voiced labiodental fricative
{{redirect|/v/|the video game board|4chan#/v/}}
{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨v⟩ in IPA}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2010}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=v
|ipa number=129
|decimal=118
|x-sampa=v
|braille=v
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0076.svg
}}
The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|v}}, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is v
.
The sound is similar to voiced alveolar fricative /z/ in that it is familiar to most European speakers{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} but is a fairly uncommon sound cross-linguistically, occurring in approximately 21.1% of languages.{{cite web |title=UPSID Segment Frequency |url=http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/upsid_segment_freq.html |access-date=13 February 2023}} Moreover, most languages that have /z/ also have /v/ and similarly to /z/, the overwhelming majority of languages with [v] are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia, although the similar labiodental approximant /ʋ/ is also common in India. The presence of {{IPA|[v]}} and absence of {{IPA|[w]}}, is a very distinctive areal feature of European languages and those of adjacent areas of Siberia and Central Asia.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} Speakers of East Asian languages that lack this sound may pronounce it as {{IPA|[b]}} (Korean and Japanese), or {{IPA|[f]}}/{{IPA|[w]}} (Cantonese and Mandarin), and thus be unable to distinguish between a number of English minimal pairs.{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}
In certain languages, such as Danish,{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|p=66}} Faroese,{{Harvcoltxt|Árnason|2011|p=115}} Icelandic or Norwegian{{Harvcoltxt|Kristoffersen|2000|p=74}} the voiced labiodental fricative is in a free variation with the labiodental approximant.
Features
Features of the voiced labiodental fricative:
{{fricative}}
{{labiodental}}
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{central-lateral}}
{{pulmonic}}
Occurrence
class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes | |||||
colspan=2| Abkhaz | {{lang|ab|европа}} | {{IPA|[evˈropʼa]}} | 'Europe' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
colspan=2| Afrikaans | {{lang|af|wees}} | {{IPA|[vɪəs]}} | 'to be' | See Afrikaans phonology | |
colspan=2| Albanian | {{lang|sq|valixhe}} | {{IPA|[vaˈlidʒɛ]}} | 'case' | ||
rowspan="3" |Arabic | {{script/Arabic|كاڥي|rtl=yes}} | {{IPA|[kavi]}} | 'ataxy' | See Arabic phonology | |
Hejazi
|{{lang|acw|فيروس|rtl=yes}} |{{IPA|[vajˈruːs]}} |'virus' |Only used in loanwords, transcribed and pronounced as {{IPA|[f]}} by many speakers. | |||||
Siirt{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=15}} | {{lang|ar|ذهب|rtl=yes}} | {{IPA|[vaˈhab]}} | 'gold' | See Arabic phonology | |
Armenian | Eastern{{Harvcoltxt|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=18}} | {{lang|hy|վեց}} | {{Audio-IPA|vɛtsʰ.ogg|[vɛtsʰ]}} | 'six' | |
colspan="2" | Assyrian | ܟܬܒ̣ܐ {{lang|aii|ctava}} | {{IPA|[ctaːva}}] | 'book' | Only in the Urmia dialects. {{IPAblink|ʋ}} is also predominantly used. Corresponds to {{IPAblink|w}} in the other varieties. | |
Bai | Dali | ? | {{IPA|[ŋv˩˧]}} | 'fish' | |
colspan=2| Bulgarian | {{lang|bg|вода}} | {{IPA|[voda]}} | 'water' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
rowspan="4" | Catalan | Alguerese | rowspan="4" | {{lang|ca|vell}} | rowspan="4" | {{IPA|[ˈveʎ]}} | rowspan="4" | 'old' | rowspan="4" | See Catalan phonology |
Balearic{{Harvcoltxt|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=53}}{{Cite web|title=La /v/ labiodental|url=http://aldc.espais.iec.cat/files/2013/07/12-La-v-labiodental-RETOCAT.pdf|archive-url=|access-date=13 June 2021|website=IEC}} | |||||
Southern Catalonia | |||||
Valencian{{Harvcoltxt|Wheeler|2002|p=13}} | |||||
colspan=2| Chechen | {{lang|ce-Cyrl|вашa}} / {{lang|ce-Latn|vaşa}} | {{IPA|[vaʃa]}} | 'brother' | ||
rowspan=2| Chinese | Wu | 饭 | {{IPA|[vɛ]}} | 'cooked rice' | |
Sichuanese | 五 | {{IPA|[vu˥˧]}} | 'five' | Corresponds to {{IPA|/w/}} in standard Mandarin. | |
colspan=2| Czech | {{lang|cs|voda}} | {{IPA|[ˈvodä]}} | 'water' | See Czech phonology | |
Danish | Standard{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|p=62}} | {{lang|da|véd}} | {{IPA|[ve̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ]}} | 'know(s)' | Most often an approximant {{IPAblink|ʋ}}. See Danish phonology |
rowspan=3| Dutch | All dialects | {{lang|nl|wraak}} | {{IPA|[vraːk]}} | 'revenge' | Allophone of {{IPA|/ʋ/}} before {{IPA|/r/}}. See Dutch phonology |
Most dialects | rowspan=2| {{lang|nl|vreemd}} | rowspan=2| {{IPA|[vreːmt]}} | rowspan=2| 'strange' | rowspan=2| Often devoiced to {{IPAblink|f}} by speakers from the Netherlands. See Dutch phonology | |
Standard{{Harvcoltxt|Gussenhoven|1992|p=45}} | |||||
rowspan=3| English | All dialects | valve | {{Audio-IPA|valve-pronunciation-audio.ogg|[væɫv]|help=no}}{{Citation needed|reason=The second "v" of "valve" in the audio sounds like [f] to me|date=November 2023}} | 'valve' | See English phonology |
African American{{sfnp|McWhorter|2001|pp=148}} | rowspan=2| breathe | {{IPA|[bɹiːv]}} | rowspan=2| 'breathe' | rowspan=2| Does not occur word-initially. See th-fronting | |
Cockney{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=328}} | {{IPA|[bɹəi̯v]}} | ||||
colspan="2" | Esperanto | {{lang|eo| vundo }} | {{IPA|[ˈvundo]}} | 'wound' | See Esperanto phonology | |
colspan=2| Ewe{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=156}} | {{lang|ee-Latn|evlo}} | {{IPA|[évló]}} | 'he is evil' | ||
colspan=2| Faroese | {{lang|fo|veður}} | {{IPA|[ˈveːʋuɹ]}} | 'speech' | Word-initial allophone of {{IPA|/v/}}, in free variation with an approximant {{IPAblink|ʋ}}. See Faroese phonology | |
colspan=2| French{{Harvcoltxt|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}} | {{lang|fr|valve}} | {{IPA|[valv]}} | 'valve' | See French phonology | |
colspan=2| Georgian{{Harvcoltxt|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|p=255}} | {{lang|ka|ვიწრო}} | {{IPA|[ˈvitsʼɾo]}} | 'narrow' | ||
colspan=2| German | {{lang|de|Wächter}} | {{IPA|[ˈvɛçtɐ]}} | 'guard' | See Standard German phonology | |
colspan=2| Greek | {{lang|el|βερνίκι verníki}} | {{IPA|[ve̞rˈnici]}} | 'varnish' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
colspan=2| Hebrew | {{lang|el|גב}} | {{IPA|[ɡav]}} | 'back' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
colspan=2| Hindi{{Citation | title=Implications of Hindi Prosodic Structure (Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods) | last1=Pierrehumbert | first1=Janet | last2=Nair | first2=Rami | editor-last=Laks | editor-first=Bernard | publisher=European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford Press, 1996 | year=1996 | isbn=978-1-901471-02-1 | url=http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~jbp/publications/implications_hindi.pdf | access-date=2010-10-19 | archive-date=2012-03-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313214346/http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~jbp/publications/implications_hindi.pdf | url-status=dead }} | {{lang|hi|व्रत}} | {{IPA|[vrət̪]}} | 'fast' | See Hindustani phonology | |
colspan=2| Hmong | {{script|Hmng|𖬖𖬰𖬜}} / {{lang|hmn|vaj}} | {{IPA|[va˥˨]}} | 'king', 'vang clan last name' | ||
colspan=2| Hungarian | {{lang|hu|veszély}} | {{IPA|[vɛseːj]}} | 'danger' | See Hungarian phonology | |
colspan=2| Irish | {{lang|ga|bhaile}} | {{IPA|[vaːlə]}} | 'home' | See Irish phonology | |
colspan=2| Italian{{Harvcoltxt|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=117}} | {{lang|it|avare}} | {{IPA|[aˈvare]}} | 'miserly' (f. pl.) | See Italian phonology | |
colspan=2| Judaeo-Spanish | {{lang|lad-Latn|mueve}} | {{IPA|[ˈmwɛvɛ]}} | 'nine' | ||
colspan=2| Kabardian | {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|вагъуэ}} / {{lang|kbd-Latn|vağue}} / {{lang|kbd-Arab|ۋاغوە}} | {{Audio-IPA|Vaːʁʷa.ogg|[vaːʁʷa]}} | 'star' | Corresponds to {{IPA|[ʒʷ]}} in Adyghe | |
colspan=2| Macedonian | {{lang|mk|вода}} | {{IPA|[vɔda]}} | 'water' | See Macedonian phonology | |
colspan=2| Maltese | {{lang|no|iva}} | {{IPA|[iva]}} | 'yes' | ||
Norwegian | Urban East | {{lang|no|venn}} | {{IPA|[ve̞nː]}} | 'friend' | Allophone of {{IPA|/ʋ/}} before a pause and in emphatic speech. See Norwegian phonology |
rowspan=3| Occitan | Auvergnat | rowspan=3| {{lang|oc|vol}} | rowspan=3| {{IPA|[vɔl]}} | rowspan=3| 'flight' | rowspan=3| See Occitan phonology |
Limousin | |||||
Provençal | |||||
Persian | Western | {{lang|fa|ورزش|rtl=yes}} | {{IPA|[værzeʃ]}} | 'sport' | See Persian phonology |
colspan=2| Polish{{Harvcoltxt|Jassem|2003|p=103}} | {{lang|pl|wór}} | {{Audio-IPA|Pl-wór.ogg|[vur]}} | 'bag' | See Polish phonology | |
colspan=2| Portuguese{{Harvcoltxt|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}} | {{lang|pt|vila}} | {{IPA|[ˈvilɐ]}} | 'town' | See Portuguese phonology | |
colspan=2| Romanian | {{lang|ro|val}} | {{IPA|[väl]}} | 'wave' | See Romanian phonology | |
colspan=2| Russian{{Harvcoltxt|Padgett|2003|p=42}}{{Harvcoltxt|Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|p=223}} | {{lang|ru|волосы}} | {{IPA|[ˈvʷo̞ɫ̪əs̪ɨ̞]}} | 'hair' | Contrasts with palatalized form; may be an approximant {{IPAblink|ʋ}} instead. See Russian phonology | |
colspan="2" | Scottish Gaelic | {{lang|gd|a-bhos}} | {{IPA|[əˈvɔs̪]}} | 'over here' | Loosely articulated, can resemble {{IPAblink|β}}. See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
colspan="2" | Serbo-Croatian | {{lang|sh|voda}} | {{IPA|[vɔ'da]}} | 'water' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
colspan=2| Slovak{{Harvcoltxt|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=374}} | {{lang|sk|vzrast}} | {{IPA|[vzräst]}} | 'height' | Appears only in syllable onset before voiced obstruents; the usual realization of {{IPA|/v/}} is an approximant {{IPAblink|ʋ}}. See Slovak phonology | |
rowspan="2" | Slovene{{Harvcoltxt|Herrity|2000|p=16}}
|Standard | {{lang|sl|filozof gre|italic=yes}} | {{IPA|[filoˈz̪ôːv ˈɡɾěː]}} | 'philosopher goes' | Allophone of {{IPA|/f/}} before voiced consonants. See Slovene phonology | |
Some dialects
|{{lang|sl|voda|italic=yes}} |{{IPA|[ˈvɔ̀ːd̪á]}} |'water' |Instead of {{IPA|/ʋ/}}. See Slovene phonology | |||||
colspan=2| Spanish{{citation|url=http://www.uclm.es/profesorado/nmoreno/compren/material/2006apuntes_fonetica.pdf|title=Tema 2 Fonética y Fonología. La descripción de los sonidos|website=uclm.es|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307122322/http://www.uclm.es/profesorado/nmoreno/compren/material/2006apuntes_fonetica.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-07|lang=es}}{{citation|url=http://plaza.ufl.edu/lmassery/Consonantes%20oclusivasreviewlaurie.doc|title=Consonantes oclusivas|website=plaza.ufl.edu|access-date=2024-07-20}} | {{lang|es|afgano}} | {{IPA|[ävˈɣ̞äno̞]}} | 'Afghan' | Allophone of {{IPA|/f/}} before voiced consonants. See Spanish phonology | |
colspan=2| Swedish | {{lang|sv|vägg}} | {{IPA|[ˈvɛɡː]}} | 'wall' | See Swedish phonology | |
colspan=2| Turkish{{Harvcoltxt|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=6)}} | {{lang|tr|vade}} | {{IPA|[väːˈd̪ɛ]}} | 'due date' | The main allophone of {{IPA|/v/}}; realized as bilabial {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|β}} ~ {{IPAplink|β̞}}]}} in certain contexts. See Turkish phonology | |
colspan="2"| Tyap | {{lang|kcg|vak|italic=yes}} | {{IPA|[vag]}} | 'road' | ||
colspan="2"| Urdu
|ورزش |[vəɾzɪʃ] |‘exercise’ |See Hindustani phonology | |||||
colspan=2| Vietnamese{{Harvcoltxt|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}} | {{lang|vi|và}} | {{IPA|[vaː˨˩]}} | 'and' | In southern dialects, is in free variation with {{IPA|[j]}}. See Vietnamese phonology | |
colspan=2| West Frisian | {{lang|fy|weevje}} | {{IPA|[ˈʋeɪ̯vjə]}} | 'to weave' | Never occurs in word-initial positions. See West Frisian phonology | |
colspan=2| Welsh | {{lang|cy|fi}} | {{IPA|[vi]}} | 'I' | See Welsh phonology | |
colspan=2| Yi | {{lang|ii|ꃶ}}/{{lang|ii-Latn|vu}} | {{IPA|[vu˧]}} | 'intestines' |
See also
Notes
{{reflist|30em}}
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{{refend}}
External links
- {{phoible|v}}
{{IPA navigation}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Voiced Labiodental Fricative}}