Gender transition

This page uses topic-specific vocabulary. Below are some definitions to make this page more accessible:

• Assigned gender at birth (AGAB) is a term that refers to the sex or gender assigned to people when they are born. As people are assigned a gender at birth in regards to their physical characteristics, an assigned gender does not account for one's internal gender identity.
• Gender expression refers to the external presentation of one's gender identity. Typically, a person's gender expression is thought of in terms of masculinity (a tomboy, a butch lesbian, a drag king) or femininity (an effeminate male, a 'femboy', a drag queen), but an individual's gender expression may incorporate both feminine and masculine traits, or neither. One may express their gender through clothing, behavior, hair styling, voice, etc.{{Citation |last=Edelman |first=Elijah Adiv |title=Gender Identity and Transgender Rights in Global Perspective |date=6 November 2019 |work=The Oxford Handbook of Global LGBT and Sexual Diversity Politics |pages=61–74 |editor-last1=Bosia |editor-first1=Michael J. |editor-last2=McEvoy |editor-first2=Sandra M. |editor-last3=Rahman |editor-first3=Momin |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190673741.013.24 |access-date=17 March 2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190673741.013.24 |isbn=978-0-19-067374-1|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Carabez |first1=Rebecca |last2=Pellegrini |first2=Marion |last3=Mankovitz |first3=Andrea |last4=Eliason |first4=Mickey |last5=Scott |first5=Megan |date=12 August 2015 |title=Does your organization use gender inclusive forms? Nurses' confusion about trans* terminology |journal=Journal of Clinical Nursing |volume=24 |issue=21–22 |pages=3306–3317 |doi=10.1111/jocn.12942 |issn=0962-1067 |pmid=26263919 |doi-access=free}} It is not necessarily related to one's gender identity.
• Gender identity refers to the personal sense of one's own gender. It may correlate with the gender assigned at birth, or differ from it. In most individuals, gender identity is congruent with their assigned gender. Those who do not identify with their birth gender may identify as transgender.
• Gender dysphoria refers to the distress a person experiences from a mismatch between their internal gender identity and their gender assigned at birth.{{cite web |author=Human Rights Campaign |author-link=Human Rights Campaign |title=Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Definitions |url=http://www.hrc.org/resources/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-terminology-and-definitions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125033133/http://www.hrc.org/resources/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-terminology-and-definitions |archive-date=November 25, 2015 |access-date=June 13, 2021}}{{cite book |title=Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice: working with gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people |date=2006 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50186-6 |veditors=Morrow DF, Messinger L |location=New York |page=8 |quote=Gender identity refers to an individual's personal sense of identity as masculine or feminine, or some combination thereof.}} People who suffer from gender dysphoria may transition in order to alleviate this distress.
• Cisgender is an adjective that refers to individuals who identify the gender assigned to them at birth. Cisgender people may have any sexual orientation or gender expression.
• Transgender is an adjective that refers to individuals who identify with a gender that differs from the one assigned to them at birth. Transgender people may have any sexual orientation or gender expression.
• Non-binary is a term that refers to a gender identity described as neither entirely male nor female (not one of the two binary sexes). Non-binary people may suffer from gender dysphoria, and may consider themselves transgender. Non-binary people may have any sexual orientation or gender expression.
• Transitioning refers to the process of affirming and expressing one's internal sense of gender, as opposed to the gender assigned to them at birth. There are two major facets of gender transitioning: a social transition, and a medical transition; almost all transgender people will socially transition, and most will undergo some degree of medical transition{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}. See the opening paragraphs for further information on social and medical transitioning.
• Detransitioning (sometimes also known as re-transitioning) is the cessation of transgender identity and/or a transition to a different gender, often to one's natal gender.{{cite web |date=7 August 2013 |title=Transitioning Back To One's Assigned Sex At Birth |url=http://transadvocate.com/transitioning-back-to-ones-assigned-sex-at-birth_n_9946.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920093038/http://transadvocate.com/transitioning-back-to-ones-assigned-sex-at-birth_n_9946.htm |archive-date=2017-09-20 |access-date=1 September 2017 |website=The TransAdvocate}}

It is important to note that most transgender individuals will receive few, if any, surgeries throughout their lifetimes and some may never receive HRT. Barriers to accessing medical transitioning can include: a lack of financing, a lack of desire, or a lack of accessibility. There is no one way to transition, and while a medical transition or surgery can absolutely be medically necessary for some individuals' personal wellbeing, no two transitions are the same.

• Puberty blockers / hormone blockers are terms that refer to medications used to block natal sex hormones. For transgender youth, hormone blockers may be offered at the onset of puberty to allow the exploration of their gender identity without the distress{{Cite journal |last1=Turban |first1=Jack L. |last2=King |first2=Dana |last3=Carswell |first3=Jeremi M. |last4=Keuroghlian |first4=Alex S. |date=1 February 2020 |title=Pubertal Suppression for Transgender Youth and Risk of Suicidal Ideation |url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/145/2/e20191725/68259/Pubertal-Suppression-for-Transgender-Youth-and?autologincheck=redirected |pmid=31974216 |access-date=2024-07-21 |journal=Pediatrics|volume=145 |issue=2 |doi=10.1542/peds.2019-1725 |pmc=7073269 }}{{Cite journal |last=Lambrese |first=Jason |date=2010-08-01 |title=Suppression of Puberty in Transgender Children |url=https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/suppression-puberty-transgender-children/2010-08 |journal=AMA Journal of Ethics |language=en |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=645–649 |doi=10.1001/virtualmentor.2010.12.8.jdsc1-1008 |issn=2376-6980 |pmid=23186849|url-access=subscription }} of irreversible pubertal changes. Puberty blockers are considered reversible{{Cite journal |last1=Rölver |first1=Angela |last2=Föcker |first2=Manuel |last3=Romer |first3=Georg |date=2022 |title=Desisting from gender dysphoria after 1,5 years of puberty suppression: A case report |department=Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |journal=University Hospital Münster |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.1016/j.psycr.2022.100049|doi-access=free }} and their use is deemed safe and effective{{Cite journal |last1=Rew |first1=Lynn |last2=Young |first2=Cara C. |last3=Monge |first3=Maria |last4=Bogucka |first4=Roxanne |date=February 2021 |title=Review: Puberty blockers for transgender and gender diverse youth—a critical review of the literature |url=https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/camh.12437 |journal=Child and Adolescent Mental Health |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=3–14 |doi=10.1111/camh.12437 |issn=1475-357X |pmid=33320999|url-access=subscription }} as treatment for gender dysphoria in gender-diverse children{{Cite journal |last1=Giordano |first1=Simona |last2=Holm |first2=Søren |date=2020-04-02 |title=Is puberty delaying treatment 'experimental treatment'? |journal=International Journal of Transgender Health |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=113–121 |doi=10.1080/26895269.2020.1747768 |issn=2689-5269 |pmc=7430465 |pmid=33015663}} and precocious puberty in cisgender children;{{Cite journal |last=Eugster |first=Erica A |date=May 2019 |title=Treatment of Central Precocious Puberty |journal=Journal of the Endocrine Society |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=965–972 |doi=10.1210/js.2019-00036 |pmc=6486823 |pmid=31041427}} their use may be discontinued at any time if natal puberty-blocking is no longer desired. For transgender adults, hormone blockers may be offered in a course with cross-sex hormone replacement therapy in order to treat gender dysphoria.
• Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is a medical treatment that replaces the primary sex hormones in one's body, in order to develop the secondary sex characteristics of the opposite sex. Individuals seeking masculinizing HRT are prescribed the male sex hormone testosterone, while individuals seeking feminizing HRT are prescribed the female sex hormone estrogen.
• Voice therapy (or 'voice training') refers to a non-surgical gender-affirming treatment for the masculinization or feminization of one's voice. Transfeminine people will not experience any impact on voice pitch from feminizing hormone therapy (unless their natal puberty was sufficiently blocked), so voice training is very often underwent in order to learn how to speak in a higher and more feminine register. Transmasculine people, on the other hand, will experience a marked lowering in pitch from masculinizing HRT (testosterone) to an often cisgender male level, so vocal masculinization training is uncommon outside of those who have not underwent masculinizing HRT. Irrespectively, vocal masculinization training can help one learn to speak in a lower and more masculine register.
• Voice surgery refers to a surgical treatment that allows for the masculinization or feminization of one's vocal pitch. Transfeminine people can undergo voice surgery to surgically increase their pitch range. Transmasculine people very uncommonly undergo voice surgery, as masculinizing HRT (testosterone) often lowers voices to a cisgender male pitch. Irrespectively, vocal masculinization surgery can be underwent to surgically decrease their pitch range.
• Facial surgery refers to any gender-affirming surgery underwent on the face. There exists facial masculinization and facial feminization.
• Top surgery refers to any gender affirming surgeries performed on the breasts. In transmasculine individuals, this may be a double mastectomy (removal of breast tissue), and/or a 'male chest reconstruction'. In transfeminine individuals, this may be a breast augmentation.
• Bottom surgery refers to any gender affirming surgeries performed on the genitalia. In transmasculine individuals, this may be a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), and/or a oophorectomy (removal of the ovaries). A penis can be constructed through metoidioplasty or phalloplasty, and a scrotum through scrotoplasty. In transfeminine individuals, this may be a penectomy (removal of the penis), orchiectomy (removal of the testicles), vaginoplasty (construction of a vagina), and/or a vulvoplasty (construction of a vulva).

• Going 'full-time' refers to the act of living everyday life as one's identified gender.{{cite web |title=TransWhat? • Social transition |url=https://transwhat.org/transition/socialtrans.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108001521/http://transwhat.org/transition/socialtrans.html |archive-date=2017-11-08 |access-date=2017-10-29 |website=transwhat.org}} People who go full-time may or may not pass, and may or may not keep their transgender identity a secret.
• Passing refers to the perception and recognition of trans people as their desired gender identity by outsiders who may not know they are transgender. For many trans people, passing is a very important aspect of their transition often seen as an 'end goal'. Passing can greatly alleviate gender dysphoria. Failure to pass can cause serious repercussions for trans people's psychological well-being and safety, including but not limited to: poor mental health, discrimination, increased barriers to medical care{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}, harassment, fetishization, ostracization, increased risk of homelessness, and targeted violence due to increased visibility of one's transgender status.{{Cite web |title=Transgender-Specific Issues: Passing {{!}} Responding to Transgender Victims of Sexual Assault |url=https://www.ovc.gov/pubs/forge/transgender_passing.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007191104/https://www.ovc.gov/pubs/forge/transgender_passing.html |archive-date=2019-10-07 |access-date=2019-10-07 |website=www.ovc.gov}}
• Going 'stealth' refers to the act of living as one's identified gender without revealing oneself to be transgender.{{cite web |last1=Urquhart |first1=Evan |title=For Many Trans Men in the South, Going "Stealth" Makes the Most Sense |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/06/why-trans-men-in-the-south-go-stealth.html |website=Slate Magazine |access-date=February 25, 2022 |language=en |date=June 29, 2018 |archive-date=February 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225041747/https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/06/why-trans-men-in-the-south-go-stealth.html |url-status=live }} In some countries, being stealth may be a safety necessity, due to health, safety, and wellbeing risks of being openly transgender.

Transitioning is a complicated process that involves any or all of the gendered aspects of a person's life, which include aesthetics, social roles, legal status, and biological aspects of the body. People may choose elements based on their own gender identity, body image, personality, finances, and sometimes the attitudes of others. A degree of experimentation is used to know what changes best fit them. Transitioning also varies greatly between cultures and subcultures according to differences in the societies' views of gender.{{cite journal|title=Book Review: Sally Hines, Transforming Gender: Transgender Practices of Identity, Intimacy and Care. Bristol: The Policy Press,2007.227 pp.ISBN 978-1-86134-9170 £24.99 (pbk).ISBN 978-1-86134-9163 £60.00 (hbk)|first=Patricia|last=Elliot|date=1 October 2008|journal=Sexualities|volume=11|issue=5|pages=646–648|doi=10.1177/13634607080110050603|s2cid=145654831}}

{{redirect|Social transitioning|social changes on a societal level|Social change}}

The social process of transitioning begins with 'coming out', where others are told that one does not identify with their birth sex. The newly out trans person may adopt a new name, ask to be referred to with a new set of pronouns, and change their presentation to better reflect their identity.{{Cite journal |last1=Olson |first1=Kristina R. |last2=Durwood |first2=Lily |last3=Horton |first3=Rachel |last4=Gallagher |first4=Natalie M. |last5=Devor |first5=Aaron |date=13 July 2022 |title=Gender Identity 5 Years After Social Transition |url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/150/2/e2021056082/186992/Gender-Identity-5-Years-After-Social-Transition?autologincheck=redirected |access-date=2024-07-21 |journal=Pediatrics|volume=150 |issue=2 |doi=10.1542/peds.2021-056082 |pmid=35505568 |pmc=9936352 }} Socially transitioning does not involve medical intervention or gender affirming surgery, but it may be a prerequisite to access transgender healthcare in some regions.{{Cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Shelley |last2=Crawley |first2=Jamie |last3=Kane |first3=Debbie |last4=Edmunds |first4=Kathryn |date=December 2021 |title=The process of transitioning for the transgender individual and the nursing imperative: A narrative review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jan.14943 |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |language=en |volume=77 |issue=12 |pages=4646–4660 |doi=10.1111/jan.14943 |pmid=34252206 |issn=0309-2402|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite web |last=Rachlin |first=Katherine |title=Medical Transition without Social Transition: Expanding Options for Privately Gendered Bodies |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/tsq/article-abstract/5/2/228/134507/Medical-Transition-without-Social |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=read.dukeupress.edu}}

People may socially transition at any age, with documented cases of children as young as 5,{{Cite journal |last1=Kennedy |first1=Natacha |last2=Hellen |first2=Mark |date=2010 |title=Transgender Children: more than a theoretical challenge |url=https://www.gjss.org/sites/default/files/issues/chapters/papers/Journal-07-02--02-Kennedy-Hellen.pdf |journal=Graduate Journal of Social Science}}{{Cite journal |last1=Olson |first1=Kristina R. |last2=Gülgöz |first2=Selin |date=June 2018 |title=Early Findings From the TransYouth Project: Gender Development in Transgender Children |url=https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cdep.12268 |journal=Child Development Perspectives |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=93–97 |doi=10.1111/cdep.12268 |issn=1750-8592}}{{Cite journal |last1=Olson |first1=Kristina R. |last2=Key |first2=Aidan C. |last3=Eaton |first3=Nicholas R. |date=April 2015 |title=Gender Cognition in Transgender Children |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797614568156 |journal=Psychological Science |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=467–474 |doi=10.1177/0956797614568156 |pmid=25749700 |issn=0956-7976|url-access=subscription }} or adults as old as 75.{{Cite book |last=Fabbre |first=Vanessa D. |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315731803-5/gender-transitions-later-life-significance-time-queer-aging-vanessa-fabbre |title=Gender Transitions in Later Life: The Significance of Time in Queer Aging |date=2015 |isbn=9781315731803 |doi=10.4324/9781315731803-5}} While many of those who socially transition will pursue a medical transition, not everyone can access gender affirming care, and not all may wish to pursue it.

A person's ideas about gender in general may change as part of their transition, which may affect their religious, philosophical and/or political beliefs. In addition, personal relationships can take on different dynamics after coming out. For instance, what was originally a lesbian couple may become a heterosexual one as a partner comes out as a trans man - or parents of a boy may become parents of a girl after their child comes out as a trans woman.

{{main|Transgender rights|Legal recognition of non-binary gender}}

Transgender people in many parts of the world can legally change their name to something consistent with their gender identity.Jerry J. Bigner, Joseph L. Wetchler, Handbook of LGBT-affirmative Couple and Family Therapy (2012, {{ISBN|0415883598}}), page 207: "gender transition can be achieved through the use of clothing, hairstyle, preferred name and pronouns,..." Some regions also allow one's legal sex marker changed on documents such as driver licenses, birth certificates, and passports. The exact requirements vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction; some require sex reassignment surgery, while many do not. In addition, some states that require sex reassignment surgery will only accept 'bottom surgery', or a genital reconstruction surgery, as a valid form of sex reassignment surgery, while other states allow other forms of gender confirmation surgery to qualify individuals for changing information on their birth certificates.{{Cite web|url=http://www.lgbtmap.org/equality-maps|title=Movement Advancement Project {{!}} Snapshot: LGBT Equality by State|website=www.lgbtmap.org|access-date=2019-10-07|archive-date=2019-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422164047/http://www.lgbtmap.org/equality-maps|url-status=live}} In some U.S. states, it is also possible for transgender individuals to legally change their gender on their drivers license without having had any form of qualifying gender confirmation surgery. Also, some U.S. states are beginning to add the option of legally changing one's gender marker to X on legal documents, an option used by some non-binary people.{{Cite web| url=https://loveisarainbow.com/2018/04/gender-neutral-choice/| title=Gender Neutral Choice in Legal Documents - Love is a Rainbow Article| date=2018-04-14| website=Love is a Rainbow| access-date=2019-10-07}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{main|Gender-affirming care}}

Physical aspects of gender transition can go along with social aspects; as well as wearing gender affirming clothing, transgender people often hide features from their natal puberty, with many transgender men binding their breasts and transgender women shaving. Other physical aspects of transitioning require medical intervention, such as transgender hormone therapy or surgeries.

Over the course of a gender transition, people who are close to the transitioning individual may experience a sense of loss and work through a grieving process.{{Cite journal|last=Norwood|first=Kristen|date=March 2013|title=Grieving Gender: Trans-identities, Transition, and Ambiguous Loss|journal=Communication Monographs|volume=80|issue=1|pages=24–45|doi=10.1080/03637751.2012.739705|s2cid=35092546|issn=0363-7751}} This type of loss is an ambiguous loss, characterized by feelings of grief where the item of loss is obscure. Family members may grieve for the gendered expectations that their loved one will no longer follow, whereas the transgender person themself may feel rejected by their relatives' need to grieve.{{cite journal |last1=McGuire |first1=Jenifer K. |last2=Catalpa |first2=Jory M. |last3=Lacey |first3=Vanessa |last4=Kuvalanka |first4=Katherine A. |title=Ambiguous Loss as a Framework for Interpreting Gender Transitions in Families: Ambiguous Loss in Gender Transition |journal=Journal of Family Theory & Review |date=September 2016 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=373–385 |doi=10.1111/jftr.12159 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jftr.12159 |access-date=30 December 2022|url-access=subscription }} Feelings that arise are described as a way of seeing the person who is transitioning as the same, but different, or both present and absent.

• List of transgender-related topics

• {{cite web |title=What does the scholarly research say about the effect of gender transition on transgender well-being? |url=https://whatweknow.inequality.cornell.edu/topics/lgbt-equality/what-does-the-scholarly-research-say-about-the-well-being-of-transgender-people/ |website=What We Know |publisher=Center for the Study of Inequality, Cornell University}}
• {{cite book |last1=Lahai |first1=John Idriss |last2=Moyo |first2=Khanyisela |title=Gender in Human Rights and Transitional Justice |date=2018 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9783319542027}}

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