Guinea pig

File:Guinea pig skull. Cavia porcellus 02.jpg

Cavia porcellus is not found naturally in the wild; it is likely descended from closely related species of cavies, such as C. aperea, C. fulgida, and C. tschudii. These closely related species are still commonly found in various regions of South America. Studies from 2007 to 2010 applying molecular markers,{{Cite journal |last1=Spotorno |first1=A. E. |last2=Marín |first2=J. C. |last3=Manríquez |first3=G. |last4=Valladares |first4=J. P. |last5=Rico |first5=E. |last6=Rivas |first6=C. |year=2006 |title=Ancient and modern steps during domestication of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus L.) |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=270 |issue=1 |pages=57–62 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00117.x|s2cid=56219784 |hdl=10533/178756|hdl-access=free }}{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0469.2009.00561.x|title=Molecular systematics, taxonomy and biogeography of the genus Cavia (Rodentia: Caviidae)|year=2010|last1=Dunnum|first1=Jonathan L.|last2=Salazar-Bravo|first2=Jorge|journal=Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research|volume=48|issue=4|pages=376–388|s2cid=18000863|doi-access=free}} and morphometric studies on the skull and skeletal morphology of current and mummified animals{{Cite book |title=The quintessential naturalist: honoring the life and legacy of Oliver P. Pearson |last1=Spotorno |first1=A. E. |last2=Manríquez |first2=G. |last3=Fernández |first3=L. A. |last4=Marín |first4=J. C. |last5=González |first5=F. |last6=Wheeler |first6=J. |date=2007 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-09859-6 |editor-last=Kelt |editor-first=D. A. |series=University of California Publications in Zoology |volume=134 |location=Berkeley |pages=367–388 |chapter=Domestication of guinea pigs from a southern Peru-northern Chile wild species and their middle pre-Columbian mummies |oclc=122715394 |editor-last2=Lessa |editor-first2=E.P. |editor-last3=Salazar-Bravo |editor-first3=J. |editor-last4=Patton |editor-first4=J. L. |chapter-url={{google books|id=PVIJr-aA-XMC|pg=PA367|plainurl=yes}}}} revealed the ancestor to be most likely C. tschudii. Some species of cavy, identified in the 20th century as C. anolaimae and C. guianae, may be domestic guinea pigs that have become feral by reintroduction into the wild.

Regionally known as cuy (a Spanish word derived from the Quechua quwi), the guinea pig was first domesticated as early as 5000 BC for food by tribes in the Andean region of South America (the present-day southern part of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia),{{sfn|Morales|1995|page=3}} some thousands of years after the domestication of the South American camelids.{{cite book|ref=Chazan|last = Chazan|first = Michael|title = World Prehistory and Archaeology: Pathways through Time|year = 2008|publisher = Pearson Education, Inc.|isbn = 978-0-205-40621-0|page=272}} The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped animals and often depicted the guinea pig in their art.Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1997.

Early accounts from Spanish settlers state that guinea pigs were the preferred sacrificial animal of the Inca people native to Peru.{{cite journal |last1=Valdez |first1=Lidio M. |title=Inka Sacrificial Guinea Pigs from Tambo Viejo, Peru |journal=International Journal of Osteoarchaeology |date=2019 |volume=29 |issue=4 |page=595 |doi=10.1002/oa.2755 |s2cid=132682067 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/oa.2755|url-access=subscription }} These claims are supported by archaeological digs and transcribed Quechua mythology,{{cite journal |last1=Sandweiss |first1=Daniel H. |last2=Wing |first2=Elizabeth S. |title=Ritual Rodents: The Guinea Pigs of Chincha, Peru |journal=Journal of Field Archaeology |date=1997 |volume=21 |issue=1 |page=50 |doi=10.2307/530560 |jstor=530560 }} providing evidence that sacrificial rituals involving guinea pigs served many purposes in society such as appeasing the gods, accompanying the dead, or reading the future.{{cite journal |last1=Sandweiss |first1=Daniel H. |last2=Wing |first2=Elizabeth S. |title=Ritual Rodents: The Guinea Pigs of Chincha, Peru |journal=Journal of Field Archaeology |date=1997 |volume=24 |issue=1 |page=54 |doi=10.2307/530560 |jstor=530560 }}

From about 1200 to the Spanish conquest in 1532, the indigenous people used selective breeding to develop many varieties of domestic guinea pigs, forming the basis for some modern domestic breeds.{{cite book|last = Nowak|first = Ronald M.|title = Walker's Mammals of the World|url = https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0001nowa|url-access = registration|edition = 6th|year = 1999|pages = 1667–1669|isbn = 978-0-8018-5789-8|publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press|location = Baltimore, Md.}} They continue to be a food source in the region; many households in the Andean highlands raise the animal.{{sfn|Morales|1995|page=8}}File:Three Unknown Elizabethan Children.jpg

In the early 1500s, Spanish, Dutch, and English traders took guinea pigs to Europe, where they quickly became popular as exotic pets among the upper classes and royalty, including Queen Elizabeth I.{{sfn|Morales|1995|page=3}}{{cite book|last=Petrylak |first=Ashley |date=2009|title=Guinea Pigs (Great Pets)|url=|publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing|page=6|isbn=978-0-7614-4148-9}} The earliest known written account of the guinea pig dates from 1547, in a description of the animal from Santo Domingo. Because cavies are not native to Hispaniola, the animal was believed to have been earlier introduced there by Spanish travelers.{{Cite book|last = Weir|first = Barbara J.|contribution = Notes on the Origin of the Domestic Guinea-Pig|editor-last = Rowlands|editor-first = I. W.|editor2-last = Weir|editor2-first = Barbara J.|title = The Biology of Hystricomorph Rodents|publisher = Academic Press|year = 1974|pages = [https://archive.org/details/conceptsofhumane0000unse/page/437 437–446]|isbn = 978-0-12-613333-2|url = https://archive.org/details/conceptsofhumane0000unse/page/437}} However, based on more recent excavations on West Indian islands, the animal may have been introduced to the Caribbean around 500 BC by ceramic-making horticulturalists from South America.Newsom and Wing, 2004, cited in {{cite journal|author1=Fitzpatrick, S.M. |author2=Keegan, W.F. |year=2007|title= Human impacts and adaptations in the Caribbean Islands: an historical ecology approach|journal= Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |volume=98|issue=1 |pages=29–45|doi=10.1017/S1755691007000096 |bibcode=2007EESTR..98...29F |s2cid=128704578 }} It was present in the Ostionoid period on Puerto Rico, for example, long before the advent of the Spaniards.deFranca, S.D., Hadden, C.S., LeFebvre, M.J. and DuChemin, G. 2010. "Animal use at the Tibes Ceremonial Center." In: Curet, A. and Stringer, L.M. (eds.). Tibes: People, power, and ritual at the center of the cosmos. The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA. pp. 115–151.

The guinea pig was first described in the West in 1554 by the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner.{{cite book|last = Gmelig-Nijboer|first = C. A.|title = Conrad Gessner's "Historia Animalum": An Inventory of Renaissance Zoology|year = 1977|publisher = Krips Repro B.V.|pages = 69–70}} Its binomial scientific name was first used by Erxleben in 1777; it is an amalgam of Pallas' generic designation (1766) and Linnaeus' specific conferral (1758).

The earliest-known European illustration of a domestic guinea pig is a painting (artist unknown) in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery in London, dated to 1580, which shows a girl in a typical Elizabethan dress holding a tortoise-shell guinea pig in her hands. She is flanked by her two brothers, one of whom holds a pet bird.Reported, with colour illustration, in The Daily Telegraph, London, 21 August 2013. The picture dates from the same period as the oldest recorded guinea pig remains in England, which are a partial cavy skeleton found at Hill Hall, an Elizabethan manor house in Essex, and dated to around 1575.

The scientific name of the common species is Cavia porcellus, with {{lang|la|porcellus}} being Latin for "little pig". Cavia is Neo-Latin; it is derived from cabiai, the animal's name in the language of the Galibi tribes once native to French Guiana.{{cite web |title=Cavy |url=http://dictionary.oed.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060625103623/http://dictionary.oed.com/ |archive-date=2006-06-25 |access-date=2007-04-25 |publisher=Oxford English Dictionary online (subscription access required)}} Cabiai may be an adaptation of the Portuguese {{Lang|pt|çavia}} (now {{Lang|pt|savia}}), which is itself derived from the Tupi word {{Lang|tup|saujá}}, meaning rat.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Definition of cavy |dictionary=Merriam-Webster Online |url=http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=cavy |access-date=2007-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121221309/http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=cavy |archive-date=2008-01-21}}

The origin of "guinea" in "guinea pig" is hard to explain. One proposed explanation is that the animals were brought to Europe by way of Guinea, leading people to think they had originated there.{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|p=2}} "Guinea" was also frequently used in English to refer generally to any far-off, unknown country, so the name may be a colorful reference to the animal's exotic origins.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Results for "Guinea pig" |dictionary=Dictionary.com |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Guinea%20pig |access-date=2006-08-29}}{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Cavy}}

Another hypothesis suggests the "guinea" in the name is a corruption of "Guiana", an area in South America.{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|pp=2–3}} A common misconception is that they were so named because they were sold for the price of a guinea coin. This hypothesis is untenable because the guinea was first struck in England in 1663, and William Harvey used the term "Ginny-pig" as early as 1653.{{cite book |last=Harvey |first=William |title=Anatomical exercitations concerning the generation of living creatures to which are added particular discourses of births and of conceptions, &c |year=1653 |page=527}} Others believe "guinea" may be an alteration of the word coney (rabbit); guinea pigs were referred to as "pig coneys" in Edward Topsell's 1607 treatise on quadrupeds.{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|p=2}}

How the animals came to be called "pigs" is not clear. They are built somewhat like pigs, with large heads relative to their bodies, stout necks, and rounded rumps with no tail of any consequence; some of the sounds they emit are very similar to those made by pigs, and they spend a large amount of time eating.{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|p=2}}{{sfn|Terril|Clemons|1998|p=2}} They can survive for long periods in small quarters, like a "pig pen", and were easily transported by ship to Europe.{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|p=2}}

Guinea pigs are called {{lang|qu|quwi}} or {{lang|qu|jaca}} in Quechua and {{lang|es|cuy}} or {{lang|es|cuyo}} (plural cuyes, cuyos) in the Spanish of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.{{cite web |title=Diccionario de la Lengua Española |url=http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/ |access-date=2007-03-12 |publisher=Real Academia Española |language=es}}

The animal's name alludes to pigs in many European languages. The German word for them is {{lang|de|Meerschweinchen}}, literally "little sea pig", in Polish they are called {{lang|pl|świnka morska}}, in Hungarian as {{lang|hu|tengerimalac}}, and in {{Langx|ru|морская свинка|translit=morskaya svinka}}. The German word derives from the Middle High German name Merswin. This word originally meant "dolphin" and was used because of the animals' grunting sounds (which were thought to be similar).Duden – Deutsches Universalwörterbuch. 4. Aufl. Mannheim 2001. [CD-ROM]

Many other, possibly less scientifically based, explanations of the German name exist. For example, sailing ships stopping to reprovision in the New World would pick up guinea pig stores, providing an easily transportable source of fresh meat. The French term is cochon d'Inde (Indian pig), or cobaye; the Dutch called it Guinees biggetje (Guinean piglet), or cavia (in some Dutch dialects it is called {{lang|nl|Spaanse rat}}); and in Portuguese, the guinea pig is variously referred to as cobaia, from the Tupi word via its Latinization, or as {{lang|pt|porquinho da Índia}} (little Indian pig). This association with pigs is not universal among European terms; for example, the common word in Spanish is conejillo de Indias (little rabbit of the Indies).

The Chinese refer to the animal as {{lang|zh|豚鼠}} (túnshǔ, "pig mouse"), and sometimes as {{lang|zh|荷蘭豬}} (hélánzhū, 'Netherlands pig') or {{lang|zh|天竺鼠}} (tiānzhúshǔ, "Indian mouse"). The Japanese word for guinea pig is {{lang|ja|モルモット}} ({{Transliteration|ja|morumotto}}), which derives from the name of another mountain-dwelling rodent, the marmot. This word is how the guinea pigs were called by Dutch traders, who first brought them to Nagasaki in 1843. The other, and less common, Japanese word for guinea pig, using kanji, is 天竺鼠 (てんじくねずみ or {{Transliteration|ja|tenjiku-nezumi}}), which translates as "India rat".{{Cite web |title=tenjiku-nezumi – Meaning in Japanese {{!}} 天竺鼠 – Names of Animals in Japanese |url=https://animals.japanesewithanime.com/animals/tenjikunezumi |access-date=2018-09-15 |website=animals.japanesewithanime.com |language=en-us}}

{{Main|List of guinea pig breeds}}

File:Nibbles and strips 2.jpg Abyssinian guinea pigs]]

Guinea pigs are relatively large for rodents. In pet breeds, adults typically weigh between {{convert|700|and|1200|g|lb|abbr=on}} and measure between {{convert|20|and|25|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} in length.{{sfn|Vanderlip|2003|p=13}} Some livestock breeds weigh {{Convert|3|kg|lb|abbr=on}} when full grown.{{Cite book |last=Yamamoto |first=Dorothy |title=Guinea Pig |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-78023-467-0 |location=London |chapter=Section 4: On The Menu |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooGiCgAAQBAJ&q=breeding+program+guinea+pig&pg=PT81}} Pet breeds live an average of four to five years but may live as long as eight years.{{sfn|Richardson|2000|pages=132–133}} According to Guinness World Records, {{As of|2006||lc=y}}, the longest-lived guinea pig was 14 years, 10 months, and 2 weeks old.{{Cite book |title=Guinness Book of World Records |publisher=Guinness World Records Ltd. |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-904994-02-2 |editor-last=Glenday |editor-first=Craig |page=[https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec00glen/page/60 60] |title-link=Guinness Book of World Records }} Most guinea pigs have fur, but one laboratory breed adopted by some pet owners, the skinny pig, is mostly furless. In contrast, several breeds have long fur, such as the Peruvian, the Silkie, and the Texel. They have four front teeth and small back teeth. Their front teeth grow continuously, so guinea pigs chew on materials such as wood to wear them down to prevent them from becoming too long.{{cite book|last=Petrylak |first=Ashley |date=2009|title=Guinea Pigs (Great Pets)|url=|publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing|page=13|isbn=978-0-7614-4148-9}} In the 1990s, a minority scientific opinion emerged proposing that caviomorphs such as guinea pigs, chinchillas, and degus are not actually rodents, and should be reclassified as a separate order of mammals (similar to the rodent-like lagomorphs which includes rabbits and hares).{{cite journal|last1 = Graur|first1 = D.|title = Is the Guinea-Pig a Rodent?|year = 1991|journal = Nature|volume = 351|pages = 649–652|doi = 10.1038/351649a0|last2 = Hide|first2 = Winston A.|last3 = Li|first3 = Wen-Hsiung|pmid = 2052090|issue = 6328|display-authors = 1|bibcode = 1991Natur.351..649G|s2cid = 4344039}}{{cite journal|last1 = D'Erchia|first1 = A.|title = The Guinea Pig is Not a Rodent|year = 1996|journal = Nature|volume = 381|pages = 597–600|doi = 10.1038/381597a0|last2 = Gissi|first2 = Carmela|last3 = Pesole|first3 = Graziano|last4 = Saccone|first4 = Cecilia|last5 = Arnason|first5 = Ulfur|pmid = 8637593|issue = 6583|display-authors = 1|bibcode = 1996Natur.381..597D|s2cid = 4336262}}{{Cite journal |title=Is the guinea-pig (Cavia porcellus) a rodent? |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry |volume=107 |issue=2 |date=February 1994 |pages=179–182 |doi=10.1016/0305-0491(94)90037-X |last1=Noguchi |first1=Tomoo |last2=Fujiwara |first2=Satoko |last3=Hayashi |first3=Sucko |last4=Sakuraba |first4=Haruhiko}} Subsequent research using wider sampling restored the consensus among mammalian biologists regarding the current classification of rodents, including guinea pigs, as monophyletic.{{Cite book|last1 = Carleton|first1 = Michael D.|last2 = Musser|first2 = Guy G.|contribution = Order Rodentia|editor1-last = Wilson|editor1-first = Don E.|title = Mammal Species of the World|edition = 3rd|year = 2005|volume = 2|page = 745|publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn = 978-0-8018-8221-0|editor2-last = Reeder|editor2-first = DeeAnn M.}}{{Cite journal |last1=Huchon |first1=Dorothée |last2=Chevret |first2=Pascale |last3=Jordan |first3=Ursula |last4=Kilpatrick |first4=C. William |last5=Ranwez |first5=Vincent |last6=Jenkins |first6=Paulina D. |last7=Brosius |first7=Jürgen |last8=Schmitz |first8=Jürgen |date=May 1, 2007 |title=Multiple molecular evidences for a living mammalian fossil |journal=PNAS |volume=104 |issue=18 |pages=7495–7499 |bibcode=2007PNAS..104.7495H |doi=10.1073/pnas.0701289104 |pmc=1863447 |pmid=17452635|doi-access=free }}

Wild cavies are found on grassy plains and occupy an ecological niche similar to that of cattle. They are social animals, living in the wild in small groups ("herds") that consist of several females ("sows"), a male ("boar"), and their young ("pups" not "piglets", a break with the preceding porcine nomenclature). Herds of animals move together, eating grass or other vegetation, yet do not store food.{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|pp=31–32}} While they do not burrow themselves or build nests, they frequently seek shelter in the burrows of other animals, as well as in crevices and tunnels formed by vegetation.{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|pp=31–32}} They are crepuscular and tend to be most active during dawn and dusk when it is harder for predators to spot them.{{sfn|Terril|Clemons|1998|p=6}}

Male and female guinea pigs do not significantly differ in appearance apart from general size. The position of the anus is very close to the genitals in both sexes. Sexing animals at a young age must be done by someone trained in the differences. Female genitals are distinguished by a Y-shaped configuration formed from a vulvar flap. While male genitals may look similar, with the penis and anus forming a similar shape, the penis will protrude if pressure is applied to the surrounding hair anterior to the genital region.{{sfn|Richardson|2000|pages=14, 17}} The male's testes may also be visible externally from scrotal swelling.

File:Guinea pigs - Japanese petting zoo - 2018 6 26.webm

File:Three guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) at Keswick Public Library.jpg

Guinea pigs can learn complex paths to food and can accurately remember a learned path for months. Their most robust problem-solving strategy is motion.{{cite journal|last = Charters|first = Jessie Blount Allen|title = The associative processes of the guinea pig: A study of the psychical development of an animal with a nervous system well medullated at birth|journal = Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology|volume = XIV|issue = 4|pages = 300–337|date=July 1904|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dWcKAAAAMAAJ&q=guinea+pigs&pg=RA2-PA300|access-date = 2006-12-27|doi=10.1002/cne.920140402| hdl=2027/mdp.39015031094876 }} While guinea pigs can jump small obstacles, they cannot jump very high. Most of them are poor climbers and are not particularly agile. They startle easily, and when they sense danger, they either freeze in place for long periods or run for cover with rapid, darting motions.{{sfn|Terril|Clemons|1998|p=6}} Larger groups of startled guinea pigs "stampede", running in haphazard directions as a means of confusing predators.{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|p=34}} When happily excited, guinea pigs may (often repeatedly) perform little hops in the air (a movement known as "popcorning"), analogous to the ferret's war dance{{cite web|title = Guinea Pigs|publisher = Canadian Federation of Humane Societies|url = http://cfhs.ca/athome/guinea_pigs|access-date = 2007-03-21|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070402223933/http://cfhs.ca/athome/guinea_pigs/|archive-date = 2007-04-02}} or rabbit happy hops (binkies). Guinea pigs are also good swimmers,{{cite book|last1 = Harkness|first1 = John E.|last2 = Wagner|first2 = Joseph E.|title = The Biology and Medicine of Rabbits and Rodents|publisher = Williams & Wilkins|year = 1995|pages = 30–39|isbn = 978-0-683-03919-1}} although they do not like being wet and infrequently need bathing.

Like many rodents, guinea pigs sometimes participate in social grooming and regularly self-groom.{{sfn|Vanderlip|2003|p=79}} A milky-white substance is secreted from their eyes and rubbed into the hair during the grooming process.{{sfn|Richardson|2000|page=72}} Groups of boars often chew each other's hair, but this is a method of establishing hierarchy within a group, rather than a social gesture. Dominance is also established through biting (especially of the ears), piloerection, aggressive noises, head thrusts, and leaping attacks.{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|p=38}} Non-sexual simulated mounting for dominance is also common among same-sex groups.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Guinea pig eyesight is not as good as that of a human in terms of distance and color, but they have a wider angle of vision (about 340°) and see in partial color (dichromacy). They have well-developed senses of hearing, smell, and touch.{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|pp=32–33}}{{sfn|Vanderlip|2003|p=14}}

Guinea pigs have developed a different biological rhythm from their wild counterparts and have longer periods of activity followed by short sleep in between.{{sfn|Terril|Clemons|1998|p=6}} Activity is scattered randomly throughout the day; aside from an avoidance of intense light, no regular circadian patterns are apparent.{{sfn|Terril|Clemons|1998|p=6}}File:Cat with guinea pigs.jpgGuinea pigs do not generally thrive when housed with other species. Larger animals may regard guinea pigs as prey, though some dogs and cats can be trained to accept them.{{cite book|last=Behrend|first=Katrin|url=https://archive.org/details/guineapigseveryt00behr/page/22|title=Guinea Pigs: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual|publisher=Barron's|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7641-0670-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/guineapigseveryt00behr/page/22 22–23]}} Opinion is divided over the cohousing of guinea pigs and rabbits. Some published sources say that guinea pigs and rabbits complement each other well when sharing a cage.{{sfn|Vanderlip|2003|p=20}} However, rabbits have different nutritional requirements; as lagomorphs, they synthesize their own vitamin C, so the two species will not thrive if fed the same food when housed together.{{sfn|Terril|Clemons|1998|p=41}} Rabbits may also harbor diseases (such as respiratory infections from Bordetella and Pasteurella), to which guinea pigs are susceptible.{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|pp=126–128}} Housing guinea pigs with other rodents such as gerbils and hamsters may increase instances of respiratory and other infections,{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|p=122}} and such rodents may act aggressively toward guinea pigs.{{sfn|Vanderlip|2003|p=19}}

Vocalization is the primary means of communication between members of the species.{{sfn|Terril|Clemons|1998|p=7}} These are the most common sounds made by the guinea pig:{{sfn|Terril|Clemons|1998|pp=7–8}}

• A "wheek" is a loud noise, the name of which is onomatopoeic, also known as a whistle. An expression of general excitement may occur in response to the presence of its owner or feeding. It is sometimes used to find other guinea pigs if they are running. If a guinea pig is lost, it may wheek for assistance. {{Audio|Guinea Pig Feeding Wheek.ogg|listen}}
• A bubbling or purring sound is made when the guinea pig enjoys itself, such as when petting and holding. It may also make this sound when grooming, crawling around to investigate a new place, or when given food. {{Audio|Guinea Pig Happy.ogg|listen}}
• A rumbling sound is normally related to dominance within a group, though it can also come as a response to being scared or angry. In the case of being scared, the rumble often sounds higher, and the body vibrates shortly. While courting, a male usually purrs deeply, swaying and circling the female{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|p=39}} in a behavior called rumblestrutting. A low rumble while walking away reluctantly shows passive resistance. {{Audio|Guinea Pig Keep Away.ogg|listen}}
• Chutting and whining are sounds made in pursuit situations by the pursuer and pursuee, respectively. {{Audio|Guinea Pig Angry.ogg|listen}}
• A chattering sound is made by rapidly gnashing the teeth, and is generally a sign of warning. Guinea pigs tend to raise their heads when making this sound.
• Squealing or shrieking is a high-pitched sound of discontent in response to pain or danger. {{Audio|Guinea Pig In Distress.ogg|listen}}
• Chirping, a less common sound likened to bird song, seems to be related to stress or discomfort or when a baby guinea pig wants to be fed. Very rarely, the chirping will last for several minutes. {{Audio|Guinea Pig Chirping.ogg|listen}}

File:Fat Adie pictures 001.jpg sow one week before delivering three pups]]

Males (boars) reach sexual maturity in 3–5 weeks. Similarly, females (sows) can be fertile as early as four weeks old and carry litters before becoming fully grown adults.{{sfn|Richardson|2000|pages=15–16}} A sow can breed year-round (with spring being the peak). A sow can have as many as five litters in a year, but six is theoretically possible. Unlike the offspring of most rodents, which are altricial at birth, newborn cavy pups are precocial, and are well-developed with hair, teeth, claws, and partial eyesight. The pups are immediately mobile and capable of eating solid food, though they continue to suckle. Sows can once again become pregnant 6–48 hours after giving birth, but it is not healthy for a female to be constantly pregnant.{{sfn|Richardson|2000|pages=17–18}}

The gestation period lasts from {{convert|59|-|72|day|month}}, with an average of {{convert|63|-|68|day|month}}. Because of the long gestation period and the large size of the pups, pregnant sows may become large and eggplant-shaped, although the change in size and shape varies depending upon the size of the litter. Litter size ranges from one to six, with three being the average;{{sfn|Richardson|2000|pages=}} the largest recorded litter size is 9.{{Cite web |title=Largest litter of guinea pigs |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/69437-largest-guinea-pig-litter |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-GB}} The guinea pig mother only has two nipples, but she can readily raise the more average-sized litters of 2 to 4 pups.[http://www.merckvetmanual.com/all-other-pets/guinea-pigs/breeding-and-reproduction-of-guinea-pigs Breeding and Reproduction of Guinea Pigs], Merck Veterinarian Manual, Katherine E. Quesenberry, DVM, MPH, DABVP (Avian); Kenneth R. Boschert, DVM, DACLAM, 2016.[https://books.google.com/books?id=SFSXqsWvsMQC&dq=%22despite+having+only+two+nipples%2C+guinea+pigs+can+raise+litters+of+3%2C+4%2C+and+more+young%22&pg=PA55 Harkness and Wagner's Biology and Medicine of Rabbits and Rodents, 5th Edition], John E. Harkness, Patricia V. Turner, Susan VandeWoude, Colette L. Wheler, Iowa, USA: Wiley & Sons, "Ch. 2 Biology and Husbandry," 2010. In smaller litters, difficulties may occur during labour due to oversized pups. Large litters result in higher incidences of stillbirth, but because the pups are delivered at an advanced stage of development, lack of access to the mother's milk has little effect on the mortality rate of newborns.{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|p=88}}File:Guinea baby 1.jpg

Cohabitating females assist in mothering duties if lactating;{{cite book |last1=Percy |first1=Dean H. |title=Pathology of Laboratory Rodents and Rabbits |last2=Barthold |first2=Stephen W. |publisher=Iowa State University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8138-2551-9 |edition=2nd |pages=209–247}} guinea pigs practice alloparental care, in which a sow may adopt the pups of another. This might take place if the original parents die or are, for some reason, separated from them. This behavior is common and is seen in many other animal species, such as the elephant.{{cite journal |last1=Riedman |first1=Marianne L. |year=1982 |title=The Evolution of Alloparental Care in Mammals and Birds |journal=The Quarterly Review of Biology |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=405–435 |doi=10.1086/412936 |s2cid=85378202}}

Toxemia of pregnancy (hypertension) is a common problem and kills many pregnant females. Signs of toxemia include anorexia (loss of appetite), lack of energy, excessive salivation, a sweet or fruity breath odor due to ketones, and seizures in advanced cases.{{sfn|Richardson|2000|pages=20–21}} Pregnancy toxemia appears to be most common in hot climates.{{sfn|Richardson|2000|page=20}} Other serious complications during pregnancy can include a prolapsed uterus, hypocalcaemia, and mastitis.{{sfn|Richardson|2000|pages=25–29}}

Females that do not give birth may develop an irreversible fusing or calcified cartilage of the pubic symphysis, a joint in the pelvis, which may occur after six months of age.{{rp|72–73|date=November 2012}} If they become pregnant after this has happened, the birth canal may not widen sufficiently, which may lead to dystocia and death as they attempt to give birth.{{sfn|Richardson|2000|pages=25–26}}

File:Guinea pig 2011 01 10 12 58 15.jpg

Domestic guinea pigs generally live in cages, although some owners of large numbers of cavies dedicate entire rooms to their pets.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} Wire mesh floors can cause injury and may be associated with an infection commonly known as bumblefoot (ulcerative pododermatitis),{{sfn|Richardson|2000|pages=63–64}} so cages with solid bottoms, where the animal walks directly on the bedding, are typically used. Large cages allow for adequate running space and can be constructed from wire grid panels and plastic sheeting, a style known as C&C, or "cubes and coroplast".{{Cite web|last=Orcutt|first=Connie|date=April 1, 2016|title=Guinea pigs with room to move|url=https://podcasts.ufhealth.org/guinea-pigs-with-room-to-move/|access-date=2021-02-02|website=University of Florida Health}}

Red cedar (Eastern or Western) and pine, both softwoods, were commonly used as bedding. Still, these materials are believed to contain harmful phenols (aromatic hydrocarbons) and oils.{{sfn|Terril|Clemons|1998|p=34}} Bedding materials made from hardwoods (such as aspen), paper products, and corn cobs are alternatives.{{sfn|Terril|Clemons|1998|p=34}} Guinea pigs tend to be messy; they often jump into their food bowls or kick bedding and feces into them, and their urine sometimes crystallizes on cage surfaces, making it difficult to remove.{{sfn|Vanderlip|2003|pp=44, 49}} After its cage has been cleaned, a guinea pig typically urinates and drags its lower body across the floor of the cage to mark its territory.{{cite book|last=National Resource Council|url=https://archive.org/details/rodents0000unse/page/72|title=Laboratory Animal Management: Rodents|publisher=National Academy Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-309-04936-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/rodents0000unse/page/72 72–73]}} Male guinea pigs may mark their territory in this way when they are put back into their cages after being taken out.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Guinea pigs thrive in groups of two or more; groups of sows or groups of one or more sows and a neutered boar are common combinations, but boars can sometimes live together. Guinea pigs learn to recognize and bond with other individual guinea pigs, and tests show that a boar's neuroendocrine stress response to a strange environment is significantly lowered in the presence of a bonded female but not with unfamiliar females.{{cite journal|url = http://www.scielo.br/pdf/bjmbr/v37n6/4930.pdf | last1 = Cohn|first1 = D.W.H.|title = Female Novelty and the Courtship Behavior of Male Guinea Pigs|journal = Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research|volume = 37|year = 2004|pages = 847–851|doi = 10.1590/S0100-879X2004000600010|pmid = 15264028|last2 = Tokumaru|first2 = RS|last3 = Ades|first3 = C|issue = 6|display-authors=1|doi-access = free}} Groups of boars may also get along, provided their cage has enough space, they are introduced at an early age, and no females are present.{{sfn|Vanderlip|2003|pp=33–34}} In Switzerland, where owning a single guinea pig is considered harmful to its well-being, keeping a guinea pig without a companion is illegal.{{cite web |last1=Maurisse |first1=Marie |date=17 August 2011 |title=En Suisse, les animaux domestiques doivent obligatoirement être en couple |url=http://blog.lefigaro.fr/suisse/2011/08/en-suisse-les-animaux-domestiques-doivent-etre-en-couple.html}} There is a service to rent guinea pigs, to temporarily replace a dead cage-mate.{{Cite web|title=Rent-A-Guinea Pig Service Takes Off in Switzerland|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/rent-guinea-pig-service-takes-off-switzerland/story?id=14573692|access-date=2021-02-03|website=ABC News|language=en}} Sweden has similar laws against keeping a guinea pig by itself.{{Cite journal|last=Mihai|first=Andrei|date=January 29, 2021|title=Why it's illegal to own one guinea pig in Switzerland|url=https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/animals-ecology/guinea-pig-switzerland/|journal=ZME Science|volume=Animals, Feature Post|pages=|quote=Sweden has similar legislation in place and several other countries have sensible laws protecting social animals.|via=}}

{{Further|Cecotrope}}

File:Cavy eating grass.jpg guinea pig eating grass, the staple of the diet, which is often replaced with hay.|276x276px]]

The guinea pig's natural diet is grass; their molars are particularly suited for grinding plant matter and grow continuously throughout their life.{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|p=228}} Most mammals that graze are large and have a long digestive tract. Guinea pigs have much longer colons than most rodents.

Easily digestible food is processed in the gastrointestinal tract and expelled as regular feces. But to get nutrients out of hard-to-digest fiber, guinea pigs ferment fiber in the cecum (in the GI tract) and then expel the contents as cecotropes, which are reingested (cecotrophy). The cecotropes are then absorbed in the small intestine to utilize the nutrients.{{sfn|Richardson|2000|pages=50–51}}{{sfn|Terril|Clemons|1998|p=41}}{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|p=236}} The cecotropes are eaten directly from the anus unless the guinea pig is pregnant or obese.{{sfn|Terril|Clemons|1998|p=41}} They share this behavior with lagomorphs (rabbits, hares, pikas) and some other animals.

In geriatric boars or sows (rarely in young ones), the muscles which allow the cecotropes to be expelled from the anus can become weak. This creates a condition known as fecal impaction, which prevents the animal from redigesting cecotropes even though harder pellets may pass through the impacted mass.{{sfn|Richardson|2000|page=52}} The condition may be temporarily alleviated by a human carefully removing the impacted feces from the anus.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Guinea pigs benefit from a diet of fresh grass hay, such as timothy hay, in addition to food pellets, which are often based on timothy hay. Alfalfa hay is also a popular food choice, and most guinea pigs will eat large amounts of alfalfa when offered it,{{sfn|Morales|1995|page=8}}{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|p=32}} though some controversy exists over offering alfalfa to adult guinea pigs. Some pet owners and veterinary organizations have advised that, as a legume rather than a grass hay, alfalfa consumed in large amounts may lead to obesity, as well as bladder stones from the excess calcium in all animals except for pregnant and very young guinea pigs.{{cite web |title=Guinea Pig Diet |url=http://mgpr.org/newsite/GP_Info/Guinea%20Pig%20Diet.htm |website=Metropolitan Guinea Pig Rescue |access-date=13 March 2021}} However, published scientific sources mention alfalfa as a food source that can replenish protein, amino acids, and fiber.{{cite book|author = Institute for Laboratory Animal Research|title = Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals|edition = 4th|publisher = National Academies Press|year = 1995|page = 106|url = http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=4758&page=106|isbn = 978-0-309-05126-2|author-link = Institute for Laboratory Animal Research}}{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|p=236}}{{sfn|Terril|Clemons|1998|p=39}}

Like humans, but unlike most other mammals, guinea pigs cannot synthesize vitamin C and must obtain this vital nutrient from food. If guinea pigs do not ingest enough vitamin C, they can suffer from potentially fatal scurvy. They require about 10 mg of vitamin C daily (20 mg if pregnant), which can be obtained through fresh, raw fruits and vegetables (such as broccoli, apple, cabbage, carrot, celery, and spinach) or dietary supplements or by eating fresh pellets designed for guinea pigs, if they have been handled properly.{{sfn|Richardson|2000|page=92}} Healthy diets for guinea pigs require a complex balance of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and hydrogen ions; but adequate amounts of vitamins A, D, and E are also necessary.{{sfn|Terril|Clemons|1998|p=40}}

Poor diets for guinea pigs have been associated with muscular dystrophy, metastatic calcification, difficulties with pregnancy, vitamin deficiencies, and teeth problems.{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|pp=237–257}}{{sfn|Richardson|2000|pages=89–91}} Guinea pigs tend to be fickle eaters when it comes to fresh fruits and vegetables after having learned early in life what is and is not appropriate to consume. Their eating habits may be difficult to change after maturity.{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|p=236}}{{sfn|Richardson|2000|pages=88–89}} They do not respond well to sudden changes in their diet, and they may stop eating and starve rather than accept new food types. A constant supply of hay is generally recommended, as guinea pigs feed continuously and may develop bad habits if food is not present, such as chewing on their hair.{{sfn|Richardson|2000|page=89}} Being rodents, as their teeth grow constantly (as do their nails, like humans), they routinely gnaw on things, lest their teeth become too large for their jaw (a common problem in rodents).{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} Guinea pigs chew on cloth, paper, plastic, and rubber if available. Guinea pig owners may "Guinea Pig proof" their household, especially if they are free to roam, to avoid any destruction or harm to the guinea pig itself.{{Cite web |title=How To Guinea Pig Proof Your Room {{!}} First Steps With A Guinea Pig |url=https://www.omlet.co.uk/guide/guinea_pigs/first_steps_with_a_guinea_pig/room_proofing/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=www.omlet.co.uk |language=en-gb}}

Some plants are poisonous to guinea pigs, including bracken, bryony, buttercup, charlock, deadly nightshade, foxglove, hellebore, hemlock, lily of the valley, mayweed, monkshood, privet, ragwort, rhubarb, speedwell, toadflax (both Linaria vulgaris and Linaria dalmatica), and wild celery.{{sfn|Richardson|2000|page=93}} Additionally, any plant which grows from a bulb (e.g., tulip or onion) is normally considered poisonous,{{sfn|Richardson|2000|page=3}} as well as ivy and oak tree leaves.

{{clear left}}

Common ailments in domestic guinea pigs include respiratory tract infections, diarrhea, scurvy (vitamin C deficiency, typically characterized by sluggishness), abscesses due to infection (often in the neck, due to hay embedded in the throat, or from external scratches), and infections by lice, mites, or fungus.{{sfn|Richardson|2000|loc=ch. 1, 4, 5, 9}}

Mange mites (Trixacarus caviae) are a common cause of hair loss, and other symptoms may also include excessive scratching, unusually aggressive behavior when touched (due to pain), and, in some instances, seizures.{{sfn|Richardson|2000|pages=3–4}} Guinea pigs may also suffer from "running lice" (Gliricola porcelli), a small, white insect that can be seen moving through the hair; their eggs, which appear as black or white specks attached to the hair, are sometimes referred to as "static lice". Other causes of hair loss can be hormonal upsets caused by underlying medical conditions such as ovarian cysts.{{sfn|Richardson|2000|page=55}}

File:mvc-872s.jpg guinea pig suffering from torticollis, or wry neck]]

Foreign bodies, especially tiny pieces of hay or straw, can become lodged in the eyes of guinea pigs, resulting in excessive blinking, tearing, and, in some cases, an opaque film over the eye due to corneal ulcer.{{sfn|Richardson|2000|pages=69–70}} Hay or straw dust can also cause sneezing. While it is normal for guinea pigs to sneeze periodically, frequent sneezing may be a symptom of pneumonia, especially in response to atmospheric changes. Pneumonia may also be accompanied by torticollis and can be fatal.{{sfn|Richardson|2000|pages=45–48}}

Because the guinea pig has a stout, compact body, it more easily tolerates excessive cold than excessive heat.{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|p=6}} Its normal body temperature is {{convert|101|–|104|F|C|order=flip}},{{sfn|Terril|Clemons|1998|p=19}} so its ideal ambient air temperature range is similar to a human's, about {{convert|65|–|75|F|C|order=flip}}.{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|p=6}} Consistent ambient temperatures in excess of {{convert|90|F|C|order=flip}} have been linked to hyperthermia and death, especially among pregnant sows.{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|p=6}} Guinea pigs are not well suited to environments that feature wind or frequent drafts,{{sfn|Terril|Clemons|1998|p=37}} and respond poorly to extremes of humidity outside of the range of 30–70%.{{sfn|Terril|Clemons|1998|p=36}}

Guinea pigs are prey animals whose survival instinct is to mask pain and signs of illness, and many times, health problems may not be apparent until a condition is severe or in its advanced stages. Treatment of disease is made more difficult by the extreme sensitivity guinea pigs have to most antibiotics, including penicillin, which kill off the intestinal flora and quickly bring on episodes of diarrhea and in some cases, death.{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|p=229}}{{sfn|Richardson|2000|pages=105–106}}

Similar to the inherited genetic diseases of other breeds of animals (such as hip dysplasia in canines), some genetic abnormalities of guinea pigs have been reported. Most commonly, the roan coloration of Abyssinian guinea pigs is associated with congenital eye disorders and problems with the digestive system.{{sfn|Richardson|2000|page=69}} Other genetic disorders include "waltzing disease" (deafness coupled with a tendency to run in circles), palsy, and tremor conditions.{{Cite book|last = Robinson|first = Roy|contribution = The Guinea Pig, Cavia Porcellus|editor-last = King|editor-first = Robert C|title = Handbook of Genetics|volume = 4|year = 1974|pages = 275–307|publisher = Plenum|isbn = 978-0-306-37614-6}}

{{See also|List of guinea pig breeds}}

If handled correctly early in life, guinea pigs become amenable to being picked up and carried and seldom bite or scratch. They are timid explorers who often hesitate to escape their cage even when an opportunity presents itself.{{sfn|Vanderlip|2003|p=20}} Still, they show considerable curiosity when allowed to walk freely, especially in familiar and safe terrain. Guinea pigs that become familiar with their owner will whistle on the owner's approach; they will also learn to whistle in response to the rustling of plastic bags or the opening of refrigerator doors, where their food is most commonly stored.

File:Rene the long-haired Satin Peruvian Guinea pig.jpg Peruvian guinea pig with a show-length coat|275x275px]]

Domesticated guinea pigs occur in many breeds that have developed since their introduction to Europe and North America. These varieties vary in hair and color composition. The most common variety found in pet stores is the English shorthair (also known as the American), which has a short, smooth coat, and the Abyssinian, whose coat is ruffled with cowlicks, or rosettes. Also popular among breeders are the Peruvian and the Sheltie (or Silkie), both straight longhair breeds, and the Texel, a curly longhair. Grooming of guinea pigs is primarily accomplished using combs or brushes. Shorthair breeds are typically brushed weekly, while longhair breeds may require daily grooming.{{cite journal|title=Guinea Pigs: The Right Pet for You?|journal=The Humane Society of the United States|date=April 21, 2010|url=http://www.humanesociety.org/animals/guinea_pigs/tips/guinea_pigs_as_pets.html|access-date=25 June 2014|archive-date=27 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627185728/http://www.humanesociety.org/animals/guinea_pigs/tips/guinea_pigs_as_pets.html?}}

Cavy clubs and associations dedicated to the showing and breeding guinea pigs have been established worldwide. The American Cavy Breeders Association, an adjunct to the American Rabbit Breeders' Association, is the governing body in the United States and Canada.{{cite web|title=Constitution |url=http://www.acbaonline.com/constitution.html |publisher=American Cavy Breeders Association |date=2006-09-29 |access-date=2007-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405184705/http://www.acbaonline.com/constitution.html |archive-date=2007-04-05 }} The British Cavy Council governs cavy clubs in the United Kingdom. Similar organizations exist in Australia (Australian National Cavy Council){{cite web|url = http://cavycouncil.org.au/|title = Official Website|publisher = Australian National Cavy Council|access-date = 2007-04-03|archive-date = 2011-07-06|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110706124348/http://cavycouncil.org.au/}} and New Zealand (New Zealand Cavy Council).{{cite web|url = http://nzcavycouncil.org.nz/ |title = Official Website|publisher = New Zealand Cavy Council|access-date = 2015-02-26}} Each club publishes its standard of perfection and determines which breeds are eligible for showing.

Allergic symptoms, including rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma, have been documented in laboratory animal workers who come into contact with guinea pigs.{{cite journal|title=Severe Allergic Reactions to Guinea Pig|journal= Clinical and Molecular Allergy|date=October 27, 2005|volume=3|issue=2005|page=14|pmc=1282583|last1=Zacharisen|first1=M. C.|last2=Levy|first2=M. B.|last3=Shaw|first3=J. L.|last4=Kurup|first4=V. P.|doi=10.1186/1476-7961-3-14|pmid=16253140|doi-access= free}}{{cite web|title=Occupational Health and Safety for Staff with Substantial Contact with GUINEA PIGS|url=http://www.iacuc.ucsf.edu/Safe/awOhsGuineaPig.asp|publisher=University of California San Francisco|access-date=25 June 2014}} Allergic reactions following direct exposure to guinea pigs in domestic settings have also been reported. Two major guinea pig allergens, Cav p I and Cav p II, have been identified in guinea pig fluids (urine and saliva) and guinea pig dander.{{update after|2021|3|15}} People who are allergic to guinea pigs are usually allergic to hamsters and gerbils, as well.{{better source needed|date=November 2020}}{{medical citation needed|date=November 2020}}{{cite web|title=Pet Allergy Causes: Rodents|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pet-allergy/basics/causes/con-20028932|website=www.mayoclinic.org|publisher=Mayo Clinic|access-date=25 June 2014}} Allergy shots can successfully treat an allergy to guinea pigs. However, treatment can take up to 18 months.{{medical citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Folklore traditions involving guinea pigs are numerous; they are exchanged as gifts, used in customary social and religious ceremonies, and frequently referred to in spoken metaphors.{{sfn|Morales|1995|pages=10–16, 45–74}} They also are used in traditional healing rituals by folk doctors, or curanderos, who use the animals to diagnose diseases such as jaundice, rheumatism, arthritis, and typhus.{{sfn|Morales|1995|page=96}} They are rubbed against the bodies of the sick and are seen as a supernatural medium.{{sfn|Morales|1995|page=78}} Black guinea pigs are considered especially useful for diagnoses.{{sfn|Morales|1995|page=87–88}} The animal may be cut open and its entrails examined to determine whether the cure was effective.{{sfn|Morales|1995|page=83}} These methods are widely accepted in many parts of the Andes, where Western medicine is unavailable or distrusted.{{sfn|Morales|1995|page=75–78}}

Peruvians consume an estimated 65 million guinea pigs each year. The animal is so entrenched in the culture that one famous painting of the Last Supper in the main cathedral in Cusco shows Christ and his disciples dining on guinea pig. The animal remains an important aspect of certain religious events in both rural and urban areas of Peru. A religious celebration, known as {{lang|es|jaca tsariy}} ("collecting the cuys"), is a major festival in many villages in the Antonio Raimondi province of eastern Peru and is celebrated in smaller ceremonies in Lima.{{sfn|Morales|1995|pages=3, 101–112}} It is a syncretistic event, combining elements of Catholicism and pre-Columbian religious practices, and revolves around the celebration of local patron saints.{{sfn|Morales|1995|page=3}} The exact form the {{lang|es|jaca tsariy}} takes differs from town to town; in some localities, a sirvinti (servant) is appointed to go from door to door, collecting donations of guinea pigs, while in others, guinea pigs may be brought to a communal area to be released in a mock bullfight.{{sfn|Morales|1995|page=3}} Meals such as cuy chactado are always served as part of these festivities, and the killing and serving of the animal are framed by some communities as a symbolic satire of local politicians or important figures.{{sfn|Morales|1995|page=3}} In the Tungurahua and Cotopaxi provinces of central Ecuador, guinea pigs are employed in the celebrations surrounding the feast of Corpus Christi as part of the Ensayo, which is a community meal, and the Octava, where castillos (greased poles) are erected with prizes tied to the crossbars, from which several guinea pigs may be hung.{{sfn|Morales|1995|pages=119–126}} The Peruvian town of Churin has an annual festival that involves dressing guinea pigs in elaborate costumes for competition.{{cite web |date=2007-07-26 |title=Peruvians Pig-Out |url=http://itn.co.uk/89319c3295386535197a613d28bcf198.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525000157/http://itn.co.uk/89319c3295386535197a613d28bcf198.html |archive-date=2009-05-25 |access-date=2007-07-29 |publisher=ITN}} There are also guinea pig festivals held in Huancayo, Cusco, Lima, and Huacho, featuring costumes and guinea pig dishes. Most guinea pig celebrations occur on National Guinea Pig Day (Día Nacional del Cuy) across Peru on the second Friday of October.{{Cite web |date=18 September 2013 |title=Declaran el segundo viernes de octubre será el Día Nacional del Cuy |url=https://rpp.pe/lima/actualidad/declaran-el-segundo-viernes-de-octubre-sera-el-dia-nacional-del-cuy-noticia-632118 |website=RPP}}

File:Page 54 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carrol, Robinson, 1907).png (1907)]]

As a result of their widespread popularity, especially in households with children, guinea pigs have shown a presence in culture and media. Some noted appearances of the animal in literature include the short story "Pigs Is Pigs" by Ellis Parker Butler, which is a tale of bureaucratic incompetence. Two guinea pigs held at a railway station breed unchecked while humans argue whether they are "pigs" or "pets" to determine freight charges.{{cite book|last = Butler|first = Ellis Parker|title = Pigs is Pigs|url = https://archive.org/details/pigsispigs00cogoog|publisher = McClure, Phillips & Co|year = 1906|isbn = 978-0-585-07104-6}} Butler's story, in turn, inspired the Star Trek: The Original Series episode "The Trouble with Tribbles", written by David Gerrold.Star Trek: The Original Series, Blu-ray edition, Season 2, Disc 4: "The Trouble with Tribbles," CBS Home Video: Catalog No. 07176

The Fairy Caravan, a novel by Beatrix Potter,{{cite book|last = Potter|first = Beatrix|title = The Fairy Caravan|year = 1929|publisher = David McKay Co|isbn = 978-0-7232-4044-0}} and Michael Bond's Olga da Polga series for children,{{cite book|last = Bond|first = Michael|title = The Tales of Olga da Polga|publisher = Macmillan|year = 2001|isbn = 978-0-19-275130-0}} both feature guinea pigs as the protagonist. Another appearance is in The Magician's Nephew by C. S. Lewis: in the first (chronologically) of his The Chronicles of Narnia series, a guinea pig is the first creature to travel to the Wood between the Worlds.{{cite book|last = Lewis|first = C.S.|title = The Magician's Nephew|publisher = Macmillan|year = 1955|isbn = 978-1-56179-702-8}} In Ursula Dubosarsky's Maisie and the Pinny Gig, a little girl has a recurrent dream about a giant guinea pig, while guinea pigs feature significantly in several of Dubosarsky's other books, including the young adult novel The White Guinea Pig and The Game of the Goose.[http://www.penguin.com.au/contributors/523/ursula-dubosarsky Ursula Dubosarsky]. penguin.com.au

Guinea pigs have also been featured in film and television. In the TV movie Shredderman Rules, the main character and the main character's crush both have guinea pigs, which play a minor part in the plot. A guinea pig named Rodney, voiced by Chris Rock, was a prominent character in the 1998 film Dr. Dolittle, and Linny the Guinea Pig is a co-star on Nick Jr.'s Wonder Pets. Guinea pigs were used in some major advertising campaigns in the 1990s and 2000s, notably for Egg Banking plc,{{cite web|url =http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/32433910/slogan-doctor-egg-you-know-where-you-are-egg|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111107213230/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/32433910/slogan-doctor-egg-you-know-where-you-are-egg|archive-date =2011-11-07|title = Slogan Doctor Egg: 'You know where you are with egg'|author=Morrish, John|publisher = Management Today|access-date = 2011-07-18|date=May 2008|page=14}} Snapple, and Blockbuster Video.{{cite web|last = LaMonica|first = Paul|title = Super Bowl Ads, Like the Game, Disappoint|publisher = CNNMoney|url = https://money.cnn.com/2007/02/05/news/companies/superbowlads/index.htm|date = 2007-02-05|access-date = 2011-07-19}} In the South Park season 12 episode "Pandemic 2: The Startling", giant guinea pigs dressed in costumes rampage over the Earth.According to the "Commentary Mini" for the episode, the "costumes" for the guinea pigs were not created by South Park Studios, but rather had been ordered on line from a woman who makes them. "Commentary Mini" for Episode 11, Season 12: Pandemic 2: The Startling The 2009 Walt Disney Pictures movie G-Force features a group of highly intelligent guinea pigs trained as operatives of the U.S. government.[https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/g-force-2009 "G-Force" Review]. Roger Ebert, July 22, 2009.

=== As livestock ===

File:Cuy or guinea pig, from the restaurant Fogon de los Abuelos in Matus, Ecuador.jpg called cuy]]

File:Cuy Peruvian dish.jpg made with cuy]]

Guinea pigs (called cuy, cuye, or curí) were originally domesticated for their meat in the Andes. Traditionally, the animal was reserved for ceremonial meals and as a delicacy by indigenous people in the Andean highlands. Still, since the 1960s, it has become more socially acceptable for consumption by all people.{{sfn|Morales|1995|page=47}} It continues to be a significant part of the diet in Peru and Bolivia, particularly in the Andes Mountains highlands; it is also eaten in some areas of Ecuador (mainly in the Sierra) and in Colombia,{{sfn|Morales|1995|pages=xxvi, 4, 32}} mainly in the southwestern part of the country (Cauca and Nariño departments). Because guinea pigs require much less room than traditional livestock and reproduce extremely quickly, they are a more profitable source of food and income than many traditional stock animals, such as pigs and cattle;{{cite journal|last = Nuwanyakpa|first = M.|title = The current stage and prospects of guinea pig production under smallholder conditions in West Africa|journal = Livestock Research for Rural Development|date=November 1997|volume = 9|issue = 5|url = http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd9/5/gp951.htm|access-date = 2007-04-16|display-authors=etal}} moreover, they can be raised in an urban environment. Both rural and urban families raise guinea pigs for supplementary income, and the animals are commonly bought and sold at local markets and large-scale municipal fairs.{{sfn|Morales|1995|pages=32–43}}

Guinea pig meat is high in protein and low in fat and cholesterol, and is described as being similar to rabbit and the dark meat of chicken.{{cite news|last = Mitchell|first = Chip|title = Guinea Pig: It's What's for Dinner|work = The Christian Science Monitor|url= http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1101/p04s01-woam.html|date = 2006-11-01|access-date = 2007-03-12}} The animal may be served fried (chactado or frito), broiled (asado), or roasted (al horno), and in urban restaurants may also be served in a casserole or a fricassee.Morales, pp. 48–67. Ecuadorians commonly consume sopa or locro de cuy, a soup dish. Pachamanca or huatia, an earth oven cooking method, is also popular, and cuy cooked this way is usually served with chicha (corn beer) in traditional settings.

Andean immigrants in New York City raise and sell guinea pigs for meat, and some South American restaurants in major cities in the United States serve cuy as a delicacy.{{sfn|Morales|1995|pages=xvii, 133–134}} In the 1990s and 2000s, La Molina University began exporting large-breed guinea pigs to Europe, Japan, and the United States in the hope of increasing human consumption outside of countries in northern South America.

Efforts have been made to promote guinea pig husbandry in developing countries of West Africa, where they occur more widely than generally known because they are usually not covered by livestock statistics. However, it has not been known when and where the animals have been introduced to Africa.Blench, R.M. 2000. African minor livestock species. In: Blench, R.M. and MacDonald, K.C. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sM2WZg3u5iQC&pg=PA314 The origins and development of African livestock: Archaeology, genetics, linguistics and enthnography]. University College London Press, London, UK; pp. 314–338 {{ISBN|1-84142-018-2}}. In Cameroon, they are widely distributed.{{cite journal|pmid=9719838|year=1998|last1=Manjeli|first1=Y|last2=Tchoumboue|first2=J|last3=Njwe|first3=RM|last4=Teguia|first4=A|title=Guinea-pig productivity under traditional management|volume=30|issue=2|pages=115–22|journal=Tropical Animal Health and Production|doi=10.1023/A:1005099818044|s2cid=17847427}}Ngou-Ngoupayou, J.D., Kouonmenioc, J., Fotso Tagny, J.M., Cicogna, M., Castroville, C., Rigoni, M. and Hardouin, J. 1995. [http://www.fao.org/ag/aga/agap/frg/feedback/war/v6200b/v6200b08.htm Possibilités de développement de l'élevage du cobaye en Afrique subsaharienne: le cas du Cameroun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126123432/http://www.fao.org/ag/aga/agap/frg/feedback/war/v6200b/v6200b08.htm |date=2012-01-26 }}. World Animal Review (FAO/AGA) 83(2): 21–28 In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, they can be found both in peri-urban environments{{cite journal|pmid=17966272|year=2007|last1=Bindelle|first1=J|last2=Ilunga|first2=Y|last3=Delacollette|first3=M|last4=Kayij|first4=MM|last5=Di m'Balu|first5=JU|last6=Kindele|first6=E|last7=Buldgen|first7=A|title=Voluntary intake, chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of fresh forages fed to guinea pigs in periurban rearing systems of Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo)|volume=39|issue=6|pages=419–26|journal=Tropical Animal Health and Production|doi=10.1007/s11250-007-9036-y|hdl=2268/19482|s2cid=33303439|url=http://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/19482}} as well as in rural regions, for example, in South Kivu.Maass, B.L., Katunga-Musale, D., Chiuri, W.L., Zozo, R. and Peters, M. (2010) [http://www.tropentag.de/2010/abstracts/full/491.pdf Livelihoods of smallholders in South Kivu depend on small livestock: the case of the "cobaye"].{{cite journal|author=Metre, T.K.|year=2011|url=http://www.rural21.com/uploads/media/Small_healthy_highyielding_01.pdf|title=Small, healthy, high-yielding|journal=Rural21 – the International Journal for Rural Development|volume=45|issue=1|pages=40–42 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005155855/http://www.rural21.com/uploads/media/Small_healthy_highyielding_01.pdf |archive-date=October 5, 2011}} They are also frequently held in rural households in Iringa Region of southwestern Tanzania.

BACAS (Bureau for Agricultural Consultancy and Advisory Service). 2007. [http://www.cepf.net/Documents/UnileverTea_Tanzania_Tech_Report.pdf Analysis of the extent of human pressures and impact on natural forests of UNILEVER Tea Tanzania Limited (UTT)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928061503/http://www.cepf.net/Documents/UnileverTea_Tanzania_Tech_Report.pdf |date=2011-09-28 }}. Final Report, BACAS, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania

Matthiesen et al. (2011) [http://www.tropentag.de/2011/abstracts/links/Matthiesen_llDdf2DY.pdf Importance of guinea pig husbandry for the livelihood of rural people in Tanzania: A case study in Iringa Region.] Tropentag, October 5–7, 2011, Bonn.

File:Ollantaytambo-cuy.jpg]]

Peruvian research universities, especially La Molina National Agrarian University, began experimental programs in the 1960s intending to breed larger-sized guinea pigs.{{sfn|Morales|1995|page=16}} Subsequent university efforts have sought to change breeding and husbandry procedures in South America to make the raising of guinea pigs as livestock more economically sustainable.{{sfn|Morales|1995|pages=16–17}} The variety of guinea pig produced by La Molina is fast-growing and can weigh {{convert|3|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. All the large breeds of guinea pig are known as cuy mejorados and the pet breeds are known as cuy criollos. The three original lines out of Peru were the Perú (weighing {{convert|800|g|abbr=on}} by 2 weeks), the Andina, and the Inti.{{Cite web |last=Zaldívar |first=Ing Lilia Chauca de |date=October 31, 1997 |title=Producción de cuyes (Cavia porcellus) |url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_VxLVzsZ5HWcC |publisher=Roma : Organización de las Naciones para la Agricultura y la Alimentación |via=Internet Archive}}

{{See also|Skinny pig}}

File:USDA-ARS Guinea Pig.jpg]]

The use of guinea pigs in scientific experimentation dates back at least to the 17th century, when the Italian biologists Marcello Malpighi and Carlo Fracassati conducted vivisections of guinea pigs in their examinations of anatomic structures.{{cite book|last = Guerrini|first = Anita|title = Experimenting with Humans and Animals|publisher = Johns Hopkins|year = 2003|page = 42|isbn = 978-0-8018-7196-2}} In 1780, Antoine Lavoisier used a guinea pig in his experiments with the calorimeter, a device used to measure heat production.{{cite journal|last1 = Buchholz|first1 = Andrea C|last2 = Schoeller|first2 = Dale A.|title = Is a Calorie a Calorie?|journal = American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume = 79|pages = 899S–906S |year = 2004|pmid = 15113737|issue = 5|doi = 10.1093/ajcn/79.5.899S|doi-access = free}} Guinea pigs played a major role in the establishment of germ theory in the late 19th century, through the experiments of Louis Pasteur, Émile Roux, and Robert Koch.{{cite book|last = Guerrini|first = Anita|title = Experimenting with Humans and Animals|publisher = Johns Hopkins|year = 2003|isbn = 978-0-8018-7196-2|pages=98–104}} Guinea pigs have been launched into orbital space flight several times, first by the USSR on the Sputnik 9 biosatellite of March 9, 1961 – with a successful recovery.{{cite web|last = Gray|first = Tara|url=https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html|title = A Brief History of Animals in Space|publisher = National Aeronautics and Space Administration|year = 1998|access-date = 2007-05-03}} China also launched and recovered a biosatellite in 1990 which included guinea pigs as passengers.{{cite news|url = http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/space/10/03/china.space.timeline/index.html?_s=PM:TECH|title = Timeline: China's Space Quest|publisher = CNN.com|date = 2004-01-05|access-date = 2007-05-03|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120121112706/http://articles.cnn.com/2003-10-03/tech/china.space.timeline_1_long-march-jiuquan-satellite-china?_s=PM%3ATECH|archive-date = 2012-01-21}}

Guinea pigs remained popular laboratory animals until the later 20th century: about 2.5 million guinea pigs were used annually in the U.S. for research in the 1960s,{{cite book|last = Gad|first = Shayne C.|title = Animal Models in Toxicology|publisher = Taylor & Francis|year = 2007|edition = 2nd|pages = 334–402|isbn = 978-0-8247-5407-5}} but that total decreased to about 375,000 by the mid-1990s. As of 2007, they constitute about 2% of the current total of laboratory animals. In the past, they were widely used to standardize vaccines and antiviral agents; they were also often employed in studies on the production of antibodies in response to extreme allergic reactions, or anaphylaxis.{{cite book|last = Reid|first = Mary Elizabeth|title = The Guinea Pig in Research|year = 1958|publisher = Human Factors Research Bureau|pages = 62–70}} Less common uses included research in pharmacology and irradiation. Since the middle 20th century, they have been replaced in laboratory contexts primarily by mice and rats. This is in part because research into the genetics of guinea pigs has lagged behind that of other rodents, although geneticists W. E. Castle and Sewall Wright made some contributions to this area of study, especially regarding coat color.{{sfn|Wagner|Manning|1976|p=100}} The guinea pig genome was sequenced in 2008 as part of the Mammalian Genome Project, but the guinea pig sequence scaffolds have not been assigned to chromosomes.{{cite journal |last1=Romanenko |first1=Svetlana A. |last2=Perelman |first2=Polina L. |last3=Trifonov |first3=Vladimir A. |last4=Serdyukova |first4=Natalia A. |last5=Li |first5=Tangliang |last6=Fu |first6=Beiyuan |last7=O'Brien |first7=Patricia C. M. |last8=Ng |first8=Bee L. |last9=Nie |first9=Wenhui |last10=Liehr |first10=Thomas |last11=Stanyon |first11=Roscoe |last12=Graphodatsky |first12=Alexander S. |last13=Yang |first13=Fengtang |title=A First Generation Comparative Chromosome Map between Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus) and Humans |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2015-05-26 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=e0127937 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0127937 |doi-access=free |pmid=26010445 |pmc=4444286|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1027937R }}

The guinea pig was most extensively used in research and diagnosis of infectious diseases. Common uses included identification of brucellosis, Chagas disease, cholera, diphtheria, foot-and-mouth disease, glanders, Q fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and various strains of typhus. They are still frequently used to diagnose tuberculosis since they are easily infected by human tuberculosis bacteria. Because guinea pigs are one of the few animals which, like humans and other primates, cannot synthesize vitamin C but must obtain it from their diet, they are ideal for researching scurvy. From the accidental discovery in 1907 that scurvy could be induced in guinea pigs to their use to prove the chemical structure of the "scorbutic factor" in 1932, the guinea pig model proved a crucial part of vitamin C research.{{cite journal | pmid = 12555613 | volume=122 | issue=17 | title=[Axel Holst and Theodor Frolich—pioneers in the combat of scurvy] |date=June 2002 | journal=Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. | pages=1686–7 | author=Norum KR, Grav HJ| last2=Grav }}[http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/WG/Views/Exhibit/narrative/szeged.html Story of Vitamin C's chemical discovery. Accessed January 21, 2010]. Profiles.nlm.nih.gov (1965-08-30). Retrieved on 2011-06-28.

File:Dwyn.jpg]]

Complement, an important component for serology, was first isolated from the blood of the guinea pig. Guinea pigs have an unusual insulin mutation,{{cite journal|last1 = Chan|first1 = Shu Jin|title = Guinea pig preproinsulin gene: an evolutionary compromise?|journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA|volume = 81|year = 1984|pages = 5046–5050|doi = 10.1073/pnas.81.16.5046|pmid = 6591179|last2 = Episkopou|first2 = V|last3 = Zeitlin|first3 = S|last4 = Karathanasis|first4 = SK|last5 = MacKrell|first5 = A|last6 = Steiner|first6 = DF|last7 = Efstratiadis|first7 = A|issue = 16|pmc = 391634|display-authors = 1|bibcode = 1984PNAS...81.5046C|doi-access = free}} and are a suitable species for the generation of anti-insulin antibodies.{{cite journal|last = Bowsher|first = Ronald|title = Sensitive RIA for the Specific Determination of Insulin Lispro|url = http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/45/1/104|journal = Clinical Chemistry|volume = 45|date=1 January 1999| pages = 104–110|access-date = 2007-03-15|pmid = 9895345|issue = 1|author2 = L|author3 = B|author4 = S|author5 = L|author6 = W|author7 = C|doi = 10.1093/clinchem/45.1.104|display-authors = 1|doi-access = free}} Present at a level 10 times that found in other mammals, the insulin in guinea pigs may be important in growth regulation, a role usually played by growth hormone.{{cite journal|last = Adkins|first = Ronald|title = Molecular Phylogeny and Divergence Time Estimates for Major Rodent Groups: Evidence from Multiple Genes|journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume = 18|date=1 May 2001| pages = 777–791|pmid = 11319262|issue = 5|author2 = G|author3 = R|author4 = H|doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003860|display-authors = 1|url = https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article-pdf/18/5/777/11168613/i0737-4038-018-05-0777.pdf|doi-access = free}} Additionally, guinea pigs have been identified as model organisms for the study of juvenile diabetes and, because of the frequency of pregnancy toxemia, of pre-eclampsia in human females. Their placental structure is similar to that of humans, and their gestation period can be divided into trimesters that resemble the stages of fetal development in humans.Elsevier Academic Press(2012). "The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster, and Other Rodents" p. 705 American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine. {{ISBN|0-12-380920-7}}.

Guinea pig strains used in scientific research are primarily outbred strains. Aside from the typical American or English stock, the two main outbred strains in laboratory use are the Hartley and Dunkin-Hartley; these English strains are albino, although pigmented strains are also available.{{sfn|Terril|Clemons|1998|pp=2–3}} Inbred strains are less common and are usually used for very specific research, such as immune system molecular biology. Of the inbred strains that have been created, the two still used with any frequency are, following Sewall Wright's designations, "Strain 2" and "Strain 13".{{sfn|Terril|Clemons|1998|pp=2–3}}

Hairless breeds of guinea pigs have been used in scientific research since the 1980s, particularly for dermatological studies. A hairless and immunodeficient breed was the result of a spontaneous genetic mutation in inbred laboratory strains from the Hartley stock at the Eastman Kodak Company in 1979.{{cite web|last = Banks|first = Ron|url = http://netvet.wustl.edu/species/guinea/guinpig.txt|title = The Guinea Pig: Biology, Care, Identification, Nomenclature, Breeding, and Genetics|publisher = USAMRIID Seminar Series|date = 1989-02-17|access-date = 2007-05-23}} An immunocompetent hairless breed was also identified by the Institute Armand Frappier in 1978, and Charles River Laboratories has reproduced this breed for research since 1982.[http://www.criver.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/rm_rm_c_IAF_hairless_guinea_pigs.pdf IAF Hairless Guinea Pigs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217004412/http://www.criver.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/rm_rm_c_IAF_hairless_guinea_pigs.pdf |date=2008-12-17 }}. Charles River Laboratories. Accessed October 2, 2008. Cavy fanciers then began acquiring hairless breeds, and the pet hairless varieties are referred to as "skinny pigs".

In English, the term "guinea pig" is commonly used as a metaphor for a subject of scientific experimentation, or in modern times a subject of any experiment or test. This usage dates back to the early 20th century: the earliest examples cited by the Oxford English Dictionary date from 1913 and 1920.{{OED|guinea pig, n. }} In 1933, Consumers' Research founders F. J. Schlink and Arthur Kallet wrote a book entitled 100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, extending the metaphor to consumer society.{{cite book|last1 = Kallet|first1 = Arthur|last2 = Schlink|first2 = F. J.|title = 100,000,000 Guinea Pigs: Dangers in Everyday Foods, Drugs, and Cosmetics|publisher = Vanguard Press|year = 1933|isbn = 978-0-405-08025-8}} The book became a national bestseller in the United States, thus further popularizing the term, and spurred the growth of the consumer protection movement.{{Cite book|last = McGovern|first = Charles|contribution = Consumption|editor-last = Whitfield|editor-first = Stephen J.|title = A Companion to 20th-Century America|year = 2004|page = [https://archive.org/details/companionto20thc0000unse/page/346 346]|publisher = Blackwell|isbn = 978-0-631-21100-6|url = https://archive.org/details/companionto20thc0000unse/page/346}} During World War II, the Guinea Pig Club was established at Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, Sussex, England, as a social club and mutual support network for the patients of plastic surgeon Archibald McIndoe, who were undergoing previously untested reconstruction procedures.{{cite book |first=Edward |last=Bishop |title=McIndoe's Army: the story of the Guinea Pig Club and its indomitable members |place=London |publisher=Grub Street |edition=revised |year=2004 |orig-date=2001 |isbn=1-904943-02-0 |pages=2–4 }} The negative connotation of the term was later employed in the novel The Guinea Pigs (1970) by Czech author Ludvík Vaculík as an allegory for Soviet totalitarianism.{{cite book|last = Vaculík|first = Ludvík|title = The Guinea Pigs|publisher = Third Press|year = 1973|isbn = 978-0-89388-060-6|url = https://archive.org/details/guineapigsnovel00vacu}}

{{Portal|Mammals}}

• Rodents as pets
• Peter Gurney, guinea pig rights advocate
• Save the Newchurch Guinea Pigs, against breeding for animal research
• Kurloff cell, special cells found in the blood and organs of guinea pigs

{{clear}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book|last=Petrylak |first=Ashley |date=2009|title=Guinea Pigs (Great Pets)|url=|publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing|isbn=978-0-7614-4148-9}}
• {{cite book|last = Morales|first = Edmundo|title = The Guinea Pig: Healing, Food, and Ritual in the Andes|publisher = University of Arizona Press|year = 1995|isbn = 978-0-8165-1558-5}}
• {{cite book|last = Richardson|first = V.C.G.|title = Diseases of Domestic Guinea Pigs |edition = 2nd|publisher = Blackwell|year = 2000 |isbn = 978-0-632-05209-7}}
• {{cite book|last1 = Terril|first1 = Lizabeth A.|last2 = Clemons|first2 = Donna J.|title = The Laboratory Guinea Pig|publisher = CRC Press|year = 1998|isbn = 978-0-8493-2564-9}}
• {{cite book|last = Vanderlip|first = Sharon|title = The Guinea Pig Handbook|publisher = Barron's|year = 2003|isbn = 978-0-7641-2288-0}}
• {{cite book|last1 = Wagner|first1 = Joseph E.|last2 = Manning|first2 = Patrick J|title = The Biology of the Guinea Pig|year = 1976|publisher = Academic Press|isbn = 978-0-12-730050-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DcTaAgAAQBAJ}}

{{sister project links|wikt=guinea pig|species=Cavia porcellus|c=Category:Cavia porcellus|b=Animal Care/Guinea pig|n=no|s=no|v=no|voy=no|d=Q79803|q=no}}

• [http://acbaonline.com/ American Cavy Breeders' Association (ACBA)]
• View the [http://www.ensembl.org/Cavia_porcellus/Info/Index/ guinea pig genome] on Ensembl

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