Express trains in India

File:682 IndiaDelhiMuseum 19931226.jpg steam locomotives helped express trains reach speeds of {{cvt|100|kph}} in 1947.]]

The history of the Indian Railway began in 1832 with the proposal to construct the first railway line in India at Madras. In 1837, the first train ran on Red Hill railway line between Red Hills and Chintadripet in Madras and was hauled by a rotary steam engine imported from England.{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/2021/PDF/3%20Presentation%20Shradha%20Arora%20IRICEN%202019.pdf|title=Understanding Indian Railway Heritage|publisher=Indian Railways|page=6|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226101121/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/2021/PDF/3%20Presentation%20Shradha%20Arora%20IRICEN%202019.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/apr/16/chennai-the-track-record-1801999.html|title=Chennai: The track record|date=16 April 2018|newspaper=New Indian Express|access-date=9 August 2023|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812065026/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/apr/16/chennai-the-track-record-1801999.html|url-status=live}} In 1853, the first passenger train ran between Bombay and Thane which covered a distance of {{cvt|54|km}} in 57 minutes, averaging a speed of {{cvt|57|kph}}.{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/indias-1st-train-when-sahib-sindh-sultan-blew-steam/articleshow/19717248.cms?from=mdr|title=When India's first train blew steam|date=25 April 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108072256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/indias-1st-train-when-sahib-sindh-sultan-blew-steam/articleshow/19717248.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}} Earlier trains ran using steam locomotives, where barely reached speeds of {{cvt|90|kph}}. With the introduction of WP class locomotives in 1947, speeds of {{cvt|100|kph}} were operated commercially.{{cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/docs/high-speed-evolution.html|title=Evolution of High-Speed Haulage on Indian Railways|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=1 December 2023|year=2015|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404041950/https://www.irfca.org/docs/high-speed-evolution.html|url-status=live}} While the first electric train ran in Bombay in 1925 on DC traction, WCP-1 class electric locomotives were introduced in 1928, capable of hauling trains at speeds of up to {{cvt|137|kph}}, though trains operated at lower speed.{{cite report|url=https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596785062728-Locomotive_comp.pdf|title=Evolution of Electric Locomotives|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315030913/https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596785062728-Locomotive_comp.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite journal|first=Jakob|last=Buchli|journal=Schweizerische Bauzeitung|title=Universal-Antrieb "Winterthur" für elektrische Lokomotiven|volume=90|issue=23|year=1927|at=pp. 294–296|language=de|doi=10.5169/seals-41817}}

On 1 April 1929, Grand Trunk Express commenced operations between Peshawar in the North Western Railway and Mangalore with two coaches detached and connected to Madras further.{{cite book|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18188|title=Report by the Railway board on Indian Railways for 1929-30:Volume I|author=Railway Department, Government of India|publisher=Central Publication Branch, Government of India|year=1930|location=Calcutta|page=38|chapter=Chapter IV-Transportation and Working|access-date=4 February 2024|archive-date=3 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303230731/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18188|url-status=live}}{{cite book|title=The Railway Magazine:Volume 64|year=1929|publisher=IPC Business Press|page=490}} The Frontier Mail made its inaugural run between Bombay and Peshawar in 1928.{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/golden-temple-mail-completes-92-yrs-of-historic-run-135130|title=Golden Temple Mail completes 92 years|work=Tribune India|date=2 September 2020|access-date=24 July 2023|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730120419/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/golden-temple-mail-completes-92-yrs-of-historic-run-135130|url-status=live}} Technical advancements led to automatic colour light signals become operational between Bombay and Byculla in 1928.{{cite web|url=https://signalbox.org/overseas/india/india.htm|title=Signalling in India – Past and Present|work=Signalbox|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330111351/https://signalbox.org/overseas/india/india.htm|url-status=dead}} In the subsequent years, the route from Bombay to Poona was electrified and in June 1930, the first deluxe train, Deccan Queen began running, hauled by a WCP-1 locomotives with seven coaches along the route.{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/indias-first-deluxe-train-mumbai-pune-deccan-queen-completes-93-years-of-service-all-you-need-to-know-383826-2023-06-01|title=India's first deluxe train: Mumbai-Pune Deccan Queen completes 93 years of service|date=1 June 2023|access-date=1 January 2023|newspaper=Business Today|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601110911/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/indias-first-deluxe-train-mumbai-pune-deccan-queen-completes-93-years-of-service-all-you-need-to-know-383826-2023-06-01|url-status=live}} The Grand Trunk express commenced operating as a dedicated daily train between Madras and Delhi from 1 September 1930.{{cite book|title=Report by the Railway board on Indian Railways for 1930-31:Volume I|year=1932|publisher=Central Publication Branch, Government of India|location=Calcutta|page=36|chapter=IV}} WDM-1, the first diesel locomotive introduced in 1957 was capable of speeds of up to {{cvt|104|kph}}.{{cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/loco_classes|title=Loco classes|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205154538/https://www.irfca.org/apps/loco_classes|url-status=live}} In 1957, Indian Railways adopted 25 kV 50 Hz AC traction with the first runs beginning in December 1959 with the WAM-1 locomotives, capable of reaching speeds of up to {{cvt|112|kph}}.{{cite report|url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Analysis/Elect_Tr_history.htm|title=Electrification history|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609072045/http://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Analysis/Elect_Tr_history.htm|url-status=dead}}

In 1960, the Railway Board of India commissioned a study to increase the speed of its trains, which was restricted to {{cvt|96|kph}} on the existent broad gauge lines.{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/railways-golden-girl-50-years-of-the-rajdhani/story-YycT0iir0GObqjuCUqrhKL.html|title=Railways golden girl: 50 years of the Rajdhani story|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=9 March 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106142048/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/railways-golden-girl-50-years-of-the-rajdhani/story-YycT0iir0GObqjuCUqrhKL.html|url-status=live}} A target of {{cvt|160|kph}} with an intermediate stage of {{cvt|120|kph}} was set for passenger trains. Research Design and Standards Organisation (RDSO) started work on the same in 1962 with field trials commencing in 1967. The coaches were manufactured by the Integral Coach Factory at Madras and hauled by diesel locomotives. On 19 February 1969, the Government of India announced the introduction of a new express train capable of reaching speeds of up to {{cvt|120|kph}} in the railway budget.{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1969-70.pdf|title=Railway Budget of 1969–70|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415063519/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1969-70.pdf|url-status=live}} On 1 March 1969, the first Rajdhani Express was flagged off from New Delhi to Howrah, which reached a maximum speed of {{cvt|120|kph}} and completed the {{cvt|1450|km}} trip in 17 hours 20 minutes at an average speed of {{cvt|84|kph}}.{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-loses-last-connect-to-first-rajdhani/articleshow/52386071.cms|title=Kolkata loses last connect to first Rajdhani|date=22 May 2016|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106172924/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-loses-last-connect-to-first-rajdhani/articleshow/52386071.cms|url-status=live}} In 1980, the WAP-1 electric locomotives capable of reaching speeds of {{cvt|130|kph}} were introduced to haul express trains.{{cite press release|url=https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596785062728-Locomotive_comp.pdf|title=WAP-1 locomotive|publisher=Government of India|date=9 October 1989|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315030913/https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596785062728-Locomotive_comp.pdf|url-status=live}} Shatabdi Express introduced in 1988, were capable of running at a maximum speed of {{cvt|130|kph}}.{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shatabdi-is-the-heart-of-indian-railways/articleshow/20505432.cms?from=mdr|newspaper=The Times of India|title='Shatabdi is the heart of Indian railways'|access-date=1 December 2023|date=30 May 2014|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111134912/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shatabdi-is-the-heart-of-indian-railways/articleshow/20505432.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/trains-faster-than-rajdhani-shatabdi-on-the-cards/next-gen-trains/slideshow/62615006.cms|title=Trains faster than Rajdhani, Shatabdi on the cards|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=23 January 2018|access-date=5 November 2022|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105093109/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/trains-faster-than-rajdhani-shatabdi-on-the-cards/next-gen-trains/slideshow/62615006.cms|url-status=live}} WAP-5 class locomotives, initially imported from ABB in 1995 and later manufactured at Chittaranjan Locomotive Works in India, reached {{cvt|184|kph}} in trials and later set an Indian speed record by hauling an express train between Delhi and Agra at a speed of {{cvt|160|kph}} in 2014.{{cite news|title=200 km in 90 mins: Delhi-Agra high speed train sets new speed record|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-03/news/51057656_1_speed-record-fastest-train-passenger-train|access-date=10 July 2014|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=3 July 2014|archive-date=11 July 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140711111937/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-03/news/51057656_1_speed-record-fastest-train-passenger-train|url-status=dead}}

File:Vande_Bharat_Express_around_Mumbai.jpg is the fastest express train in India.]]

In December 2009, the Ministry of Railways of Government of India envisaged the implementation of regional high-speed rail projects to provide services at {{cvt|250–350|kph}}, and planning for corridors connecting commercial, tourist, and pilgrimage hubs.{{cite report|date=18 December 2009|title=Indian Railways: Vision 2020|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/infra/downloads/VISION_2020_Eng_SUBMITTED_TO_PARLIAMENT.pdf|access-date=29 November 2014|publisher=Indian Railways|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220915/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/infra/downloads/VISION_2020_Eng_SUBMITTED_TO_PARLIAMENT.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=India getting ready for bullet trains|newspaper=Central Chronicle|url=http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=23851|date=18 December 2009|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717050836/http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=23851|archive-date=17 July 2011}} On 25 July 2013, Government of India established the High Speed Rail Corporation for the implementation of high-speed rail corridor projects and in 2014, the Diamond Quadrilateral high speed rail project was approved by the government.{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/diamond-quadrilateral-of-high-speed-trains/|title=Diamond quadrilateral of high-speed trains|newspaper=Indian Express|date=10 June 2014|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404122854/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/diamond-quadrilateral-of-high-speed-trains/|url-status=live}} In April 2016, the WAP-5 hauled Gatimaan Express became the fastest commercial train in India, with a maximum operational speed of {{cvt|160|kph}}.{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhiagra-semihigh-speed-train-to-be-named-gatimaan-express/article6493500.ece|title=Train to be named Gatimaan Express|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=1 December 2023|date=5 April 2016|archive-date=24 November 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141124185353/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhiagra-semihigh-speed-train-to-be-named-gatimaan-express/article6493500.ece|url-status=live}} In 2018, Integral Coach Factory in Chennai, rolled out a semi-high-speed EMU train-set, capable of reaching {{cvt|180|kph}}.{{cite news|date=20 February 2017|title=Indian Railways to roll out 'Make in India' 160 kmph self-propelled 'world-class' train sets at half the cost of import!|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/indian-railways-to-roll-out-make-in-india-160-kmph-self-propelled-world-class-train-sets-at-half-the-cost-of-imports/558791/|access-date=20 May 2023|newspaper=The Financial Express|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520143845/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/indian-railways-to-roll-out-make-in-india-160-kmph-self-propelled-world-class-train-sets-at-half-the-cost-of-imports/558791/|url-status=live}}{{cite news|date=29 October 2018|title=Train 18: Country's first engine-less train rolled out; Train 20 next|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/train-18-countrys-first-engine-less-train-rolled-out-train-20-next/articleshow/66419774.cms|access-date=20 May 2023|issn=0013-0389|archive-date=5 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160418/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/train-18-countrys-first-engine-less-train-rolled-out-train-20-next/articleshow/66419774.cms|url-status=live}} In 2019, the first Vande Bharat Express entered commercial service with a maximum operational speed of {{cvt|160|kph}}. The actual operating speed was much lower due to track restrictions and congestion with top speeds restricted to {{cvt|130|kph}} for most trains.{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=7 February 2019|title=Train 18: PM Modi to flag off Vande Bharat Express on February 15 from New Delhi|newspaper=Business Today|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html|access-date=15 February 2019|archive-date=7 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207131914/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html|url-status=live}} In December 2023, two modified WAP-5 locomotives were used to haul the Amrit Bharat train-set in a push-pull configuration, capable of reaching speeds of up to {{cvt|160|kph}}.{{cite news|last=Nigam|first=Saumya|date=27 December 2023|title=Amrit Bharat Express to launch with Push-Pull technology and other exciting features|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/explainers/amrit-bharat-express-to-launch-with-push-pull-technology-and-other-exciting-features-details-2023-12-27-909203|access-date=28 December 2023|work=India TV|language=en}}{{cite news|date=30 October 2023|title=Vande Sadharan train: All you need to know; How it is different from Vande Bharat train?|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/vande-sadharan-train-all-you-need-to-know-how-it-is-different-from-vande-bharat-train-403792-2023-10-30|access-date=30 December 2023|work=Business Today|archive-date=20 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220092445/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/vande-sadharan-train-all-you-need-to-know-how-it-is-different-from-vande-bharat-train-403792-2023-10-30|url-status=live}}

According to the Ministry of Railways, express trains are classified as follows:{{cite report|title=Definition of Express|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/Circulars/8%20definition%20of%20MailExpress%2016_4_2001.pdf|publisher=Indian Railways|date=16 April 2001|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114113806/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/Circulars/8%20definition%20of%20MailExpress%2016_4_2001.pdf|url-status=live}}

• Super-fast express: Any passenger train with an average speed higher than {{cvt|55|kph}} on {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}} broad gauge.
• Mail: Trains which earlier had a mail coach attached. Newer trains are not named so, but older trains remain in operation.
• Express: Express trains travel faster and have fewer stops than ordinary passenger trains.

{{As of|2023}}, it manages the fourth largest national railway system by size with a track length of {{cvt|132310|km}}, running track length of {{cvt|106493|km}} and route length of {{cvt|68584|km}}. Track sections are rated for speeds ranging from {{cvt|80|to|200|kph}}, though the maximum speed attained by passenger trains is {{cvt|160|kph}}. In 2009, Indian Railways started a plan to increase the speed of passenger trains to {{cvt|160-200|kph}} on dedicated conventional tracks and improve the existing conventional lines to handle speeds of up to {{cvt|160|kph}}.{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=100308|title=Railway Minister Launches High Speed Rail Corporation of India Limited (HSRC)|date=29 October 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=Government of India}}

Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India has built dedicated freight corridors across India to divert cargo traffic from the passenger railway tracks, thus helping increase the operational speed of the passenger trains to {{cvt|160|kph}}.{{cite report|title=DFC as revolutionary as the Golden Quadrilateral|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Railways%20report%20-%208%20Jan%202016.pdf|access-date=13 September 2016|publisher=Indian Railways|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306090559/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Railways%20report%20-%208%20Jan%202016.pdf|url-status=live}} In 2014, the Diamond Quadrilateral high-speed rail network project was launched by Government of India and is envisioned to connect the four major metro cities of India namely: Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai.{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/focus-on-diamond-quadrilateral/article6105076.ece|title=Focus on diamond quadrilateral|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 June 2014|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415231228/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/focus-on-diamond-quadrilateral/article6105076.ece|url-status=live}}{{cite report|title=Address by The President of India to the Joint sitting of Parliament 2014|url=http://www.pmindia.gov.in/President_Address.pdf|access-date=9 June 2014|publisher=Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714225448/http://www.pmindia.gov.in/President_Address.pdf|archive-date=14 July 2014 }}

The Ministry of Railways envisaged to have dedicated standard gauge tracks capable of top speeds of {{cvt|300–350|kph}} with trains running on elevated corridors to isolate high-speed train tracks by 2026 and identified probable routes for the same.{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalturk.com/en/india-japan-sign-mou-for-feasibility-study-of-high-speed-railway-system-in-india-43654/|title=India, Japan sign MoU for feasibility study of high speed railway system in India|date=9 October 2013|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Nationalturk}}{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-ahmedabad-bullet-train-chinese-team-visits-cst/|title=Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train? Chinese team visits CST|newspaper=Indian Express|date=16 September 2014|access-date=1 December 2023}} A {{cvt|174|km}} segment of track in the Tughlakabad{{ndash}}Agra Cantonment section supports semi-high speed passenger traffic of up to {{cvt|160|kph}}.{{cite news|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/vande-bharat-express-trains-running-at-average-speed-of-83-kmph-against-permissible-limit-of-130-kmph-reveals-rti-reply-filed-in-mp|title=Vande Bharat Express trains running at average speed of 83 kph against permissible limit of 130 kph, reveals RTI reply filed in MP|work=Free Press Journal|date=17 April 2023|access-date=1 December 2023}}

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| caption2 = LHB coach

}}

The early express rail coaches were based on a prototype by a Swiss company and were termed as ICF coaches after Integral coach factory (ICF), the first coach manufacturing unit in India.{{cite report|url=https://icf.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/ICF%20-%20Tracing%20The%20%20Roots.pdf|title=Tracing the roots|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101123227/https://icf.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/ICF%20-%20Tracing%20The%20%20Roots.pdf|url-status=live}} These coaches, manufactured from 1955 to 2018, were largely in use till the early 2010s.{{cite news|last=Ayyappan|first=V.|date=4 January 2021|title=Leakage Found in ICF Coaches|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/leakage-found-in-icf-coaches/articleshow/80095746.cms|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606193410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/leakage-found-in-icf-coaches/articleshow/80095746.cms|url-status=live}} From the late 1990s, the ICF coaches were replaced by safer and newer LHB coaches designed by Linke-Hofmann-Busch of Germany.{{Cite journal|date=April 2017|title=Indian Railways Passenger Coaches: Safety Features and Technologies Adopted|url=http://www.ijetsr.com/images/short_pdf/1492945632_nitttr232_Ijetsr_skype.pdf|journal=International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research|access-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041703/http://www.ijetsr.com/images/short_pdf/1492945632_nitttr232_Ijetsr_skype.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2018|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last=Debroy|first=Bibek|date=9 February 2018|title=A 70-Year-Old Vs a 30-Year-Old: LHB Coaches Perform Better than ICF Ones|newspaper=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/a-70-year-old-vs-a-30-year-old-lhb-coaches-perform-better-than-icf-ones-118020801725_1.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=29 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429153338/https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/a-70-year-old-vs-a-30-year-old-lhb-coaches-perform-better-than-icf-ones-118020801725_1.html|url-status=live}} In the late 2010s, Indian railways started upgrading the coaches of select express trains from LHB to new Tejas coaches with enhanced features.{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/rajdhani-runs-with-new-tejas-rakes-1010439.html|title=Rajdhani runs with new Tejas rakes|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=19 July 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106173045/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/rajdhani-runs-with-new-tejas-rakes-1010439.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last1=Tyagi|first1=Harshita|title=Western Railway runs Mumbai–New Delhi Rajdhani Express with new Tejas-like smart sleeper coaches|work=Times Now|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/western-railway-runs-mumbai-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-with-new-tejas-like-smart-sleeper-coaches/787342|access-date=1 December 2023|date=19 July 2021|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719154222/https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/western-railway-runs-mumbai-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-with-new-tejas-like-smart-sleeper-coaches/787342|url-status=live}} As of March 2022, Indian Railways had 84,863 passenger coaches.

Semi-high speed Train 18 was rolled out in 2018. These self-propelled EMU train sets manufactured by Integral Coach Factory are capable of reaching {{convert|180|kph}}.{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/engine-less-train-160-kmph-train-18-to-be-out-in-june-train-20-in-2020-5035128/|title=Engine-less train: 160 kmph Train 18 to be out in June, Train 20 in 2020|date=23 January 2018|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=The Indian Express|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404105413/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/engine-less-train-160-kmph-train-18-to-be-out-in-june-train-20-in-2020-5035128/|url-status=live}} These trains have eight or sixteen coaches with driver cabins on both ends, which eliminates the time needed for turnaround at the terminal station with faster acceleration and deceleration, enabling the train to travel at a top speed for longer distance.{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/budget/railway-budget-2018-indian-railways-new-trains-train-18-train-20-features-semi-high-speed/1026896/|title=Ahead of Railway Budget 2018, Modi's Make in India gets boost with plans for 'world-class' Indian Railways trains|date=23 January 2018|newspaper=Financial Express|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=13 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613234759/https://www.financialexpress.com/budget/railway-budget-2018-indian-railways-new-trains-train-18-train-20-features-semi-high-speed/1026896/|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-new-world-class-trains-to-cut-travel-time-by-20/articleshow/62611180.cms|title=Train 18: 2 new 'world class' trains to cut travel time by 20%|newspaper=The Times of India|date=23 January 2018|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=11 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011140118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-new-world-class-trains-to-cut-travel-time-by-20/articleshow/62611180.cms|url-status=live}} Coaches are manufactured by five manufacturing units of the Indian Railways and public sector companies BEML and BHEL.{{cite web|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,552,694|title=Indian railway facilities|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 April 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420182858/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,552,694|url-status=live}} The coaching stock have unique five or six digit identifiers. Till 2018, the first two digits indicating the year of manufacture and the last three digits indicating the class.{{cite report|url=https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Classification%20of%20Locomotives.pdf|title=Coach classification|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108072258/https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Classification%20of%20Locomotives.pdf|url-status=live}} In 2018, the numbering system was changed with the first two digits indicating the year of manufacture and the last four digits indicating the sequence number.{{cite press release|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/Coaching/2018/20_Numbering%20of%20coaching%20stock.pdf|title=Coach numbering|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108084841/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/Coaching/2018/20_Numbering%20of%20coaching%20stock.pdf|url-status=live}}

{{See also|Categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance}}

As of March 2022, Indian Railways manages and operates 7,308 stations.{{cite report|url=https://iritm.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1680252282408-PDF%20Year%20Book%202021-22-English.pdf|title=Indian Railways Year Book 2020–21|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103050732/https://iritm.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1680252282408-PDF%20Year%20Book%202021-22-English.pdf|url-status=dead}} Prior to 2017, the stations were classified into seven categories based on their earnings.{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-revise-station-categories-to-improve-services/articleshow/62280609.cms|title=Railways revise station categories to improve services|access-date=17 March 2018|newspaper=Economic Times|date=28 December 2017|archive-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317035551/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-revise-station-categories-to-improve-services/articleshow/62280609.cms|url-status=live}} Since 2017, Indian Railways categorizes the stations by commercial importance into three different categories namely Non Suburban Group (NSG), Suburban Group (SG) and Halt Group (HG). These are further subdivided into subcategories based on their commercial importance (NSG 1-6, SG 1-3 and from HG 1-3).{{cite press release|title=Minister of Railways directs to re-categorize railway stations taking into account earnings, passenger footfall, strategic importance|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1514446|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=18 October 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414025547/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1514446|url-status=live}} The commercial importance of a station is determined by taking into account its passenger footfall, earnings and strategic importance and these categories are used to determine the minimum essential amenities required by each station.{{cite report|date=18 Jul 2018|title=Question and Answer regarding Grading of Railway Stations in Lok Sabha of India|url=http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/15/AU116.pdf|access-date=26 Sep 2020|publisher=Government of India|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926113505/http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/15/AU116.pdf|url-status=live}} Express trains stop at select set of stations identified using a combination of factors including commercial importance, traffic and capabilities.

{{See|Indian Railways coaching stock}}

Indian Railways offers various travel classes on its coaches.{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/class_Code.html|title=Accommodation Classes in Indian Railways|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426000003/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/class_Code.html|archive-date=26 April 2017}} For the purpose of identification in passenger trains, coaches in a train-set are assigned an alpha-numeric code. The first letter identifies the coach class and the second letter identifies the coach number.{{cite press release|url=https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Abbrevations%20for%20different%20types%20of%20coaches.pdf|title=Abbreviations for Coaches|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108084841/https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Abbrevations%20for%20different%20types%20of%20coaches.pdf|url-status=live}} The berths and seats are numbered by an alphanumeric code with the letter(s) identifying the berth/seat type and numbers identifying the position. In standard coaches, the berths and seats are classified as follows:{{cite report|url=https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya0/0/2/3/6/837236/0/railseatlayout.pdf|title=Rail seat layout|publisher=Indiarailinfo|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107110642/https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya0/0/2/3/6/837236/0/railseatlayout.pdf|url-status=live}}

File:Amrit_Bharat_trainset.jpg]]

Indian Railways Operates various classes of Express trains. The trains are classified basis average speed and facilities with express trains having fewer halts, priority on rail network and faster average speed. The trains are identified by five digit numbers with train-pairs traveling in opposite directions usually labelled with consecutive numbers.{{cite report|title=Train Numbering|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/Circulars/2%20five%20Digit%20Train%20no%20scheme%209_9_10.pdf|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319164622/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/Circulars/2%20five%20Digit%20Train%20no%20scheme%209_9_10.pdf|url-status=live}} Express trains often have specific unique names for easy identification.{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/Train_No-Index.pdf|title=Train Index|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607025648/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/Train_No-Index.pdf|url-status=live}} Rajdhani Express introduced in 1969 were the first trains to reach speeds of up to {{cvt|120|kph}}. Shatabdi Express, introduced in 1988, are capable of running at a maximum speed of {{cvt|150|kph}}.{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Shatabdi-is-the-heart-of-Indian-railways/articleshow/20505432.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612072600/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-09/india/39849234_1_domestic-travellers-shatabdi-express-indian-railways|archive-date=12 June 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|title='Shatabdi is the heart of Indian railways'|access-date=30 May 2014}} In 2019, Vande Bharat Express was launched with self-propelled EMU train-sets capable of reaching maximum speed of {{cvt|180|kph}} with operational speeds restricted to {{cvt|130-160|kph}}.{{cite news|title=Watch: Vande Bharat Train's "Glass Filled To The Brim" Test At 180 Kmph|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-new-vande-bharat-trains-stability-test-as-it-clocks-180-km-hr-3319998|access-date=10 November 2023|work=NDTV|archive-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402150402/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-new-vande-bharat-trains-stability-test-as-it-clocks-180-km-hr-3319998|url-status=live}}{{cite news|date=7 February 2019|title=Train 18: PM Modi to flag off Vande Bharat Express on 15 February from New Delhi|newspaper=Business Today|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html|access-date=15 February 2019|archive-date=7 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207131914/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html|url-status=live}} A non-airconditioned semi-high speed train-set hauled by two modified WAP-5 locomotives was launched as Amrit Bharat Express.{{cite news|last=Athrady|first=Ajith|title=Indian Railways to produce non-AC Vande Sadharan trains|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indian-railways-to-produce-non-ac-vande-sadharan-trains-1235538.html|date=10 July 2023|access-date=30 October 2023|newspaper=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=30 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030142408/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indian-railways-to-produce-non-ac-vande-sadharan-trains-1235538.html|url-status=live}} A high-speed rail line is under-construction between Mumbai and Ahmedabad which will become the first true high-speed rail line when completed in 2026.{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-06-23/news/63746148_1_feasibility-study-jica-bullet-train-project|title=JICA presents draft report on bullet train project to joint committee|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=1 December 2023|date=16 July 2015|archive-date=27 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827001545/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-06-23/news/63746148_1_feasibility-study-jica-bullet-train-project|url-status=dead}}

{{as of|2023}}, the maximum operational speed of {{cvt|160|kph}} is achieved by Gatimaan Express and Vande Bharat Express on the above section.{{cite news|last=Soni|first=Anusha|date=4 July 2014|title=Railways completes pilot project for semi-high-speed train|newspaper=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/railways-completes-pilot-project-for-semi-high-speed-train-114070400107_1.html|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=19 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119230126/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/railways-completes-pilot-project-for-semi-high-speed-train-114070400107_1.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|date=30 September 2022|title=New Vande Bharat Express flagged off by PM. Know routes, timings, other details|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/new-vande-bharat-express-launched-by-pm-narendra-modi-know-routes-timings-other-details-11664515160424.html|access-date=1 October 2022|work=Mint|archive-date=30 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930060938/http://www.livemint.com/news/india/new-vande-bharat-express-launched-by-pm-narendra-modi-know-routes-timings-other-details-11664515160424.html|url-status=live}} India Railways operates various categories of express trains including Vande Bharat Express, Rajdhani Express, Shatabdi Express, Amrit Bharat Express, Garib Rath Express, Double Decker Express, Tejas Express, Gatimaan Express, Humsafar Express, Duronto Express, Yuva Express, Uday Express, Jan Shatabdi Express, Sampark Kranti Express, Vivek Express, Rajya Rani Express, Mahamana Express, Antyodaya Express, Jan Sadharan Express, Suvidha Express and Intercity Express. {{as of|2022}}, Indian Railways operated 2,999 express trains on average daily.

In 1986, computerized ticketing and reservations were introduced before which ticketing was done manually.{{cite report|title=IT Audit of Indian Railways Passenger reservation System (2007)|url=http://icisa.cag.gov.in/audit_report/2/15db5cf8539e7f66e05214564e6b5d01.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712231120/http://icisa.cag.gov.in/audit_report/2/15db5cf8539e7f66e05214564e6b5d01.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2017 |access-date=24 July 2017}} Centralized computer reservation system was deployed in September 1996. The ticketing network at stations is computerized with the exception of few stations. The Indian Railways website went online in February 2000 and online ticketing was introduced on 3 August 2002 through IRCTC.{{cite web|url=https://irctc.com/about.html|title=About IRCTC|publisher=IRCTC|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180852/https://irctc.com/about.html|url-status=live}} Indian Railways now provides multiple channels for passengers to book tickets through website, smartphone apps, SMS, rail reservation counters at train stations, or through private ticket booking counters. Reserved tickets may be booked up to 60 days in advance and confirmed reservation tickets will show the passenger and fare details along with berth or seat number(s) allocated to them on the ticket.

In case of no confirmed reservation, a wait-list number is assigned and wait-listed tickets get confirmed if there are cancellations of already reserved tickets. Reservation against cancellation tickets is an intermediate category between the waiting and confirmed lists in sleeper classes which allows a ticket holder to board the train and share a berth.{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/irctc-indian-railways-ticket-reservation-5-online-rules-to-know-about-waitlisted-tickets-1955796|title=Indian Railways Reservation Rules: 5 Things To Know About Waitlisted Tickets|date=30 May 2018|work=NDTV|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109154537/https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/irctc-indian-railways-ticket-reservation-5-online-rules-to-know-about-waitlisted-tickets-1955796|url-status=live}} Reserved tickets can be booked by passengers who want to travel at short notice at higher fares through the Tatkal train ticket, where no refund is applicable on cancellation.{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tatkal-ticket-booking-charges-timings-cancellation-and-more/articleshow/63095041.cms|title=Tatkal Ticket Booking: Charges, timings, cancellation and more|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=1 December 2023|date=2 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612105406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tatkal-ticket-booking-charges-timings-cancellation-and-more/articleshow/63095041.cms|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}} A valid proof for the purchase of ticket along with photo identification is required to board the train.{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/traffic_comm/Comm-Cir2K12/ID_Proof_AC_Class_CC_4_2012.pdf|title=Provision for carrying proof|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712084141/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/traffic_comm/Comm-Cir2K12/ID_Proof_AC_Class_CC_4_2012.pdf|url-status=live}} Unreserved tickets for short distance or unplanned travels may be purchased at stations or through UTS mobile app at any time before departure.{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/buy-suburban-train-tickets-via-app/article33712431.ece|title=Buy suburban train tickets via app|date=1 February 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226091808/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/buy-suburban-train-tickets-via-app/article33712431.ece|url-status=live}} Holders of such tickets may only board the general or unreserved coaches.{{cite news|last=Vivek Narayanan|title=Wait for ticket gets painful|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3394846.ece|access-date=21 August 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 May 2012|archive-date=11 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511203206/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3394846.ece|url-status=live}}{{cite press release|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=8532&did=15771820428170372B05269DDBB2851DEA3EB8F9D77E2|title=Tourist Tickets introduced in Chennai Suburban|date=24 December 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=Southern Railway zone, Indian Railways|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226091811/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=8532&did=15771820428170372B05269DDBB2851DEA3EB8F9D77E2|url-status=live}}

India has some of the lowest train fares in the world, and lower class passenger fares are subsidised.{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r31MYIrISFMC&q=indian+rail&pg=PA184|title=India's Economic Reforms, 1991–2001|last=Joshi|first=V|author2=I. M. D. Little|date=17 October 1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-1982-9078-0|location=US|page=184|chapter=Industrial Policy and Factor Markets|access-date=25 June 2007|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331170339/https://books.google.com/books?id=r31MYIrISFMC&q=indian+rail&pg=PA184#v=snippet&q=indian%20rail&f=false|url-status=live}} Discounted fares are applicable for railway employees, the differently-abled, students, athletes, patients and those taking competitive examinations. Seats of lower class of accommodation are reserved for women or senior citizens in some trains.{{cite web|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?id=0,2,281,877|title=Concession Rules|access-date=25 June 2023|publisher=Indian Railways|archive-date=18 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718095039/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?id=0,2,281,877|url-status=live}}

• High-speed rail in India
• List of high-speed railway lines in India
• MEMU
• Slow and fast passenger trains in India
• Suburban trains
• Rail transport in India

{{Reflist}}

• [http://etrain.info/in?PAGE=LIST--EXP-TRAINS--1 List of all express and mail trains]
• [http://etrain.info/in?PAGE=LIST--SF-TRAINS--1 List of all superfast trains]

{{Indian Railways|state=collapsed}}