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{{IPA key|H:IPA-NL|H:IPAD}}

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Dutch pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

See Dutch phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Dutch as well as dialectal variations not represented here.

Most audios are from three different speakers : {{Audio|Nl-Randstad.ogg|NL1}} is from the Randstad region (Utrecht, Netherlands), {{Audio|Nl-Utrecht.ogg|NL2}} is more conservative than "1" and {{Audio|Nl-België.ogg|BE1}} is from the Brabantine region (Antwerp, Belgium).

{{horizontal TOC|nonum=yes|limit=2}}

style="vertical-align:top;"

|

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em"

! colspan="4" | Consonants

IPA

! colspan="2" | Examples

! English approximation

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|b}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-bit.ogg|bit}}

| bit

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|d}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-dik.ogg|dik}}

| duck

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|f}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-fit.ogg|fit}}{{efn|name=voiceless-voiced}}, {{Audio|Nl-hoofdvak.ogg|hoofdvak}}

| fit

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɣ}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-git.ogg|git}}, {{Audio|Nl-gaan (South).ogg|gaan}}{{efn|name=voiceless-voiced|Generally, the southern varieties preserve the {{IPA|/f/}}–{{IPA|/v/}}, {{IPA|/x/}}–{{IPA|/ɣ/}} and {{IPA|/s/}}–{{IPA|/z/}} contrasts.{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=74}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=48}} Southern {{IPA|/x/}}, {{IPA|/ɣ/}} may be also somewhat more front, i.e. post-palatal ({{Audio-IPA|Nl-negen (Belgium).ogg|[ˈneː.ʝ̠ə]|help=no}}).{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=48}} In the north, these are far less stable: most speakers merge {{IPA|/x/}} and {{IPA|/ɣ/}} into a post-velar {{IPA|[x̠]}} ({{Audio-IPA|Nl-ach.ogg|[ɑx̠]|help=no}}) or uvular {{IPAblink|χ}} ({{Audio-IPA|Nl-acht.ogg|[ɑχt]|help=no}});{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=74}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=48}} most Netherlandic Standard Dutch speakers lack a consistent {{IPA|/f/}}–{{IPA|/v/}} contrast.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=48}} In some accents, e.g. Amsterdam, {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/z/}} are also not distinguished.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=48}} {{IPA|/zj/ [ʑ]}} often joins this neutralization by merging with {{IPA|/sj/ [ɕ]}}. In some accents, {{IPAslink|ɦ}} is also devoiced to {{IPAblink|h}}. See also Hard and soft G in Dutch.}}

| between again (but
without touching the roof
of the mouth) and hue

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɦ}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-hit.ogg|hit}}{{efn|name=voiceless-voiced}}, {{Audio|Nl-gehoopt (Belgium).ogg|gehoopt}}

| behind

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|j}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-jas.ogg|jas}}

| yes

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|k}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-kit.ogg|kit}}, {{Audio|Nl-cabaret.ogg|cabaret}}

| skit, (utterance-final, kit)

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|l}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-lid.ogg|lid}}, {{Audio|Nl-schil (Belgium).ogg|schil}}

| lit, li'l (distinctly pronounced)

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|m}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-mist.ogg|mist}}, {{Audio|Nl-kwam.ogg|kwam}}{{efn|name=nasalassimilation|{{IPA|/n/}} assimilates to the place of articulation of the following consonant: before bilabials, it is {{IPAblink|m}} (merging with {{IPA|/m/}}), before labiodentals, it is {{IPAblink|ɱ}} (also merging with {{IPA|/m/}}, which is labiodental in this position), before palatals, it is {{IPAblink|ɲ}} (merging with {{IPA|/nj/}}), whereas before velars, it is {{IPAblink|ŋ}} (merging with {{IPA|/ŋ/}}). In phrases, {{IPA|/n/}} alone is affected, as in in Parijs {{IPA|[ɪm paːˈrɛis]}} 'in Paris', whereas {{IPA|/m/}} stays bilabial even before labiodentals ({{Harvcoltxt|Booij|1999|pp=64–5}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=214–5}}).}}

| mist, qualm

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|n}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-nest.ogg|nest}}, {{Audio|Nl-man.ogg|man}}{{efn|name=nasalassimilation}}

| nest, douane, gone

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ŋ}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-lang.ogg|lang}}{{efn|name=nasalassimilation}}

| long, bang

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|p}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-pit.ogg|pit}}, {{Audio|Nl-heb.ogg|heb}}{{efn|name=devoicing}}

| spit, (utterance-final: pit)

rowspan ="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɾ|r}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-rit.ogg|rit}}, {{Audio|Nl-ver.ogg|ver}}{{efn|name=r}}

|

guttural R

colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-rib.ogg|rib}}, {{Audio|Nl-gras (Belgium).ogg|gras}}{{efn|name=r}}

|

"American" atom

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|s}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-sok.ogg|sok}}{{efn|name=voiceless-voiced}}, {{Audio|Nl-hoofdzaak.ogg|hoofdzaak}}

| between {{nowrap|soup and shoop}}
(retracted) ({{abbr|N|Netherlandic Standard Dutch}}), sip ({{abbr|B|Belgian Standard Dutch}})

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|t}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-tip.ogg|tip}}, {{Audio|Nl-lid.ogg|lid}}{{efn|name=devoicing}}

| stip, (utterance-final: tip)

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|v}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-vit.ogg|vit}}{{efn|name=voiceless-voiced}}, {{Audio|Nl-hoofden.ogg|hoofden}}

| vid

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ʋ}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-wit.ogg|wit}}, {{Audio|Nl-twee (Belgium).ogg|twee}}{{efn|name=w}}

| like looser very ({{abbr|N|Netherlandic Standard Dutch}}),
very without the tongue ({{abbr|B|Belgian Standard Dutch}})

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|x}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-acht (South).ogg|acht}}{{efn|name=voiceless-voiced}}, {{Audio|Nl-wig.ogg|wig}}{{efn|name=devoicing}}

| {{abbr|SE|Scottish English}} loch, almost "strong" kit

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|z}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-zeep (Belgium).ogg|zeep}}{{efn|name=voiceless-voiced}}, {{Audio|Nl-hoosden.ogg|hoosden}}

| between {{nowrap|zoop and jupe}}
(retracted) ({{abbr|N|Netherlandic Standard Dutch}}), zip ({{abbr|B|Belgian Standard Dutch}})

colspan="4" | Marginal consonants
style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|dʑ}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-Giovanni van Bronckhorst.ogg|Giovanni}}, {{Audio|Nl-jungle.ogg|jungle}}{{efn|name=palatal}}

| jeep, squidgy

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɡ}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-goal.ogg|goal}}{{efn|name=g}}

| goal

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɱ}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-omvallen.ogg|omvallen}}{{efn|name=nasalassimilation}}

| symphony

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɲ}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-oranje.ogg|oranje}}, {{Audio|Nl-Trijntje.ogg|Trijntje}}{{efn|name=palatal}}{{efn|name=nasalassimilation}}

| somewhat like canyon

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɕ}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-sjabloon.ogg|sjabloon}}, {{Audio|Nl-chef.ogg|chef}}{{efn|name=palatal}}

| sheep, squishy

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|tɕ}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-tientje.ogg|tientje}}, {{Audio|Nl-Tsjechië.ogg|Tsjechië}},
{{Audio|Nl-check.ogg|check}}{{efn|name=palatal}}

| cheap, itchy

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ʑ}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-jury.ogg|jury}}{{efn|name=voiceless-voiced}}{{efn|name=palatal}}

| gite, Givenchy

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ʔ}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-beëindig.ogg|beëindig}} {{IPA|[bəˈʔɛindəx]}},
Trijntje Oosterhuis
{{IPA|[-ə ˈʔoː-]}}{{efn|name=glottal stop}}

| catch in uh-oh!

colspan="4" | Stress
style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ˈ}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-voorkomen1.ogg|vóórkomen}}

| rowspan="2" | as in commandeer
{{IPA|/ˌkɒmənˈdɪər/}}

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ˌ}}

| {{Audio|Nl-voorkomen2.ogg|voorkómen}}

colspan="4" | Other representations
style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|( )}}

| colspan="2" | maken {{IPA|[ˈmaːkə(n)]}}
zelf {{IPA|[zɛl(ə)f]}}

| Optional sound{{efn|name=optional sounds|After the schwa, the final {{IPA|/n/}} is frequently elided, so that maken is often pronounced {{IPA|[ˈmaːkə]}}, especially in non-prevocalic environments. The nasal may be retained before vowels, yielding a linking {{IPA|/n/}}. An intrusive {{IPA|/n/}} may also occur, as in the phrase red je 't? {{IPA|[ˈrɛtɕənət]}}. In stems ending in {{IPA|/ən/}} (such as teken {{IPA|[ˈteːkən]}} 'I draw') and in the indefinite article een {{IPA|/ən/}} the nasal is always retained, except when it is degeminated, but when an additional {{IPA|/ən/}} is added to the stem (yielding the infinitive form or the present tense plural form), it behaves regularly, as in tekenen {{IPA|[ˈteːkənə(n)]}} 'to draw' or 'we/you/they draw'. Furthermore, an epenthetic schwa can be inserted between {{IPA|/l/}} or {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/m, p, k, f, x/}} (in the case of {{IPA|/r/}} alone also {{IPA|/n/}}) within the same morpheme. This is found in all types of Dutch, standard or otherwise. However, in Standard Dutch, it is limited to non-prevocalic clusters. In dialects, it can be generalized to all environments and it can also apply to the sequence {{IPA|/rɣ/}}, so that morgen 'morning', pronounced {{IPA|[ˈmɔrɣə(n)]}} in Standard Dutch, is pronounced {{IPA|[ˈmɔrəɣə(n)]}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=197, 201, 216–7}}}}

|

class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em"

! colspan="4" | Vowels

IPA

! colspan="2" | Examples

! English approximation

colspan="4" | Checked vowels{{efn|name=checked free}}
style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɑ}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-bad.ogg|bad}}

| gouache but shorter

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɛ}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-bed.ogg|bed}}

| bet, bed

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɪ}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-bit.ogg|bit}}

| bit, bid

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɔ}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-bot.ogg|bot}}

| 'bot, pod
generally too open

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɵ|ʏ}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-put.ogg|put}}

| {{abbr|SSB|Standard Southern British (English)}} good,
or a shorter nurse

colspan="4" | Free vowels and diphthongs{{efn|name=checked free}}
style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ä|aː}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-baat.ogg|baat}},
{{Audio|Nl-ja.ogg|ja}}, {{Audio|Nl-baten.ogg|baten}}

| {{abbr|"Brit"|British isles, Australian, Nieuw Zeeland English}} lad

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|ɑi}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-ai.ogg|ai}}

| I, price

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|aːi}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-saais.ogg|saais}}

| size, prize

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|eː}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-beet (Belgium).ogg|beet}}, {{Audio|Nl-zee.ogg|zee}}{{efn|name=mid vowels|For most speakers of Netherlandic Standard Dutch, the long close-mid vowels {{IPAslink|eː}}, {{IPAslink|øː}} and {{IPAslink|oː}} are realised as slightly closing diphthongs {{Audio-IPA|Nl-e.ogg|[eɪ]|help=no}}, {{Audio-IPA|Nl-keu.ogg|[øʏ]|help=no}} and {{Audio-IPA|Nl-o.ogg|[oʊ]|help=no}}, unless they precede {{IPA|/r/}} within the same syllable.{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=76}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=133–4}} The closing diphthongs also appear in certain Belgian dialects, e.g. the one of Bruges, but not in Belgian Standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology#Monophthongs for more details.}},
{{Audio|Nl-beter.ogg|beter}}{{efn|name=mid vowels}}

| {{abbr|GenAm|General American (English)}} bay ({{abbr|N|Netherlandic Standard Dutch}})
{{abbr|SE|Scottish English}} bay or "flat" Tuesday ({{abbr|B|Belgian Standard Dutch}})

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|ɛi}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-bijt.ogg|bijt}}, {{Audio|Nl-ei.ogg|ei}}

| {{abbr|"Brit"|(Southern) British, Australian, Nieuw Zeeland English}} bait

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|œy}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-buit.ogg|buit}}, {{Audio|Nl-bui.ogg|bui}}

| "Canadian" out, ice

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|eːu}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-eeuw.ogg|eeuw}}

| jaywalk

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ə}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-de.ogg|de}}, {{Audio|Nl-beginnen.ogg|beginnen}}

| again

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|i}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-biet.ogg|biet}}, {{Audio|Nl-drie (Belgium).ogg|drie}}

| beet ~ bid

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|iu}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-nieuw.ogg|nieuw}}

| ew!

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|oː}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-boot_(Belgium).ogg|boot}},
{{Audio|Nl-zo.ogg|zo}}{{efn|name=mid vowels}}, {{Audio|Nl-grote.ogg|grote}}{{efn|name=mid vowels}}

| bowl ({{abbr|N|Netherlandic Standard Dutch}}),
story ({{abbr|B|Belgian Standard Dutch}})

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|øː}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-beu.ogg|beu}}{{efn|name=mid vowels}}, {{Audio|Nl-neus (Belgium).ogg|neus}}

| {{abbr|"Brit"|(Southern) British, Australian, New Zealand English}} nurse

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|ɔi}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-hoi.ogg|hoi}}

| hoi, choice

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|oːi}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-nooit.ogg|nooit}}

| noise

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|ʌu}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-bouwt.ogg|bouwt}}, {{Audio|Nl-oud.ogg|oud}},
{{Audio|Nl-nauw (Belgium).ogg|nauw''}}

| out, Mao ({{abbr|N|Netherlandic Standard Dutch}}),
no ({{abbr|B|Belgian Standard Dutch}})

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|u}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-boet.ogg|boet}}, {{Audio|Nl-toe.ogg|toe}}

| Boole

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|ui}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-groei.ogg|groei}}

| booyah; Gruyère

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|y}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-fuut.ogg|fuut}}, {{Audio|Nl-q.ogg|q}}

| {{abbr|SE|Scottish English}} food

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|yu}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-duw.ogg|duw}}

| cue; pew

colspan="4" | Marginal vowels
style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɑː}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-cast.ogg|cast}}{{efn|name=non-native vowels}}

| father

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|ɑ̃ː}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-genre.ogg|genre}}{{efn|name=non-native vowels}}

| croissant

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɛː}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-scène.ogg|scène}}{{efn|name=open-mid front}}

| {{abbr|BrE|British English}} square

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|ɛ̃ː}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-hautain.ogg|hautain}}{{efn|name=non-native vowels}}

| doyen

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|iː}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-analyse.ogg|analyse}}{{efn|name=pre-r}},
{{Audio|Nl-nier.ogg|nier}}, {{Audio|Nl-bier.ogg|bier''}}

| beer, {{abbr|FR|French}} pire

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|ɔː}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-roze.ogg|roze}}{{efn|name=non-native vowels}}{{efn|name=open-mid back}}

| thought

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|ɔ̃ː}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-chanson.ogg|chanson}}{{efn|name=non-native vowels}}

| montage

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|œː}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-freule.ogg|freule}}{{efn|name=non-native vowels}}

| fur

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|uː}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-cruise.ogg|cruise}}{{efn|name=pre-r}},
{{Audio|Nl-boer.ogg|boer}}, {{Audio|Nl-boert.ogg|boert}}

| fuel, {{abbr|FR|French}} pour

style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA link|yː}}

| colspan="2" | {{Audio|Nl-centrifuge.ogg|centrifuge}}{{efn|name=pre-r}},
{{Audio|Nl-kuur.ogg|kuur}}, {{Audio|Nl-buur.ogg|buur}}

| fugue, {{abbr|FR|French}} pure

|}

See also

  • {{clc|Pages with Dutch IPA|pages}}

Notes

{{notelist|refs=

{{efn|name=palatal|The alveolo-palatal affricates {{IPA|[tɕ]}} and {{IPA|[dʑ]}}, the fricatives {{IPA|[ɕ]}} and {{IPA|[ʑ]}}, and the nasal {{IPA|[ɲ]}} are allophones of the sequences {{IPA|/tj/}}, {{IPA|/dj/}}, {{IPA|/sj/}}, {{IPA|/zj/}} and {{IPA|/nj/}}. {{IPA|[dʑ]}} and {{IPA|[ʑ]}} occur only in loanwords. {{IPA|[ɲ]}} also occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|/n/}} before {{IPA|/tj/}} (realized as {{IPA|[tɕ]}}).}}

{{efn|name=devoicing|Dutch devoices all obstruents at the ends of words (e.g. a final {{IPA|/d/}} becomes {{IPAblink|t}}). This is partly reflected in the spelling: the voiced ‹z› in plural huizen ('houses') becomes huis ('house') in singular, and duiven ('doves') becomes duif ('dove'). The other cases are always written with the voiced consonant, even though a devoiced one is actually pronounced: the voiced ‹d› in plural baarden {{IPA|[ˈbaːrdə(n)]}} ('beards') is retained in the singular spelling baard ('beard'), but pronounced as {{IPA|/baːrt/}}; and plural ribben {{IPA|/ˈrɪbə(n)/}} ('ribs') has singular rib, pronounced as {{IPA|[rɪp]}}. Because of assimilation, often the initial consonant of the next word is also devoiced, e.g. het vee ('the cattle') is {{IPA|[ɦət ˈfeː]}}}}

{{efn|name=r|The realization of the {{IPA|/r/}} phoneme varies considerably from dialect to dialect. In "standard" Dutch, {{IPA|/r/}} is realized as coronal rhotics [{{IPA|r~ɾ~r̝̊}}] or various post-velar continuants regrouped under the uvular trill {{IPA|[ʀ]}}. In the syllable coda, a velar bunched approximant [ɹ̈] is very common in the Netherlands, e.g. Nederlanders ('Dutchmen') {{Audio-IPA|Nl-Nederlanders.ogg|[ˈneɪ.dəɹ̈ˌlɑn.dəɹθ̠]|help=no}}.}}

{{efn|name=w|The realization of the {{IPA|/ʋ/}} phoneme varies considerably from the Northern to the Southern and Belgium dialects of the Dutch language. In the north of the Netherlands, it is a labiodental approximant {{IPA|[ʋ]}}, or even a voiced labiodental fricative {{IPA|[v]}}. In the south of the Netherlands and in Belgium, it is pronounced as a bilabial approximant {{IPA|[β̞]}} (as it also is in the Hasselt and Maastricht dialects), and Standard Surinamese Dutch uses the labiovelar approximant {{IPA|[w]}}.}}

{{efn|name=glottal stop|The glottal stop {{IPA|[ʔ]}} is indicated sparingly in Dutch transcriptions on Wikipedia: it is mandatorily inserted between {{IPA|[aː]}} and {{IPA|[ə]}} and a syllable-initial vowel, both within words and at word boundaries. Often, it is also inserted before phrase-initial vowels and before any word-initial vowel. This is not indicated in most of our transcriptions.}}

{{efn|name=g|{{IPAslink|ɡ}} is not a native phoneme of Dutch and only occurs in loanwords, like goal or when {{IPA|/k/}} is voiced, like in zakdoek {{IPA|[ˈzɑɡduk]}}.}}

{{efn|name=checked free|The "checked" vowels {{IPAslink|ɑ}}, {{IPAslink|ɛ}}, {{IPAslink|ɪ}}, {{IPAslink|ɔ}}, and {{IPAslink|ʏ}} occur only in closed syllables, while their "free" counterparts {{IPAslink|ä|aː}}, {{IPAslink|eː}}, {{IPAslink|i}}, {{IPAslink|oː}}, and {{IPAslink|y}}, as well as the other vowels, can occur in both open and closed syllables.}}

{{efn|name=non-native vowels|Found in loanwords.}}

{{efn|name=open-mid back|In Belgium, {{IPA|/ɔː/}} tends to be pronounced the same as {{IPA|/oː/}}.}}

{{efn|name=open-mid front|Mainly found in loanwords.}}

{{efn|name=pre-r|Found in loanwords as a separate phoneme, and as an allophone of its shorter counterpart before {{IPA|/r/}} in both native and non-native words, just as other free vowels. Compare auditively {{Audio|Nl-schaar (Belgium).ogg|schaar}} 'shear', with {{Audio|Nl-schaats (Belgium).ogg|schaats}} 'skate'}}

}}

References

= Citations =

{{Reflist}}

= Sources =

{{refbegin}}

  • {{cite book

|last=Booij

|first=Geert

|year=1999

|title=The Phonology of Dutch

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LT6E6YdAh-MC

|publisher=Oxford University Press

|isbn=0-19-823869-X

}}

  • {{citation

|last1 = Collins

|first1 = Beverley

|last2 = Mees

|first2 = Inger M.

|year=2003

|title = The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition

|isbn = 9004103406

|url = http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_Collins_Phonetics_of_English_and_Dutch_pdf.pdf

}}

  • {{citation

|last=Gussenhoven

|first=Carlos

|year=1999

|chapter=Dutch

|title = Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

|location = Cambridge, England

|publisher= Cambridge University Press

|isbn=0-521-65236-7

|pages=74–77

|chapter-url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231848048

}}

{{refend}}

External links

  • [http://www.woorden.org/ Nederlands woordenboek]

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