voiced labiodental fricative

{{redirect|/v/|the video game board|4chan#/v/}}

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨v⟩ in IPA}}

{{Refimprove|date=February 2010}}

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=v

|ipa number=129

|decimal=118

|x-sampa=v

|braille=v

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0076.svg

}}

The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|v}}, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is v.

The sound is similar to voiced alveolar fricative /z/ in that it is familiar to most European speakers{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} but is a fairly uncommon sound cross-linguistically, occurring in approximately 21.1% of languages.{{cite web |title=UPSID Segment Frequency |url=http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/upsid_segment_freq.html |access-date=13 February 2023}} Moreover, most languages that have /z/ also have /v/ and similarly to /z/, the overwhelming majority of languages with [v] are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia, although the similar labiodental approximant /ʋ/ is also common in India. The presence of {{IPA|[v]}} and absence of {{IPA|[w]}}, is a very distinctive areal feature of European languages and those of adjacent areas of Siberia and Central Asia.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} Speakers of East Asian languages that lack this sound may pronounce it as {{IPA|[b]}} (Korean and Japanese), or {{IPA|[f]}}/{{IPA|[w]}} (Cantonese and Mandarin), and thus be unable to distinguish between a number of English minimal pairs.{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}

In certain languages, such as Danish,{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|p=66}} Faroese,{{Harvcoltxt|Árnason|2011|p=115}} Icelandic or Norwegian{{Harvcoltxt|Kristoffersen|2000|p=74}} the voiced labiodental fricative is in a free variation with the labiodental approximant.

Features

Features of the voiced labiodental fricative:

{{fricative}}

{{labiodental}}

{{voiced}}

{{oral}}

{{central-lateral}}

{{pulmonic}}

Occurrence

class="wikitable"

!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes

colspan=2| Abkhaz{{lang|ab|европа}}{{IPA|[evˈropʼa]}}'Europe'See Abkhaz phonology
colspan=2| Afrikaans{{lang|af|wees}}{{IPA|[vɪəs]}}'to be'See Afrikaans phonology
colspan=2| Albanian{{lang|sq|valixhe}}{{IPA|[vaˈlidʒɛ]}}'case'
rowspan="3" |Arabic

|Algerian

{{script/Arabic|كاڥي|rtl=yes}}{{IPA|[kavi]}}'ataxy'See Arabic phonology
Hejazi

|{{lang|acw|فيروس|rtl=yes}}

|{{IPA|[vajˈruːs]}}

|'virus'

|Only used in loanwords, transcribed and pronounced as {{IPA|[f]}} by many speakers.

Siirt{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=15}}{{lang|ar|ذهب|rtl=yes}}{{IPA|[vaˈhab]}}'gold'See Arabic phonology
ArmenianEastern{{Harvcoltxt|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=18}}{{lang|hy|վեց}}{{Audio-IPA|vɛtsʰ.ogg|[vɛtsʰ]}}'six'
colspan="2" | Assyrianܟܬܒ̣ܐ {{lang|aii|ctava}}{{IPA|[ctaːva}}]'book'Only in the Urmia dialects. {{IPAblink|ʋ}} is also predominantly used. Corresponds to {{IPAblink|w}} in the other varieties.
BaiDali?{{IPA|[ŋv˩˧]}}'fish'
colspan=2| Bulgarian{{lang|bg|вода}}{{IPA|[voda]}}'water'See Bulgarian phonology
rowspan="4" | CatalanAlguereserowspan="4" | {{lang|ca|vell}}rowspan="4" | {{IPA|[ˈveʎ]}}rowspan="4" | 'old'rowspan="4" | See Catalan phonology
Balearic{{Harvcoltxt|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=53}}{{Cite web|title=La /v/ labiodental|url=http://aldc.espais.iec.cat/files/2013/07/12-La-v-labiodental-RETOCAT.pdf|archive-url=|access-date=13 June 2021|website=IEC}}
Southern Catalonia
Valencian{{Harvcoltxt|Wheeler|2002|p=13}}
colspan=2| Chechen{{lang|ce-Cyrl|вашa}} / {{lang|ce-Latn|vaşa}}{{IPA|[vaʃa]}}'brother'
rowspan=2| ChineseWu{{IPA|[vɛ]}}'cooked rice'
Sichuanese{{IPA|[vu˥˧]}}'five'Corresponds to {{IPA|/w/}} in standard Mandarin.
colspan=2| Czech{{lang|cs|voda}}{{IPA|[ˈvodä]}}'water'See Czech phonology
DanishStandard{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|p=62}}{{lang|da|véd}}{{IPA|[ve̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ]}}'know(s)'Most often an approximant {{IPAblink|ʋ}}. See Danish phonology
rowspan=3| DutchAll dialects{{lang|nl|wraak}}{{IPA|[vraːk]}}'revenge'Allophone of {{IPA|/ʋ/}} before {{IPA|/r/}}. See Dutch phonology
Most dialectsrowspan=2| {{lang|nl|vreemd}}rowspan=2| {{IPA|[vreːmt]}}rowspan=2| 'strange'rowspan=2| Often devoiced to {{IPAblink|f}} by speakers from the Netherlands. See Dutch phonology
Standard{{Harvcoltxt|Gussenhoven|1992|p=45}}
rowspan=3| EnglishAll dialectsvalve{{Audio-IPA|valve-pronunciation-audio.ogg|[væɫv]|help=no}}{{Citation needed|reason=The second "v" of "valve" in the audio sounds like [f] to me|date=November 2023}}'valve'See English phonology
African American{{sfnp|McWhorter|2001|pp=148}}rowspan=2| breathe{{IPA|[bɹiːv]}}rowspan=2| 'breathe'rowspan=2| Does not occur word-initially. See th-fronting
Cockney{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=328}}{{IPA|[bɹəi̯v]}}
colspan="2" | Esperanto{{lang|eo| vundo }}{{IPA|[ˈvundo]}}'wound'See Esperanto phonology
colspan=2| Ewe{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=156}}{{lang|ee-Latn|evlo}}{{IPA|[évló]}}'he is evil'
colspan=2| Faroese{{lang|fo|veður}}{{IPA|[ˈveːʋuɹ]}}'speech'Word-initial allophone of {{IPA|/v/}}, in free variation with an approximant {{IPAblink|ʋ}}. See Faroese phonology
colspan=2| French{{Harvcoltxt|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}}{{lang|fr|valve}}{{IPA|[valv]}}'valve'See French phonology
colspan=2| Georgian{{Harvcoltxt|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|p=255}}{{lang|ka|იწრო}}{{IPA|[ˈvitsʼɾo]}}'narrow'
colspan=2| German{{lang|de|Wächter}}{{IPA|[ˈvɛçtɐ]}}'guard'See Standard German phonology
colspan=2| Greek{{lang|el|βερνίκι verníki}}{{IPA|[ve̞rˈnici]}}'varnish'See Modern Greek phonology
colspan=2| Hebrew{{lang|el|גב}}{{IPA|[ɡav]}}'back'See Modern Hebrew phonology
colspan=2| Hindi{{Citation | title=Implications of Hindi Prosodic Structure (Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods) | last1=Pierrehumbert | first1=Janet | last2=Nair | first2=Rami | editor-last=Laks | editor-first=Bernard | publisher=European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford Press, 1996 | year=1996 | isbn=978-1-901471-02-1 | url=http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~jbp/publications/implications_hindi.pdf | access-date=2010-10-19 | archive-date=2012-03-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313214346/http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~jbp/publications/implications_hindi.pdf | url-status=dead }}{{lang|hi|व्र}}{{IPA|[vrət̪]}}'fast'See Hindustani phonology
colspan=2| Hmong{{script|Hmng|𖬖𖬰𖬜}} / {{lang|hmn|vaj}}{{IPA|[va˥˨]}}'king', 'vang clan last name'
colspan=2| Hungarian{{lang|hu|veszély}}{{IPA|[vɛseːj]}}'danger'See Hungarian phonology
colspan=2| Irish{{lang|ga|bhaile}}{{IPA|[vaːlə]}}'home'See Irish phonology
colspan=2| Italian{{Harvcoltxt|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=117}}{{lang|it|avare}}{{IPA|[aˈvare]}}'miserly' (f. pl.)See Italian phonology
colspan=2| Judaeo-Spanish{{lang|lad-Latn|mueve}}{{IPA|[ˈmwɛvɛ]}}'nine'
colspan=2| Kabardian{{lang|kbd-Cyrl|вагъуэ}} / {{lang|kbd-Latn|vağue}} / {{lang|kbd-Arab|ۋاغوە}}{{Audio-IPA|Vaːʁʷa.ogg|[vaːʁʷa]}}'star'Corresponds to {{IPA|[ʒʷ]}} in Adyghe
colspan=2| Macedonian{{lang|mk|вода}}{{IPA|[vɔda]}}'water'See Macedonian phonology
colspan=2| Maltese{{lang|no|iva}}{{IPA|[iva]}}'yes'
NorwegianUrban East{{lang|no|venn}}{{IPA|[ve̞nː]}}'friend'Allophone of {{IPA|/ʋ/}} before a pause and in emphatic speech. See Norwegian phonology
rowspan=3| OccitanAuvergnatrowspan=3| {{lang|oc|vol}}rowspan=3| {{IPA|[vɔl]}}rowspan=3| 'flight'rowspan=3| See Occitan phonology
Limousin
Provençal
PersianWestern{{lang|fa|ورزش|rtl=yes}}{{IPA|[værzeʃ]}}'sport'See Persian phonology
colspan=2| Polish{{Harvcoltxt|Jassem|2003|p=103}}{{lang|pl|wór}}{{Audio-IPA|Pl-wór.ogg|[vur]}}'bag'See Polish phonology
colspan=2| Portuguese{{Harvcoltxt|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}}{{lang|pt|vila}}{{IPA|[ˈvilɐ]}}'town'See Portuguese phonology
colspan=2| Romanian{{lang|ro|val}}{{IPA|[väl]}}'wave'See Romanian phonology
colspan=2| Russian{{Harvcoltxt|Padgett|2003|p=42}}{{Harvcoltxt|Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|p=223}}{{lang|ru|волосы}}{{IPA|[ˈvʷo̞ɫ̪əs̪ɨ̞]}}'hair'Contrasts with palatalized form; may be an approximant {{IPAblink|ʋ}} instead. See Russian phonology
colspan="2" | Scottish Gaelic{{lang|gd|a-bhos}}{{IPA|[əˈvɔs̪]}}'over here'Loosely articulated, can resemble {{IPAblink|β}}. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
colspan="2" | Serbo-Croatian{{lang|sh|voda}}{{IPA|[vɔ'da]}}'water'See Serbo-Croatian phonology
colspan=2| Slovak{{Harvcoltxt|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=374}}{{lang|sk|vzrast}}{{IPA|[vzräst]}}'height'Appears only in syllable onset before voiced obstruents; the usual realization of {{IPA|/v/}} is an approximant {{IPAblink|ʋ}}. See Slovak phonology
rowspan="2" | Slovene{{Harvcoltxt|Herrity|2000|p=16}}

|Standard

{{lang|sl|filozof gre|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[filoˈz̪ôːv ˈɡɾěː]}}'philosopher goes'Allophone of {{IPA|/f/}} before voiced consonants. See Slovene phonology
Some dialects

|{{lang|sl|voda|italic=yes}}

|{{IPA|[ˈvɔ̀ːd̪á]}}

|'water'

|Instead of {{IPA|/ʋ/}}. See Slovene phonology

colspan=2| Spanish{{citation|url=http://www.uclm.es/profesorado/nmoreno/compren/material/2006apuntes_fonetica.pdf|title=Tema 2 Fonética y Fonología. La descripción de los sonidos|website=uclm.es|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307122322/http://www.uclm.es/profesorado/nmoreno/compren/material/2006apuntes_fonetica.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-07|lang=es}}{{citation|url=http://plaza.ufl.edu/lmassery/Consonantes%20oclusivasreviewlaurie.doc|title=Consonantes oclusivas|website=plaza.ufl.edu|access-date=2024-07-20}}{{lang|es|afgano}}{{IPA|[ävˈɣ̞äno̞]}}'Afghan'Allophone of {{IPA|/f/}} before voiced consonants. See Spanish phonology
colspan=2| Swedish{{lang|sv|vägg}}{{IPA|[ˈvɛɡː]}}'wall'See Swedish phonology
colspan=2| Turkish{{Harvcoltxt|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=6)}}{{lang|tr|vade}}{{IPA|[väːˈd̪ɛ]}}'due date'The main allophone of {{IPA|/v/}}; realized as bilabial {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|β}} ~ {{IPAplink|β̞}}]}} in certain contexts. See Turkish phonology
colspan="2"| Tyap{{lang|kcg|vak|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[vag]}}'road'
colspan="2"| Urdu

|ورزش

|[vəɾzɪʃ]

|‘exercise’

|See Hindustani phonology

colspan=2| Vietnamese{{Harvcoltxt|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}}{{lang|vi|và}}{{IPA|[vaː˨˩]}}'and'In southern dialects, is in free variation with {{IPA|[j]}}. See Vietnamese phonology
colspan=2| West Frisian{{lang|fy|weevje}}{{IPA|[ˈʋeɪ̯vjə]}}'to weave'Never occurs in word-initial positions. See West Frisian phonology
colspan=2| Welsh{{lang|cy|fi}}{{IPA|[vi]}}'I'See Welsh phonology
colspan=2| Yi{{lang|ii|}}/{{lang|ii-Latn|vu}}{{IPA|[vu˧]}}'intestines'

See also

Notes

{{reflist|30em}}

References

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{{refend}}