Geography of Malaysia

File:Koppen-Geiger Map MYS present.svg map of Malaysia.]]

Located near the equator, Malaysia's climate is categorised as equatorial, being hot and humid throughout the year. The average rainfall is {{convert|250|cm|in|0}} a year{{cite book|author=Saw Swee Hock|title=The Population of Peninsular Malaysia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e4Yp2QJNVWgC|year=2007|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-230-427-8}} and the average temperature is {{convert|25.4|°C|°F|1}}.{{cite news| title= Malays Travel Guide:Climate of Malaysia| url= http://www.circleofasia.com/Geography-and-Climate-Malaysia.htm| access-date=28 July 2008|publisher=Circle of Asia}} The climates of Peninsular Malaysia and the East Malaysia differ, as the climate on the peninsula is directly affected by wind from the mainland, as opposed to the more maritime weather of East Malaysia. Malaysia is exposed to the El Niño effect, which reduces rainfall in the dry season. Climate change is likely to have a significant effect on Malaysia, increasing sea levels and rainfall, increasing flooding risks and leading to large droughts.{{cite book|title=World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72VwCFtYHCgC|year=2007|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7642-9}}

Malaysia faces two monsoon winds seasons, the southwest monsoon from late May to September, and the northeast monsoon from October to March. The northeast monsoon brings in more rainfall compared to the southwest monsoon,{{cite web|publisher=Malaysian Meteorological Department|title=Weather phenomena|url=http://www.kjc.gov.my/english/education/weather/monsoon01.html|accessdate=31 July 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080320105546/http://www.kjc.gov.my/english/education/weather/monsoon01.html |archivedate = 20 March 2008}} originating in China and the North Pacific. The southwest monsoon originates from the deserts of Australia. March and October form transitions between the two monsoons.

Local climates are affected by the presence of mountain ranges throughout Malaysia, and climate can be divided into that of the highlands, the lowlands, and coastal regions. The coasts have a sunny climate, with temperatures ranging between {{convert|23|and|32|°C|°F|1}}, and rainfall ranging from {{convert|10|to|30|cm|in|0}} a month. The lowlands have a similar temperature, but follow a more distinctive rainfall pattern and show very high humidity levels. The highlands are cooler and wetter, and display a greater temperature variation. A large amount of cloud cover is present over the highlands, which have humidity levels that do not fall below 75%.

The highest temperature was recorded at Chuping, Perlis on 9 April 1998 at {{convert|40.1|°C|°F}}. The lowest temperature in Peninsula Malaysia was recorded at Cameron Highlands on 1 February 1978 at {{convert|7.8|°C|°F}}. The lowest temperature in East Malaysia was recorded on Mount Kinabalu at {{convert|-4|°C|°F}}. The highest snowfall was recorded in a year was {{convert|1|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} at Mount Kinabalu, Sabah in 1975, 1993, and 2022. The highest rainfall recorded in a day was {{convert|608|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in Kota Bharu, Kelantan on 6 January 1967. The highest rainfall recorded in a year was {{convert|5687|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} at Sandakan, Sabah in 2006. Meanwhile, the lowest rainfall recorded in a year was {{convert|1151|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} at Tawau, Sabah in 1997.{{cite news| title= General Climate Information| url= http://www.met.gov.my/web/metmalaysia/education/climate/generalclimateinformation| access-date= 3 December 2016| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151116010753/http://www.met.gov.my/web/metmalaysia/education/climate/generalclimateinformation| archive-date= 16 November 2015| url-status= dead}} The wettest place in Malaysia is Kuching, Sarawak with an average rainfall of {{convert|4159|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} with 279 days of rain a year. The driest place in Malaysia is in Sitiawan, Perak with average rainfall of {{convert|1787|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} a year.

{{Kuala Lumpur weatherbox}}

{{Klang weatherbox}}

{{Kuching weatherbox}}

{{Excerpt|Climate change in Malaysia}}

File:Location map Peninsula Malaysia.png.]]

Malaysia is located on the Sunda Shelf, and is tectonically inactive. The oldest rocks in the country date from 540 million years ago, and are mostly sedimentary. The most common kind of rock is limestone that formed during the Paleozoic Era. Limestone that had accreted in East Malaysia during the Tertiary period later eroded, forming basins of sedimentary rocks that are rich in oil and natural gas. The mountain ranges in Malaysia were formed through orogenesis beginning in the Mesozoic Era.

The total land area of Malaysia is {{convert|330803|km2|sqmi|-1}}, the 66th largest country in the world in terms of area.{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 |title=Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010 |publisher=Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia |page=27 |access-date=2 August 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227065717/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 |archive-date=27 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }} It is the only country to contain land on both mainland Asia and the Malay Archipelago. Peninsular Malaysia makes up {{convert|132090|km2|sqmi|-1}}, or almost 40% of the country's land area, while East Malaysia covers {{convert|198847|km2|sqmi|-1}}, or 60%. From the total land area, {{convert|1200|km2|sqmi|-1}} or 0.37% is made up of water such as lakes, rivers, or other internal waters. Malaysia has a total coastline of {{convert|4675|km|mi|0}}, and Peninsular Malaysia has {{convert|2068|km|mi|0}}, while East Malaysia has {{convert|2607|km|mi|0}} of coastline.

Malaysia has the 29th longest coastline in the world. The two distinct parts of Malaysia, separated from each other by the South China Sea, share a largely similar landscape in that both Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia feature coastal plains rising to hills and mountains.

File:Location map Malaysia Borneo.png

Peninsular Malaysia covers the southern half of the Malay Peninsula, and extends {{convert|740|km|mi|0}} from north to south, and its maximum width is {{convert|322|km|mi|0}}. It is mountainous, with more than half of it over {{convert|150|m|ft|0}} above sea level. About half of Peninsular Malaysia is covered by granite and other igneous rocks, a third more is covered by stratified rocks older than the granite, and the remainder is covered by alluvium.Encyclopædia Britannica. The Land (West Malaysia).

Harbours are only available on the peninsula's western side, and the most fertile land occurs when river valleys flow out to the sea. The coastal plains bordering the Strait of Malacca are the most densely populated areas of Malaysia, and contains Malaysia's capital, Kuala Lumpur.

East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo, has a coastline of {{convert|2607|km|mi|0}}. It is divided between coastal regions, hills and valleys, and a mountainous interior. There are only two major cities, Kuching and Kota Kinabalu. Much of southern Sarawak is coastal lowlands, which shifts to a series of plateaus going north, ending in the mountainous regions of Sabah.

File:Mount kinabalu 01.png, the highest point of Malaysia, is located in Sabah.]]

The highest mountain range in Malaysia is the Crocker Range in Sabah, which divides the state in half. This range includes Mount Kinabalu, the highest mountain in the country,{{cite book|author=Simon Richmond|title=Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMKOuzRxOJsC|year=2010|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-887-2}} as well as Mount Sinsing, the third highest in the country. Mount Kinabalu, is {{convert|4095.2|m|ft}}, and is protected as it is within Kinabalu Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and national park.{{cite web|url=http://www.ecologyasia.com/html-loc/mount-kinabalu.htm |title=Mount Kinabalu – revered abode of the dead |publisher=Ecologyasia.com |accessdate=17 September 2010}} Mount Kinabalu is 55% (by {{convert|1453.2|m|ft}} margin) taller than Mount Trusmadi, Malaysia's second tallest mountain.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Mountain ranges in East Malaysia tend to follow north–south or northeast–southwest paths, and the highest ranges form the border between Malaysia and Indonesia. The mountains contain many jagged limestone peaks. The Trus Madi Range, also in Sabah, houses Mount Trus Madi. Bombalai Hill in Sabah is the only active volcano in Malaysia.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Peninsular Malaysia contains numerous mountain ranges running parallel from north to south along the peninsula. The main mountain range is the Titiwangsa Mountains, which divides the peninsula between its east and west coasts.{{cite book|author=Alan M. Stevens|title=A comprehensive Indonesian-English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cF97F--suNAC|year=2004|publisher=PT Mizan Publika|isbn=978-979-433-387-7}} It houses Mount Korbu, the second highest peak in Peninsular Malaysia. These mountains are heavily forested, and mainly composed of granite. The range is the origin of some of Peninsular Malaysia's river systems.{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358619/Main-Range |title=Main Range (mountains, Malaysia) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=1 October 2010}} To the east of this range is the Bintang Range. The highest peak in Peninsular Malaysia is Mount Tahan, located on the Tahan Range.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

{{See also|List of caves in Malaysia}}

Numerous caves run through the country due to the karst landscape caused by water eroding limestone. The Mulu Caves in East Malaysia are the largest caves in the world. They are located between the Penambo range and Brunei, and are a major tourist attraction. At {{convert|700|m|ft|0}} long and {{convert|70|m|ft|0}} high the Sarawak Chamber is the largest cave chamber in the world. Other famous caves are the {{convert|1.6|km|mi|0}} Deer Cave and Lang's Cave.

File:Redanglaura009.jpg in the South China Sea.]]

{{See also|List of islands of Malaysia}}

Malaysia contains numerous islands, the largest of which fully within Malaysia is Banggi Island in Sabah, which has an area of {{convert|440.7|km2|sqmi|-1}}.{{cite web |author=Mohd Huzaifah Muntalip |url=http://www.akademifantasia.org/south-east-asia/top-5-largest-islands-in-malaysia/ |title=Top 5 Largest Islands in Malaysia |website=Akademi Fantasia Travel |date=16 May 2011 |access-date=2 September 2016 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225161256/https://www.akademifantasia.org/south-east-asia/top-5-largest-islands-in-malaysia/ |url-status=dead }} It is followed by Bruit Island in Sarawak, Langkawi in Kedah, and Penang Island in Penang. The largest island shared with another country is Borneo, followed by Sebatik Island. In addition, Malaysia lies within the world's coral reef distribution.{{cite web|publisher=NASA |title=Coral reef image |access-date=31 July 2008 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/lookingatearth/coralreef_image.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805211813/http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/lookingatearth/coralreef_image.html |archive-date=5 August 2008 }} The reefs can be usually found around islands such as Sipadan Island, Swallow Reef, and Redang Island.Praveena, S. M., Siraj, S. S., & Aris, A. Z. (2012). Coral reef studies and threats in Malaysia: A mini review. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 11(1), 27-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-011-9261-8 Sipadan, an underwater mountain, is Malaysia's only oceanic island.{{cite web|work=New Straits Times |title=Go: A diver's paradise |access-date=15 December 2010 |url=http://www.nst.com.my/nst/articles/Go_Adiver__8217_sparadise/Article/ |date=1 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622063452/http://www.nst.com.my/nst/articles/Go_Adiver__8217_sparadise/Article/ |archive-date=22 June 2011 |df=dmy }}

A recent global remote sensing analysis suggests that there were 1,713 km² of tidal flats in Malaysia, making it the 19th ranked country in terms of how much tidal flat occurs there.{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=N.J. |last2=Phinn |first2=S.R. |last3=DeWitt |first3=M. |last4=Ferrari |first4=R. |last5=Johnston |first5=R. |last6=Lyons |first6=M.B. |last7=Clinton |first7=N. |last8=Thau |first8=D. |last9=Fuller |first9=R.A. |title=The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats |journal=Nature |date=2019 |volume=565 |issue=7738 |pages=222–225 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8 |pmid=30568300 |s2cid=56481043 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0805-8}}

{{See also|List of national parks of Malaysia}}

File:Bantang River Recreational Forest.jpg, Johor.]]

Malaysian forests can be categorised as tropical rainforests. Approximately 58.2% of Malaysia's land is covered by forest. A large amount of lowland forest is present below an altitude of {{convert|760|m|ft|0}}. East Malaysia, like most of Borneo, was formerly covered by the Borneo lowland rain forests with over 2000 tree species. However, much of it has been cleared,{{cite web|url=http://www.wwf.org.my/about_wwf/what_we_do/forests_main/the_malaysian_rainforest/ |title=The Malaysian Rainforest |publisher=Wwf.org.my |access-date=1 October 2010}} due to the increase in logging since the 1960s and the increase of shifting cultivation. Over 80% of Sarawak's forests have been felled, and the logging throughout East Malaysia has polluted waterways, increased erosion, and damaged agriculture. Some state governments have now taken measures to halt the degradation of the rainforest.

Malaysia's rainforests are made of a variety of types, mainly dipterocarp, swamps, and mangroves. The majority of the forest is dipterocarp forests. Dipterocarps species are centred in Malaysia.[https://books.google.com/books?id=_VGRBWqIG2gC&dq=malaysia+ecoregions&pg=PA93 Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a conservation assessment] by Eric D. Wikramanayake, pg 93 There are over {{convert|1425|km2|sqmi|-1}} of mangroves in Malaysia. Some areas are designated as forest reserves, state parks, or national parks. The management of these reserves is done by the Department of Wildlife and National Park, the Forest Department of Sarawak, the Sabah Forestry Department, the Sabah Foundation, and Sabah Parks. As of 2000, there are two World Heritage Sites under the natural category – Kinabalu Park and Gunung Mulu National Park.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

{{see also|List of ecoregions in Malaysia}}

Malaysia is divided into several tropical forest ecoregions.

Peninsular Malaysia is home to the Peninsular Malaysian rain forests, Peninsular Malaysian montane rain forests, Peninsular Malaysian peat swamp forests, and Tenasserim-South Thailand semi-evergreen rain forests.

Eastern Malaysia is home to the Borneo lowland rain forests, Borneo montane rain forests, Borneo peat swamp forests, Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests, and Sundaland heath forests.Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Peninsular Malaysia's west coast is home to the Myanmar Coast mangroves. The Indochina mangroves fringe Peninsular Malaysia's east coast. The Sunda Shelf mangroves line Borneo's coast.

The southernmost point of Malaysia is located in the district of Serian in Sarawak. Tanjung Piai on the southern tip of Johor is the southernmost point of the Malay Peninsula, and thus of the whole of continental Eurasia.{{cite web|url=http://www.nst.com.my/Weekly/Travel/article/TravelTips/20050718145301/Article/index_html |title=Asia's southernmost tip |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703124222/http://www.nst.com.my/Weekly/Travel/article/TravelTips/20050718145301/Article/index_html |archive-date=3 July 2007 |work=Travel Times |date=3 July 2007 |access-date=26 October 2010}}{{cite web|url=http://www.emedia.com.my/Weekly/TravelTimes/Friday/Frontpage/20030627112206/recent_article |title= Tanjung Piai, The End of Asia |author=Sager Ahmad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030822193354/http://www.emedia.com.my/Weekly/TravelTimes/Friday/Frontpage/20030627112206/recent_article |archive-date=22 August 2003 |work=Travel Times |date=22 August 2003 |access-date=26 October 2010}} The easternmost point is found on the tip of Dent Peninsula in Lahad Datu district in Sabah. The northernmost point is found on the northern tip of Banggi Island. The westernmost point is Perak Island, a sandstone rock which is part of Kedah state that rises at the center of the Strait of Malacca.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

File:Singapore-Johor Causeway.jpg connects Malaysia and Singapore across the Straits of Johor. In the background is Johor Bahru.]]

Between Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia is the South China Sea, the largest body of water around Malaysia. Facing the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia is the Strait of Malacca towards the south, and the Andaman Sea towards the north. The Strait of Malacca, lying between Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, is arguably the most important shipping lane in the world.{{cite magazine|author=Andrew Marshall |url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/2006/journey/strait.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901014041/http://www.time.com/time/asia/2006/journey/strait.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 September 2006 |title=Waterway To the World - Summer Journey |magazine=Time |date=31 July 2006 |access-date=28 October 2010}} These seas are marginal seas of the Indian Ocean.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

Off the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia is the South China Sea, while a small part in the north lies within the Gulf of Thailand. These form part of the marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean. The Straits of Johor off the south of Peninsular Malaysia acts as the maritime border of Malaysia and Singapore.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} In East Malaysia, the western coasts of Sabah and Sarawak face the South China Sea. The northeast coast of Sabah faces the Sulu Sea, while the southeast coast of Sabah faces the Celebes Sea.

Malaysia claims 12 nm ({{convert|22|km|mi|0}}) as its territorial waters,{{Cite web|url=https://www.indexmundi.com/malaysia/maritime_claims.html|title=Malaysia Maritime claims - Geography|website=www.indexmundi.com|access-date=2018-01-29}} which extend into the Coral Triangle.{{cite web|url=http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/coraltriangle/ |title=WWF – Coral Triangle |publisher=Wwf.panda.org |access-date=14 September 2010}} It also has an exclusive economic zone of {{convert|334671|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} based on {{convert|200|m|ft|0}} nautical miles from its coastal baseline. Malaysia claims {{convert|200|m|ft|0}} in the depth of the continental shelf or to the depth of exploration within the area below the South China Sea known as Sundaland.{{cite web|title=Maritime Claims|publisher=CIA The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2106.html|access-date=31 July 2008|archive-date=19 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119041209/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2106.html|url-status=dead}}{{Failed verification|date=February 2021}} The territorial claim for the Strait of Malacca is shared between Malaysia and Indonesia in accordance to a treaty signed in 1970 known as the Treaty Between the Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia on Determination of boundary Lines of Territorial Waters of the two Nations at the Strait of Malacca.{{cite web|publisher=The Geographer, Department of State, USA|title=Indonesia-Malaysia Territorial Sea Boundary|access-date=31 July 2008|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/61516.pdf}}

{{main article|List of lakes of Malaysia}}

File:Ayer Keroh Lake.JPG.]]

The Bera Lake in Pahang is one of the largest lakes in Malaysia, and one of the only two natural lakes in Malaysia with Chini Lake. Pedu Lake is a {{convert|12|km|mi|0}} long lake located {{convert|5|km|mi|0}} from the Malaysia–Thailand border. Kenyir Lake is the largest artificial lake in Southeast Asia.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

{{main article|List of rivers of Malaysia}}

There are many systems of rivers found around Malaysia. The longest is the Rajang River in Sarawak with a length of {{convert|760|km|mi|0}}.{{Cite web |date=2025-01-16 |title=Rajang River {{!}} Sarawak, Borneo, Wildlife {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rajang-River |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}} The second longest is the Kinabatangan River in Sabah with a length of {{convert|560|km|mi|0}}.{{Cite web |date=2017-04-25 |title=Longest Rivers In Malaysia |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/longest-rivers-in-malaysia.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}} The longest river in Peninsular Malaysia is the Pahang River with a length of {{convert|435|km|mi|0}}.{{Cite web |title=Pahang River {{!}} Tin Mining, Rainforest, Mangroves {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pahang-River |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}

{{main article|Wildlife of Malaysia}}

Malaysia is a megadiverse country, with a high number of species and high levels of endemism.{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html |title=Biodiversity Theme Report |publisher=Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts |year=2001 |access-date=24 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514125559/http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html |archive-date=14 May 2007 }} These forests contain the Rafflesia, the world's largest flower. The clearing of the Borneo lowland rain forests has caused wildlife to retreat into the upland rain forests inland.

Malaysia's geographical location protects the country from most major natural disasters. It is located on a seismically stable plate that minimises direct risks of earthquakes and volcanoes, is partially protected from tsunamis by surrounding landmasses, and is a rare target for tropical cyclones. However, the country's tropical climate opens the country to the risk of flooding, landslides and prolonged droughts.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} Global climate change may exacerbate the situation with extreme weather events in Southeast Asia raising the economic, political and social risks for Malaysia.Overland, Indra et al. (2017) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312 Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier], Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Myanmar Institute of International and Strategic Studies (MISIS).

{{main article|Floods in Malaysia|Tropical cyclones in Malaysia}}

File:Malaysia TRM 2004348 lrg.jpg

With 189 water basins and an average rainfall of over 2,000–4,000 mm per year, Malaysia is prone to riverine, muddy floods that range from hours-long flash floods, to prolonged flooding on flat, low-lying land along major tributaries and main stems. 15 instances of major flooding in the region have occurred since 1926; notable floods include the 1971 floods in and around Kuala Lumpur that killed 32, affected 180,000 and prompted the launch of flood control projects in the city, 2006 and 2007 floods in Johor that resulted in 18 deaths and RM1.5 billion in damages in addition to the temporary displacement of 110,000 people,{{cite news|title=Flood and Drought Management in Malaysia |url=http://www.met.gov.my/ClimateChange2007/session1b/Keynote%20Lecture%202%20-%20Ir.%20Haji%20Ahmad%20Husaini%20Sulaiman/K2%20Husaini_p.doc |publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia |access-date=1 August 2008 |date=21 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910042913/http://www.met.gov.my/ClimateChange2007/session1b/Keynote%20Lecture%202%20-%20Ir.%20Haji%20Ahmad%20Husaini%20Sulaiman/K2%20Husaini_p.doc |archive-date=10 September 2008 }} and major flooding centered around the Klang Valley in 2021–2022 that led to 54 deaths, at least RM5.3–6.5 billion in damages and left 125,490 displaced. Flooding has been a major concern in recent decades due to rapid development in river catchment areas that has led to increased surface and river runoffs, increased sediment buildup in rivers, and frequent erosion along river banks.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

Due to weak Coriolis forces from its close proximity to the equator, direct passages of tropical cyclones are rare for the country despite its proximity to the highly active Northwestern Pacific tropical cyclone basin. The only tropical cyclones to significantly affect Malaysia since records began were Tropical Storm Greg in 1996 and Tropical Storm Vamei in 2001; the former's passage over Sabah remains the deadliest tropical storm in the country's history, with 238 dead and 102 missing. However, tropical depressions as well as outlying storm patterns generated by passing cyclones have made landfall regularly, often leading to abnormally high rainfall and flooding, such as the tail of Typhoon Lekima striking the Malay Peninsula in August 2018, and the path of 2021's Tropical Depression 29W across central Peninsular Malaysia contributing to record precipitation and protracted flooding in the region between December 2021 and January 2022.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

{{See also|List of earthquakes in Malaysia|List of volcanoes in Malaysia}}

Malaysia is largely seismically stable with little modern history of volcanic activity, being situated entirely on the Sunda tectonic plate, between two major boundaries of the Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate in the west of Peninsular Malaysia, and the Philippine Sea Plate and Eurasian Plate at East Malaysia.{{Cite journal |last=Loi |first=Daniel W. |last2=Raghunandan |first2=Mavinakere E. |last3=Swamy |first3=Varghese |date=September 2018 |title=Revisiting seismic hazard assessment for Peninsular Malaysia using deterministic and probabilistic approaches |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327655216_Revisiting_seismic_hazard_assessment_for_Peninsular_Malaysia_using_deterministic_and_probabilistic_approaches |journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences |volume=18}}

Peninsular Malaysia is more accustomed to only light tremors caused by earthquakes along the Sumatran islands of Indonesia generated predominantly by the Great Sumatran fault and Sunda megathrust.{{cite news|title= Keseismikan Malaysia| language=ms| url=http://www.met.gov.my/malay/pendidikan/seismologi/seismo01.html| publisher=Meteorological Department of Malaysia| access-date=30 July 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080624211810/http://www.met.gov.my/malay/pendidikan/seismologi/seismo01.html |archive-date = 24 June 2008}} However, a pair of rare earthquakes that did not originate in Sumatra were felt in much of Malaya and Singapore on 31 January 1922 and 7 February 1922.{{Cite journal|last1=Martin|first1=Stacey Servito|last2=Wang|first2=Yu|last3=Muzli|first3=Muzli|last4=Wei|first4=Shengji|date=2020-05-27|title=The 1922 Peninsula Malaysia Earthquakes: Rare Intraplate Seismicity within the Sundaland Block in Southeast Asia|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/srl/article/586594/The-1922-Peninsula-Malaysia-Earthquakes-Rare|journal=Seismological Research Letters|volume=91|issue=5|pages=2531–2545|language=en|doi=10.1785/0220200052|s2cid=219744642 |issn=0895-0695}} As is with Singapore, the effects of tremors are also felt more significantly on skyscrapers common in populated centres in Malaysia due to the effects of mechanical resonance. East Malaysian states, particularly Sabah, are at risk of more moderate interplate and intraplate earthquakes due to its closer proximity to active tectonic activities along the Ring of Fire, with record earthquakes in the country occurring in Sabah in 1923, 1951, 1976 and 2015 at an average of 6.0–6.5 M_w.{{cite web|title= Recent Earthquake Near Sabah, Malaysia| url= http://earthquaketrack.com/p/malaysia/sabah/recent?page=2| access-date=16 July 2015| work=earthquaketrack.com}} The fringes of Sabah also lay host to a series of the country's only volcanoes at the Tawau volcanic field and off the state's coast. Prominently, Mount Bombalai last erupted during the Holocene epoch, while the last major eruption in present-day Malaysia occurred during the formation of a chain of volcanic islands (prominently including Pulau Tiga) off Kimanis Bay in 1897.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

Interest towards tsunami risks to Malaysia has also heighten since the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Although the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia was largely shielded by Sumatra from the full effects of waves generated by the earthquake, weaker deflected tsunami waves led to damage and casualties along the northwestern coast of Peninsular Malaysia, affecting coastal Perlis, Kedah, Penang and Perak. The disaster also highlights the risk of further tsunamis that may strike coasts in direct line of undersea faults, primarily around the South China Sea.{{cite news| title= Dealing with a restless planet| url= http://www.nst.com.my/Weekly/PropertyTimes/News/Land%20Matters/20050714124802/Article/| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060822000158/http://www.nst.com.my/Weekly/PropertyTimes/News/Land%20Matters/20050714124802/Article/| url-status= dead| archive-date= 22 August 2006| author= Dr Salleh Buang| date= 26 April 2006| access-date= 31 July 2008| work= New Straits Times| df= dmy-all}}

Malaysia produces petroleum and is a net exporter.{{cite news|work=International Herald Tribune|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/01/03/bloomberg/sxringgit.php|access-date=30 July 2008|date=4 January 2005|title=Malaysia export growth slows to 16.9%}} Malaysia also produces liquefied natural gas as well as various other related products, most of which are found off the coasts of Terengganu, Sabah, and Sarawak. Other notable natural resources includes tin, timber, copper, iron, ore, and bauxite.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

Malaysia was the largest exporter of tin until the industry-wide collapse in the 1980s. Tin deposits are found in areas in Selangor, Kinta valley in Perak, Pahang and Johor.{{cite news |title=Tin Mine Operators in Malaysia |url=http://www.jmg.gov.my/files/MALAYSIA&ASEAN/Tin.htm |publisher=Geoscience and Minerals Department of Malaysia |access-date=4 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110222153/http://www.jmg.gov.my/files/MALAYSIA%26ASEAN/Tin.htm |archive-date=10 November 2008 |df=dmy }} There are significant deposit of gold in the Pahang towns of Raub and Kuala Lipis and also Kelantan's district of Gua Musang.{{cite news| title= Gold Mine Operator in Malaysia| publisher=Minerals and Geoscience Department of Malaysia}}

Coal is mostly concentrated in the Sarawak towns of Kapit, Mukah and Silantek.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

{{see also|Deforestation in Malaysia}}

Timber can be found in the vast jungles in Malaysia, especially in East Malaysia. Malaysia's total exports of timber and other timber products amounted to MYR 23.4 billion in 2007.{{cite web| title= Key Statistics of Malaysia| url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/english/frameset_keystats.php| publisher=Department of Statistics Malaysia| access-date=30 July 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080323165114/http://www.statistics.gov.my/english/frameset_keystats.php |archive-date = 23 March 2008}}

Large areas of land are used as palm oil plantations, rubber plantations, and paddy fields. Malaysia is the world's largest exporter of palm oil producing 15.8 million tonnes of crude palm oil in 2007. Malaysia is also one of the largest producers and exporters of rubber and other rubber products.{{cite news| title= Malaysia Chemical Reports 2008| url=http://www.businessmonitor.com/chemicals/malaysia.html| publisher=Business Monitor International| access-date=31 July 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080429200639/http://www.businessmonitor.com/chemicals/malaysia.html |archive-date = 29 April 2008}}

As of 2011, the percentage arable land in Malaysia is 5.44%. Croplands consists of 17.49% while other land uses consists of 77.07%.{{cite web|publisher=World Bank|title=Environment at a Glance 2004: Malaysia|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEEI/Data/20857122/Malaysia.pdf|access-date=31 July 2008}} As of 2009, irrigated land covers 3,800 km². Total renewable water resource total 580 cubic km as of 2011.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

{{main article|Demographics of Malaysia}}

{{see also|Cities of Malaysia|List of cities and towns in Malaysia by population|List of hill stations in Malaysia}}

Peninsular Malaysia is more populated than East Malaysia with 79.2% of the population living in Peninsular Malaysia. In 2002, 59% of Malaysian population lived in urban areas, while the rest live in rural areas.{{cite web|title= FACT Sheet Malaysia: Rural Women in the Malaysian Economy| url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae549e/ae549e01.htm| publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization for the United Nations| access-date=30 July 2008}} The largest city is Kuala Lumpur with a population of 1.89 million people in the city, and about 7 million in the metropolitan area known as Klang Valley. Other major cities include George Town, Ipoh, Johor Bahru, Kuching, and Kota Kinabalu.

{{Largest cities of Malaysia|class=info}}

{{see also|Brunei–Malaysia border|Indonesia–Malaysia border|Malaysia–Philippines border|Malaysia–Singapore border|Malaysia–Thailand border|Malaysia–Vietnam border}}

File:Malaysia states named.png.]]

Malaysia is divided into thirteen states and three Federal Territories. Eleven states and two Federal Territories are found in Peninsular Malaysia, while two states and one Federal Territory are found in East Malaysia. The states are further divided into administrative districts. In Sabah and Sarawak, they are first divided into divisions, then further divided into districts. There are separate subdivisions for electoral districts for polling purposes.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

International borders between Malaysia and Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore and Brunei are defined mostly by geological features such as the Perlis River and Golok River between Malaysia and Thailand; Straits of Johor between Malaysia and Singapore; and Pagalayan Canal between Malaysia and Brunei. However, borders that extends to the seas are defined by agreements such as Straits Settlement and Johore Territorial Waters Agreement of 1927 which defines Malaysia and Singapore water borders.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

Malaysia's land borders are well established. The border with Thailand was established in 1909 when Siam ceded Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis and Terengganu to the British. Maritime border disputes between Brunei and Malaysia and a Bruneian claim on Limbang, Sarawak were resolved in an exchange of letters between the two countries on 16 March 2009 after 20 years of negotiations.{{cite news |url=http://english.cri.cn/6966/2010/05/03/1361s567255.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130115221911/http://english.cri.cn/6966/2010/05/03/1361s567255.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2013 |title=Border Issues Between Malaysia, Brunei Solved: Official |access-date=6 September 2010 |publisher=CRIENGLISH.com |agency=Xinhua News Agency }}

Malaysia and Indonesia have some overlapping maritime claims, notably in the area around Sabah. An ongoing series of meetings to resolve these claims has produced 16 border agreements (to September 2010).{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-08/25/c_13462015.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106220958/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-08/25/c_13462015.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2012 |title=Indonesia, Malaysia to discuss border issues in September |access-date=6 September 2010 |agency=Xinhua News Agency }}{{cite web |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1079478/1/.html |title=Malaysia, Indonesia ministers meet to soothe tensions |access-date=6 September 2010 |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |archive-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021114059/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1079478/1/.html |url-status=dead }} Malaysia and Singapore also have disputes concerning some maritime borders.

The Philippines has a dormant claim to the eastern part of the Malaysian state of Sabah.CIA. [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/ The World Fact Book: Malaysia]. Retrieved 4 April 2019. Malaysia is also involved in a dispute involving Vietnam, Brunei, the People's Republic of China, the Philippines, and the Republic of China (Taiwan), concerning the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea.

• Environment of Malaysia

{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Geography of Malaysia}}

{{commons category|Geology of Malaysia}}

• [https://archive.today/20130209170715/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1126205415&men=gmap&lng=en&gln=xx&dat=32&geo=-152&srt=npan&col=aohdq Map of Malaysia]
• [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/malaysia_pol98.jpg Large map of Malaysia]
• [http://www.freeworldmaps.net/asia/malaysia/map.html Physical Map of Malaysia]

{{Malaysia topics}}

{{Geography of Asia}}

{{Asia topic|Climate of}}

bn:মালয়েশিয়া#ভূগোল