Geography of Nigeria#Extreme points

; Area

:* Total: {{Convert|923,768|km2|abbr=on}}

:**country rank in the world: 31st

:* Land: {{Convert|910,770|km2|abbr=on}}

:* Water: {{Convert|13,000|km2|abbr=on}}

; Area comparative

:* Australia comparative: slightly smaller than South Australia

:* Canada comparative: slightly smaller than British Columbia

:* United States comparative: slightly less than three times the size of New Mexico

{{See also|Climate change in Nigeria}}

The tropical monsoon climate,{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - Climate {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Climate |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}} designated by the Köppen climate classification as Am, is found in the southern part of the country.https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Koeppen-climate-classification-of-Nigeria-41_fig1_341527659 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}} This climate is influenced by the monsoons originating from the South Atlantic Ocean, which are brought into the country by the (maritime tropical) MT air mass, a warm moist sea-to-land seasonal wind. Its warmth and high humidity gives it a strong tendency to ascend and produce copious rainfall, which is a result of the condensation of water vapour in the rapidly rising air.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/390302/monsoon|title=Monsoon - meteorology |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|date=July 27, 2024 }} The tropical monsoon climate has a very small temperature range. The temperature ranges are almost constant throughout the year; for example, Warri in the southern part of Nigeria records a maximum of {{convert|28|°C|°F|1}} for its hottest month while its lowest temperature is {{convert|26|°C|°F|1}} in its coldest month.{{Cite web|last=Umar|first=Abubakar|title=GEOGRAPHY OF NIGERIA|url=https://www.academia.edu/38669813}}

The southern part of Nigeria experiences heavy and abundant rainfall. These storms are usually convectional in nature because of the region's proximity to the equatorial belt. The annual rainfall received in this region is very high. Parts of the Niger Delta receives over {{convert|4,000|mm|in|-1|disp=or}} of annual rainfall, while the southeast receives between {{convert|2,000|and|3,000|mm|in|-1}}. The southern region of Nigeria experiences a double rainfall maxima with two high peaks. The first rainy season starts in March, ending in June. The August break, a short dry season, follows, followed by a short rainy season in September and a long dry season in October.{{cite web |url=http://www.cometonigeria.com/nigeria/climate.html |title=Climate | Cometonigeria.com |access-date=2011-05-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511223039/http://www.cometonigeria.com/nigeria/climate.html |archive-date=2011-05-11 }}

File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_NGA_present.svg

The tropical savanna climate, characterized by distinct rainy and dry seasons, dominates western to central Nigeria. It has a single peak in the summer and consistently high temperatures above {{convert|18|°C|1|disp=or}}. Abuja, Nigeria's capital, experiences a temperature range of {{convert|18.45|to|36.9|°C|°F|1}}.http://iahs.info/redbooks/a281/iahs_281_277.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}} The dry season occurs from December to March and is hot and dry with the Harmattan wind, a continental tropical (CT) air mass laden with dust from the Sahara, prevailing throughout this period.

With the Intertropical Convergence Zone swinging northward over West Africa from the Southern Hemisphere in April, heavy showers coming from pre-monsoonal convective clouds mainly in the form of squall lines also known as the north easterlies formed mainly as a result of the interactions of the two dominant airmasses in Nigeria known as the maritime tropical (south westerlies) and the continental tropical (north easterlies),{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/BF01043455 | volume=41 | title=Initiation of West African squall lines | year=1989 | journal=Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics | pages=99–103 | author=Adedoyin, J. A.| issue=2 | bibcode=1989MAP....41...99A | s2cid=120630646 }} begins in central Nigeria while monsoons arrive in July, bringing with it high humidity, heavy cloud cover and heavy rainfall lasting until September when the monsoons gradually begin retreating southward to the southern part of Nigeria. Rainfall totals in central Nigeria varies from {{convert|1100|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in the lowlands to over {{convert|2000|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} along the south western escarpment of the Jos Plateau.{{WWF ecoregion|id=at1010|name=Jos Plateau forest-grassland mosaic}}

A hot semi-arid climate (BSh) is predominant within the Sahel in the northern part of Nigeria. Annual rainfall totals are low. The rainy season in the northern part of Nigeria lasts for three to four months (June to September). The rest of the year is hot and dry with temperatures climbing as high as {{convert|40|°C|°F|1}} . Potiskum, Yobe State in the northeast of Nigeria recorded Nigeria's lowest ever temperature of {{convert|2.8|C|F}}.

Highland climates are found on highlands regions in Nigeria. Highlands over {{convert|1520|m|ft|0}} above sea level are cool enough to reach the temperate climate line in the tropics thereby giving the highlands, mountains and the plateau regions standing above this height, a cool mountain climate.

Rainfall in the coastal belt of the Niger Delta is heavy due to the closeness of the Delta region to the equator. Annual rainfall totals vary from {{convert|2,400|mm|in|0|disp=or}} at Port Harcourt to as much as {{convert|4,870|mm|in|0|disp=or}} at Forcados, a coastal town in the Niger Delta, {{convert|4,200|mm|in|0|disp=or}} at Bonny, and {{convert|3,070|mm|in|0|disp=or}} in Calabar, the rainiest city with over one million people in Nigeria. As one moves northward and eastward, annual rainfall declines steadily to around {{convert|650|mm|in|0|disp=or}} at Sokoto in the northwest and as low as {{convert|400|mm|in|0|disp=or}} in the extreme north of Yobe and Borno States, which under the sweltering conditions that prevail is dry enough to be a hot arid climate (Köppen BWh).

The tropical maritime air mass (MT) is responsible for Nigeria's rainy season.{{Cite web |title=Geography of Nigeria {{!}} Naija Motion |url=http://www.naijamotion.com/mockup/about-nigeria/geography-of-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-09-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=September 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901113246/http://www.naijamotion.com/mockup/about-nigeria/geography-of-nigeria/ |url-status=dead }} This wind begins in February in the southern part of Nigeria while it takes longer for the wind to fully cover the whole of the country, reaching the northern part of Nigeria in June. Its presence a result of the northward retreat of the Harmattan. The northward retreat of the tropical continental air mass (CT) is caused by the sun's northward shift from the tropic of capricorn in the southern hemisphere to the tropic of cancer in the northern hemisphere. This shift begins from February and ends in June, when the sun is fully overhead at the tropic of cancer. During this northward migration of the sun as a result of the earth tilting along its axis, the sun crosses the equator (around March), moving over West Africa. West Africa comes directly under the sun at this time. The whole of West Africa is heated intensely as result of the increased insolation. Temperatures can climb as high as {{convert|35|°C|°F|1}} over West Africa during this time. Temperatures in the northern part of Nigeria can go as high as {{convert|48|°C|°F|1}} in cities like Maiduguri.{{cite web |url=http://sunday.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3565:maiduguri-residents-how-we-cope-under-harsh-48-degree-celsius&catid=41:latest-news&Itemid=26 |title= Maiduguri residents: How we cope under harsh 48 degree celsius|website=sunday.dailytrust.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830073021/http://sunday.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3565%3Amaiduguri-residents-how-we-cope-under-harsh-48-degree-celsius&catid=41%3Alatest-news&Itemid=26 |archive-date=2011-08-30}}

High temperatures and increased insolation cause low pressure in West Africa and Nigeria between March and May. The Saharan continental air mass weakens due to land surface overheating, causing the atmosphere to expand and become lighter. The air mass retreats, and the sun's rays enter Nigeria's atmosphere more intensely than during Harmattan.{{cite web|url=http://desertification.wordpress.com/2010/03/25/late-dust-storm-covers-nigeria-google-ap/|title=Nigeria: Late dust (harmattan) storm covers the country (Google / AP)|date=25 March 2010|website=wordpress.com}} The heating of the West Africa land mass creates a low pressure region over West Africa. This low pressure zone aid in the development of the tropical maritime air mass from the south Atlantic.

The tropical maritime air mass is a warm, humid and unstable trade wind.{{Cite web |title=Air Mass |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/air-mass |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}} Convection currents form within the airmass whenever there is little instability in the airmass as a result of a slight to a very high orographic uplift in mountainous regions like the Obudu Plateau or the heating of the land which can trigger the formation of cumulonimbus cloud leading to thunderstorms within the air mass. During the dominance of the tropical maritime air mass, mornings are bright and sunny, the sun's heating of the land in the mornings and afternoons sets up convectional currents, these currents rise vertically, cumulonimbus clouds are formed, and torrential downpours can occur in the afternoon.

The African easterly wave is another major contributor of rainfall during the summer monsoons months of May to September. The nature of this wave changes at about 15 degrees north latitude. The waves that pass south of this latitude carry moisture and create convection that leads to rain clouds.{{cite web |url= http://www.spacedaily.com/news/eo-04zzf.html|title=EARTH OBSERVATION Researchers Seeing Double On African Monsoons |author=College Park MD (SPX) |date=Jun 11, 2004 |publisher=SPACE MEDIA NETWORK PROMOTIONS |access-date=27 May 2011}}{{cite web|url=http://www.canuk.org.uk/aboutnigeria.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316152855/http://www.canuk.org.uk/aboutnigeria.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 March 2011 |title=About the Country Nigeria |year=2011 |publisher=CANUK |access-date=27 May 2011 }} Nigeria's location in the wetter part of the easterly waves south of the 15 degrees north latitude creates wetter climatic conditions for Nigeria, especially during the monsoons.

The tropical continental air mass, locally known as the Harmattan,{{Cite web |title=Harmattan {{!}} Origin, Effects, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/harmattan |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}} is a wind originating from North Africa which crosses the Sahara into West Africa. Nigeria's dry season from December to March is dominated by a dusty tropical continental air mass, which creates a haze and hinders visibility. Originating near the equator, it generates dust rather than precipitation. Despite its impact on transportation, the low humidity helps farmers dry their crops.{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}

Nigeria's seasons and temperature variance are determined by rainfall with rainy season and dry season being the major seasons in Nigeria. The rainy season of Nigeria brings in slightly cooler weather to the country as a result of an increased cloud cover that acts as a blockage of the intense sunshine of the tropics by blocking much of the Sun's rays in the rainy season (and traping some heat in the ground, making it not too cold); this in turn cools the land, and the winds above the ground remain cool thereby making for cooler temperatures during the rainy season. Despite the temperatures being cooler in the rainy season, the rainy season also has an increased temperature at night compared to the dry season. Also afternoons in the rainy season can be hot and humid. In the rainy season it is damp, and the rainfalls are usually abundant.

The dry season of Nigeria is a period of less cloud cover in the southern part of Nigeria to virtually no cloud cover in the northern part of Nigeria. The Sun shines through the atmosphere with little obstructions from the clear skies making the dry season in Nigeria a period of warmer weather conditions. In the middle of the dry season around December, the dust brought in by the Harmattan partially blocks the sun's rays, which lowers temperatures. But with the withdrawal of this wind around March to April following the onset of the rainy season, temperatures can go as high as {{convert|44|°C|°F|1}} in some parts of Nigeria.{{Cite web |url=http://www.nigeria-weather.com/ |title=Nigeria Weather |access-date=2011-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326173036/http://www.nigeria-weather.com/ |archive-date=2011-03-26 |url-status=dead }}

Semi-temperate weather conditions prevail on the highlands in central Nigeria above {{convert|1200|m|ft|0}} above sea level, namely the Jos Plateau. Temperatures on the Jos plateau ranges between {{convert|16|and|25|°C|°F|0}} which are cool all year round. Temperate weather conditions occur on the highlands along the Nigeria Cameroon border, in the eastern part of Nigeria. Highlands in these region attain an average height of more than {{convert|1524|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} to some standing above {{convert|2000|m|ft|0}} above sea level. The climate on these highlands is temperate all year round. The major highlands in this region are the Obudu Plateau above {{convert|1584|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, Mambilla Plateau above {{convert|1524|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} and Mt. Chappal Waddi above {{convert|2000|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.

{{Weather box

|location = Lagos (Murtala Muhammed International Airport) 1961–1990, extremes: 1886–present

|metric first = yes

|single line = yes

|width = auto

|collapsed = yes

|Jan record high C = 40.0

|Feb record high C = 37.1

|Mar record high C = 37.0

|Apr record high C = 39.6

|May record high C = 37.0

|Jun record high C = 37.6

|Jul record high C = 33.2

|Aug record high C = 33.0

|Sep record high C = 33.2

|Oct record high C = 33.7

|Nov record high C = 39.9

|Dec record high C = 36.4

|year record high C = 40.0

|Jan high C = 32.2

|Feb high C = 33.2

|Mar high C = 32.9

|Apr high C = 32.2

|May high C = 30.9

|Jun high C = 29.3

|Jul high C = 28.2

|Aug high C = 28.3

|Sep high C = 28.9

|Oct high C = 30.3

|Nov high C = 31.4

|Dec high C = 31.8

|year high C = 30.8

|Jan mean C = 27.3

|Feb mean C = 28.4

|Mar mean C = 28.5

|Apr mean C = 28.0

|May mean C = 27.0

|Jun mean C = 25.6

|Jul mean C = 25.2

|Aug mean C = 25.0

|Sep mean C = 25.5

|Oct mean C = 26.4

|Nov mean C = 27.2

|Dec mean C = 27.2

|year mean C = 26.8

|Jan low C = 22.4

|Feb low C = 23.7

|Mar low C = 24.1

|Apr low C = 23.7

|May low C = 23.2

|Jun low C = 21.9

|Jul low C = 22.3

|Aug low C = 21.8

|Sep low C = 22.1

|Oct low C = 22.4

|Nov low C = 23.0

|Dec low C = 22.5

|year low C = 22.8

|Jan record low C = 12.6

|Feb record low C = 16.1

|Mar record low C = 14.0

|Apr record low C = 14.9

|May record low C = 20.0

|Jun record low C = 21.2

|Jul record low C = 15.0

|Aug record low C = 19.0

|Sep record low C = 13.0

|Oct record low C = 17.9

|Nov record low C = 11.1

|Dec record low C = 11.6

|year record low C = 11.1

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 13.2

|Feb precipitation mm = 40.6

|Mar precipitation mm = 84.3

|Apr precipitation mm = 146.3

|May precipitation mm = 202.4

|Jun precipitation mm = 315.5

|Jul precipitation mm = 243.0

|Aug precipitation mm = 121.7

|Sep precipitation mm = 160.0

|Oct precipitation mm = 125.1

|Nov precipitation mm = 39.7

|Dec precipitation mm = 14.8

|year precipitation mm = 1506.6

|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 1.5

|Feb precipitation days = 2.8

|Mar precipitation days = 6.6

|Apr precipitation days = 9.0

|May precipitation days = 12.5

|Jun precipitation days = 16.2

|Jul precipitation days = 13.2

|Aug precipitation days = 11.6

|Sep precipitation days = 12.7

|Oct precipitation days = 11.2

|Nov precipitation days = 4.9

|Dec precipitation days = 2.1

|year precipitation days = 104.3

|Jan humidity = 81

|Feb humidity = 79

|Mar humidity = 76

|Apr humidity = 82

|May humidity = 84

|Jun humidity = 87

|Jul humidity = 87

|Aug humidity = 85

|Sep humidity = 86

|Oct humidity = 87

|Nov humidity = 84

|Dec humidity = 82

|year humidity = 83

| Jan dew point C =21

| Feb dew point C =24

| Mar dew point C =25

| Apr dew point C =25

| May dew point C =24

| Jun dew point C =24

| Jul dew point C =23

| Aug dew point C =23

| Sep dew point C =24

| Oct dew point C =24

| Nov dew point C =24

| Dec dew point C =23

| Jand sun =5.3

| Febd sun =6.1

| Mard sun =5.6

| Aprd sun =6.0

| Mayd sun =5.7

| Jund sun =3.8

| Juld sun =3.2

| Augd sun =3.5

| Sepd sun =3.8

| Octd sun =5.4

| Novd sun =6.2

| Decd sun =6.2

|Jan sun = 164.3

|Feb sun = 168.0

|Mar sun = 173.6

|Apr sun = 180.0

|May sun = 176.7

|Jun sun = 114.0

|Jul sun = 99.2

|Aug sun = 108.5

|Sep sun = 114.0

|Oct sun = 167.4

|Nov sun = 186.0

|Dec sun = 192.2

|year sun = 1843.9

| source 1 = Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1952–1967),

{{cite web

| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_652010_kt.pdf

| title = Klimatafel von Lagos-Ikeja (Flugh.) / Nigeria

| publisher = Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure

| access-date = 7 July 2016}} NOAA (monthly sun hours)

{{Cite FTP | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/NI/65201.TXT

| server = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

| title = Lagos Climate Normals 1961–1990

| access-date = 7 July 2016}}

|source 2 = Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)

{{cite web

| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1769

| title = Station Murtala

| publisher = Meteo Climat

| language = fr

| access-date = 7 July 2016}}

Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015){{cite web

|url = https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/nigeria/lagos/climate

|title = Climate & Weather Averages in Lagos, Nigeria

|publisher = Time and Date

|access-date = 10 January 2022}}

Weather Atlas (daily sun hours){{cite web

|url = https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/nigeria/lagos-climate#daylight_sunshine

|title = Monthly weather forecast and climate in Lagos, Nigeria

|publisher = Weather Atlas

|access-date = 10 January 2022}}

}}

{{Weather box

|width=auto

|collapsed = yes

|location = Port Harcourt (1961-1990 normals)

|metric first = Y

|single line = Y

|Jan high C = 32.4

|Feb high C = 33.4

|Mar high C = 32.6

|Apr high C = 32.1

|May high C = 31.2

|Jun high C = 30.0

|Jul high C = 28.8

|Aug high C = 28.7

|Sep high C = 29.3

|Oct high C = 30.2

|Nov high C = 31.3

|Dec high C = 31.8

|year high C = 31.0

|Jan low C = 21.2

|Feb low C = 22.5

|Mar low C = 23.3

|Apr low C = 23.2

|May low C = 23.2

|Jun low C = 22.7

|Jul low C = 22.4

|Aug low C = 22.4

|Sep low C = 22.4

|Oct low C = 22.4

|Nov low C = 22.4

|Dec low C = 21.4

|year low C = 22.5

|rain colour = green

|Jan rain mm = 22.2

|Feb rain mm = 56.5

|Mar rain mm = 116.3

|Apr rain mm = 183.6

|May rain mm = 222.7

|Jun rain mm = 273.3

|Jul rain mm = 356.5

|Aug rain mm = 326.8

|Sep rain mm = 367.1

|Oct rain mm = 263.1

|Nov rain mm = 96.9

|Dec rain mm = 25.9

|year rain mm = 2310.9

|Jan rain days = 2.2

|Feb rain days = 4.6

|Mar rain days = 8.6

|Apr rain days = 11.6

|May rain days = 14.2

|Jun rain days = 16.5

|Jul rain days = 19.7

|Aug rain days = 19.8

|Sep rain days = 20.1

|Oct rain days = 14.4

|Nov rain days = 5.9

|Dec rain days = 2.1

|year rain days = 139.7

|time day = 15:00 LST

|Jan humidity = 54.6

|Feb humidity = 57.0

|Mar humidity = 65.3

|Apr humidity = 70.1

|May humidity = 74.1

|Jun humidity = 78.5

|Jul humidity = 81.1

|Aug humidity = 81.6

|Sep humidity = 81.3

|Oct humidity = 77.7

|Nov humidity = 69.3

|Dec humidity = 58.5

|year humidity = 70.8

|Jan sun = 142.6

|Feb sun = 123.2

|Mar sun = 114.7

|Apr sun = 132.0

|May sun = 139.5

|Jun sun = 102.0

|Jul sun = 77.5

|Aug sun = 74.4

|Sep sun = 78.0

|Oct sun = 102.3

|Nov sun = 132.0

|Dec sun = 148.8

|year sun = 1367.0

|Jand sun = 4.6

|Febd sun = 4.4

|Mard sun = 3.7

|Aprd sun = 4.4

|Mayd sun = 4.5

|Jund sun = 3.4

|Juld sun = 2.5

|Augd sun = 2.4

|Sepd sun = 2.6

|Octd sun = 3.3

|Novd sun = 4.4

|Decd sun = 4.8

|yeard sun =

|source 1 = World Meteorological Organization

{{cite web

|url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=325

|title = World Weather Information Service – Port Harcourt

|publisher = World Meteorological Organization

|access-date = 7 July 2016

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160817043121/http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=325

|archive-date = 17 August 2016

|df = dmy-all

}}

|source 2 = NOAA (sun and relative humidity, 1961–1990)

{{cite web

| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/NI/65250.TXT

| title = Port Harcourt Climate Normals 1961–1990

| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201016205852/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/NI/65250.TXT

| archive-date = 2020-10-16

| url-status = dead

| access-date = 7 July 2016}}

|date=

}}

{{Weather box

|width = auto

| collapsed = yes

| location = Abuja

| metric first = Yes

| single line = Yes

| Jan record high C = 36.0

| Feb record high C = 38.4

| Mar record high C = 39.7

| Apr record high C = 39.0

| May record high C = 39.3

| Jun record high C = 34.0

| Jul record high C = 32.0

| Aug record high C = 31.2

| Sep record high C = 31.0

| Oct record high C = 35.0

| Nov record high C = 37.9

| Dec record high C = 37.6

| Jan high C = 33.7

| Feb high C = 37.1

| Mar high C = 37.0

| Apr high C = 34.9

| May high C = 33.7

| Jun high C = 30.4

| Jul high C = 28.9

| Aug high C = 28.4

| Sep high C = 29.3

| Oct high C = 30.1

| Nov high C = 34.7

| Dec high C = 34.8

| year high C =

| Jan mean C = 26.1

| Feb mean C = 28.7

| Mar mean C = 30.5

| Apr mean C = 28.9

| May mean C = 28.6

| Jun mean C = 26.9

| Jul mean C = 25.9

| Aug mean C = 24.8

| Sep mean C = 25.4

| Oct mean C = 27.0

| Nov mean C = 28.0

| Dec mean C = 27.6

| year mean C =

| Jan low C = 19.2

| Feb low C = 22.2

| Mar low C = 25.4

| Apr low C = 24.5

| May low C = 24.4

| Jun low C = 23.4

| Jul low C = 23.1

| Aug low C = 22.4

| Sep low C = 22.7

| Oct low C = 23.6

| Nov low C = 21.1

| Dec low C = 20.8

| year low C =

| Jan record low C = 15.0

| Feb record low C = 18.6

| Mar record low C = 20.0

| Apr record low C = 21.7

| May record low C = 21.6

| Jun record low C = 20.8

| Jul record low C = 20.3

| Aug record low C = 20.0

| Sep record low C = 20.0

| Oct record low C = 21.6

| Nov record low C = 17.0

| Dec record low C = 17.0

| rain colour = green

| Jan rain mm = 3

| Feb rain mm = 7

| Mar rain mm = 16

| Apr rain mm = 73

| May rain mm = 137

| Jun rain mm = 187

| Jul rain mm = 216

| Aug rain mm = 272

| Sep rain mm = 233

| Oct rain mm = 117

| Nov rain mm = 7

| Dec rain mm = 2

| year rain mm =

| Jan rain days = 0.1

| Feb rain days = 0.2

| Mar rain days = 1.3

| Apr rain days = 3.2

| May rain days = 9.4

| Jun rain days = 10.3

| Jul rain days = 13.0

| Aug rain days = 17.2

| Sep rain days = 15.9

| Oct rain days = 8.0

| Nov rain days = 0.3

| Dec rain days = 0.1

| source 1 = Deutscher Wetterdienst.[https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_651250_kt.pdf Klimatafel von Abuja.] Retrieved 1 October 2012.

| date = September 2012}}

{{Weather box

|width = auto

|location = Benin City

|metric first = Yes

|single line = Yes

|collapsed = yes

|Jan record high C = 34.4

|Feb record high C = 36.1

|Mar record high C = 36.1

|Apr record high C = 35.6

|May record high C = 35.0

|Jun record high C = 33.3

|Jul record high C = 31.7

|Aug record high C = 31.1

|Sep record high C = 32.8

|Oct record high C = 32.8

|Nov record high C = 34.4

|Dec record high C = 34.4

|year record high C = 36.1

|Jan high C = 31.9

|Feb high C = 33.3

|Mar high C = 33.0

|Apr high C = 32.4

|May high C = 31.6

|Jun high C = 29.9

|Jul high C = 27.9

|Aug high C = 27.9

|Sep high C = 28.8

|Oct high C = 30.3

|Nov high C = 31.8

|Dec high C = 32.0

|year high C = 30.9

|Jan mean C = 25.8

|Feb mean C = 26.7

|Mar mean C = 26.7

|Apr mean C = 26.4

|May mean C = 25.9

|Jun mean C = 24.9

|Jul mean C = 23.8

|Aug mean C = 23.7

|Sep mean C = 24.3

|Oct mean C = 25.0

|Nov mean C = 25.9

|Dec mean C = 25.7

|year mean C = 25.4

|Jan low C = 21.4

|Feb low C = 22.1

|Mar low C = 22.6

|Apr low C = 22.6

|May low C = 22.6

|Jun low C = 21.9

|Jul low C = 21.6

|Aug low C = 21.2

|Sep low C = 21.8

|Oct low C = 21.8

|Nov low C = 22.1

|Dec low C = 21.2

|year low C = 21.9

|Jan record low C = 12.8

|Feb record low C = 13.3

|Mar record low C = 18.3

|Apr record low C = 19.4

|May record low C = 19.4

|Jun record low C = 18.3

|Jul record low C = 16.7

|Aug record low C = 16.1

|Sep record low C = 18.9

|Oct record low C = 18.9

|Nov record low C = 15.6

|Dec record low C = 14.4

|year record low C = 12.8

|rain colour = green

|Jan rain mm = 18

|Feb rain mm = 33

|Mar rain mm = 97

|Apr rain mm = 168

|May rain mm = 213

|Jun rain mm = 302

|Jul rain mm = 320

|Aug rain mm = 211

|Sep rain mm = 318

|Oct rain mm = 241

|Nov rain mm = 76

|Dec rain mm = 15

|unit rain days = 0.3 mm

|Jan rain days = 2

|Feb rain days = 4

|Mar rain days = 9

|Apr rain days = 12

|May rain days = 16

|Jun rain days = 20

|Jul rain days = 23

|Aug rain days = 19

|Sep rain days = 25

|Oct rain days = 21

|Nov rain days = 7

|Dec rain days = 2

|Jan humidity = 84

|Feb humidity = 81

|Mar humidity = 84

|Apr humidity = 85

|May humidity = 87

|Jun humidity = 90

|Jul humidity = 93

|Aug humidity = 92

|Sep humidity = 91

|Oct humidity = 89

|Nov humidity = 86

|Dec humidity = 84

|year humidity = 87

|Jan sun = 179.8

|Feb sun = 178.0

|Mar sun = 173.6

|Apr sun = 177.0

|May sun = 176.7

|Jun sun = 144.0

|Jul sun = 99.2

|Aug sun = 89.9

|Sep sun = 81.0

|Oct sun = 148.8

|Nov sun = 192.0

|Dec sun = 213.9

|year sun =

|Jand sun = 5.8

|Febd sun = 6.3

|Mard sun = 5.6

|Aprd sun = 5.9

|Mayd sun = 5.7

|Jund sun = 4.8

|Juld sun = 3.2

|Augd sun = 2.9

|Sepd sun = 2.7

|Octd sun = 4.8

|Novd sun = 6.4

|Decd sun = 6.9

|yeard sun = 5.1

|source 1 = Deutscher Wetterdienst

{{cite web

| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_652290_kt.pdf

| title = Klimatafel von Benin City / Nigeria

| work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world

| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst

| language = de

| access-date = 9 August 2016}}

}}

{{Weather box

|location = Kano (1981-2010)

|width = auto

|single line = Yes

|metric first = Yes

|collapsed = Yes

|Jan high C = 29.0

|Feb high C = 32.4

|Mar high C = 36.4

|Apr high C = 39.1

|May high C = 37.1

|Jun high C = 35.4

|Jul high C = 32.0

|Aug high C = 30.9

|Sep high C = 32.3

|Oct high C = 34.5

|Nov high C = 33.1

|Dec high C = 29.9

|year high C = 33.5

|Jan low C = 13.7

|Feb low C = 16.2

|Mar low C = 20.4

|Apr low C = 24.5

|May low C = 25.0

|Jun low C = 23.7

|Jul low C = 22.1

|Aug low C = 21.2

|Sep low C = 21.9

|Oct low C = 21.2

|Nov low C = 17.1

|Dec low C = 14.2

|year low C = 20.1

|rain colour = green

|Jan rain mm = 0.0

|Feb rain mm = 0.7

|Mar rain mm = 1.9

|Apr rain mm = 8.1

|May rain mm = 71.3

|Jun rain mm = 118.7

|Jul rain mm = 209.0

|Aug rain mm = 311.2

|Sep rain mm = 137.0

|Oct rain mm = 14.1

|Nov rain mm = 1.0

|Dec rain mm = 0.0

|year rain mm =

|Jan rain days = 0

|Feb rain days = 0

|Mar rain days = 1

|Apr rain days = 2

|May rain days = 8

|Jun rain days = 11

|Jul rain days = 17

|Aug rain days = 21

|Sep rain days = 14

|Oct rain days = 2

|Nov rain days = 1

|Dec rain days = 0

|year rain days = 72

|time day = 15:00 LST

|Jan humidity = 17.0

|Feb humidity = 13.2

|Mar humidity = 13.2

|Apr humidity = 19.1

|May humidity = 29.5

|Jun humidity = 44.5

|Jul humidity = 58.9

|Aug humidity = 63.6

|Sep humidity = 55.0

|Oct humidity = 30.1

|Nov humidity = 18.1

|Dec humidity = 17.4

|year humidity = 31.6

|Jan sun = 244.9

|Feb sun = 232.4

|Mar sun = 238.7

|Apr sun = 234.0

|May sun = 263.5

|Jun sun = 261.0

|Jul sun = 229.4

|Aug sun = 220.1

|Sep sun = 240.0

|Oct sun = 266.6

|Nov sun = 264.0

|Dec sun = 260.4

|year sun = 2955.0

|Jand sun = 7.9

|Febd sun = 8.3

|Mard sun = 7.7

|Aprd sun = 7.8

|Mayd sun = 8.5

|Jund sun = 8.7

|Juld sun = 7.4

|Augd sun = 7.1

|Sepd sun = 8.0

|Octd sun = 8.6

|Novd sun = 8.8

|Decd sun = 8.4

|yeard sun =

|source 1 = World Meteorological Organization

{{cite web

|url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=2050

|title = World Weather Information Service – Kano

|publisher= World Meteorological Organization

|access-date = 7 July 2016}} & Danish Meteorological Institute (rainfall & rain days){{cite web

|url=http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf

|title=Stations Number 65046

|publisher=Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate

|access-date=26 June 2016

|url-status=unfit

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116071752/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf

|archive-date=16 January 2013

}}

|source 2 = NOAA (sun and relative humidity, 1961–1990)

{{Cite FTP |url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/NI/65046.TXT

|server = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

|title = Kano Climate Normals 1961–1990

|access-date = 7 July 2016}}

|date=November 2011

}}

{{Weather box

|metric first=yes

|single line=yes

|width = auto

|collapsed = yes

|location=Maiduguri (1961-1990 normals)

|Jan record high C=40

|Feb record high C=42

|Mar record high C=44

|Apr record high C=46

|May record high C=47

|Jun record high C=42

|Jul record high C=43

|Aug record high C=36

|Sep record high C=38

|Oct record high C=39

|Nov record high C=39

|Dec record high C=38

|Jan high C=31.9

|Feb high C=34.6

|Mar high C=37.8

|Apr high C=40.1

|May high C=39.4

|Jun high C=36.4

|Jul high C=33.2

|Aug high C=32.0

|Sep high C=33.7

|Oct high C=36.4

|Nov high C=34.2

|Dec high C=32.3

|year high C=35.2

|Jan mean C=21.8

|Feb mean C=24.8

|Mar mean C=29.3

|Apr mean C=32.6

|May mean C=32.5

|Jun mean C=30.2

|Jul mean C=27.5

|Aug mean C=26.6

|Sep mean C=27.2

|Oct mean C=27.9

|Nov mean C=24.9

|Dec mean C=23.2

|year mean C=27.4

|Jan low C=12.6

|Feb low C=15.3

|Mar low C=19.7

|Apr low C=21.9

|May low C=25.5

|Jun low C=24.5

|Jul low C=22.9

|Aug low C=22.3

|Sep low C=22.4

|Oct low C=20.7

|Nov low C=16.0

|Dec low C=13.1

|year low C=19.9

|Jan record low C=8

|Feb record low C=10

|Mar record low C=15

|Apr record low C=12

|May record low C=18

|Jun record low C=19

|Jul record low C=20

|Aug record low C=19

|Sep record low C=20

|Oct record low C=15

|Nov record low C=10

|Dec record low C=5

|precipitation colour=green

|Jan precipitation mm=0.0

|Feb precipitation mm=0.0

|Mar precipitation mm=0.3

|Apr precipitation mm=13.0

|May precipitation mm=30.5

|Jun precipitation mm=73.8

|Jul precipitation mm=147.1

|Aug precipitation mm=193.2

|Sep precipitation mm=83.0

|Oct precipitation mm=11.1

|Nov precipitation mm=0.0

|Dec precipitation mm=0.1

|year precipitation mm=552.1

|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 0.0

|Feb precipitation days = 0.0

|Mar precipitation days = 0.5

|Apr precipitation days = 1.6

|May precipitation days = 4.0

|Jun precipitation days = 7.0

|Jul precipitation days = 10.7

|Aug precipitation days = 10.7

|Sep precipitation days = 6.8

|Oct precipitation days = 1.4

|Nov precipitation days = 0.0

|Dec precipitation days = 0.0

|year precipitation days = 42.7

|time day = 15:00 LST

|Jan humidity = 15.4

|Feb humidity = 11.2

|Mar humidity = 12.0

|Apr humidity = 17.5

|May humidity = 28.4

|Jun humidity = 38.4

|Jul humidity = 55.5

|Aug humidity = 63.4

|Sep humidity = 54.8

|Oct humidity = 30.2

|Nov humidity = 19.0

|Dec humidity = 19.6

|year humidity = 30.2

|Jan sun = 266.6

|Feb sun = 249.2

|Mar sun = 257.3

|Apr sun = 237.0

|May sun = 263.5

|Jun sun = 249.0

|Jul sun = 217.0

|Aug sun = 204.6

|Sep sun = 225.0

|Oct sun = 285.2

|Nov sun = 282.0

|Dec sun = 275.9

|year sun = 3012.3

|Jand sun = 8.6

|Febd sun = 8.9

|Mard sun = 8.3

|Aprd sun = 7.9

|Mayd sun = 8.5

|Jund sun = 8.3

|Juld sun = 7.0

|Augd sun = 6.6

|Sepd sun = 7.5

|Octd sun = 9.2

|Novd sun = 9.4

|Decd sun = 8.9

|yeard sun =

|source 1= NOAA,

{{cite web

| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/NI/65082.TXT

| title = Maiduguri Climate Normals 1961–1990

| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201014165222/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/NI/65082.TXT

| archive-date = 2020-10-14

| url-status = dead

| access-date = 22 July 2016}} Climate Charts (latitude: 11°51'N; longitude: 013°05'E; elevation: 354m, 1161'){{Cite web |url=http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/n/NI65082.php |title=Maiduguri, Nigeria Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data |publisher=Climate Charts |access-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919001338/http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/n/NI65082.php |archive-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}

|source 2= Voodoo Skies for record temperatures{{Cite web |url=http://voodooskies.com/weather/nigeria/maiduguri |title=Maiduguri, Nigeria |publisher=Voodoo Skies |access-date=3 December 2013 |archive-date=December 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206043749/http://voodooskies.com/weather/nigeria/maiduguri |url-status=dead }}

}}

{{Weather box

|width = auto

|location = Ibadan

|metric first = Y

|single line = Y

|collapsed = yes

|Jan record high C = 37.2

|Feb record high C = 38.9

|Mar record high C = 38.3

|Apr record high C = 37.2

|May record high C = 35.0

|Jun record high C = 33.3

|Jul record high C = 31.7

|Aug record high C = 31.7

|Sep record high C = 35.6

|Oct record high C = 33.3

|Nov record high C = 33.9

|Dec record high C = 35.6

|year record high C = 38.9

|Jan high C = 32.3

|Feb high C = 34.0

|Mar high C = 33.5

|Apr high C = 32.3

|May high C = 31.2

|Jun high C = 29.6

|Jul high C = 27.8

|Aug high C = 27.2

|Sep high C = 28.5

|Oct high C = 29.7

|Nov high C = 31.3

|Dec high C = 31.9

|year high C = 30.8

|Jan mean C = 25.7

|Feb mean C = 26.9

|Mar mean C = 26.9

|Apr mean C = 26.3

|May mean C = 25.6

|Jun mean C = 25.1

|Jul mean C = 23.6

|Aug mean C = 23.1

|Sep mean C = 23.9

|Oct mean C = 24.3

|Nov mean C = 25.6

|Dec mean C = 25.5

|year mean C = 25.2

|Jan low C = 20.9

|Feb low C = 21.9

|Mar low C = 22.5

|Apr low C = 22.0

|May low C = 21.7

|Jun low C = 21.6

|Jul low C = 21.2

|Aug low C = 20.7

|Sep low C = 21.8

|Oct low C = 21.7

|Nov low C = 21.6

|Dec low C = 20.7

|year low C = 21.5

|Jan record low C = 10.0

|Feb record low C = 11.1

|Mar record low C = 15.0

|Apr record low C = 18.3

|May record low C = 17.8

|Jun record low C = 17.8

|Jul record low C = 16.1

|Aug record low C = 15.6

|Sep record low C = 17.2

|Oct record low C = 17.8

|Nov record low C = 15.6

|Dec record low C = 11.1

|year record low C = 10.0

|rain colour = green

|Jan rain mm = 10

|Feb rain mm = 25

|Mar rain mm = 91

|Apr rain mm = 135

|May rain mm = 152

|Jun rain mm = 188

|Jul rain mm = 155

|Aug rain mm = 86

|Sep rain mm = 175

|Oct rain mm = 160

|Nov rain mm = 46

|Dec rain mm = 10

|year rain mm = 1233

|Jan humidity = 76

|Feb humidity = 73

|Mar humidity = 77

|Apr humidity = 82

|May humidity = 85

|Jun humidity = 87

|Jul humidity = 89

|Aug humidity = 88

|Sep humidity = 88

|Oct humidity = 87

|Nov humidity = 83

|Dec humidity = 79

|year humidity = 83

|unit rain days = 0.3 mm

|Jan rain days = 1

|Feb rain days = 3

|Mar rain days = 7

|Apr rain days = 9

|May rain days = 14

|Jun rain days = 17

|Jul rain days = 15

|Aug rain days = 13

|Sep rain days = 18

|Oct rain days = 18

|Nov rain days = 7

|Dec rain days = 1

|year rain days = 123

|Jan sun = 198.4

|Feb sun = 197.8

|Mar sun = 186.0

|Apr sun = 180.0

|May sun = 195.3

|Jun sun = 147.0

|Jul sun = 86.8

|Aug sun = 65.1

|Sep sun = 93.0

|Oct sun = 164.3

|Nov sun = 207.0

|Dec sun = 220.1

|year sun = 1940.8

|Jand sun = 6.4

|Febd sun = 7.0

|Mard sun = 6.0

|Aprd sun = 6.0

|Mayd sun = 6.3

|Jund sun = 4.9

|Juld sun = 2.8

|Augd sun = 2.1

|Sepd sun = 3.1

|Octd sun = 5.3

|Novd sun = 6.9

|Decd sun = 7.1

|yeard sun = 5.3

|source 1 = Deutscher Wetterdienst

{{cite web

| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_652080_kt.pdf

| title = Klimatafel von Ibadan / Nigeria

| work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world

| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst

| language = de

| access-date = 14 July 2016}}

|date=August 2010

}}

{{Weather box

|metric first=yes

|single line=yes

|width = auto

|collapsed = yes

|location=Jos (1961–1990 normals)

|Jan high C = 27.3

|Feb high C = 28.7

|Mar high C = 30.4

|Apr high C = 30.2

|May high C = 28.2

|Jun high C = 26.6

|Jul high C = 24.4

|Aug high C = 24.3

|Sep high C = 26.1

|Oct high C = 27.8

|Nov high C = 28.0

|Dec high C = 27.2

|year high C = 27.4

|Jan mean C = 21.3

|Feb mean C = 22.9

|Mar mean C = 24.9

|Apr mean C = 25.7

|May mean C = 24.5

|Jun mean C = 22.7

|Jul mean C = 21.4

|Aug mean C = 20.9

|Sep mean C = 21.9

|Oct mean C = 22.9

|Nov mean C = 22.7

|Dec mean C = 21.5

|Jan low C = 12.7

|Feb low C = 15.1

|Mar low C = 17.7

|Apr low C = 18.3

|May low C = 18.0

|Jun low C = 17.2

|Jul low C = 16.7

|Aug low C = 16.5

|Sep low C = 16.7

|Oct low C = 16.3

|Nov low C = 14.4

|Dec low C = 13.1

|year low C = 16.1

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 0.4

|Feb precipitation mm = 2.8

|Mar precipitation mm = 29.8

|Apr precipitation mm = 92.9

|May precipitation mm = 159.8

|Jun precipitation mm = 198.5

|Jul precipitation mm = 303.8

|Aug precipitation mm = 290.1

|Sep precipitation mm = 197.6

|Oct precipitation mm = 38.3

|Nov precipitation mm = 0.3

|Dec precipitation mm = 0.5

|year precipitation mm = 1314.8

|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 0.1

|Feb precipitation days = 0.2

|Mar precipitation days = 1.4

|Apr precipitation days = 6.9

|May precipitation days = 11.6

|Jun precipitation days = 15.6

|Jul precipitation days = 20.6

|Aug precipitation days = 19.9

|Sep precipitation days = 16.2

|Oct precipitation days = 4.0

|Nov precipitation days = 0.1

|Dec precipitation days = 0.1

|year precipitation days = 96.7

|Jan humidity = 14.1

|Feb humidity = 13.6

|Mar humidity = 19.6

|Apr humidity = 38.7

|May humidity = 58.3

|Jun humidity = 66.0

|Jul humidity = 75.8

|Aug humidity = 76.2

|Sep humidity = 64.2

|Oct humidity = 42.0

|Nov humidity = 20.8

|Dec humidity = 16.5

|year humidity = 42.1

|Jan sun = 282.1

|Feb sun = 254.8

|Mar sun = 238.7

|Apr sun = 204.0

|May sun = 204.6

|Jun sun = 198.0

|Jul sun = 158.1

|Aug sun = 139.5

|Sep sun = 177.0

|Oct sun = 238.7

|Nov sun = 285.0

|Dec sun = 288.3

|year sun = 2668.8

|Jand sun = 9.1

|Febd sun = 9.1

|Mard sun = 7.7

|Aprd sun = 6.8

|Mayd sun = 6.6

|Jund sun = 6.6

|Juld sun = 5.1

|Augd sun = 4.5

|Sepd sun = 5.9

|Octd sun = 7.7

|Novd sun = 9.5

|Decd sun = 9.3

|source 1 = NOAA

{{cite web

| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/NI/65134.TXT

| title = Jos Climate Normals 1961–1990

| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201031064630/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/NI/65134.TXT

| archive-date = 2020-10-31

| url-status = dead

| access-date = 22 July 2016}}

|source 2= Climate-Data.orgJos (altitude: 1185m, mean temperatures){{cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/46664/ |title=Climate: Jos - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |publisher=Climate-Data.org |access-date=2013-11-26 }}

}}

{{Weather box

|location = Sokoto (1981–2010)

|single line = Yes

|metric first = Yes

|width = auto

| collapsed = yes

|Jan high C = 32.1

|Feb high C = 34.8

|Mar high C = 38.6

|Apr high C = 40.6

|May high C = 39.0

|Jun high C = 36.2

|Jul high C = 32.8

|Aug high C = 31.3

|Sep high C = 32.8

|Oct high C = 36.0

|Nov high C = 36.1

|Dec high C = 32.9

|year high C =

|Jan mean C = 24.5

|Feb mean C = 27.1

|Mar mean C = 31.2

|Apr mean C = 33.7

|May mean C = 33.1

|Jun mean C = 30.9

|Jul mean C = 28.2

|Aug mean C = 27.2

|Sep mean C = 28.0

|Oct mean C = 29.7

|Nov mean C = 28.3

|Dec mean C = 25.3

|year mean C =

|Jan low C = 16.9

|Feb low C = 19.4

|Mar low C = 23.8

|Apr low C = 26.9

|May low C = 27.3

|Jun low C = 25.6

|Jul low C = 23.6

|Aug low C = 23.1

|Sep low C = 23.2

|Oct low C = 23.4

|Nov low C = 20.5

|Dec low C = 17.7

|year low C =

|rain colour = green

|Jan rain mm = 0.0

|Feb rain mm = 0.1

|Mar rain mm = 1.5

|Apr rain mm = 4.8

|May rain mm = 46.5

|Jun rain mm = 80.0

|Jul rain mm = 186.6

|Aug rain mm = 200.5

|Sep rain mm = 109.8

|Oct rain mm = 17.2

|Nov rain mm = 0.0

|Dec rain mm = 0.0

|year rain mm =

|unit rain days = 0.2 mm

|Jan rain days = 0

|Feb rain days = 0

|Mar rain days = 0

|Apr rain days = 1

|May rain days = 4

|Jun rain days = 7

|Jul rain days = 11

|Aug rain days = 14

|Sep rain days = 8

|Oct rain days = 2

|Nov rain days = 0

|Dec rain days = 0

|year rain days =

|Jan humidity = 24

|Feb humidity = 19

|Mar humidity = 21

|Apr humidity = 34

|May humidity = 50

|Jun humidity = 62

|Jul humidity = 76

|Aug humidity = 83

|Sep humidity = 80

|Oct humidity = 64

|Nov humidity = 36

|Dec humidity = 27

|year humidity =

|Jan sun = 288.3

|Feb sun = 268.4

|Mar sun = 275.9

|Apr sun = 255.0

|May sun = 272.8

|Jun sun = 279.0

|Jul sun = 229.4

|Aug sun = 186.0

|Sep sun = 237.0

|Oct sun = 303.8

|Nov sun = 300.0

|Dec sun = 300.7

|year sun =

|Jand sun = 9.3

|Febd sun = 9.5

|Mard sun = 8.9

|Aprd sun = 8.5

|Mayd sun = 8.8

|Jund sun = 9.3

|Juld sun = 7.4

|Augd sun = 6.0

|Sepd sun = 7.9

|Octd sun = 9.8

|Novd sun = 10.0

|Decd sun = 9.7

|yeard sun =

|source 1 = World Meteorological Organization

{{cite web

| url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=2051

| title = World Weather Information Service – Sokoto

| publisher= World Meteorological Organization

| access-date = 7 July 2016}}

|source 2 = Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1951–1965 and sun, 1952–1961)

{{cite web

| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_650100_kt.pdf

| title = Klimatafel von Sokoto / Nigeria

| work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world

| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst

| language = de

| access-date = 7 July 2016}}

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Nigeria's most expansive topographical region is that of the Niger and Benue River valleys, which merge into each other and form a "y" shaped confluence at Lokoja.{{cite encyclopedia|title=Nigeria |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=Microsoft |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557915/Nigeria.html |access-date=2007-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028181038/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557915/Nigeria.html |archive-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead }} Plains rise to the north of the valleys. To the southwest of the Niger there is "rugged" highland, and to the southeast of the Benue hills and mountains are found all the way to the border with Cameroon. Coastal plains are found in both the southwest and the southeast.

The Niger Delta is located in the southern part of Nigeria. It is one of the world's largest arcuate fan-shaped river deltas. The riverine area of the Niger Delta is a coastal belt of swamps bordering the Atlantic. The mangrove swamps are vegetated tidal flats formed by a reticulate pattern of interconnected meandering creeks and tributaries of the Niger River. About 70% of Nigeria's crude oil and gas production is from the area. A recent global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were {{Convert|1244|km2|abbr=on}} of tidal flats in Nigeria, making it the 27th ranked country in terms of tidal flat area.{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=N.J. |last2=Phinn |first2=S.R. |last3=DeWitt |first3=M. |last4=Ferrari |first4=R. |last5=Johnston |first5=R. |last6=Lyons |first6=M.B. |last7=Clinton |first7=N. |last8=Thau |first8=D. |last9=Fuller |first9=R.A. |title=The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats |journal=Nature |date=2019 |volume=565 |issue=7738 |pages=222–225 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8 |pmid=30568300 |s2cid=56481043 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0805-8|url-access=subscription }}

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Nigeria is covered by three types of vegetation: forests (where there is significant tree cover), savannahs (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees), and montane land (least common and mainly found in the mountains near the Cameroon border).{{Cite web |last=Daniel |first=Mfonobong |date=2020-09-22 |title=Vegetation Zones in Nigeria And Their Characteristics |url=https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/vegetation-zones-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Nigerian Infopedia |language=en-US}} Both the forest zone and the savannah zone are divided into three parts.{{cite web|url=http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard4.html |title=The Human and Physical Characteristics of Nigeria |access-date=2007-08-13 |work=Geographical Alliance of Iowa |publisher=University of Northern Iowa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328172528/http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard4.html |archive-date=2010-03-28 }}

Some of the forest zone's most southerly portion, especially around the Niger River and Cross River deltas, is mangrove swamp. North of this is fresh water swamp, containing different vegetation from the salt water mangrove swamps, and north of that is rain forest.

The savannah zone's three categories are divided into Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, made up of plains of tall grass which are interrupted by trees, the most common across the country; Sudan savannah, with short grasses and short trees; and Sahel savannah patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast.

Nigeria has numerous tree species, of which the majority of them are native while few are exotic. A high percentage of man-made forests in the country is dominated by exotic species.{{Cite journal|last1=Onefeli|first1=Alfred|last2=Adesoye|first2=Peter|date=2014-06-23|title=Early Growth Assessment of Selected Exotic and Indigenous Tree Species in Nigeria|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/123295|journal=South-East European Forestry |language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=45–51|doi=10.15177/seefor.14-06|issn=1847-6481|doi-access=free}} This culminated from the assumption that exotic trees are fast-growing. However, studies have also investigated the growth of indigenous trees in with that of exotic species. Due to overexploitation, the remaining natural ecosystems and primary forests in Nigeria are restricted to the protected areas which include one biosphere reserve, seven national parks, one World Heritage site, 12 Strict Nature Reserves (SNRs), 32 game reserves/wildlife sanctuaries, and hundreds of forest reserves. These are in addition to several ex-situ conservation sites such as arboreta, botanical gardens, zoological gardens, and gene banks managed by several tertiary and research institutions{{Cite journal|last1=Kallah|first1=Muh. S|last2=Bale|first2=J. O|last3=Abdullahi|first3=U. S|last4=Muhammad|first4=I. R|last5=Lawal|first5=R|date=2000-04-10|title=Nutrient composition of native forbs of semi-arid and dry sub-humid savannas of Nigeria|journal=Animal Feed Science and Technology|language=en|volume=84|issue=1|pages=137–145|doi=10.1016/S0377-8401(99)00131-5|issn=0377-8401}}

Many countries in Africa are affected by Invasive Alien Species (IAS). In 2004, the IUCN–World Conservation Union identified 81 IAS in South Africa, 49 in Mauritius, 37 in Algeria and Madagascar, 35 in Kenya, 28 in Egypt, 26 in Ghana and Zimbabwe, and 22 in Ethiopia.{{Cite web|title=GISD|url=http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/?st=100ss&fr=1&sts|access-date=2020-03-16|website=www.iucngisd.org}} However, very little is known about IAS in Nigeria, with most technical reports and literature reporting fewer than 10 invasive plants in the country. Aside from plant invaders, Rattus rattus and Avian influenza virus were also considered IAS in Nigeria.United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Invasive Alien Species. In: African Environment Outlook 2: Our Environment, Our Wealth The initial entry of IAS into Nigeria was mainly through exotic plant introductions by the colonial rulers either for forest tree plantations or for ornamental purposes. The entry of exotic plants into Nigeria during the post-independence era was encouraged by increasing economic activity, the commencement of commercial oil explorations, the introduction through ships, and the introduction of ornamental plants by commercial floriculturists.

File:Palm-tree-plantation--at-Kwale--Delta-state--beside-OPAC-Refinery-.jpg]]

In the semi-arid and dry sub-humid savannas of West Africa, including Nigeria, numerous species of herbaceous dicots especially from the genera Crotalaria, Alysicarpus, Cassia and Ipomea are known to be widely used in livestock production. Quite often they are plucked or cut and fed either as fresh or conserved fodders. The utilization of these and many other herbs growing naturally within the farm environment is opportunistic.

Many other species native to Nigeria, including soybean and its varieties, serve as an important source of oil and protein in this region.{{Cite web |title=Soybean (Glycine max)|url=https://www.iita.org/cropsnew/soybean-3/ |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=www.iita.org}} There are also many plants with medicinal purposes that are used to aid the therapy in many organs. Some of these vegetations include Euphorbiaceae, which serve the purpose of aiding malaria, gastrointestinal disorders respectively and many other infections. Different stress factors such as droughts, low soil nutrients and susceptibility to pests have contributed to Maize plantations being an integral part of agriculture in this region.{{Cite journal|last=Olaoye|first=G|date=2010-02-15|title=Evaluation of new generations of maize streak virus (msv) resistant varieties for grain yield, agronomic potential and adaptation to a southern guinea savanna ecology of Nigeria|journal=Agro-Science|volume=8|issue=2|doi=10.4314/as.v8i2.51107|issn=1119-7455|doi-access=free}}

As industrialization has increased, it has also put species of trees in the forest at risk of air pollution and studies have shown that in certain parts of Nigeria, trees have shown tolerance and grow in areas that have a significant amount of air pollution{{Cite journal|last1=Agbaire|first1=P. O.|last2=Esiefarienrhe|first2=E.|date=2009|title=Air Pollution tolerance indices (apti) of some plants around Otorogun Gas Plant in Delta State, Nigeria.|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jasem/article/view/55251|journal=Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management|language=en|volume=13|issue=1|doi=10.4314/jasem.v13i1.55251|issn=1119-8362|doi-access=free|hdl=1807/51670|hdl-access=free}}

Nigeria's natural resources include but are not limited to petroleum, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc, natural gas, hydropower, and arable land.

This is a list of the extreme points of Nigeria, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.

• Northernmost point – unnamed location on the border with Niger immediately northwest of the town of Chadawa, Sokoto State.
• Easternmost point – unnamed location on the border with Cameroon immediately east of the village of Munyego, Borno State.
• Southernmost point – unnamed headland south of the town of Egeregere, Bayelsa State.
• Westernmost point – unnamed location on the border with Benin Republic immediately east of the Beninoise town of Jabata, Oyo State.

• Climate change in Nigeria
• Heat wave in Nigeria

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{{Nigeria topics}}

{{Geography of Africa}}

{{Africa topic|Climate of}}

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