Fiat JTD engine#2.0 JTDm/CDTI/TiD/TTiD/VCDi/Multijet II/DDiS

The main improvement that distinguishes the Multijet from previous generations of common-rail diesel engines from FCA is the combustion process of the fuel, which is split into multiple injections, thus allowing for a more complete, quieter combustion in the cylinder. Compared to the first-generation JTD engines (Unijet system), which only featured a smaller pilot and a larger main injection, Multijet is capable of up to five injections per combustion cycle which enables better, more efficient cold running, better performance especially in the lower rev-range, quieter operation, as well as even lower consumption and emissions. The time between injections has been reduced to 150 microseconds while the minimal injection quantity has been reduced from two to less than one microlitre. This enables even mid-sized sedans like the Alfa Romeo 156 and Lancia Lybra equipped with the 1.9L JTD to achieve fuel economy upwards of 45 mpg_US (55 mpg_imp or 5L/100 km) on country roads and highways while offering an equal amount of torque as the 3.0L 24V V6 engine.

A sophisticated electronic control unit controls the injection and changes the injection logic and number of injections based on a multitude of parameters, most importantly revolutions per minute of the engine, engine torque requested by the driver and the temperature of the coolant.

The injection pressure of the diesel fuel on the second-generation Multijet is limited to between {{formatnum:1400}} bar ({{formatnum:20000}} psi) on the 1.3 Multijet and {{formatnum:1600}} bar ({{formatnum:23000}} psi) on the 2.4 Multijet 20V.

In 2009, Fiat Powertrain introduced the third generation of this technology, called Multijet II. With its new and innovative injectors with a hydraulically balanced solenoid valve and even higher injection pressure of 2,000 bar (29,000 psi) it is capable of even more precise controlling of the injected diesel fuel, injecting it in a quicker and more flexible manner. It enables up to eight consecutive injections per combustion cycle and implemented Injection Rate Shaping technology, which provides two very close pilot injections making the fuel delivery more continuous and modulated.{{cite web|url=https://www.iav.com/sites/default/files/handouts/2014/en-us/diesel-injection-rate-shaping.pdf|title=Diesel Injection Rate Shaping|access-date=2015-11-05|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052537/https://www.iav.com/sites/default/files/handouts/2014/en-us/diesel-injection-rate-shaping.pdf|url-status=dead}} This results in an engine that is quiet and has a smoother operation, lower emissions, better fuel mileage and higher performance compared to the previous generation.

{{Infobox automobile engine

|name = 1.0 L

| image =

|manufacturer=General Motors

| production = 2011–2017

| aka= {{unbulleted list |XSDE (Xtra Smart Diesel Engine)|Smartech Diesel}}

| configuration =Inline-3

| displacement = {{convert|936|cc|cuin|abbr=on|lk=on}}

| bore = {{convert|69.615|mm|in|abbr=on|2|lk=on}}

| stroke = {{convert|82.0|mm|in|abbr=on|2}}

| valvetrain = DOHC with roller finger followers

| compression = 16.8:1

| turbocharger =

| fuelsystem = Common rail

| management =

| power = {{convert|57|bhp|kW PS|abbr=on|lk=on}}

| torque = {{convert|150|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on|lk=on}}

| length = {{convert|553.3|mm|in|abbr=on|2}}

| width = {{convert|547.3|mm|in|abbr=on|2}}

| height = {{convert|700.5|mm|in|abbr=on|2}}

| weight = {{convert|130|kg|lb|abbr=on|0|lk=on}}

}}

A {{Convert|936|cc|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} 3-cylinder variant, (called XSDE, Xtra Smart Diesel Engine) or Smartech Diesel, was introduced in 2011. Co-developed by GM Powertrain Torino and the GM Technical Center India for the Indian market the engine is rated at {{convert|57|bhp|kW hp|abbr=on}} of power and {{convert|150|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of torque.{{cite web|last=Raja|first=Shrawan|title=Chevrolet Beat XSDE SMARTECH engine|url=http://indianautosblog.com/2011/07/chevrolet-beat-xsde-smartech-engine|work=Indian Autos Blog|access-date=18 November 2013|date=Jul 23, 2011}}

Applications:

• 2011–2017 Chevrolet Beat (India)

{{Clear}}

{{Infobox automobile engine

| name = 1.3 L

| image =

| manufacturer = Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

| production = 2003–2024

| aka = {{unbulleted list |CDTI (Opel)|DDiS (Suzuki and Maruti Suzuki)|Multijet (Fiat, Jeep and Lancia)|JTDm (Alfa Romeo)|Quadrajet (Tata)|D (Chevrolet)|HDi (Groupe PSA)}}

| configuration = Inline-4

| displacement = {{convert|1248|cc|cuin|abbr=on}}

| bore = {{convert|69.6|mm|in|abbr=on}}

| stroke = {{convert|82.0|mm|in|abbr=on}}

| valvetrain = DOHC

| compression = 17.6:1

| turbocharger =

| fuelsystem =

| management =

| length =

| width =

| height =

| weight = {{convert|140|kg|lb|abbr=on}}

}}

A small 1.3 L ({{convert|1248|cc|cuin|abbr=on}}) version (called the SDE, Small Diesel Engine) introduced in February 2003{{cite web|title=Third generation FIRE engine: the 1.3 Multijet 16v|url=http://www.italiaspeed.com/news_2003/news_2003_029_multijet/news_2003_029multijet_3.html|publisher=Italiaspeed.com|access-date=19 February 2014|date=7 February 2003}} is produced in Bielsko-Biała, Poland,{{cite web|url=http://www.italiaspeed.com/2005/cars/fiat/11/1300_multijet/3011.html |title=Fiat Powertrain Technologies will almost double production capacity of their highly acclaimed 1.3-litre Multijet 16v engine, once an expansion of the factory in Poland where it is built is completed in 2008 | date=2005-12-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222013053/http://www.italiaspeed.com/2005/cars/fiat/11/1300_multijet/3011.html |archive-date=2014-02-22 | work = Italiaspeed | publisher = Interfuture Media }} in Ranjangaon, Pune, India, by Fiat India Automobiles and Tata Motors joint venture plant since 2008,{{cite web |url=http://www.autocarindia.com/News/287592,fiat-suzuki-ink-pact-for-multijet.aspx |title=Fiat, Suzuki ink pact for Multijet - News |publisher=Autocar India |date=2012-01-19 |access-date=2012-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731084158/http://www.autocarindia.com/News/287592,fiat-suzuki-ink-pact-for-multijet.aspx |archive-date=2012-07-31 |url-status=dead }} and by Maruti Suzuki in Gurgaon, Haryana, India since 2012.{{Cite web|author2=Amrit Raj|author=Shally Seth Mohile|date=2014-07-17|title=Maruti Suzuki extends deal with Fiat for sourcing diesel engines|url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/dvBiQbkYe19xMY1VPSgADK/Maruti-extends-deal-with-Fiat-for-sourcing-diesel-engines.html|access-date=2020-07-12|website=Livemint|language=en}}{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Faisal|date=2012-01-25|title=Maruti Suzuki To Setup Diesel Engine Plant In Gurgaon|url=https://www.motorbeam.com/maruti-suzuki-to-setup-diesel-engine-plant-in-gurgaon/|access-date=2020-07-12|website=MotorBeam|language=en-US}} The Multijet 75 PS version was chosen in 2005 as the International Engine of the Year in the 1-litre to 1.4-litre category. There are five versions of this engine: a {{convert|70|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} and a {{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} (used in the Punto, Panda, Doblo, Palio, Albea, Idea, 500; Opel Corsa, Combo, Meriva; Suzuki Ritz, Swift; and Tata Indica Vista), a {{convert|85|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} (used in the Fiat 500L and Fiat Doblo), a variable inlet geometry {{convert|90|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} (used in the Fiat Grande Punto,{{cite web|title=Fiat Grande Punto: A very comprehensive array of sophisticated engines and gearboxes|url=http://www.italiaspeed.com/new_models/2005/fiat/grande_punto/engines.html|publisher=Italiaspeed.com|access-date=19 February 2014}} Linea; Opel Corsa, Astra; Suzuki Ertiga, SX4; Tata Indigo Manza and Alfa Romeo MiTo) and a {{convert|95|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} from the Multijet II generation,{{cite web|title=Fiat Punto Evo: Technological innovation|url=http://www.fiatpress.com/press/detail/10690|publisher=Fiat Group Automobiles Press|access-date=19 February 2014|date=29 September 2009|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235732/http://www.fiatpress.com/press/detail/10690|url-status=dead}} and a {{convert|105|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} available on the Lancia Ypsilon. Newton metre torque in the {{convert|180|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|190|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|200|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|210|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}. At the time of the launch this was the smallest four-cylinder diesel engine available and it had a fuel consumption of {{convert|3.3|L/100 km|abbr=on}} in some applications. The engine is able to meet Euro IV emission standards without the use of a diesel particulate filter. In January 2008, Tata Motors introduced the new Indica Vista model, which features a new Quadrajet branded version of this engine.{{Cite press release|url=http://www.tata.com/media/releases/inside.aspx?artid=xREtrQhPnWE=|date=January 9, 2008|title=Tata Motors launches new vehicle models at the New Delhi Auto Expo|access-date=2008-01-10|publisher=Tata Motors|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227032726/http://www.tata.com/media/releases/inside.aspx?artid=xREtrQhPnWE=|archive-date=February 27, 2012|url-status=dead}} The second generation Ford Ka uses 1.3 Multijet named as Duratorq TDCi. In GM nomenclature, it is called Small Diesel Engine (SDE).

During 2009, Fiat launched a new generation badged Multijet II, with a new injection management system (up to 8 injections per cycle, instead of 5) and able to meet Euro V emission standards.{{cite web|title=The new 1.3 Multijet II 95 HP (Euro5) engine is making its first appearance on the Fiat 500 and 500C|url=http://www.fiatgroupautomobilespress.com/index.php?lng=2&group=1&method=cartelle&action=zoom&id=4594|publisher=Fiat Group Automobiles Press|access-date=19 February 2014|date=25 November 2009}} It is available with several power outputs, from {{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, with fixed geometry turbocharger, to {{convert|95|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, with variable geometry turbocharger.{{cite web|title=Four millionth 1.3 MultiJet 16V diesel engine is built at Fiat powertrain's Poland factory|url=http://www.italiaspeed.com/2011/cars/others/fiat_powertrain/02/multijet_4_million_poland/0902.html|publisher=Italiaspeed.com|access-date=2012-04-01|date=2011-02-09}}

As of 2013, more than 5 million 1.3 MultiJet engines were produced.{{cite web|title=5 million 1.3 MultiJet engines produced|url=http://www.fiatpress.com/press/article/115529|publisher=Fiatpress.com|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111142609/http://www.fiatpress.com/press/article/115529|url-status=dead}} In January 2020, the production of the 1.3 Multijet ended in India in both the Maruti Suzuki plant and the Fiat-Tata JV, as the BS6 emission regulations came into effect in the country from 1 April 2020.{{cite web|url=https://www.autodevot.com/2020/01/fiat-1-3l-multijet-national-engine-production-ends-india/|title=Fiat 1.3L Multijet 'National Engine' production ends in India|website=www.autodevot.com|date=24 January 2020 |access-date=24 January 2020}} Fiat-Tata built a total of 800,048 engines over 12 years.{{Cite web|title=End of an era: 1.3L MultiJet diesel engine production stopped at FCA-Tata Motors plant|url=https://indianautosblog.com/13l-multijet-diesel-engine-production-stopped-fca-tata-motors-plant-p319553|access-date=2020-07-12|website=indianautosblog.com|date=25 January 2020 }}

• Alfa Romeo MiTo
• Fiat 500
• Fiat 500L
• Fiat 500X
• Fiat Albea
• Fiat Doblò
• Fiat Fiorino
• Fiat Grande Punto
• Fiat Idea
• Fiat Linea
• Fiat Palio
• Fiat Panda
• Fiat Punto
• Fiat Qubo
• Fiat Strada
• Fiat Tipo (2015)
• Lancia Musa
• Lancia Ypsilon

• Chevrolet Aveo
• Chevrolet Spark
• Chevrolet Spin
• Daewoo Matiz
• Daewoo Gentra
• Opel Agila
• Opel Astra
• Opel Combo
• Opel Corsa
• Opel Meriva
• Opel Tigra TwinTop

• Citroën Nemo
• Peugeot Bipper

• Suzuki Baleno
• Suzuki Ciaz
• Suzuki Dzire
• Suzuki Ertiga
• Suzuki Ignis
• Suzuki Splash
• Suzuki Swift
• Suzuki SX4 Sedan
• Suzuki SX4 S-Cross
• Suzuki Vitara Brezza

• Tata Bolt
• Tata Indica Vista
• Tata Indigo Manza
• Tata Zest

• DFSK Super Cab (Indonesia)
• Ford Ka (2008)
• Premier Rio

{{Infobox automobile engine

|name = 1.6 L

| image =

| manufacturer =

| production = 2006–present

| aka = JTDm (Alfa Romeo)
Multijet (Fiat, Jeep and Lancia)
CDTI (Opel)
DDiS (Suzuki and Maruti Suzuki)

| configuration = Inline-4

| displacement = {{convert|1598|cc|cuin|abbr=on}}

| bore = {{convert|79.5|mm|in|abbr=on}}

| stroke = {{convert|80.5|mm|in|abbr=on}}

| valvetrain =

| compression =

| turbocharger =

| fuelsystem =

| management =

| length =

| width =

| height =

| weight =

}}

In 2006 Fiat Powertrain announced a downsized version of the 1.9 16V Multijet, a new 1.6L 16V Multijet (1,598 cc) with two power levels of {{convert|90|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, {{convert|105|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, {{convert|120|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|130|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} to replace the still-used 1.9L 8-valve engine. The new 1.6 Multijet diesel with {{convert|280|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|290|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|300|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|320|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.italiaspeed.com/2007/cars/fiat/09/bravo_sales/2609.html|date=2007-09-27 |title=The new Fiat Bravo has already hit its full year sales targets|access-date=2007-10-09|work=italiaspeed.com}}

• Alfa Romeo Mito
• Alfa Romeo Giulietta (2010)
• Alfa Romeo Tonale
• Fiat 500L
• Fiat 500X
• Fiat Bravo (2007)
• Fiat Doblò
• Fiat Punto
• Fiat Idea
• Fiat Linea
• Fiat Tipo (2015)
• Jeep Renegade
• Jeep Compass
• Lancia Delta (2008)
• Lancia Musa

• Opel Combo D

• Suzuki Vitara (2015)
• Suzuki SX4 S-Cross (from 2013{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/fiat-suzuki-idUSLDE75Q1O220110627 |title=Suzuki to use Fiat engines for new car from 2013|access-date=2011-06-27|work=reuters.com|first=Chang-Ran|last=Kim|date=June 27, 2011}})

{{Clear}}

{{Infobox automobile engine

|name = 1.9 L

| image = Alfa Romeo JTDm 159.jpg

| caption = JTDm engine cover of Alfa Romeo 159

| manufacturer = GM Powertrain Torino

| production = 1996–present

| aka = {{unbulleted list |JTD and JTDm (Alfa Romeo)|CDTI (Opel)|JTD/Multijet (Fiat and Lancia)|Twin Turbo Multijet (Lancia)|TiD and TTiD (Saab Automobile and Cadillac)|DDiS (Suzuki and Maruti Suzuki)}}

| configuration = Inline-4

| displacement = {{convert|1910|cc|cuin|abbr=on}}

| bore = {{convert|82|mm|in|abbr=on}}

| stroke = {{convert|90.4|mm|in|abbr=on}}

| valvetrain =

| compression = 18.5

| turbocharger = Some versions

| fuelsystem =

| management =

| length =

| width =

| height =

| weight = {{convert|125|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} (Single turbo)

}}

The most common JTD engine is the 1.9 L straight-4 found on various brands and models. The first car that used this engine was the Alfa Romeo 156 in 1997 ({{convert|105|PS|kW hp|disp=comma|abbr=on}}), making it the world's first common-rail diesel passenger car.{{cite book |last = Mazzocchi Bordone| first = Maria Giovanna |title = Alfa Romeo, tutti i modelli del novecento| trans-title=Alfa Romeo, all the 20th century models| publisher = Editoriale Domus| series = Un secolo di auto italiana | volume = II| location = Rozzano (MI) | date = 2010| page = 192}} In 1999, it was introduced in the Fiat Brava, Bravo and Marea range, as well as in the Fiat Punto JTD with a smaller, fixed-geometry turbocharger and {{convert|80.|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}. There were also {{convert|85|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, {{convert|101|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, {{convert|110.|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|115|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} versions available. The engine block weighs approximately {{convert|125|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}, the cylinder head features an overhead camshaft with directly actuated valves. The Multijet second generation features an advanced common-rail system and is available with seven different power outputs. The 8-valve version has {{convert|101|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, {{convert|120.|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, or {{convert|130.|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} and the 16-valve version has {{convert|134|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, {{convert|138|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, {{convert|150.|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, or {{convert|170.|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}. Except for the 101 PS Multijet, all engines feature a variable-geometry turbocharger. Opel also uses a version of this engine. Their CDTI engine, manufactured in Pratola Serra, Italy and Kaiserslautern, Germany, is the product of the half-decade joint venture between GM and Fiat. It is used in the Vectra, Signum, Astra, Zafira, Cadillac BLS and Suzuki SX4 as well as some Saabs marked as TiD and TTiD (twinturbo version).

• Alfa Romeo 145
• Alfa Romeo 146
• Alfa Romeo 147
• Alfa Romeo 156
• Alfa Romeo 159
• Alfa Romeo GT
• Fiat Bravo
• Fiat Brava
• Fiat Croma II
• Fiat Doblò
• Fiat Grande Punto
• Fiat Marea
• Fiat Multipla
• Fiat Punto
• Fiat Idea
• Fiat Sedici
• Fiat Stilo
• Fiat Strada
• Lancia Delta
• Lancia Lybra
• Lancia Musa

• Cadillac BLS
• Opel Astra H
• Opel Signum
• Opel Vectra C
• Opel Zafira B
• Saab 9-3
• Saab 9-5

• Suzuki SX4

• Alenia Aeronautica Sky-Y
• DR5

• MG 6

File:Photo 062708 008.jpg| Right side view, from Saab 9-5

File:Photo 062708 006.jpg| Left side view, from Saab 9-5

File:Photo 062708 005.jpg| Dual overhead camshaft housing

File:Photo 062708 010.jpg| Turbo charger with attachments from 9-5

File:1.9 TT Multijet.jpg

Fiat Powertrain Technologies released information about a new two stage turbo (twin turbo) version of this engine in summer 2007, which is available with two power levels, one producing {{convert|180.|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} and one {{convert|190.|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, both with a maximum torque output of {{convert|400.|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} at 2000 rpm. The 180 PS version production started summer 2007. The engine weighs approximately {{convert|185|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. This engine will be sold both to Fiat Group Automobiles and other brands, but the {{convert|190.|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} version is reserved only to Fiat Group Automobiles.{{cite web |url=http://www.fptpowertrain.com/eng/pdf/Comunicato_uk.pdf |title=New engine 1.9 JTD twin stage turbo |access-date=2007-06-08 |work=fptpowertrain.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225906/http://www.fptpowertrain.com/eng/pdf/Comunicato_uk.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-27 }}

• Cadillac BLS
• Lancia Delta
• Saab 9-3

{{Clear}}

{{Infobox automobile engine

| name = 2.0 L

| image = Alfa Romeo JTDm-2 giulietta.jpg

| caption = JTDm 2 engine cover of Alfa Romeo Giulietta

| manufacturer = {{unbulleted list |FPT Industrial|GM Powertrain Torino}}

| production = 2008–present

| aka = {{unbulleted list |JTDm (Alfa Romeo)|CDTI (Opel)|TiD or TTiD (Saab)|VCDi (Chevrolet)|Multijet (Cadillac, Fiat, Jeep and Lancia)|DDiS (Suzuki)|Kryotec (Tata)}}

| predecessor =

| successor =

| configuration = Inline-4

| displacement = {{convert|1956|cc|cuin|abbr=on}}

| bore = {{convert|83|mm|in|abbr=on}}

| stroke = {{convert|90.4|mm|in|abbr=on}}

| block = Cast iron

| head = Aluminum

| valvetrain = Dual overhead camshafts

| compression = 16.5

| fuelsystem = Common rail Direct injection turbo diesel

| turbocharger =

| management =

| fueltype = {{unbulleted list | Diesel|B20}}

| oilsystem = Wet sump

| coolingsystem = Water-cooled

| power = {{convert|110|-|192|hp|kW|abbr=on}}

| specpower =

| torque = {{convert|192|-|280|lbft|Nm|abbr=on}}

| length =

| width =

| height =

| weight = {{convert|174|-|182|kg|lb|abbr=on}}

}}

A new 2 litre (1,956 cc, 83 mm bore, 90.4 mm stroke) Multijet diesel was introduced in third generation Lancia Delta in summer 2008. At its first version this engine produces {{convert|165|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}. For 2009 the engine was fitted to Alfa Romeo 159 as {{convert|170.|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} variant. Fiat Sedici, Suzuki SX4 and the new Fiat Doblò generation use a {{convert|135|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} variant of this engine. GM Powertrain separately developed their diesel engines based on 1.9 JTD, after end of the GM and Fiat partnership,{{cite web|url=http://gmpowertrain.com/EuropeVehicleEngines/IntroductionEurope.aspx |year=2011 |title=Vehicles Engines Introduction |access-date=2012-04-05 |publisher=General Motors Company |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325223100/http://www.gmpowertrain.com/EuropeVehicleEngines/IntroductionEurope.aspx |archive-date=March 25, 2012 }} and first was the {{convert|160.|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} version for Astra and Insignia, which was later upgraded to 165 PS for Astra (163 PS in restyled version of Insignia), and less powerful version for Insignia with 110 PS and 130 PS. In 2011 GM Powertrain Europe developed a new derivative - the twin-turbocharger BiTurbo version, with {{convert|195|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, which is used in the Insignia and starting with 2013 in the Astra J. Internally the new engine is referred to as GM Ecotec Family B engine. The same engine was also available in the 2011 Saab 9–5 with 160 PS and 190 PS twin-turbo. In 2013 Opel introduced cleaner and more fuel efficient versions of the 2.0 CDTI engine and the ecoFLEX version, with 99 g/km of CO₂ and 120 PS (140 PS for Insignia).{{cite web|url=http://media.opel.com/content/media/intl/en/opel/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/intl/en/2013/opel/06-12-new-opel-insignia.html|title=The New Opel Insignia – The Engine and Infotainment Revolution|access-date=2013-06-12}}

• Alfa Romeo Giulietta (2010)
• Alfa Romeo 159
• Fiat Bravo (2007)
• Fiat Doblò II
• Fiat Ducato III
• Fiat Freemont
• Fiat Sedici
• Fiat Toro
• Fiat 500X
• Jeep Compass
• Jeep Cherokee (KL)
• Jeep Meridian
• Jeep Commander
• Jeep Renegade
• Lancia Delta III

• 2014–2015 Chevrolet Cruze (NA)
• 2016-2017 Chevrolet Captiva (KOR)
• 2013-2015 Chevrolet Malibu
• Daewoo Lacetti
• Opel Antara
• Opel/Vauxhall Astra J (single and twin turbo)
• Opel/Vauxhall Cascada (single and twin turbo)
• Opel/Vauxhall Insignia (single and twin turbo)
• Opel/Vauxhall Zafira Tourer (single and twin turbo)
• Saab 9-5 (single and twin turbo)
• 2020 Cadillac XT4 (EU market)

• MG Hector

• Suzuki SX4

• Tata Harrier
• Tata Safari

{{Clear}}

{{Infobox automobile engine

| name = 2.2 L

| image =

| caption =

| manufacturer = CNH Industrial

| production = 2015-current

| aka = {{unbulleted list |Multijet II (Fiat and Jeep)|JTDm (Alfa Romeo)}}

| configuration = Inline-4

| displacement = {{cvt|2143|cc|cuin|1}}
{{cvt|2184|cc|cuin|1}}

| bore = {{cvt|83|mm|in|2}}
{{cvt|83.8|mm|in|2}}

| stroke = {{cvt|99|mm|in|2}}

| block = Cast iron (die-cast Aluminium for Alfa Romeo)

| head = Aluminum

| valvetrain = Dual overhead camshafts

| compression = 15.5:1

| turbocharger = Variable-geometry integrated in the exhaust manifold

| fuelsystem = Common Rail

| management = Multijet II (Magneti Marelli)

| power = {{convert|185|-|210|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}

| specpower =

| torque = {{convert|440-470|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}

| length =

| width =

| height =

| weight = {{cvt|158|kg|lb}}{{Cite magazine |last=Gibbs |first=Nick |date=September 2016 |title=A lightweight steel structure and Ferrari-inspired V6 engine should help Alfa Romeo's D-segment sedan to compete in a congested market |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=118272928&site=eds-live&scope=site |magazine=Automotive Engineer |pages=10–11 |via=EBSCOhost |volume=41 |issue=7 |issn=0307-6490}}

}}

The 2.2 Multijet II (2,184 cc) was introduced by Fiat Chrysler in mid-2015.YouTube: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09PI6puHdps (1) NEW JEEP CHEROKEE 2.2 MULTIJET 2015 - PREMIÈRE AND FIRST TEST DRIVE - YouTube], accessdate: 19. June 2019 These engines produce {{convert|185|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|200.|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} with {{convert|440.|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} of torque at 2500 RPM in the Jeep Cherokee. It was developed to offer more torque in the low-rev range compared to the 2.0L Multijet.{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uU5D6UillG0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/uU5D6UillG0 |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|title=Paolo Pallotti Engine Engineering Technical Director at Fiat Powertrain Technologies|last=ABMnews|date=16 June 2015|access-date=16 November 2018|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}} This engine further improves the existing 2.0 Multijet in various areas, such as a higher injection pressure (2,000 Bar instead of 1,600 Bar) with Injector Rate Shaping, an oil pump with variable displacement and counterbalance-shafts to reduce noises and vibrations.{{cite web|url=http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2015/06/22/jeep-cherokee-debutta-il-nuovo-2-2-turbodiesel-fca-che-sara-anche-sullalfa-giulia/1802293/|title=Jeep Cherokee, debutta il nuovo diesel FCA 2.2 da 185 e 200 CV - Il Fatto Quotidiano|date=22 June 2015|access-date=16 November 2018}} This engine meets Euro 6 emission norms without the use of diesel exhaust fluid injection. A 2.2 Multijet III (2,184 cc) was introduced by Stellantis on the Fiat Ducato in 2021 with 4 power outputs: 120, 140, 160, & 180 hp. It meets Euro 6d emissions standards.

A further development of this engine with a 2,143 cc displacement, and a die-cast Aluminium block, is used in the Alfa Romeo Giulia (952),{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rH1UinmCk_4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828182142/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rH1UinmCk_4 |archive-date=2016-08-28 |url-status=dead|title=YouTube|website=www.youtube.com|access-date=16 November 2018}} Alfa Romeo Stelvio, and Jeep Wrangler (JL).

Announced in 2023, a new version of the 2.2 Multijet Evo (2,184 cc) four-cylinder engine (code B.B2) entered production in 2024 and was Euro 7 approved in 2025.{{cite web|url= https://www.alvolante.it/news/stellantis-pratola-serra-motori-euro-7-382334|title= Stellantis: a Pratola Serra i motori Euro 7 }} This engine produced in the Pratola Serra (Avellino) factory is mounted on the Fiat Ducato (and twins Opel Movano, Citroën Jumpy, Peugeot Boxer and Toyota Proace Max), Peugeot Landtrek, Fiat Titano, RAM Rampage, Fiat Toro, Jeep Compass and Jeep Commander (in Brazil).{{cite web|url= https://www.clubalfa.it/521972-il-nuovo-fiat-toro-ranch-con-motore-2-2-turbodiesel-avvistato-in-un-video|title= Il nuovo Fiat Toro Ranch con motore 2.2 Turbodiesel avvistato in un video}} South american version was Proconve L8 homologated.{{cite web|url= https://portaln10.com.br/fipecarros/fiat-toro-titano-e-jeep-commander/|title= Fiat Toro, Titano e Jeep Commander ganharão novo motor 2.2 turbodiesel|language=pt}}

From 2025, the 2.2 Multijet Evo engine will also be adopted by K0 commercial vehicles (Peugeot Expert, Fiat Scudo/Ulysse, Citroën Jumpy, Opel Vivaro/Zafira Life, Toyota Proace/Proace Verso), replacing the previous 1.5 HDI and 2.0 HDI engines of PSA origin.{{cite web|url=https://www.autossegredos.com.br/segredos/exclusivo-peugeot-expert-recebe-novo-motor-2-2-turbodiesel-de-150-cv/|language=es|title=Exclusivo: Peugeot Expert recebe novo motor 2.2 Turbodiesel de 150 cv}}

;2,143 cc aluminium block

• Alfa Romeo Giulia (952)
• Alfa Romeo Stelvio (949)
• Jeep Wrangler (JL)

;2,184 cc cast-iron block

• Fiat Ducato and Peugeot/Opel/Citroën twins
• Fiat Scudo and other K0 twins
• Fiat Toro
• Jeep Cherokee (KL)
• Jeep Compass (Brasil)
• Jeep Commander (Brasil)
• Ram Rampage
• Peugeot Landtrek

{{Clear}}

{{Infobox automobile engine

|name = 2.4 L

| image = Alfa0038 JTD.jpg

| caption = Engine cover of an Alfa Romeo 166 2.4 JTD

| manufacturer = Fiat S.p.A.

| production =

| aka = {{unbulleted list |JTD and Multijet (Fiat and Lancia)|JTD and JTDm (Alfa Romeo)}}

| configuration = Inline-5

| displacement = {{convert|2387|cc|cuin|abbr=on}}

| block = Cast iron

| bore = {{Convert|82|mm|abbr=on}}

| stroke = {{Convert|90.4|mm|abbr=on}}

| valvetrain = OHC/DOHC

| compression = 18,5

| turbocharger =

| fuelsystem = Direct injection

| power =

| management =Bosch EDC15 Diesel Injection

| length =

| width =

| height =

| weight =

}}

The 2.4 L (2,387 cc) straight-5 version is based on the 2.4 {{convert|124|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} 5 cylinder TD engine as used in the Mk1 Fiat Marea and the Mk1 Lancia Kappa. The JTD version benefits from the solid build of the TD block, and an improved head/injection system. There are 2 versions of the 2.4 JTD, the 10-valve as used in the Fiat Marea 130 JTD and the earlier Alfa Romeo 156/Alfa Romeo 166/Lancia Lybra diesels where it was available as {{convert|136|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|140.|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|150.|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and later a Multijet 20-valve version {{convert|175|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} as used in the later (2003>) Alfa Romeo 156 as well as some Lancia vehicles. It was designed for transverse front-wheel drive use and was deemed too long and tall for widespread use in other GM Ecotec or Fiat products. A newer Multijet variant of this engine, capable for {{convert|200.|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}, is used in the Alfa Romeo 159, Alfa Romeo Brera and Fiat Croma. The latest version of this engine produces {{convert|210.|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|400.|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1500 rpm, and is used in Alfa Romeo vehicles.{{cite web|date=2012-04-06|url=http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/805|title=Alfa Romeo at the 77th Geneva International Motor Show 2007|access-date=2012-04-06|work=alfaromeopress.com|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054058/http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/805|url-status=dead}}

• Alfa Romeo 156
• Alfa Romeo Spider
• Alfa Romeo Brera
• Alfa Romeo 159
• Alfa Romeo 166
• Fiat Croma II
• Fiat Marea
• Lancia Kappa
• Lancia Lybra
• Lancia Thesis

{{Clear}}

{{Infobox automobile engine

| name = 2.8 Multijet

| image =

| manufacturer = VM Motori

| aka = 2.8 Multijet

| production = 2009–2016

| predecessor =

| successor =

| configuration = 60° inline-4

| displacement = {{convert|2766|cc|L cuin|1|abbr=on|order=flip}}

| bore = {{convert|83|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}

| stroke = {{convert|92|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}

| block = Compacted graphite iron

| head = Aluminum

| valvetrain = DOHC 4 valves x cyl.

| compression = 15.5:1

| turbocharger = Honeywell VGT 2056

| fuelsystem = Common rail Direct injection

| management =

| fueltype = Diesel, B20

| oilsystem = Wet sump

| coolingsystem = Water-cooled

| length = {{convert|695|mm|in|abbr=on}}

| width = {{convert|729|mm|in|abbr=on}}

| height = {{convert|697.5|mm|in|abbr=on}}

| weight = {{convert|220|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}

| power = {{convert|163-178|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}

| torque = {{convert|360|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}

}}

Evolution of VM Motori A 428 DOHC in the inline-4 engine with 1,800 bar (26,000 psi) common rail injection system and piezoelectric injectors

• 2011–2013 Lancia Voyager power: 163 PS (120 kW; 161 hp); torque: 360 N⋅m (266 lb⋅ft)
• 2013–2016 Lancia Voyager power: 178 PS (131 kW; 176 hp); torque: 360 N⋅m (266 lb⋅ft)

{{Infobox automobile engine

| name = 3.0 Multijet

| image =

| manufacturer = VM Motori

| aka = 3.0 V6 Multijet II

| production = 2011–2023

| predecessor =

| successor =

| configuration = 60° V6

| displacement = {{convert|2987|cc|L cuin|1|abbr=on|order=flip}}

| bore = {{convert|83|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}

| stroke = {{convert|92|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}

| block = Compacted graphite iron

| head = Aluminum

| valvetrain = DOHC 4 valves x cyl.

| compression = 15.5:1

| turbocharger = Honeywell VGT 2056

| fuelsystem = Common rail Direct injection

| management =

| fueltype = Diesel, B20

| oilsystem = Wet sump

| coolingsystem = Water-cooled

| length = {{convert|695|mm|in|abbr=on}}

| width = {{convert|729|mm|in|abbr=on}}

| height = {{convert|697.5|mm|in|abbr=on}}

| weight = {{convert|220|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}

| power = {{convert|190-275|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}

| torque = {{convert|440-600|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}

}}

A {{convert|2987|cc|L cid|1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} double overhead camshaft V6 engine, featuring four valves-per-cylinder and common-rail direct fuel injection. A variant complying with the emission norms of the North America market (NAFTA) is the 3.0 V6 Multijet II and marketed by Fiat Chrysler as the FPT Multijet II. The high-performance, single turbo version is Jeep.{{cite web|title=V6 Motors Engine: A 630 DOHC, L 630 DOHC, A 630 DOHC HP - VM Motori|url=http://www.vmmotori.com/v6/automotive-en/v6-en.html|website=www.vmmotori.com}}

• 2011 Jeep Grand Cherokee (Also Australia)
• power {{convert|241|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}, torque {{convert|550|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}
• 2012 Lancia Thema
• power {{convert|190|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm, torque {{convert|440|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 1600-2800 rpm
• power {{convert|239|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm, torque {{convert|550|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 1800-2800 rpm
• 2014 Jeep Grand Cherokee (FPT Multijet II)
• power {{convert|250|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm, torque {{convert|570|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 2000 rpm

• 2021–2023 Jeep Gladiator Branded as EcoDiesel
• power {{convert|264|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 3600 rpm, torque {{convert|600|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 2000 rpm
• 2014–2019 Jeep Grand Cherokee Branded as EcoDiesel
• power {{convert|243|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 3600 rpm, torque {{convert|570|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 2000 rpm
• 2020–2023 Jeep Wrangler Branded as EcoDiesel
• power {{convert|264|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 3600 rpm, torque {{convert|600|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 2000 rpm
• 2014–2018 Ram 1500 Branded as EcoDiesel
• power {{convert|243|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 3600 rpm, torque {{convert|570|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 2000 rpm
• 2019–2023 Ram 1500 Branded as EcoDiesel
• power {{convert|264|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 3600 rpm, torque {{convert|650|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 2000 rpm

• 2013 Maserati Ghibli III
• power {{convert|275|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm, torque {{convert|600|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 2000 rpm
• 2013 Maserati Quattroporte VI
• power {{convert|275|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm, torque {{convert|600|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 2000-2600 rpm
• 2016 Maserati Levante
• power {{convert|250|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm, torque {{convert|600|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 2000-2600 rpm
• power {{convert|275|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} @ 4000 rpm, torque {{convert|600|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} @ 2000-2600 rpm

{{Infobox automobile engine

|name = 1.5 L

| image =

| manufacturer = Groupe PSA, Ford of Europe

| production =

| aka = Multijet II (Fiat)

| configuration = Inline-4

| displacement = {{convert|1499|cc|cuin|abbr=on}}

| bore = {{convert|79.5|mm|in|abbr=on}}

| stroke = {{convert|80.5|mm|in|abbr=on}}

| valvetrain =

| compression =

| turbocharger =

| fuelsystem =

| management =

| length =

| width =

| height =

| weight =

}}

The Multijet II engine is a 1.5 L (1,499 cc) inline-four found on various brands and models. Versions of this engine include the PSA DV5 in the third generation Fiat Doblò and third generation Fiat Scudo. Power outputs are {{cvt|100|PS|kW hp|0}}, {{cvt|120|and|130|PS|kW hp|0}} with maximum torque output of {{convert|250|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} or {{convert|300|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} at 2000 rpm. The PSA HDi engine variant is manufactured by Groupe PSA as a product of the joint venture with Stellantis.

• Fiat Doblò
• Fiat Scudo

{{Infobox automobile engine

|name = 1.6 L

| image =

| caption =

| manufacturer = Groupe PSA, Ford of Europe

| production =

| aka = {{unbulleted list |JTD and Multijet (Fiat S.p.A.)}}

| configuration = Inline-4

| displacement = {{convert|1560|cc|cuin|abbr=on}}

| bore =

| stroke =

| valvetrain =

| compression =

| turbocharger =

| fuelsystem =

| management =

| length =

| width =

| height =

| weight =

}}

The 1.6 Multijet II (1560 cc) was developed by PSA HDi engine and Ford Duratorq engine for heavy-duty applications and is available in three versions 90 Multijet (PSA DV6) these engines produce {{convert|90|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} respectively.

• Fiat Scudo

{{Clear}}

{{Infobox automobile engine

|name = 2.0 L

| image =

| caption =

| manufacturer = Groupe PSA

| production =

| aka = {{unbulleted list |JTD and Multijet (Fiat and Lancia)}}

| configuration = Inline-4

| displacement = {{convert|1998|cc|cuin|abbr=on}}

| bore =

| stroke =

| valvetrain =

| compression =

| turbocharger =

| fuelsystem =

| management =

| length =

| width =

| height =

| weight =

}}

The 2.0 JTD/Multijet (1998 cc) was developed by PSA HDi engine for heavy-duty applications and is available in three versions 90 JTD (PSA DW10), 110 JTD (PSA DW10), 120 MultiJet (PSA DW10), 136 MultiJet (PSA DW10), 150 MultiJet (PSA DW10) and 180 MultiJet (PSA DW10) these engines produce {{convert|90|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|110|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|120|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|136|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|150|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|180|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} respectively.

• Fiat Ulysse
• Fiat Scudo
• Lancia Zeta
• Lancia Phedra

{{Clear}}

{{Infobox automobile engine

|name = 2.3 L

| image =

| caption =

| manufacturer = Sofim

| production =

| aka = {{unbulleted list |JTD and Multijet (Fiat)}}

| configuration = Inline-4

| displacement = {{convert|2287|cc|cuin|abbr=on}}

| bore =

| stroke =

| valvetrain =

| compression =

| turbocharger =

| fuelsystem =

| management =

| length =

| width =

| height =

| weight =

}}

The 2.3 Multijet (2,287 cc) was developed by Iveco for heavy-duty applications and is available in three versions 120 MultiJet (Sofim F1AE0481D), 130 MultiJet (Sofim F1AE0481N or F1AE6481D) and 150 MultiJet (Sofim F1AE3481E), these engines produce {{convert|120|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|130|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|148|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} respectively.

• Fiat Ducato
• Iveco Daily
• Karsan Jest
• UAZ Patriot

{{Clear}}

{{Infobox automobile engine

|name = 2.4 L

| image =

| caption =

| manufacturer = Mitsubishi Motors

| production =

| aka = {{unbulleted list |Multijet (Fiat)}}

| configuration = Inline-4

| displacement = {{convert|2442|cc|cuin|abbr=on}}

| bore =

| stroke =

| valvetrain =

| compression =

| turbocharger =

| fuelsystem =

| management =

| length =

| width =

| height =

| weight =

}}

The 2.4 Multijet (2,442 cc) was developed by Mitsubishi 4N15 for Mitsubishi L200 applications and is available in three versions these engines produce {{convert|154|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|181|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} respectively.

• Fiat Fullback

{{Clear}}

{{Infobox automobile engine

|name = 2.8 L

| image =

| caption =

| manufacturer = Sofim

| production =

| aka = {{unbulleted list |JTD (Fiat and Iveco)|HDi (Peugeot and Citroen)}}

| configuration = Inline-4

| displacement = {{convert|2800|cc|cuin|abbr=on}}

| bore =

| stroke =

| valvetrain =

| compression =

| turbocharger =

| fuelsystem =

| management =

| length =

| width =

| height =

| weight =

}}

The 2.8 JTD (2,800 cc) made by Iveco (SOFIM) was used in second generation Fiat Ducato, it produces {{convert|128|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} or {{convert|146|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}.

• Citroën Jumper
• Fiat Ducato
• Iveco Daily
• Iveco Massif
• Peugeot Boxer
• Renault Mascott

{{Clear}}

{{Infobox automobile engine

|name = 3.0 L

| image =

| caption =

| manufacturer = Sofim

| production =

| aka = {{unbulleted list |Multijet Power (Fiat and Iveco)|HDi (Citroen)}}

| configuration = Inline-4

| displacement = {{convert|2998|cc|cuin|abbr=on}}

| bore =

| stroke =

| valvetrain =

| compression =

| turbocharger =

| fuelsystem =

| management =

| length =

| width =

| height =

| weight =

}}

The 160 MultiJet Power, introduced in 2007, saw displacement increased to 3.0 L (2,998 cc). This engine produces {{convert|157|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} or {{convert|177|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} in Fiat-badged models. In Iveco Massif this engine is also available as {{convert|176|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} version.

• Citroën Jumper
• Fiat Ducato
• Iveco Daily
• Iveco Massif/Campagnola
• Mitsubishi Canter
• Multicar Fumo
• Peugeot Boxer
• RAM ProMaster
• Temsa Prestij
• Karsan Jestronic

{{Clear}}

• Fully Integrated Robotised Engine
• Fiat Global Small Engine
• Fiat Pratola Serra modular engines

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite press release|publisher=GM|url=http://archives.media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewpressreldetail.do?domain=2&docid=11937 |title=GM, Fiat Reach Settlement Agreement|date= February 13, 2005}}{{dead link|date=April 2012}}
• {{cite web | first=Luca|last=Cifferi|date=June 10, 2005|title=GM to create new diesel unit as it untangles its Fiat joint powertrain operations | work=AutoWeek | url=http://www.autoweek.com/article/20050610/FREE/506100702 | access-date=June 13, 2005}}
• {{cite web | first=Peter|last=Homola|date=May 18, 2005|title=Opel Launches 1.9L Diesel at Kaiserslautern Plant | work=Ward's Auto World | url=http://subscribers.wardsauto.com/ar/auto_opel_launches_diesel | access-date=June 13, 2005}}{{subscription required}}
• {{cite web | first=Peter|last=Robinson|date=November 16, 2004|title=GM, Affiliates Working OT for Euro Diesels | work=Ward's Auto World | url=http://subscribers.wardsauto.com/ar/auto_gm_affiliates_working | access-date=June 13, 2005}}{{subscription required}}

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