Heliopolis (ancient Egypt)

{{hiero|Heliopolis
{{lang|egy|iwnw}}{{efn|Variant representations of Iunu include iwn.{{sfn|Collier|Manley|1998|p=29}}}}|iwn-nw:niwt|align=right|era=egypt}}

Heliopolis is the Latinised form of the Greek name Hēlioúpolis ({{lang|grc|Ἡλιούπολις}}), meaning "City of the Sun". Helios, the personified and deified form of the sun, was identified by the Greeks with the native Egyptian gods Ra and Atum, whose principal cult was located in the city.

Its native name was {{lang|egy|iwnw}} "The Pillars". The exact pronunciation is uncertain because ancient Egyptian recorded only consonantal values.{{ cite book|last=Hawas|first=Zahi|title=مخطوط معجم اللغة المصرية القديمة احمد كمال كمال. الجزء االثاني عشر|language=Arabic|year=2002|publisher=Al-maǧlis al-aʿlá li-l-aṯār, high council of antiquities|place=Cairo|pages=496|isbn=9773053474|quote=}}

Its traditional Egyptological transcription is Iunu but it appears as ʾOn ({{langx|hbo|אֹן}}) in Genesis 41:45 and 50 and ʾĀwen ({{lang|hbo|אָוֶן}}) in Ezekiel 30:17 and Amos 1:5 (apparently Baalbek). This later form would be the expected form in pausa, but perhaps is a play on awen "idolatry." Some scholars reconstruct its pronunciation in earlier Egyptian as *ʔa:wnu, perhaps from older /ja:wunaw/. Variant transcriptions include Awnu and Annu. The name survived as Coptic {{script|Copt|ⲱⲛ}} Ōn.TLA lemma no. C5494 (ⲱⲛ), in: Coptic Dictionary Online, ed. by the Koptische/Coptic Electronic Language and Literature International Alliance (KELLIA), https://coptic-dictionary.org/entry.cgi?tla=C5494

The city is called "House of Ra" in the Pyramid Texts, which date to the Old Kingdom of Egypt.{{citation |title=Reallexikon der Ägyptischen Religionsgeschichte |first=Hans |last=Bonnet }}. {{in lang|de}}

File:Lower Egypt-en.png

{{further|Ancient Egypt}}

Heliopolis was a regional center from prehistoric Egypt.

File:Model of a Votive Temple Gateway at Heliopolis (49.183). 66.228.jpg{{citation |contribution=Model of a Votive Temple Gateway at Heliopolis (49.183) |contribution-url=http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/3756/Model_of_a_Votive_Temple_Gateway_at_Heliopolis_49.183 |title=Official site |publisher=Brooklyn Museum |access-date=8 July 2014 }}.]]

It was principally notable as the cult center of the solar deity Atum, who came to be identified with Ra{{citation |title=The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses |first=George |last=Hart |year=2005 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=0-415-34495-6 }}. and then with Horus as Ra-harakhty. The primary temple of the city was known as the "Great House" ({{langx|egy|Pr Ꜥꜣt}} *Par ʻĀʾat) or "House of Atum" ({{langx|egy|Pr I͗tmw}} *Par-ʼAtāma, {{langx|hbo|פתם|Pithom}}). Its priests maintained that Atum or Ra was the first being, rising self-created from the primeval waters. A decline in the importance of Ra's cult during the Fifth Dynasty led to the development of the Ennead, a grouping of nine major Egyptian deities that placed the others in subordinate status to Ra–Atum. The High Priests of Ra are not as well documented as those of other deities, although the high priests of Dynasty VI ({{c.|2345|2181}}{{nbsp}}BC) have been discovered and excavated.[http://www.planetware.com/cairo/heliopolis-el-matariya-tombs-egy-cai-elmat.htm Planetware: Priests of Ra tombs, Heliopolis—Al-Matariyyah. accessed 01.28.2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223101624/http://www.planetware.com/cairo/heliopolis-el-matariya-tombs-egy-cai-elmat.htm |date=2010-12-23 }}

During the Amarna Period of the Eighteenth Dynasty, Pharaoh Akhenaten introduced a kind of henotheistic worship of Aten, the deified solar disc. As part of his construction projects, he built a Heliopolitan temple named "Elevating Aten" ({{lang|egy|Wcs I͗tn}}), whose stones can still be seen in some of the gates of Cairo's medieval city wall. The cult of the Mnevis bull, another embodiment of the Sun, also had its altar here. The bulls' formal burial ground was situated north of the city.

In the Septuagint in Exodus 1:11, this city is mentioned as being one of the places that was rebuilt by enslaved Hebrews. The store-city Pithom in the same passage is, according to one theory, Heliopolis.{{Cite web |title=Pithom {{!}} ancient city, Egypt {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pithom |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}} Today, it is generally believed that Pithom is the archaeological site of either Tell el-Retabeh or Tell el-Maschuta.

Alexander the Great halted at this city on his march from Pelusium to Memphis.Arrian, iii. 1.

The temple of Ra was said to have been, to a special degree, a depository for royal records, and Herodotus states that the priests of Heliopolis were the best informed in matters of history of all the Egyptians. Heliopolis flourished as a seat of learning during the Greek period; the schools of philosophy and astronomy are claimed to have been frequented by Orpheus, Homer,The Historical Library of Diodorus Siculus, [https://books.google.com/books?id=agd-eLVNRMMC Book I, ch VI]. Pythagoras, Plato, Solon, and other Greek philosophers. Ichonuphys was lecturing there in 308 BC, and the Greek mathematician Eudoxus, who was one of his pupils, learned from him the true length of the year and month, upon which he formed his octaeterid, or period of 8 years or 99 months. Ptolemy II had Manetho, the chief priest of Heliopolis, collect his history of the ancient kings of Egypt from its archives. The later Greek rulers, the Ptolemies, probably took little interest in their "father" Ra as Greeks were never much of sun worshipers and the Ptolemies favored the cult of Serapis, and Alexandria had eclipsed the learning of Heliopolis; thus with the withdrawal of royal favour Heliopolis quickly dwindled, and the students of native lore deserted it for other temples supported by a wealthy population of pious citizens. By the first century BC, in fact, Strabo found the temples deserted, and the town itself almost uninhabited, although priests were still present.

Heliopolis was well known to the ancient Greeks and Romans, being noted by most major geographers of the period, including Ptolemy, Herodotus, and others, down to the Byzantine geographer Stephanus of Byzantium.Ptolemy, iv. 5. § 54; Herodotus, ii. 3, 7, 59; Strabo, xvii. p. 805; Diodorus, i. 84, v. 57; Arrian, Exp. Alex. iii. 1; Aelian, H. A. vi. 58, xii. 7; Plutarch, Solon. 26, Is. et Osir. 33; Diogenes Laërtius, xviii. 8. § 6; Josephus, Ant. Jud. xiii. 3, C. Apion. i. 26; Cicero, De Natura Deorum iii. 21; Pliny the Elder, v. 9. § 11; Tacitus, Ann. vi. 28; Pomponius Mela, iii. 8. Byzantine geographer Stephanus of Byzantium, s. v. {{lang|grc|Ἡλίουπόλις}}.

In Roman Egypt, Heliopolis belonged to the province Augustamnica, causing it to appear as {{nowrap|Heliopolis in Augustamnica}} when it needed to be distinguished from Roman Heliopolis. Its population probably contained a considerable Arabian element.{{citation |author=Plin. |author-link=Pliny the Elder |title=Nat. Hist. |at=vi, 34 }}. Many of the city's obelisks were removed to adorn more northern cities of the Delta and Rome. Two of these eventually became London's Cleopatra's Needle and its twin in New York's Central Park.

File:Cogniet Leon Bataille D Heliopolis.jpg by Léon Cogniet. The Battle of Heliopolis took place during Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1800]]

During the Middle Ages, the growth of Fustat and Cairo only a few kilometres away caused its ruins to be massively scavenged for building materials, including for their city walls. The site became known as the "Eye of the Sun" (Ayn Shams) and ʻArab al-Ḥiṣn.

The importance of the solar cult at Heliopolis is reflected in both ancient pagan and current monotheistic beliefs. Classical mythology held that the Egyptian bennu, renamed phoenix, brought the remains of its predecessor to the altar of the sun god at Heliopolis each time it was reborn. In the Hebrew Bible, Heliopolis is referenced directly and obliquely, usually in reference to its prominent pagan cult. In his prophesies against Egypt, Isaiah claimed the "City of the Sun" ({{langx|he|עיר החרס}}) would be one of the five Egyptian cities to follow the Lord of Heaven's army and speak Hebrew.Isaiah 19:18.{{efn|Variant texts read "City of Destruction" ({{lang|he|עיר ההרס}}) instead.}} Jeremiah and Ezekiel mention the House or Temple of the Sun ({{langx|he|בֵּית שֶׁמֶשׁ|bêṯ šemeš}}) and Ôn, claiming Nebuchadnezzar II of the Neo-Babylonian Empire would shatter its obelisks and burn its temple{{bibleref2|Jeremiah|43:13|NASB|Jeremiah 43:13 NASB; Compare NIV}} and that its "young men of Folly" (Aven) would "fall by the sword".{{bibleref2|Ezekiel|30:17|NIV|Ezekiel 30:17 NIV}}

File:José recibido en Heliópolis, de Francisco Gutiérrez (Museo de Bellas Artes de Sevilla).jpg (currently held in the Museo de Bellas Artes de Sevilla)]]

The "Syrian Heliopolis" Baalbek has been claimed to have gained its solar cult from a priest colony emigrating from Egypt.Macrobius, Saturn., i. 23.

The Titular Episcopal See of Heliopolis in Augustamnica remains a titular see of both the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.

File:Héliopolis. Plan des ruines et de l'enceinte de la ville (1809).jpg]]

The ancient city is currently located about {{convert|15|-|20|m|sp=us|0}} below the streets of the middle- and lower-class suburbs of Al-Matariyyah, Ain Shams, and Tel Al-Hisn{{cite web|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/744/fe1.htm |title=Al-Ahram Weekly | Features | City of the sun |publisher=Weekly.ahram.org.eg |date=2005-06-01 |access-date=2013-03-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325171032/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/744/fe1.htm |archive-date=2013-03-25 }} in northern Cairo. The area is about {{convert|1.5|km|sp=us|0}} west of the modern suburb which bears its name.

Some ancient city walls of crude brick can be seen in the fields, a few granite blocks bearing the name of Ramesses II remain, and the position of the great Temple of Ra-Atum is marked by the Al-Masalla obelisk. Archaeologists excavated some of its tombs in 2004.{{citation |contribution-url=http://www.egiptomania.com/asade/novedades/descubrimientos4.htm |contribution=Pharonic tomb uncovered in Cairo, suburbs of Matariya |title=Egiptomania |date=26 August 2004 }}. In 2017, parts of a colossal statue of Psamtik I were found and excavated.{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/20/world/psamtik-colossus-cairo/index.html|title = Colossal statue of 'forgotten' pharaoh brought to life in 3D images| date=20 April 2018 }}

A selection of old maps showing Heliopolis are below:

File:Tabulam Hanc Chorographicam agri Ditionis de Grand Cairo comprehenso situ urbis memphiticae praenobili viro DD Gulielmo - Pococke Richard - 1743.jpg|1743 map

File:MemphisJamesRennell01.jpg|1799 map

File:1882 Maclure and Macdonald Bird's-Eye View Map of Cairo.jpg|1882 map

{{Commons category|Heliopolis, ancient Egypt}}

• List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities
• Other Heliopolises, particularly
• Heliopolis, the 20th-century suburb of Cairo
• Ilioupoli, the 20th-century suburb of Athens settled by Egyptian Greeks
• Ancient Egyptian creation myths – in reference to the religious belief system of Iunu at Heliopolis
• List of Egyptian dynasties – in reference to the reigns centered at Heliopolis
• Benben

{{Noteslist}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• Allen, James P. 2001. "Heliopolis". In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, edited by Donald Bruce Redford. Vol. 2 of 3 vols. Oxford, New York, and Cairo: Oxford University Press and The American University in Cairo Press. 88–89
• Bilolo, Mubabinge. 1986. Les cosmo-théologies philosophiques d'Héliopolis et d'Hermopolis. Essai de thématisation et de systématisation, (Academy of African Thought, Sect. I, vol. 2), Kinshasa–Munich 1987; new ed., Munich-Paris, 2004.
• Reallexikon der Ägyptischen Religionsgeschichte - Hans Bonnet
• {{cite book |last1=Collier |first1=Mark |last2=Manley |first2=Bill |title=How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs |edition=Revised |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |date=1998}}
• The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, George Hart {{ISBN|0-415-34495-6}}
• Redford, Donald Bruce. 1992. "Heliopolis". In The Anchor Bible Dictionary, edited by David Noel Freedman. Vol. 3 of 6 vols. New York: Doubleday. 122–123
• {{SmithDGRG|wstitle=Obelisk|ref=none}}

• [http://cdm.reed.edu/ara-pacis/altar/related-material/obelisk-1/ Obelisk of Psametik II from Heliopolis, removed and reerected by Augustus in Rome]

{{Ancient Egypt topics}}

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