Geography of Israel#Location and boundaries

{{main|Borders of Israel}}

File:LocationIsrael.svg

Israel lies to the north of the equator around 31°30' north latitude and 34°45' east longitude. It measures {{convert|424|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from north to south{{dubious|Poor source. At least 445 km from Metula to Eilat, so 1949 borders.|date=March 2018}} and, at its widest point {{convert|114|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}, from east to west. At its narrowest point, however, this is reduced to just {{convert|15|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}. It has a land frontier of {{convert|1017|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} and a coastline of {{convert|273|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}. It is ranked 153 on the List of countries and outlying territories by total area.

Prior to the establishment of the British Mandate for Palestine, there was no clear-cut definition of the geographical and territorial limits of the area known as "Palestine." On the eve of World War I it was described by Encyclopædia Britannica as a "nebulous geographical concept."An Empire in the Holy Land: Historical Geography of the British Administration in Palestine, 1917–1929, Gideon Biger, St. Martin's Press and Magnes Press, 1994, pp.40–41. The Sykes-Picot Treaty in 1916 divided the region that later became Palestine into four political units.An Empire in the Holy Land: Historical Geography of the British Administration in Palestine, 1917–1929, Gideon Biger, St. Martin's Press and Magnes Press, 1994, pp.46–52. Under the British Mandate for Palestine, the first geo-political framework was created that distinguished the area from the larger countries that surrounded it. The boundary demarcation at this time did not introduce geographical changes near the frontiers and both sides of the border were controlled by the British administration.An Empire in the Holy Land: Historical Geography of the British Administration in Palestine, 1917–1929, Gideon Biger, St. Martin's Press and Magnes Press, 1994, pp.67–69.

Modern Israel is bounded to the north by Lebanon, the northeast by Syria, the east by Jordan and the West Bank, and to the southwest by Egypt. To the west of Israel is the Mediterranean Sea, which makes up the majority of Israel's {{convert|273|km|mi|abbr=on}} coastline and the Gaza Strip. Israel has a small coastline on the Red Sea in the south. The southernmost settlement in Israel is the city of Eilat whilst the northernmost is the town of Metula. The territorial waters of Israel extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate baseline.

The statistics provided by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics include the annexed East Jerusalem and Golan Heights, but exclude the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The population of Israel includes Israeli settlers in the West Bank. The route of the Israeli West Bank barrier incorporates some parts of the West Bank.

{{Israel Geographical Map}}

Israel is divided into four physiographic regions: the Mediterranean coastal plain, the Central Hills, the Jordan Rift Valley and the Negev Desert.

{{main|Israeli coastal plain}}

The Israeli Coastal Plain stretches from the Lebanese border in the north to Gaza in the south, interrupted only by Cape Carmel at Haifa Bay.{{cite web | url=http://countrystudies.us/israel/35.htm | title=Israel Topography | publisher=U.S. Library of Congress | access-date=8 April 2008}} It is about {{convert|40|km|mi|0|sp=us}} wide at Gaza and narrows toward the north to about {{convert|5|km|mi|1|sp=us}} at the Lebanese border. The region is fertile and humid (historically malarial) and is known for its citrus orchards and viticulture. The plain is traversed by several short streams. From north to south these are: Kishon, Hadera, Alexander, Poleg, and Yarkon. All of these streams were badly polluted, but in the last ten years much work has been done to clean them up.{{dubious|Starting to count – when?|date=January 2017}} Today the Kishon, Alexander and Yarkon again flow year round, and also have parks along their banks.{{cite web |url= http://www.sviva.gov.il/bin/en.jsp?enPage=e_BlankPage&enDisplay=view&enDispWhat=Zone&enDispWho=Examples_River&enZone=River_Restoration& |title=River Restoration |work=Israel Ministry of the Environment |access-date=29 July 2011}}

Geographically, the region is divided into five sub-regions. The northernmost section lays between the Lebanese border, the Western Galilee to the east, and the sea. It stretches from Rosh HaNikra in the north and down to Haifa, Israel's third-largest city. It is a fertile region, and off the coast there are many small islands.{{cite web |url= http://www.goisrael.com/Tourism_Eng/Tourist+Information/Discover+Israel/Geographic+Regions/The+coastal+plain.htm |title= The coastal plain |access-date= 26 January 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110906215023/http://goisrael.com/Tourism_Eng/Tourist+Information/Discover+Israel/Geographic+Regions/The+coastal+plain.htm |archive-date= 6 September 2011 |url-status= dead }} Along the Mount Carmel range is Hof HaCarmel, or the Carmel Coastal Plain. It stretches from the point where Mount Carmel almost touches the sea, at Haifa, and down to Nahal Taninim, a stream that marks the southern limit of the Carmel range. The Sharon Plain is the next section, running from Nahal Taninim (south of Zikhron Ya'akov) to Tel Aviv's Yarkon River. This area is Israel's most densely populated. South of this, running to Nahal Shikma, is the Central Coastal Plain, also known as the Western Negev. The last segment is the Southern Coastal Plain, which extends south around the Gaza Strip. It is divided into two – in the north, the Besor region, a savanna-type area with a relatively large number of communities, and south of it the Agur-Halutza region, which is very sparsely populated.

File:JerusalemMountains.jpg]]

Inland (east) of the coastal plain lies the central highland region. In the north of this region lie the mountains and hills of Upper Galilee and Lower Galilee, which are generally {{convert|500|to|700|m|ft|0|sp=us}} in height, although they reach a maximum height of {{convert|1208|m|ft|0|sp=us}} at Mount Meron. South of the Galilee, in the West Bank, are the Samarian Hills with numerous small, fertile valleys rarely reaching the height of {{convert|800|m|ft|0|sp=us}}. South of Jerusalem, also mainly within the West Bank, are the Judean Hills, including Mount Hebron. The central highlands average {{convert|610|m|ft|0|sp=us}} in height and reach their highest elevation at Har Meron, at {{convert|1208|m|ft|0|sp=us}}, in Galilee near Safed. Several valleys cut across the highlands roughly from east to west; the largest is the Jezreel Valley (also known as the Plain of Esdraelon), which stretches {{convert|48|km|mi|0|sp=us}} from Haifa southeast to the valley of the Jordan River, and is {{convert|19|km|mi|0|sp=us}} across at its widest point.

{{main|Jordan Rift Valley}}

File:Yarden 0182.JPG

East of the central highlands lies the Jordan Rift Valley, which is a small part of the {{convert|6500|km|mi|0|sp=us}}-long Syrian-East African Rift. In Israel the Rift Valley is dominated by the Jordan River, the Sea of Galilee (an important freshwater source also known as Lake Tiberias and Lake Kinneret), and the Dead Sea. The Jordan, Israel's largest river ({{convert|322|km|mi|0|sp=us}}), originates in the Dan, Baniyas, and Hasbani rivers near Mount Hermon in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains and flows south through the drained Hula Basin into the freshwater Lake Tiberias. Lake Tiberias is {{convert|165|km2|sqmi|0|sp=us}} in size and, depending on the season and rainfall, is at about {{convert|213|m|ft|0|sp=us}} below sea level. With a water capacity estimated at {{convert|3|km3|cumi|2|sp=us}}, it serves as the principal reservoir of the National Water Carrier (also known as the Kinneret-Negev Conduit). The Jordan River continues its course from the southern end of Lake Tiberias (forming the boundary between the West Bank and Jordan) to its terminus in the highly saline Dead Sea. The Dead Sea is {{convert|1020|km2|sqmi|0|sp=us}} in size and, at {{convert|420|m|ft|0|sp=us}} below sea level, is the lowest surface point on the earth. South of the Dead Sea, the Rift Valley continues in the Arabah (Hebrew "Arava", Arabic "Wadi 'Arabah"), which has no permanent water flow, for {{convert|170|km|mi|0|sp=us}} to the Gulf of Eilat.

{{main|Negev}}

File:Israel-2013-Aerial 00-Negev-Makhtesh Ramon.jpg]]

The Negev Desert comprises approximately {{convert|12000|km2|sqmi|0|sp=us}}, more than half of Israel's total land area. Geographically it is an extension of the Sinai Desert, forming a rough triangle with its base in the north near Beersheba, the Dead Sea, and the southern Judean Mountains, and it has its apex in the southern tip of the country at Eilat. Topographically, it parallels the other regions of the country, with lowlands in the west, hills in the central portion, and the Arava valley as its eastern border.

Unique to the Negev region are the craterlike makhteshim cirques; Makhtesh Ramon, Makhtesh Gadol and Makhtesh Katan.{{cite web | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1486/ | title=Makhteshim Country | publisher=UNESCO | access-date=8 April 2008}} The Negev is also sub-divided into five different ecological regions: northern, western and central Negev, the high plateau and the Arabah Valley.{{cite web | url=http://www.negev.org/About/negev_desert.htm | title=Israel's Negev Desert | access-date=8 April 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080222220736/http://www.negev.org/About/negev_desert.htm |archive-date = 22 February 2008}} The northern Negev receives {{convert|300|mm|in|1|sp=us}} of rain annually and has fairly fertile soils. The western Negev receives {{convert|250|mm|in|1|sp=us}} of rain per year, with light and partially sandy soils. The central Negev has an annual precipitation of {{convert|200|mm|in|1|sp=us}} and is characterized by impervious soil, allowing minimum penetration of water with greater soil erosion and water runoff. This can result in rare flash floods during heavy rains as water runs across the surface of the impervious desert soil.{{cite web |url=http://www.geckogo.com/Guide/Israel/Natural-Environment/Climate/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901093540/http://www.geckogo.com/Guide/Israel/Natural-Environment/Climate/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-09-01 |title=Israel Natural Environment |publisher=Geckogo.com }} The high plateau area of Ramat HaNegev stands between {{convert|370|and|520|m|ft|0|sp=us}} above sea level with extreme temperatures in summer and winter. The area gets {{convert|100|mm|in|1|sp=us}} of rain each year, with inferior and partially salty soils. The Arabah Valley along the Jordanian border stretches {{convert|180|km|mi|0|sp=us}} from Eilat in the south to the tip of the Dead Sea in the north and is very arid with barely {{convert|50|mm|in|2|sp=us}} of rain annually.

{{main|Geology of Israel}}

File:ROSH HANIKRA RH3 ITAMAR GRINBERG IMOT (14301597350).jpg]]

Israel is divided east–west by a mountain range running north to south along the coast. Jerusalem sits on the top of this ridge, east of which lies the Dead Sea graben which is a pull-apart basin on the Dead Sea Transform fault.{{cite web | url=http://www.showcaves.com/english/il/Geology.html | title=Geology of Israel | access-date=8 April 2008}}

The numerous limestone and sandstone layers of the Israeli mountains serve as aquifers through which water flows from the west flank to the east. Several springs have formed along the Dead Sea, each an oasis, most notably the oases at Ein Gedi and Ein Bokek (Neve Zohar) where settlements have developed. Israel also has a number of areas of karst topography. Caves in the region have been used for thousands of years as shelter, storage rooms, barns and as places of public gatherings.

The far northern coastline of the country has some chalk landscapes best seen at Rosh HaNikra, a chalk cliff into which a series of grottoes have been eroded.{{cite web | url=http://www.jafi.org.il/education/noar/sites/roshhan.htm | title=Rosh HaNikra | publisher=JAFI | access-date=8 April 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517120121/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/noar/sites/roshhan.htm | archive-date=17 May 2008 }}

{{main|List of earthquakes in the Levant}}

The Jordan Rift Valley is the result of tectonic movements within the Dead Sea Transform (DSF) fault system. The DSF forms the transform boundary between the African Plate to the west and the Arabian Plate to the east. The Golan Heights and all of Jordan are part of the Arabian Plate, while the Galilee, West Bank, Coastal Plain, and Negev along with the Sinai Peninsula are on the African Plate. This tectonic disposition leads to a relatively high seismic activity in the region.

The entire Jordan Valley segment is thought to have ruptured repeatedly, for instance during the last two major earthquakes along this structure in 749 and 1033. The deficit in slip that has built up since the 1033 event is sufficient to cause an earthquake of {{M|w}}~7.4.{{cite journal |title=A 48-kyr-long slip rate history for the Jordan Valley segment of the Dead Sea Fault |author1=Ferry M. |author2=Meghraoui M. |author3=Karaki A.A. |author4=Al-Taj M. |author5=Amoush H. |author6=Al-Dhaisat S. |author7=Barjous M. |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |year=2008 |volume=260 |issue=3–4 |pages=394–406 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.049 |bibcode=2007E&PSL.260..394F |issn=0012-821X }}

The most catastrophic earthquakes occurred in 31 BCE, 363, 749, and 1033 CE, that is every ca. 400 years on average.American Friends of the Tel Aviv University, Earthquake Experts at Tel Aviv University Turn to History for Guidance (4 October 2007). Quote: The major ones were recorded along the Jordan Valley in the years 31 B.C.E., 363 C.E., 749 C.E., and 1033 C.E. "So roughly, we are talking about an interval of every 400 years. If we follow the patterns of nature, a major quake should be expected any time because almost a whole millennium has passed since the last strong earthquake of 1033." (Tel Aviv University Associate Professor Dr. Shmuel (Shmulik) Marco). [http://www.aftau.org/news-page-environment--ecology?&storyid4703=2015&ncs4703=3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006013914/http://www.aftau.org/news-page-environment--ecology?&storyid4703=2015&ncs4703=3|date=6 October 2016}} Destructive earthquakes leading to serious loss of life strike about every 80 years.Zafrir Renat, Israel Is Due, and Ill Prepared, for Major Earthquake, Haaretz, 15 January 2010. "On average, a destructive earthquake takes place in Israel once every 80 years, causing serious casualties and damage." [http://www.haaretz.com/israel-is-due-and-ill-prepared-for-a-major-earthquake-1.261497] While stringent construction regulations are currently in place and recently built structures are earthquake-safe, as of 2007 the majority of the buildings in Israel were older than these regulations and many public buildings as well as 50,000 residential buildings did not meet the new standards and were "expected to collapse" if exposed to a strong quake. Given the fragile political situation of the Middle East region and the presence there of major holy sites, a quake reaching magnitude 7 on the Richter scale could have dire consequences for world peace.

{{main|List of rivers of Israel|List of lakes of Israel}}

File:Water_Stress,_Top_Countries_(2020).svg

Israel's longest and most famous river is the {{convert|320|km|mi|0|adj=on}} long River Jordan, which rises on the southern slopes of Mount Hermon in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains.{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577321/Jordan_(river).html |title=River Jordan |access-date=9 September 2010 |encyclopedia=Encarta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515220915/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577321/Jordan_(river).html |archive-date=15 May 2009 |url-status=dead }} The river flows south through the freshwater Sea of Galilee, and from there forms the boundary with the Kingdom of Jordan for much of its route, eventually emptying into the Dead Sea. The northern tributaries to the Jordan are the Dan, Banias, and Hasbani. Only the Dan is within undisputed Israel; the Hasbani flows from Lebanon and the Banias from territory captured from Syria in the Six-Day War.

File:TiberiasNorthward.jpg

The Sea of Galilee (also called the Kinneret) is Israel's largest and most important freshwater lake, located in the northeast of the country. The pear-shaped lake is {{convert|23|km|mi|0}} long from north to south, with a maximum width of {{convert|13|km|mi|0}} in the north, covering {{convert|166|km2|sqmi|0|sp=us}}. The Kinneret lies {{convert|207|m|ft|0|sp=us}} below sea level and reaches depths of {{convert|46|m|ft|0|sp=us}}. In a previous geological epoch the lake was part of a large inland sea which extended from the Hula marshes in northern Israel to {{convert|64|km|mi|0|sp=us}} south of the Dead Sea. The bed of the lake forms part of the Jordan Rift Valley.{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576645/Tiberias_Lake.html |title=Lake Tiberias |access-date=8 April 2008 |encyclopedia=Encarta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012193430/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576645/Tiberias_Lake.html |archive-date=12 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}

South of the Kinneret lies the saltwater Dead Sea which forms the border between Israel and Jordan and is {{convert|418|m|ft|0|sp=us}} below sea level, making it the lowest water surface on Earth.{{cite web|url=http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761556205/Dead_Sea.html |title=Dead Sea |access-date=8 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006212421/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761556205/Dead_Sea.html |archive-date=6 October 2008 |url-status=dead }} The Dead Sea is {{convert|67|km|mi|0|sp=us}} long with a maximum width of {{convert|16|km|mi|0|sp=us}} and also makes up part of the Rift Valley. A peninsula juts out into the lake from the eastern shore, south of which the lake is shallow, less than {{convert|6|m|ft|1|sp=us}} deep. To the north is the lake's greatest depth.

There are no navigable, artificial waterways in Israel, although the National Water Carrier, a conduit for drinking water, might be classified as such. The idea of a channel connecting the Mediterranean and Dead Seas or the Red and Dead Seas has been discussed.{{cite web | url=http://american.edu/ted/deadsea.htm | title=Dead Sea Canal | access-date=8 April 2008 | archive-date=27 March 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327054931/http://www.american.edu/TED/deadsea.htm | url-status=dead }}

File:PikiWiki Israel 12379 Wadi masha.jpg]]

The following are selected elevations of notable locations, from highest to lowest:Statistical Abstract of Israel, No. 58, 2007

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_ISR_1991–2020.svg

File:Snow 0466.JPG]]

File:Ein Avdat Flood 1.JPG]]

The northern half of Israel has a Mediterranean climate with long, hot, rainless summers and relatively short, mild to cool, rainy winters (Köppen climate classification Csa).{{cite web | url=http://countrystudies.us/israel/36.htm | title=Climate | access-date=8 April 2008 | publisher=U.S. Library of Congress}} The southern half has hot semi-arid (BSh) and hot desert (BWh) climates. The climate is as such due to Israel's location between the subtropical aridity of the Sahara and the Arabian deserts, and the subtropical humidity of the Levant and Eastern Mediterranean. The climate conditions are highly variable within the state and modified locally by altitude, latitude, and the proximity to the Mediterranean.

On average, January is the coldest month with average temperatures ranging from {{convert|6|to|15|C|F|1}}, and July and August are the hottest months at {{convert|22|to|33|C|F|1}}, on average across the country. Summers are very humid along the Mediterranean coast but dry in the central highlands, the Rift Valley, and the Negev Desert. In Eilat, a desert city, summer daytime-temperatures are often the highest in the state, at times reaching {{convert|44|to|46|C|F|1}}. More than 70% of the average rainfall in Israel falls between November and March; June through September are usually rainless. Rainfall is unevenly distributed, significantly lower in the south of the country. In the extreme south, rainfall averages near {{convert|30|mm|in|2|sp=us}} annually; in the north, average annual rainfall exceeds {{convert|900|mm|in|1|sp=us}}. Rainfall varies from season to season and from year to year, particularly in the Negev Desert. Precipitation is often concentrated in violent storms, causing erosion and flash floods. In winter, precipitation often takes the form of snow at the higher elevations of the central highlands, including Jerusalem. Mount Hermon has seasonal snow which covers all three of its peaks in winter and spring. In rare occasions, snow gets to the northern mountain peaks and only in extremely rare occasions even to the coast. The areas of the country most cultivated are those receiving more than {{convert|300|mm|in|1|sp=us}} of rainfall annually, making approximately one-third of the country cultivable.

Thunderstorms and hail are common throughout the rainy season and waterspouts occasionally hit the Mediterranean coast, capable of causing only minor damage. However, supercell thunderstorms and a true F2 tornado hit the Western Galilee in April 2006, causing significant damage and 75 injuries.{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3236346,00.html | title='Mini-tornado' sweeps through western Galilee | access-date=8 April 2008 | publisher=Ynet}}

Heat waves are frequent. 2010 was the hottest year in the history of Israel with absolute record high in several places in August. The heat became stronger from August when temperatures were considerably above the average. October and November were also dry, and November was almost rainless when it was supposed to be rainy.

{{Location map+ | Israel | width = | float = right | border = | caption = | alt = | relief = 1 | overlay_image = | places ={{Location map~ | Israel | label = Tel Aviv | label_size = 100 | position = left | background = | mark = | marksize = | link = | lat_deg =32 | lat_min =4 | lat_sec = 34 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 34 | lon_min = 47 | lon_sec = 0 | lon_dir = E }}

{{Location map~ | Israel | label = Beit Dagan | label_size = 100 | position = right | lat_deg = 32 | lat_min = 0 | lat_sec = 10 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 34 | lon_min = 49 | lon_sec = 45 | lon_dir = E }}

{{Location map~ | Israel | label = Jerusalem | label_size = 100 | position = bottom | lat_deg = 31 | lat_min = 47 | lat_sec = | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 35 | lon_min = 13 | lon_sec = | lon_dir = E }}

{{Location map~ | Israel | label = Haifa | label_size = 100 | position = left | lat_deg = 32 | lat_min = 49 | lat_sec = | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 34 | lon_min = 59 | lon_sec = | lon_dir = E }}

{{Location map~ | Israel | label = Safed | label_size = 100 | position = left | lat_deg = 32 | lat_min = 57 | lat_sec = 57 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 35 | lon_min = 29 | lon_sec = 54 | lon_dir = E }}

{{Location map~ | Israel | label = Beersheba | label_size = 100 | position = bottom | lat_deg = 31 | lat_min = 15 | lat_sec = 32 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 34 | lon_min = 47 | lon_sec = 59 | lon_dir = E }}

{{Location map~ | Israel | label = Tiberias | label_size = 100 | position = right | lat_deg = 32 | lat_min = 47 | lat_sec = 48 | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 35 | lon_min = 32 | lon_sec = 9 | lon_dir = E }}

{{Location map~ | Israel | label = Eilat | label_size = 100 | position = right | lat_deg = 29 | lat_min = 33 | lat_sec = | lat_dir = N | lon_deg = 34 | lon_min = 57 | lon_sec = | lon_dir = E }}

}}

{{climate chart

| Tel Aviv

| 9 | 17 | 126.9

| 9.8 | 17.7 | 90.1

| 11.5 | 19.2 | 60.6

| 14.4 | 22.8 | 18.0

| 17.3 | 24.9 | 2.6

| 20.6 | 27.5 | 0

| 23.0 | 29.4 | 0

| 23.7 | 30.2 | 0

| 22.5 | 29.4 | 0.4

| 19.1 | 27.3 | 26.3

| 14.6 | 23.4 | 79.3

| 11.2 | 19.2 | 126.4

| clear = none

| float = left

| source = Israel Meteorological Service

}}

{{climate chart

| Beit Dagan

| 7.2 | 17.8 | 140.5

| 7.1 | 18.1 | 96.9

| 8.8 | 20.1 | 66.1

| 11.5 | 24.5 | 17.5

| 14.6 | 27.0 | 2.2

| 17.9 | 29.2 | 0

| 20.6 | 30.8 | 0

| 21.2 | 31.2 | 0

| 19.4 | 30.4 | 0.4

| 16.0 | 28.3 | 20.4

| 11.8 | 24.1 | 76.2

| 8.6 | 19.7 | 130.3

| clear = none

| float = left

| source = Israel Meteorological Service

}}

{{climate chart

| Jerusalem

| 6.4 | 11.8 | 133.2

| 6.4 | 12.6 | 118.3

| 8.4 | 15.4 | 92.7

| 12.6 | 21.5 | 24.5

| 15.7 | 25.3 | 3.2

| 17.8 | 27.6 | 0

| 19.4 | 29.0 | 0

| 19.5 | 29.4 | 0

| 18.6 | 28.2 | 0.3

| 16.6 | 24.7 | 15.4

| 12.3 | 18.8 | 60.8

| 8.4 | 14.0 | 105.7

| clear = none

| float = left

| source = Israel Meteorological Service

}}

{{climate chart

| Haifa

| 8.9 | 17 | 124.9

| 8.7 | 17.5 | 92.2

| 10.5 | 19.6 | 52.8

| 13.6 | 23.9 | 23.6

| 17.2 | 26.2 | 2.7

| 20.6 | 29.3 | 0

| 23.0 | 31.1 | 0

| 23.6 | 31.4 | 0

| 21.7 | 29.9 | 1.2

| 18.5 | 28.0 | 28.0

| 14.1 | 24.0 | 77.4

| 10.2 | 19.2 | 135.5

| clear = right

| float = left

| source = Israel Meteorological Service

}}

{{climate chart

| Safed

| 4.5 | 9.4 | 158.8

| 4.3 | 10.1 | 129.7

| 6.3 | 13.3 | 94.9

| 10.6 | 19.5 | 43.1

| 14.3 | 25.0 | 5.7

| 17.0 | 28.3 | 0

| 18.8 | 29.8 | 0

| 18.8 | 29.8 | 0

| 17.7 | 28.1 | 1.5

| 15.1 | 23.7 | 24.5

| 10.3 | 16.7 | 85.5

| 6.4 | 11.5 | 135.5

| clear = none

| float = left

| source = Israel Meteorological Service

}}

{{climate chart

| Beersheba

| 7.5 | 16.7 | 49.6

| 7.6 | 17.5 | 40.4

| 9.3 | 20.1 | 30.7

| 12.7 | 25.8 | 12.9

| 15.4 | 29.0 | 2.7

| 18.4 | 31.3 | 0

| 20.5 | 32.7 | 0

| 20.9 | 32.8 | 0

| 19.5 | 31.3 | 0.4

| 16.7 | 28.5 | 5.8

| 12.6 | 23.5 | 19.7

| 8.9 | 18.8 | 41.9

| clear = none

| float = left

| source = Israel Meteorological Service

}}

{{climate chart

| Tiberias

| 9.5 | 18.1 | 90.3

| 9.2 | 19.2 | 72.6

| 10.8 | 22.5 | 57.2

| 14.3 | 28.3 | 20.0

| 17.6 | 33.1 | 4.0

| 20.4 | 35.9 | 0

| 22.8 | 37.5 | 0

| 23.3 | 37.6 | 0

| 21.8 | 36.1 | 0.6

| 19.1 | 32.0 | 13.8

| 15.1 | 25.6 | 50.1

| 11.3 | 20.1 | 80.5

| clear = none

| float = left

| source = Israel Meteorological Service

}}

{{climate chart

| Eilat

| 9.6 | 20.8 | 3.5

| 10.6 | 22.1 | 5.8

| 13.6 | 25.5 | 3.7

| 17.8 | 31.1 | 1.7

| 21.5 | 35.4 | 1

| 24.2 | 38.7 | 0

| 25.9 | 39.9 | 0

| 26.2 | 39.8 | 0

| 24.5 | 37.3 | 0

| 21.0 | 33.0 | 3.5

| 15.5 | 27.2 | 3.5

| 11.2 | 22.3 | 6.0

| clear = right

| float = left

| source = Israel Meteorological Service

}}

{{clear}}

{{see also|Natural gas in Israel}}

Unlike much of the Middle East which is rich in lucrative crude oil, Israel has limited natural resources. These include copper, phosphates, bromide, potash, clay, sand, sulfur, asphalt, and manganese. Small amounts of natural gas and crude oil are present, often too little to merit commercial extraction. In 2009, significant reserves of natural gas were discovered at the Tamar 1 offshore drilling site, 90 kilometers west of Haifa. It is the largest natural gas reserve ever discovered in Israel.{{cite web|last=Bar |first=Avi |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/israel-s-largest-ever-reserve-of-natural-gas-discovered-off-haifa-coast-1.268364 |title=Israel's largest-ever reserve of natural gas discovered off Haifa coast |work=Haaretz |date=18 January 2009}}

{{main|Environmental issues in Israel}}

File:Ashdod-dune01.jpg dunes]]

File:Park Kishon, Haifa 043.JPG after clean-up, 2010]]

Israel has a large number of environmental concerns ranging from natural hazards to man-made issues both resulting from ancient times to modern development. Natural hazards facing the country include sandstorms which sometimes occur during spring in the desert south, droughts which are usually concentrated in summer months, flash floods which create great danger in the deserts due to their lack of notice, and regular earthquakes, most of which are small, although there is a constant risk due to Israel's location along the Jordan Rift Valley. Current environmental concerns include the lack of arable land and natural fresh water resources. Whilst measures have been taken to irrigate and grow in the desert, the amount of water needed here poses issues. Desertification is also a risk possible on the desert fringe, whilst air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions and groundwater pollution from industrial and domestic waste are also issues facing the country. Furthermore, the effects of the use of chemical fertilizers, and pesticides are issues facing the country.

Israel has signed many international environmental agreements and is party to:

• Convention on Biological Diversity
• UNFCCC – Climate Change
• United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
• Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna
• Hazardous Wastes
• Nuclear Test Ban
• Montreal Protocol – Ozone Layer Protection
• MARPOL 73/78 – Ship Pollution
• Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat

Signed but not ratified:

• Kyoto Protocol
• Marine Life Conservation

File:Lotan.jpg]]

Israel's rural space includes several unique kinds of settlements, notably the moshav and the kibbutz.{{cite web | url=http://mama.indstate.edu/users/gejdg/rural.pdf | title=Rural Settlement Geography of Israel | access-date=7 April 2008 | publisher=Indiana State University | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407043121/http://mama.indstate.edu/users/gejdg/rural.pdf | archive-date=7 April 2008 }} Originally these were collective and cooperative settlements respectively. Over time, the degree of cooperation in these settlements has decreased and in several of them the cooperative structure has been dismantled altogether. All rural settlements and many small towns (some of which are dubbed "rurban settlements") are incorporated in regional councils. Land use in Israel is 17% arable land, 4% permanent crops, and 79% other uses. As of 2003 {{convert|1940|km2|sqmi|0|sp=us}} were irrigated.

There are 242 Israeli settlements and civilian land use sites in the West Bank, 42 in the Golan Heights, and 29 in East Jerusalem.

Israel has the Rosh Hanikra Islands and the Achziv Islands within its territorial waters. The Israeli government plans to build artificial islands off the coast to house an airport, a seaport, a desalination plant, a power plant, and a military testing base, as an answer to Israel's lack of space.{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4243546,00.html |title=Israel considers building artificial islands – Israel Environment |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynet |date=20 June 1995|last1=Frenkel |first1=Billie }}{{cite web|last=Ben |first=Ilan |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/short-on-space-israel-mulls-constructing-islands/ |title=Short on space, Israel looks to artificial islands |work=The Times of Israel |date=17 June 2012}}

{{further|List of cities in Israel|Districts of Israel}}

{{Largest cities of Israel}}

File:Israel at night.jpg

As of 2013, the population of Israel is 8 million, 6,015,000 of them Jewish.{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4326257,00.html |title=CBS: Israel home to 8 Million citizens |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynet |date=30 December 2012 |last1=Druckman |first1=Yaron }}

For statistical purposes, the country has three metropolitan areas; Gush Dan-Tel Aviv (population 3,150,000), Haifa (population 996,000), and Beersheba (population 531,600).{{cite web|url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton57/st02_15.pdf |title=Localities, Population, and Density |access-date=2 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208072052/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton57/st02_15.pdf |archive-date=8 February 2012 }} Some argue that Jerusalem, Israel's largest city with a population of 763,600,{{cite web | url=http://www.usm.maine.edu/~maps/exhibit1/theme7.html | title=Jerusalem: From Town to Metropolis | access-date=8 April 2008 | publisher=University of Southern Maine |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080307180639/http://www.usm.maine.edu/~maps/exhibit1/theme7.html |archive-date = 7 March 2008}} and Nazareth,{{cite web | url=http://www.fips.org.il/fips/site/p_publications/item_en.asp?doc=pap&iss=gov&iid=500&sid=401 | title=Initiated Development in the Nazareth Region | access-date=8 April 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071112165815/http://www.fips.org.il/fips/site/p_publications/item_en.asp?doc=pap&iss=gov&iid=500&sid=401 |archive-date = 12 November 2007}} should also be classified as metropolitan areas. In total, Israel has 74 cities, 14 of which have populations of over 100,000. Other forms of local government in Israel are local councils of which there are 144 governing small municipalities generally over 2,000 in population,{{cite book | last=Mahler |first=Gregory S. |title=Politics and Government in Israel: The Maturation of a Modern State | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield | page=229}}{{cite book | last=Troen | first=Selwyn Ilan |author2=Noah Lucas | title=Israel: The First Decade of Independence | publisher=SUNY Press | page=496}} and regional councils of which there are 53, governing a group of small communities over a relatively large geographical area.{{cite book | last=Herzog | first=Hanna | title=Gendering Politics: Women in Israel | page=22 | publisher=University of Michigan Press }}

Israel's population is diverse demographically; 76% Jewish, 20% Arab, and 4% unaffiliated.{{cite web | url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_01&CYear=2007 | title=Population by population group | access-date=8 April 2008 | publisher=Israel CBS}} In terms of religion, 76% are Jewish, 16% Muslim, 2% Christian, 2% Druze, and 4% are unclassified by choice.{{cite web | url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_01&CYear=2007 | title=Population by religion | access-date=8 April 2008 | publisher=Israel CBS}} 8% of Israeli Jews are haredi; 9% are "religious", 12% "religious-traditionalists", 27% are "non-religious traditionalists", and 43% are "secular".{{cite web | url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2007n/19_07_104b.doc | title=Social Survey | year=2006 | access-date=8 April 2008 | publisher=Israel CBS | language=he | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407042911/http://www.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2007n/19_07_104b.doc | archive-date=7 April 2008 | url-status=dead }} Other small, but notable groups in Israel, include Circassians of whom there are approximately 3,000 living mostly in two northern villages, 2,500 Lebanese, and 5,000 Armenians predominantly in Jerusalem.{{cite web | url=http://www.kafkas.org.tr/english/diaspora/israil.html | title=Circassians in Israel | access-date=8 April 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314022637/http://www.kafkas.org.tr/english/diaspora/israil.html | archive-date=14 March 2008 }}

Israel is ranked 34th in the world in terms of population density with, as noted, a climate of long, hot, rainless summers and relatively short, cool, rainy winters. The Population Matters 2011 overshoot index{{cite web|title=Overshoot Index 2011 |url=https://populationmatters.org/documents/overshoot_index_2011.pdf |publisher=Population Matters |access-date=19 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720034201/http://www.populationmatters.org/documents/overshoot_index_2011.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2013 }} ranked Israel as the third most dependent region in the World after Singapore and Kuwait.

{{portal|Geography|Israel}}

• Archaeology of Israel
• Kurkar
• Land of Israel
• List of endemic flora of Israel
• Historical maps of Israel
• National parks and nature reserves of Israel
• Outline of Israel
• Tourism in Israel
• Wildlife of Israel

{{reflist}}

{{Commons category}}

• {{Wikiatlas|Israel}}
• {{OSM relation|1473946|Israel}}
• [http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/aboutisrael/land/pages/the%20land-%20geography%20and%20climate.aspx Geography and Climate] at the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs website
• [http://goisrael.com/Tourism_Eng/Tourist%20Information/Discover%20Israel/Pages/Geography%20and%20Nature.aspx Geography and Nature] at the Israel Ministry of Tourism website

{{Geography of Israel}}

{{Geography of Asia}}

{{Israel topics}}

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