Hoklo people

In Southern Fujian, the Hokkien speakers refer to themselves as Banlam people ({{zh|c=閩南人|poj=Bân-lâm-lâng|labels=no}}) or generally speaking, Hokkien people ({{zh|c=福建人|p=Hok-kiàn-lâng|labels=no}}). In Mandarin, they also call themselves Minnan people ({{zh|c=閩南人|poj=|labels=no|s=闽南人|p=Mǐnnán rén}}).

In Taiwan, the term "Hoklo" is usually used for the people. The term Holo{{sfnp|Exec. Yuan|2014|pp=36,48}} ({{zh|poj=Ho̍h-ló|labels=no|c=|s=|t=|p=}}){{R:nan:tdj|poj=hô-ló|hj=福佬|n=20379|v=2|p=829}} is also used to refer to Taiwanese Hokkien and those people who speak it.

The term is likely an exonym originating from Hakka or Cantonese that some Hokkien and Teochew speakers, particularly in Taiwan and China, borrowed from, since the term is not recognized by Hokkien speakers in Southeast Asia.

There are several spellings for the word Hoklo ({{zh|poj=Ho̍h-ló / Hô-ló|labels=no|c=|s=|t=|p=}}), either phonetic or based on folk etymologies:

• {{zh|c=河洛|l=Yellow River and Luo River|labels=no|s=|t=|poj=Hô-lo̍k}} {{endash}} a folk etymology emphasizing the people's purported long history originating from the area south of the Yellow River.{{cite book |author=Gu Yanwu |author-link=Gu Yanwu |script-title=zh:《天下郡國利病書》:郭造卿《防閩山寇議》|publisher=上海書店|year=1985|quote=漳猺人與虔汀潮循接壤處....常稱城邑人為河老，謂自河南遷來畏之，繇陳元光將卒始也|oclc=19398998}} First introduced by a Taiwanese linguist Wu Huai in 1957, and later popularized by the Taiwanese Ministry of Education for the pronunciation Hô-ló.
• {{zhi|c=學佬|l=learned folk|poj=Ha̍k-láu}} {{endash}} an orthographic borrowing from Hakka, where this word, pronounced Ho̍k-ló, is used to refer to Southern Min-speaking people (specifically the Teochew people). It was adopted by some Southern Min (particularly Haklau Min) speakers in Guangdong.
• {{zh|c=福佬|l=Fujian folk|labels=no|s=|t=|poj=Hô-ló / Ho̍h-ló}}{{Cite book |url=https://thak.taigi.info/1932TaijitToaSutian2/chheh/?page=833 |title=臺日大辭典 |publisher=Government-General of Taiwan |year=1932 |editor-last=小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi) |editor-link=:ja:小川尚義 |location=Taihoku |pages=829 |language=Hokkien and Japanese |oclc=25747241}}{{Cite book |url=https://chhoe.taigi.info/TJTaigiPehoeSioSutianSekin/6956 |title=TJ台語白話小詞典 |publisher=亞細亞國際傳播社 |year=2009 |isbn=9789868541818 |editor-last=張裕宏 (Tiuⁿ Jû-hông) |location=Tainan |pages=189 |language=Hokkien and Mandarin}} {{endash}} a folk etymology emphasizing the people's native connection to Fujian.
• {{zhi|c=鶴老|l=crane folk|poj=Ho̍h-ló}} {{endash}} found in the 17th century Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum as the name for Hokkien-speaking people.{{Cite book |title=Dictionario Hispánico-Sinicum |publisher=Dominican Order of Preachers |others=kept as Vocabulario Español-Chino con caracteres chinos (TOMO 215) in the University of Santo Tomás Archives |year=1626–1642 |isbn=9789866116742 |location=Manila |language=Early Modern Spanish, Early Manila Hokkien and Classical Mandarin}}

In the Philippines, Chinese Filipinos, most of whom are of ethnic Hokkien descent, usually generally refer to themselves as Lannang ({{zh|c=咱儂|poj=Lán-lâng / Lán-nâng / Nán-nâng|l=Our People|labels=no}}) or sometimes more specifically Hokkien people ({{zh|c=福建儂|poj=Hok-kiàn-lâng|l=|labels=no}}).

In Malaysia and Singapore, Hokkien-speaking Chinese Malaysians and Singaporeans generally refer to themselves as Tng Lang ({{zh|c=唐儂|poj=Tn̂g-lâng|l=Tang People|labels=no}}), where those of Hokkien-speaking descent are more specifically known as Hokkien people ({{zh|c=福建儂|poj=Hok-kiàn-lâng|l=|labels=no}}).

In Indonesia, Hokkien-speaking Chinese Indonesians generally refer to themselves as Tionghoa ({{zh|c=中華|poj=Tiong-hôa|l=Central Chinese|labels=no}}), where those of ethnic Hokkien descent are more specifically known as Hokkien people ({{zh|c=福建儂|poj=Hok-kiàn-lâng|l=|labels=no}}).

In genomic studies, the Han Chinese populations in Fujian (i.e. the Hokkien people) cluster intermediately between the northern Sinitic populations and southern Tai-Kadai and Austronesian populations.{{Citation |last1=He |first1=Guanglin |title=The northern gene flow into southeastern East Asians inferred from genome-wide array genotyping |date=2021-07-26 |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.25.453681v1 |access-date=2024-07-02 |language=en |doi=10.1101/2021.07.25.453681 |last2=Li |first2=Yingxiang |last3=Zou |first3=Xing |last4=Yeh |first4=Hui-Yuan |last5=Tang |first5=Renkuan |last6=Wang |first6=Peixin |last7=Bai |first7=Jingya |last8=Yang |first8=Xiaomin |last9=Wang |first9=Zheng|url-access=subscription }} This reflects the history of demic diffusion out of the Central Plains region and admixure with Southern tribal minorities.

Other studies deduce a close relation and common paternal ancestry between individuals from the Taihang mountain region of Henan, Fujian Minnan and Chaoshan based on common Y-chromosome patterns and higher prevalence of esophageal cancer,{{Cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Haihua |last2=Su |first2=Min |last3=Li |first3=Xiaoyun |last4=Li |first4=Hui |last5=Tian |first5=Dongping |last6=Gao |first6=Yuxia |last7=Guo |first7=Yubai |date=2010-06-15 |title=Y-Chromosome Evidence for Common Ancestry of Three Chinese Populations with a High Risk of Esophageal Cancer |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e11118 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0011118 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=2886054 |pmid=20559544}} with Han Chinese males from the Taihang region of Henan being posited as the progenitor population for both Fujian Han (i.e. Hokkien people) and the Chaoshan Han (i.e. the Teochew people).

{{Main|Hokkien culture}}

{{main|Hoklo architecture}}

File:Khoo Kongsi (I).jpg

Hoklo architecture is, for the most part, similar to any other traditional Chinese architectural style, but is characterized by higher and more slanted rooftops, the prominent use of decorative wood inlays, the bolder use of bright colors, as well as the utilization of porcelain. The style has been especially well-preserved by diaspora communities in South-East Asia.

File:Malaka-Fujian-Hui-Guan-2215.jpg

Highly decorative and elaborately detailed wood inlays can be seen in the work of the Hokkien communities of Malaysia - for example, the Khoo Clan House in Penang, whereas the Fujian Assembly Hall in Malacca demonstrates the bold use of porcelain in ornamenting the pillars at its entrance. Both buildings are characteristic examples of the traditional Hoklo building and architectural styles brought over by Chinese immigrants to Malaysia.

The main halls of Hoklo public buildings are also a little different in that they are usually decorated with two dragons on the rooftop at the furthest left and right corners and with a miniature figure of a pagoda at the center of the rooftop. Examples of the use of dragons on the rooftop include the Kaiyuan Temple in Fujian, the Khoo Clan House in Penang, Malaysia, the Fujian Assembly Hall in Hoi An, Vietnam. File:Fujian Assembly Hall, Hoi An 20190920.jpgFile:Lukang Lung-shan Temple 2004.jpg, with its distinguished swallowtail-roof.|170x170px]]

The Hokkien dialect or topolect belongs to the Sinitic group of dialects or topolects known as Minnan. This language group further includes dialects such as Henghua, Teochew, and Hainanese.

The Hokkien people speak Hokkien, which is mutually intelligible to the Teochew language but to a small degree. Hokkien can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, and it also has roots from earlier periods such as the Northern and Southern Dynasties and also a little influence from other sinitic languages as well.File:Min dialect map.svgHokkien has one of the most diverse phoneme inventories among sinitic varieties, with more consonants than Standard Mandarin or Standard Yue. Vowels are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Sinitic varieties. These include the pronunciation of the {{IPA|/ʈ/}} initial as {{IPA|/t/}}, which is now {{IPA|/tʂ/}} (Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' 竹 is tik, but zhú in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Sinitic varieties.{{cite book|last=Kane|first=Daniel |title=The Chinese language: its history and current usage|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|year=2006|pages=100–102|isbn=978-0-8048-3853-5}} Hokkien has 5 to 7 tones, or 7 to 9 tones according to traditional sense, depending on the variety. The Amoy dialect for example, has 7-8 tones.

Speakers of proper Hokkien language live in the areas of Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou in southern Fujian. Most Hokkien-speaking groups in southern Fujian refer to themselves by the area where they live, for example: Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Xiamen or Longyan people. In eastern Guangdong and southern Zhejiang, Haklau Min and Zhenan Min speakers also identify themselves as Hoklo people.

File:HK Hoklo DragonBoatDance.JPG.]]

{{main|Hoklo Taiwanese}}

File:Map of Southern Min en.svg and Taiwan. Only the speakers of Quanzhou-Zhangzhou dialects (also known as Hokkien) are seen as Hoklos.]]

About 70% of the Taiwanese people descend from Hoklo immigrants who arrived to the island prior to the start of Japanese rule in 1895. They could be categorized as originating from Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou based on their dialects and districts of origin.{{sfnp|Davidson|1903|p=591}}{{better source needed|reason=source is over 100 years old and close enough to the material to perhaps be considered primary|date=August 2022}} People from the former two areas (Quanzhou-speaking) were dominant in the north of the island and along the west coast, whereas people from the latter two areas (Zhangzhou-speaking) were dominant in the south and perhaps the central plains as well.

In Hong Kong, Hoklo people are among the four groups of indigenous inhabitants. In order to preserve their culture, the Hoklo along with the Punti, Hakka and Tanka people have special rights under Hong Kong law.{{Cite web |date=2017-02-16 |title=HK's indigenous people, and other tribes that helped create our diverse "world city" |url=https://www.scmp.com/yp/discover/lifestyle/features/article/3073367/hks-indigenous-people-and-other-tribes-helped-create |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Young Post}} {{main|Hong Kong people of Fujianese descent}}

The Hoklo or Hokkien-lang (as they are known in Southeast Asia) are the largest ethnic group among Chinese communities in Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and the southern part of Thailand. These communities contain the highest concentrations of Hokkien-lang in the region. The various Hokkien language are still widely spoken in these countries, but the daily use of them is slowly decreasing in favor of Mandarin Chinese, English, and local languages.

The Hokkien-lang also make up the largest ethnic group among Chinese Indonesians.

In the Philippines, the Hoklo or Hokkien-lang call themselves Lannang and form the majority of the Sinitic people in the country known as Chinese Filipinos. The native Hokkien language is still spoken there.

{{Main|Hoklo Americans}}

{{expand section|date=August 2016}}

After the 1960s, many Hoklo Taiwanese began immigrating to the United States and Canada.

{{Main list|List of Hokkien people}}

• Hokkien honorifics
• Demographics of Taiwan
• Taiwanese people
• Teochew people
• Cantonese people

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{Cite book|author1-link=Melissa J. Brown |last=Brown |first=Melissa J. |year=2004 |title=Is Taiwan Chinese? : The Impact of Culture, Power and Migration on Changing Identities|place=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-23182-1 }}
• {{cite book |last=Davidson |first=James W. |author-link=James W. Davidson |title=The Island of Formosa, Past and Present |url=https://archive.org/details/islandofformosap00daviuoft |year=1903 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London and New York |ol=6931635M |oclc=1887893 }}
• {{citation|last=Ding|first=Picus Sizhi|year=2016|title=Southern Min (Hokkien) as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders|publisher=Springer}}
• {{cite book |year=2014 |title=The Republic of China Yearbook 2014 |publisher=Executive Yuan, R.O.C. |url=http://www.ey.gov.tw/Upload/UserFiles/YB%202014%20all%20100dpi.pdf |access-date=2016-06-11 |isbn=9789860423020 |ref={{harvid|Exec. Yuan|2014}} }}

{{refend}}

{{Fujian}}

{{Han subgroups}}

{{Hong Kongers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoklo People}}

Category:Ethnic groups in Fujian

Category:Ethnic groups in Taiwan