn=1875-2152 |s2cid=158239655}}{{Cite book |last1=Xu |first1=Bin |last2=Chang |first2=Pamara |last3=Welker |first3=Christopher L. |last4=Bazarova |first4=Natalya N. |last5=Cosley |first5=Dan |title=Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing |chapter=Automatic Archiving versus Default Deletion |date=2016-02-27 |language=en |publisher=ACM |volume=2016 |pages=1662–1675 |doi=10.1145/2818048.2819948 |isbn=978-1-4503-3592-8 |pmc=6169781 |pmid=30294721}} In the digital realm, online interactions straddle permanency and ephemerality, new posts proliferate such that participants adopt a social norm that "the discourse will pass and be forgotten as the past". Ephemerality is a technologically and socially reliant concept – relative and historically changing.{{Cite book |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/collecting-prints-posters-and-ephemera-9781501338496/ |title=Collecting Prints, Posters, and Ephemera |date=2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781501338519 |editor-last=Iskin |editor-first=Ruth E. |page=123 |language=en |access-date=2021-12-19 |editor2-last=Salsbury |editor2-first=Britany }} The rudimentary technology of early radio led to the media broadcast being ephemeral and for a substantial amount of time spoken communication was ephemeral.{{Cite journal |last=Long |first=Paul |date=2009 |title='Ephemeral work': Louis MacNeice and the Moment of 'Pure Radio' |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26920256 |journal=Key Words: A Journal of Cultural Materialism |issue=7 |pages=73–91 |issn=1369-9725 |jstor=26920256}}{{Cite journal |last=Oard |first=Douglas W. |date=2004 |title=Transforming access to the spoken word |url=https://malach.umiacs.umd.edu/pubs/oard_IntSympLKR_2004.pdf |journal=Proc. International Symposium on Large-scale Knowledge Resources |pages=57–59}}{{Efn|Lance Sieveking's oeuvre provides a common example of early radio's ephemerality and the resulting effect; his extensive work was eventually rendered lost.{{Cite journal |last=Hilmes |first=Michele |date=2013 |title=On a Screen Near You: The New Soundwork Industry |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/512137 |journal=Cinema Journal |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=177–182 |doi=10.1353/cj.2013.0021 |s2cid=143792011 |issn=2578-4919}}}} Written communication, historically and presently, has been influenced by ephemerality.{{Sfn|Russell|2020|p=254}} The emergence of new digital media and technology develops what we deem ephemeral, to the point that ephemerality is perhaps an "outdated concept".{{Sfn|Wasserman|2020|p=67}}File:Ephemerality in synchronous communication.jpg

Within the context of modern media dissemination, YouTube videos, viral emails and photos have been identified as ephemeral; as have means of advertising, both physical and digital and the internet collectively.{{Cite journal|last=London|first=Justin|date=2013-02-04|title=Ephemeral Media, Ephemeral Works, and Sonny Boy Williamson's "Little Village"|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6245.2012.01540.x|journal=The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism|volume=71|issue=1|pages=45–53|doi=10.1111/j.1540-6245.2012.01540.x|issn=0021-8529}}{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1nc6r6r|title=Ephemeral Spectacles, Exhibition Spaces and Museums|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|year=2021|isbn=978-90-485-4293-2|editor-last=Bauer|editor-first=Dominique|pages=76|doi=10.1017/9789048542932|s2cid=241718872 |editor2-last=Murgia|editor2-first=Camilla}}{{Cite journal|last=Slania|first=Heather|date=2013|title=Online Art Ephemera: Web Archiving at the National Museum of Women in the Arts|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/669993|journal=Art Documentation|language=en|volume=32|issue=1|pages=112–126|doi=10.1086/669993|s2cid=58248647 |issn=0730-7187}}{{Efn|YouTube videos, according to film scholar Paul Grainge, are ephemeral due to "the brevity of its clips".{{sfn|Grainge|2011|p=8}}}} Ephemeral media has been described as that which is brief in duration and/or circulation, adjacent to "the primary texts of contemporary entertainment culture".{{sfn|Grainge|2011|p=10}} YouTube has "become a hugely successful aggregator of ephemeral media".{{Sfn|Grainge|2011|p=8}} In 2009, Ian Christie considered that a substantial amount of modern media, aligned with "rapid proliferati[on]", "may prove much more ephemeral than the flip-book".{{Cite journal|last=Christie|first=Ian|date=2009|title=Moving-Picture Media and Modernity: Taking Intermediate and Ephemeral Forms Seriously|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/E1744185409000809|journal=Comparative Critical Studies|volume=6|issue=3|pages=299–318|doi=10.3366/E1744185409000809|issn=1744-1854}}

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| footer = Due to its fragile and solid nature, Buci-Glucksmann used glass figurines as a metaphor for ephemerality. Plastic has similarly "become the archetypal expression of...ephemerality".{{Cite journal |last=Resnick |first=Elana |date=2018 |title=Durable Remains: Glass Reuse, Material Citizenship and Precarity in EU-era Bulgaria |url=https://journal.equinoxpub.com/JCA/article/view/9811 |journal=Journal of Contemporary Archaeology |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1558/jca.33425 |s2cid=158671551 |issn=2051-3437}}

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Wang Tao, Stevens and Rubem Fonseca evoked ephemerality via female characters; Virginia Woolf used the rainbow as a symbol whereas grass occupies a similar role in the Bible; F. Scott Fitzgerald and John Keats elicited melancholic ephemerality in showcases of consumption.{{Cite journal|last=Liang|first=Samuel Y.|date=2007|title=Ephemeral Households, Marvelous Things: Business, Gender, and Material Culture in "Flowers of Shanghai"|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20062676|journal=Modern China|volume=33|issue=3|pages=377–418|doi=10.1177/0097700407301549 |jstor=20062676 |s2cid=145282629 |issn=0097-7004}}{{Cite journal|last=Waldemer|first=Thomas P.|date=2006|title=Rubem Fonseca's Cold Case: the Ephemeral and the Historical in Agosto|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90011876|journal=Romance Notes|volume=47|issue=1|pages=33–39|jstor=90011876 |issn=0035-7995}}{{Cite journal |last=Corradi |first=Massimo |date=2016 |title=A short history of the rainbow |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40329-016-0127-3 |journal=Lettera Matematica |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=49–57 |doi=10.1007/s40329-016-0127-3 |hdl=11567/833542 |s2cid=192901932 |issn=2281-6917|hdl-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last=Dipasquale |first=Theresa M. |date=2020 |title=Prosody, Poetics, and Mutability in Donne's "Spring" ("Love's Growth") and Shakespeare's Sonnets 115 and 116 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/708347 |journal=Modern Philology |language=en |volume=117 |issue=4 |pages=470–496 |doi=10.1086/708347 |s2cid=219020431 |issn=0026-8232}}{{Sfn|Wasserman|2020|p=24}}{{sfn|Eeckhout|Goldfarb|2012|p=117}} Historically, the ephemerality of dreams was utilised in ample East Asian literature as a metaphor for immaterial reality whereas Baroque writings depicted the matter as analogous to life.{{Sfn|Heine|2020|p=170}}{{Cite journal |last=Richter |first=Isabel |date=2014 |title=Dreams in Cultural History: Dream Narratives and the History of Subjectivity |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/cult.2014.0067 |journal=Cultural History |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=126–147 |doi=10.3366/cult.2014.0067 |issn=2045-290X}} Scholar of comparative literature Stuart Lasine noted that writers have frequently invoked ephemerality as a negative aspect of the human condition.{{Cite book |first=Stuart |last=Lasine |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1111954968 |title=Jonah and the Human Condition : Life and Death in Yahweh's World. |date=2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-0-567-68324-3 |pages=3|oclc=1111954968 }} Ephemerality was profound to Dōgen and was intertwined with sorrow and regret; he used "the imagery of ephemerality" in a waka concerning death.{{sfn|Heine|2020|p=121, 143, 144}}

Ephemerality has received increased attention from modern academics, in fields such as: literary studies, art history, book history, digital media studies, performance studies – "and the 'archival turn' in the humanities as a whole".{{Cite journal|last=Russell|first=Gillian|date=2018|title=Ephemeraphilia|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080/0969725X.2018.1435393|journal=Angelaki|language=en|volume=23|issue=1|pages=174–186|doi=10.1080/0969725x.2018.1435393|s2cid=214613899 |issn=0969-725X}}{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Michael|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/502389441|title=The Oxford companion to the book|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-957014-0|editor-last=Suarez|editor-first=Michael F.|chapter=Printed Ephemera|oclc=502389441|editor2-last=Woudhuysen|editor2-first=H.R.|chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198606536.001.0001/acref-9780198606536-e-0014?rskey=K7zf5P&result=3821}} The ephemerality of dance has engendered concern since at least the sixteenth century.{{Cite journal |last=D'Amato |first=Alison |date=2021 |title=Movement as Matter: A Practice-Based Inquiry into the Substance of Dancing |journal=Dance Research Journal |language=en |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=69–86 |doi=10.1017/S0149767721000346 |s2cid=246612552 |issn=0149-7677|doi-access=free }} Curators of modern and contemporary art have increasingly expressed a similar interest; curator of said genres Jan Schall described them as varyingly ephemeral.{{Cite journal|last=Windon|first=Katrina|date=2012|title=The Right to Decay with Dignity: Documentation and the Negotiation between an Artist's Sanction and the Cultural Interest|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/668108|journal=Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=142–157|doi=10.1086/668108|s2cid=191614867 |issn=0730-7187}}{{Efn|At least half of the San Diego Museum of Contemporary Art's collection was deemed by curator Elizabeth Armstrong to be "some degree ephemeral".}} Ephemerality present in digital literature and poetry has seen critical analysis. Russell questioned if scholarly conceptions of "the everyday" was deeply intertwined with ephemerality, despite attention to a relation being thus far faint.{{Sfn|Russell|2020|p=33}} Social historians and historians of sound have contended their subject's ephemerality by utilising more material forms; creative soundwork has long been subordinate to these forms on account of its ephemerality.{{Cite journal|last=Huang|first=Nicole|date=2013|title=Listening to films: Politics of the auditory in 1970s China|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1386/jcc.7.3.187_1|journal=Journal of Chinese Cinemas|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|pages=187–206|doi=10.1386/jcc.7.3.187_1|s2cid=194082843 |issn=1750-8061}}{{Cite journal|last1=Clarke|first1=Paul|last2=Warren|first2=Julian|date=2009|title=Ephemera: Between Archival Objects and Events|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00379810903264617|journal=Journal of the Society of Archivists|volume=30|issue=1|pages=45–66|doi=10.1080/00379810903264617|s2cid=109010637 |issn=0037-9816}} The ephemerality of the internet and features that engender ephemerality, such as link rot, has elicited concern in regards to scholarly practice.{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=Edmund |last2=Kane |first2=Jennifer |date=2008 |title=The Missing Link: Assessing the Reliability of Internet Citations in History Journals |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/236966 |journal=Technology and Culture |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=420–429 |doi=10.1353/tech.0.0028 |hdl=1808/13144 |s2cid=111270449 |issn=1097-3729|hdl-access=free }}

{{Quote box

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| quote = Like a blade of grass,

My frail body

Treading the path to Kyoto

Seeming to wander

Amid the cloudy mist on Kinobe Pass.

| source=Dōgen.{{sfn|Heine|2020|p=144}}}}

Ephemerality has been studied in the context of dancing.{{Cite journal |last1=Diaz Ruiz |first1=Carlos A. |last2=Penaloza |first2=Lisa |last3=Holmqvist |first3=Jonas |date=2020-03-07 |title=Assembling tribes: An assemblage thinking approach to the dynamics of ephemerality within consumer tribes |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/EJM-08-2018-0565/full/html |journal=European Journal of Marketing |language=en |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=999–1024 |doi=10.1108/EJM-08-2018-0565 |s2cid=216399732 |issn=0309-0566}} Witnessing a dance that will be rendered ephemeral is resultingly commodified and of greater desire to prospecting audiences; the same is true of fairs.{{Cite book|last=Rosenberg|first=Douglas|url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199772612.001.0001/acprof-9780199772612|title=Screendance: Inscribing the Ephemeral Image|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977261-2|pages=25|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199772612.003.0001}}{{Sfn|Wasserman|2020|p=45}}{{efn|Discussing ephemerality in relation to artworks, Purpura posited that it defies the commodification of art.}} Muñoz posited that the physical proximation of dance, which coupled with the "shared rhythm", results in a unified yet ephemeral status of those engaged.{{Cite journal |last=Newman |first=Eric H. |date=2015 |title=Ephemeral Utopias: Queer Cruising, Literary Form, and Diasporic Imagination in Claude McKay's "Home to Harlem" and "Banjo" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24265107 |journal=Callaloo |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=167–185 |doi=10.1353/cal.2015.0017 |jstor=24265107 |s2cid=161746319 |issn=0161-2492}} La Sylphide sees ephemerality as a notable theme. Professor of Dance Mark Franko contended that the artform is approaching a state of being "post-ephemeral" while Diane Taylor viewed the lasting impact a performance may have as negating notions of ephemerality.{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781139002004/type/book |title=The Cambridge Companion to Performance Studies |series=Cambridge Companions to Literature |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87401-4 |editor-last=Davis |editor-first=Tracy C. |edition= |pages=92|doi=10.1017/CCOL9780521874014 }} The documentation of other ephemeral events: protests, installations, exhibitions, are often meager – public events, of varying size, naturally generate ephemeral material.{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50253087|title=Alternative Art New York, 1965-1985|publisher=Drawing Center, University of Minnesota Press|year=2002|isbn=0-8166-3793-8|editor-last=Ault|editor-first=Julie|pages=11|oclc=50253087}}{{Cite book|last=Stone|first=Richard|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3413498|title=Fragments of the everyday: a book of Australian ephemera|date=2005|publisher=National Library of Australia|isbn=978-0-642-27601-8|pages=5}}{{efn|Archivist Katrina Windon described the process of documenting the ephemeral as dialetical.}}

"[Ephemerality] and disposability" have been perceived as components "of an American ethos"; alternative history novels such as The Man in the High Castle and The Plot Against America depict Americana and the nation itself as ephemeral.{{Sfn|Wasserman|2020|p=23}}{{Sfn|Wasserman|2020|p=74, 77}} Ephemerality has been central to Buddhism; Yogācāra teaches a version of ontology that centers around universal ephemerality.{{Cite journal |last=Chang |first=Ku-Ming |date=2017 |title="Ceaseless Generation": Republican China's Rediscovery and Expansion of Domestic Vitalism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26571402 |journal=Asia Major |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=101–131 |jstor=26571402 |issn=0004-4482}} Ephemerality has been identified as relevant to queer cultures; José Esteban Muñoz argued that queerness and ephemerality are intertwined, as the former has been expressed in methods which are prone to fade upon the "touch of those who would erase queer possibility".{{Cite book|last=Cvetkovich|first=Ann|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1139770505|title=An Archive of Feelings|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8223-8443-4|pages=316|oclc=1139770505}}{{Cite journal|last=Muñoz|first=José Esteban|date=1996-01-01|title=Ephemera as Evidence: Introductory Notes to Queer Acts|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07407709608571228|journal=Women & Performance|volume=8|issue=2|pages=5–16|doi=10.1080/07407709608571228|issn=0740-770X}} Freud considered culture as the prevailing element exempt from ephemerality. Scheibe saw the likes of live theater, travel abroad, stand-up comedy, and political pundits as engendering greater ephemerality by reducing attention spans and sense of personal history.{{Cite journal |last=Marcum |first=James W. |date=2006 |title=Ephemeral Knowledge in the Visual Ecology |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42978851 |journal=Counterpoints |volume=231 |pages=89–106 |jstor=42978851 |issn=1058-1634}} File:On Death, Part I.png which depicts life's ephemeral nature.{{cite web|title=On Death, Part I|url=https://clevelandart.org/art/1933.126|first=Max|last=Klinger|year=1889|access-date=12 November 2021|publisher=Cleveland Museum of Art}}]]

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels' perception of ephemerality "represents a thoroughly modern experience".{{Cite journal |last=Sandbacka |first=Kasimir |date=2015 |title="All That Endures Turns to Dust": The Melancholy Retrospection of Modern Utopias in Kreisland by Rosa Liksom |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/597543 |journal=Scandinavian Studies |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=189–213 |doi=10.1353/scd.2015.0017 |s2cid=162633405 |issn=2163-8195}} Ephemerality was furthermore prominent in the late 20th century, on account of multiple social features; Reiko Tomii described ephemerality as a "defining issue of the 1960s".{{Cite journal |last=Tomii |first=Reiko |date=2005 |title="Art Outside the Box" in 1960s Japan: An Introduction and Commentary |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42801108 |journal=Review of Japanese Culture and Society |volume=17 |pages=1–11 |jstor=42801108 |issn=0913-4700}}{{Sfn|Wasserman|2020|p=27}} In the 21st century, ephemerality "continues to signify concerns about the overflow of information, its evanescence, and questions of what or should be preserved".{{Sfn|Russell|2020|p=254}} David Harvey defined postmodernism as "a total acceptance of ephemerality".{{Cite book |last=Rojek |first=Chris |title=Decentring Leisure: Rethinking Leisure Theory |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=1995 |isbn=9780803988132 |pages=7}}

Architecture of an ephemeral nature appears as increasingly commonplace, on account of global and capricious hyper-mobility and mass displacement.{{Cite book|last=Ferreri|first=Mara|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/82315|title=The Permanence of Temporary Urbanism: Normalising Precarity in Austerity London|date=2021|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-485-3582-8|pages=154}} Marc Augé observed ephemerality as key to the likes of airports, malls, supermarkets, office blocks, and hotels thus rendering them, per his definition, "non-places".{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/980874927 |title=Place, Space and Hermeneutics |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-52214-2 |editor-last=Janz |editor-first=Bruce B. |pages=128|oclc=980874927 }} Architecture scholar Anastasia Karandinou argued that the practice's modern relation to ephemerality correlated with digital media's evolution, which she says has enabled new conceptions of space and everyday thinking.{{Cite book|last=Karandinou|first=Anastasia|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/975872838|title=No Matter: Theories and Practices of the Ephemeral in Architecture|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-26722-0|page=i|oclc=975872838}} Of an indefinite and contentious nature, the definition of a region is ephemeral.{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=Andrew|date=2012|title=Regionalization and the Construction of Ephemeral Co-Location|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41722436|journal=Rhetoric Society Quarterly|volume=42|issue=3|pages=289–296|doi=10.1080/02773945.2012.682847 |jstor=41722436 |s2cid=145050355 |issn=0277-3945}}

{{Wiktionary|ephemeral}}

• Ephemeroptera
• Vanitas
• On Transience
• Liminal space

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

• {{Cite book |title=Wallace Stevens, New York, and Modernism |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2012 |isbn=9781136330452 |editor-last=Eeckhout |editor-first=Bart |editor2-last=Goldfarb |editor2-first=Lisa}}
• {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/713185432|title=Ephemeral Media: Transitory Screen Culture from Television to YouTube|date=2011|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-1-84457-435-3|oclc=713185432 |editor-last=Grainge|editor-first=Paul}}
• {{Cite book |last=Heine |first=Steve |title=Readings of Dōgen's "Treasury of the True Dharma Eye" |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780231544085}}
• {{Cite book|last=Russell|first=Gillian|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ephemeral-eighteenth-century/4F9B8D61D476ED883A5B739C720BBD4F|title=The Ephemeral Eighteenth Century: Print, Sociability, and the Cultures of Collecting|date=2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-48758-0|series=Cambridge Studies in Romanticism}}
• {{Cite book|date=2021|editor-last=Fuller|editor-first=David|editor2-last=Saunders|editor2-first=Corinne|editor3-last=Macnaughton|editor3-first=Jane|title=The Life of Breath in Literature, Culture and Medicine|series=Palgrave Studies in Literature, Science and Medicine |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-74443-4|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-74443-4|isbn=978-3-030-74442-7 |s2cid=244605694 |issn=2634-6435}}
• {{Cite book |author=The Multigraph Collective |title=Interacting with Print: Elements of Reading in the Era of Print Saturation |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2018 |isbn=9780226469287 }}
• {{Cite book|last=Wasserman|first=Sarah|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/78266|title=The Death of Things: Ephemera and the American Novel|date=2020|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-1-4529-6414-0|location=Minneapolis}}
• {{Cite book|last=Zieger|first=Susan|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/59089|title=The Mediated Mind: Affect, Ephemera, and Consumerism in the Nineteenth Century|date=2018|publisher=Fordham University Press|isbn=978-0-8232-7985-2}}

• Christine Buci-Glucksmann, Esthetique De L'ephemere, Galilee, {{ISBN|2-7186-0622-3}}

Category:Concepts in aesthetics

Category:Metaphysical properties