Hosea 13

The original text was written in Hebrew. This chapter is divided into 16 verses in English Christian Bibles, but 15 verses in the Hebrew Bible, where verse 16 is numbered as Hosea 14:1.[https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1313.htm Book of Hosea chapter 13] and [https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1314.htm chapter 14] of The Hebrew Bible in Hebrew and English according to the JPS 1917 EditionNote on Hosea 13:16 in the NET Bible{{efn|In the 1611 King James Version,{{cite web | url = https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Hosea_14_1611/ | title = 1611 King James Bible - Hosea 14 | website = kingjamesbibleonline.org | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190223184442/https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Hosea_14_1611/ | archive-date = February 23, 2019 | url-status = live}} Hosea 13 has sixteen verses, followed by Hosea 14 with nine. This is also the case in modern English translations of the Bible.{{cite web | url = https://biblehub.com/bsb/hosea/14.htm | title = biblehub.com | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235023/https://biblehub.com/nasb/hosea/14.htm | archive-date = April 26, 2014 | url-status = live}} The current Roman Catholic translations of the Bible{{cite web | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0839/__PTE.HTM | title = New American Bible | website = vatican.va | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20031223133042/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0839/__PTD.HTM | archive-date = December 23, 2003 | url-status = live}} place Hosea 13:16 as the beginning of chapter 14, which has a total number of ten verses.}} This article generally follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions.

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=35-37}} Fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, including 4Q78 (4QXII^c; 75–50 BCE) with extant verses 3–10, 15–16 (verse 13:16 = 14:1 in Masoretic text);{{sfn|Ulrich|2010|p=597}}[https://thewaytoyahuweh.com/dead-sea-scrolls/general-info/#hosea Dead sea scrolls - Hosea]{{sfn|Fitzmyer|2008|p=38}}[https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q78-1 4Q78 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library] and 4Q82 (4QXII^g; 25 BCE) with extant verses 1, 6–8?, 11–13.{{sfn|Fitzmyer|2008|p=39}}{{sfn|Ulrich|2010|pp=596–597}}[https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q82-1 4Q82 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; $\backslash mathfrak\{G\}$^B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; $\backslash mathfrak\{G\}$^A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; $\backslash mathfrak\{G\}$^Q; 6th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=73–74}}{{efn|The Book of Hosea is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.{{cite book| last= Shepherd|first= Michael |title= A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The Minor Prophets | series= Kregel Exegetical Library | publisher= Kregel Academic | year= 2018 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_iNZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|isbn= 978-0825444593 | page= 13}}}}

==Context==

The Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary suggests that chapters 13 and 14 "probably belong to the troubled times that followed Pekah's murder by Hoshea". Pekah was the eighteenth and penultimate king of Israel; Hoshea succeeded him in or around 732 BC.Encyclopedia of the Bible, [https://www.biblegateway.com/resources/encyclopedia-of-the-bible/Pekah Pekah], accessed 8 December 2023 The Deuteronomistic history records the event in 2 Kings 15:30.

: When Ephraim spoke, trembling,

::he was exalted in Israel.

:::But he incurred guilt through Baal worship and he died.{{bibleverse|Hosea|13:1|MEV}} MEV

• "When Ephraim spoke, trembling, he was exalted in Israel": This rendering is supported by the Syriac version: "When Ephraim spake trembling, then he was, and was great in Israel." The Chaldee version supports this rendering with a paraphrase: "When one of the house of Ephraim spake, trembling seized the peoples".Joseph S. Exell; Henry Donald Maurice Spence-Jones (Editors). The Pulpit Commentary. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890.{{PD-notice}}
• "Ephraim": refer to the region of Mount Ephraim, where the royal residence of Samaria was located, instead of the tribe of Ephraim, functioning as a synecdoche of location for its inhabitants (the king of Samaria; cf. Hosea 5:13; 8:8, 10).Note [a] on Hosea 13:1 in NET Bible
• "Trembling": from Hebrew word {{lang|he|רתת}}, retheth, which is not found elsewhere (hapax legomenon) and can be rendered as: "there was trembling". This word has a cognate root in Aramaic with the assigned meaning "to fear, shudder, tremble". It is attested in 1QH 4:33, meaning “trembling” and used as a synonym with {{lang|he|רַעַד}}, raʿad, "quaking", which appears in Mishnaic Hebrew for the meaning "trembling", as also reflected in the Greek recensions of Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion, as well as Jerome’s Latin Vulgate.Note [c] on Hosea 13:1 in NET Bible The word {{lang|he|רֶטֶט}}, re-ṭeṭ, in {{bibleverse|Jeremiah|49:24|HE}}, meaning "fear", is similar in both sense and sound. The Greek Septuagint renders the word as {{lang|grc|δικαιώματα}}, dikaiomata, to read: "According to the word of Ephraim, be adopted ordinances for himself in Israel," that is, "when Ephraim spoke, the rest of the Israelites assented to his ordinances and rights, reverencing his authority".
• "Exalted": from Hebrew {{lang|he|נשא}}, nasaʾ (Qal perfect third person masculine singular, following Masoretic Text), "lifted up," that is, his head, as in "exalted himself". Usually the Hithphil form that is used for this sense, but the Qal form is also used (cf. Psalm 89:10; Nahum 1:5). The Septuagint and Syriac reflect a vocalization tradition of {{lang|he|נִשָּׂא}}, nisaʾ (Niphal perfect third person masculine singular), "he was exalted".Note [d] on Hosea 13:1 in NET Bible
• "Offended in Baal": that is, "in respect to Baal, by worshipping him" ({{bibleverse|1 Kings|16:31|9}}), such as under Ahab, so at this climax of guilt, Ephraim "died" (cf. Romans 7:9). Adam was to die in the day of his sin, although this was not visibly executed until later (Genesis 2:17; 5:5), and Israel is similarly represented as politically dead in Ezekiel 37:1-28. Ephraim's glory vanished because of idolatry.Robert Jamieson, Andrew Robert Fausset; David Brown (1871), [https://biblehub.com/commentaries/jfb/hosea/13.htm Commentary on the Whole Bible] on Hosea 13.{{PD-notice}}

: But I am the Lord your God from the land of Egypt;

:you know no God but me,

:and besides me there is no savior.{{bibleverse|Hosea|13:4|ESV}} ESV

• "No God but Me": As in the song of Moses, God says, "See now that I, I am He, and there is no God with Me:..." (Deuteronomy 32:39). Isaiah repeats this same, "Is there a God besides Me? yea there is no God; I know not any" Isaiah 44:8; and "There is no God else besides Me, a just God and a Saviour; there is none else. Look unto Me and be ye saved, for I am God and there is none else" Isaiah 45:21, Isaiah 45:2; and, "I am the Lord, that is My Name; and My glory will I not give to another; neither My praise to graven images" Isaiah 42:8. : "That God and Saviour is Christ; God, because He created; Saviour, because, being made Man, He saved. Whence He willed to be called Jesus, i. e., Saviour. Truly "beside" Him, "there is no Saviour; neither is there salvation in any other, for there is none other name under heaven, given among men, whereby we must be saved" Acts 4:12. "It is not enough to recognize in God this quality of a Saviour. It must not be shared with "any other." Whoso associates with God any power whatever to decide on man's salvation makes an idol, and introduces a new God."Barnes, Albert. Notes on the Old Testament. London, Blackie & Son, 1884. Reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1998.{{PD-notice}}

: O Israel, thou hast destroyed thyself;

:: but in me is thine help.{{bibleverse|Hosea|13:9|KJV}} KJV

• "Thou hast destroyed thyself": from Hebrew {{lang|he|שִׁחֶתְךָ}}, shikhetekha (Piel perfect third person masculine singular from {{lang|he|שָׁחַת}}, shakhat, "to destroy" with second person masculine singular suffix), literally, "he destroyed you".Note [a] on Hosea 13:9 in NET Bible It may be rendered, "it has destroyed you";"perdidit te", Vatablus, Calvin, Junius & Tremellius, Piscator, Zanchius, De Dieu, Rivet; "corrupit te", Cocceius.{{clarify|date=December 2023}} "It" could refer to either the calf (supported by Kimchi), or the 'idolatry' or a king, or rather to all the sins of Israel.John Gill. John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible. Exposition of the Old and New Testament. Published in 1746-1763.{{PD-notice}}

:I gave you a king in My anger,

:And took him away in My wrath.{{bibleverse|Hosea|13:11|NKJV}}: New King James Version

This verse is seen by the Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary as indicative of Hosea's historical context.

: "I will ransom them from the power of the grave;

::I will redeem them from death.

:O Death, I will be your plagues!

::O Grave, I will be your destruction!

:Pity is hidden from My eyes."{{bibleverse|Hosea|13:14|NKJV}}: NKJV

• Cited in 1 Corinthians 15:55Note on 1 Corinthians 15:55 in MEV
• "Power": or "hand".Note [a] on Hosea 13:14 in NKJV
• "Grave": from Hebrew "Sheol".Note [b] and [d] on Hosea 13:14 in NKJV
• "I will be your plagues": rendered in Septuagint as "where is your punishment?"Note [c] on Hosea 13:14 in NKJV
• "I will be your destruction!" rendered in Septuagint as "where is your sting?"Note [e] on Hosea 13:14 in NKJV

This verse shows that Israel is in the grip of Death (mawet) and grave (Sheol), but with the lack of interrogative particle ha, it has the positive meaning: "I shall ransom them from the power of Sheol", as followed by Paul in 1 Corinthians 15:55.{{sfn|Day|2007|p=577}}

: Samaria shall become desolate;

:: for she hath rebelled against her God:

: they shall fall by the sword:

:: their infants shall be dashed in pieces,

:: and their women with child shall be ripped up.{{bibleverse|Hosea|13:16|KJV}}

This verse is numbered as Hosea 14:1 in the Masoretic text, where the pronouns "their" are in the singular, "her".Jerusalem Bible (1966), Footnote a at Hosea 14:1

{{Portal|Bible}}

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

• Baal
• Egypt
• Ephraim
• Samaria

{{div col end}}

• Related Bible parts: Hosea 6, Hosea 7, Hosea 8, Hosea 9, Hosea 10, Hosea 11, 1 Corinthians 15

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite book

|last = Collins

|first = John J.

|title = Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures

|publisher = Fortress Press

|year = 2014

|isbn = 9781451469233

|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fbsoBAAAQBAJ

}}

• {{cite book|last= Day | first= John | chapter = 27. Hosea | title=The Oxford Bible Commentary | editor-first1=John| editor-last1=Barton |editor1-link = John Barton (theologian) | editor-first2=John| editor-last2= Muddiman |editor2-link = John Muddiman | publisher = Oxford University Press |edition= first (paperback) | date = 2007 | pages = 571–578 | isbn = 978-0199277186 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ| access-date=February 6, 2019}}
• {{Cite book|title = A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature|last = Fitzmyer|first = Joseph A.|author-link= Joseph Fitzmyer |publisher = William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC | year = 2008|isbn = 9780802862419|location = Grand Rapids, MI }}
• {{Cite book

|last = Hayes

|first = Christine

|title = Introduction to the Bible

|publisher = Yale University Press

|year = 2015

|isbn = 978-0300188271

|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SKbkXYHxvlAC

}}

• {{Cite book

| editor-last = Ulrich

| editor-first = Eugene |editor-link= Eugene Ulrich

| title = The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants

| year = 2010

| publisher = Brill

| url = https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls}}

• {{cite book | last = Würthwein | first = Ernst | author-link = Ernst Würthwein | title = The Text of the Old Testament | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |location = Grand Rapids, MI | year= 1995 | translator-first1 = Erroll F.| translator-last1 = Rhodes |isbn = 0-8028-0788-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC | access-date= January 26, 2019}}

• [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1313.htm Hosea 13 Hebrew with Parallel English]
• [http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/16167 Hosea 13 Hebrew with Rashi's Commentary]

• [http://www.latinvulgate.com/lv/verse.aspx?t=0&b=33&c=13 Hosea 13 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081536/http://www.latinvulgate.com/lv/verse.aspx?t=0&b=33&c=13 |date=2017-02-11 }}

{{Book of Hosea}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hosea 13}}

13