Informatics

File:Informatics Forum - geograph.org.uk - 990363.jpg, completed in 2008. It houses researchers of the University of Edinburgh's School of Informatics.]]

In some countries, depending on local interpretations and contexts, the term "informatics" is used synonymously to mean information systems, information science, information theory, information engineering, information technology, information processing, or other theoretical or practical fields. In Germany, the term informatics closely corresponds to modern computer science. Accordingly, universities in continental Europe usually translate "informatics" as computer science, or sometimes information and computer science, although technical universities may translate it as computer science & engineering.{{Cite web|title=Computer Science and Computer Engineering {{!}} Hochschule Osnabrück|url=https://www.hs-osnabrueck.de/en/study/study-offerings/bachelor/computer-science-and-computer-engineering/|access-date=2020-08-31|website=www.hs-osnabrueck.de}}{{Cite web|title=Informatik – Technische Informatik (B.Sc.) {{!}} Hochschule Osnabrück|url=https://www.hs-osnabrueck.de/studium/studienangebot/bachelor/informatik-technische-informatik-bsc/|access-date=2020-08-31|website=www.hs-osnabrueck.de}} In some countries, this term is associated with natural computation and neural computation.{{Cite web|title=Forschungszentrum Jülich - Cognitive Neuroinformatics|url=https://www.fz-juelich.de/inm/inm-7/EN/Forschung/Cognitive%20Neuroinformatics/_node.html|access-date=2020-08-22|website=www.fz-juelich.de}}

In the United States, however, the term informatics is mostly used in context of data science, library science or its applications in healthcare (health informatics),{{Cite web|title=What is Informatics? USF Health|url=https://www.usfhealthonline.com/resources/key-concepts/informatics-defined/|access-date=2020-08-20|website=www.usfhealthonline.com|date=16 February 2017}}{{Cite web|title=Informatics Major|url=https://ischool.uw.edu/programs/informatics|access-date=2020-08-20|website=ischool.uw.edu|language=en}} where it first appeared in the US.

The University of Washington uses this term to refer to social computing.{{Cite web|title=Informatics Major|url=https://ischool.uw.edu/programs/informatics|website=ischool.uw.edu|language=en}}

The Government of Canada uses the term to refer to operational units offering network and computer services to the various departments.{{cite web | url=https://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2alpha/alpha-eng.html?lang=eng&i=1&srchtxt=informatics&index=enb&codom2nd_wet=1#resultrecs | title=Informatics [100 records] - TERMIUM Plus® — Search - TERMIUM Plus® | date=8 October 2009 }}

{{see also|Computer science#Etymology|History of computer science}}

In 1956, the German informatician Karl Steinbuch and engineer Helmut Gröttrup coined the word Informatik when they developed the Informatik-Anlage{{Cite web |url=https://www.itiv.kit.edu/downloads/KarlSteinbuchInfo1StundeHU.pdf |title=Karl Steinbuch – Informatiker der ersten Stunde Hommage zu seinem 80. Geburtstag|access-date=2021-10-08|last=Biener|first=Klaus|publication-date=December 1997|language=de|quote=Steinbuch coined this expression together with Helmut Gröttrup, an employee from Peenemünde.}} for the Quelle mail-order management, one of the earliest commercial applications of data processing. In April 1957, Steinbuch published a paper called Informatik: Automatische Informationsverarbeitung ("Informatics: Automatic Information Processing").{{cite web|url=http://helios.informatik.uni-kl.de/euology.pdf|title=Karl Steinbuch Eulogy – Bernard Widrow, Reiner Hartenstein, Robert Hecht-Nielsen|website=uni-kl.de|access-date=2014-04-28|archive-date=2011-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719105224/http://helios.informatik.uni-kl.de/euology.pdf|url-status=dead}} The morphology—informat-ion + -ics—uses "the accepted form for names of sciences, as conics, mathematics, linguistics, optics, or matters of practice, as economics, politics, tactics",Oxford English Dictionary 1989 and so, linguistically, the meaning extends easily to encompass both the science of information and the practice of information processing. The German word Informatik is usually translated to English as{{cite web|last1=CTKlein|title=Best word for "computer science"|url=https://german.stackexchange.com/questions/10934/best-word-for-computer-science|access-date=6 April 2020|website=German Language Stack Exchange|publisher=Stack Exchange Inc}} computer science by universities or computer science & engineering by technical universities (German equivalents for institutes of technology). Depending on the context, informatics is also translated into computing, scientific computing or information and computer technology. The French term informatique was coined in 1962 by Philippe Dreyfus.Dreyfus, Phillipe. L’informatique. Gestion, Paris, June 1962, pp. 240–41 In the same month was also proposed independently by Walter F. Bauer (1924–2015) and associates who co-founded software company Informatics Inc. The term for the new discipline quickly spread throughout Europe, but it did not catch on in the United States. Over the years, many different definitions of informatics have been developed, most of them claim that the essence of informatics is one of these concepts: information processing, algorithms, computation, information, algorithmic processes, computational processes or computational systems.{{Cite web|last=Wegner|first=Peter|title=Research paradigms in Computer Science, Brown University|url=https://www.inf.unibz.it/~calvanese/teaching/2019-04-PhD-RM/material/Wegner%20-%20Research%20Paradigms%20in%20CS%20-%20ICSE%201976.pdf}}

{{See also|Computational informatics}}

The earliest uses of the term informatics in the United States was during the 1950s with the beginning of computer use in healthcare.{{Cite book|last1=Nelson|first1=Ramona|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eROwDQAAQBAJ&q=Nelson+&pg=PP1|title=Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach|last2=Staggers|first2=Nancy|date=8 December 2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-40225-5|pages=7}} Early practitioners interested in the field soon learned that there were no formal education programs, and none emerged until the late 1960s. They introduced the term informatics only in the context of archival science, which is only a small part of informatics. Professional development, therefore, played a significant role in the development of health informatics. According to Imhoff et al., 2001, healthcare informatics is not only the application of computer technology to problems in healthcare, but covers all aspects of generation, handling, communication, storage, retrieval, management, analysis, discovery, and synthesis of data information and knowledge in the entire scope of healthcare. Furthermore, they stated that the primary goal of health informatics can be distinguished as follows: To provide solutions for problems related to data, information, and knowledge processing. To study general principles of processing data information and knowledge in medicine and healthcare.Imhoff, M., Webb. A,.&Goldschmidt, A., (2001). Health Informatics. Intensive Care Med, 27: 179-186. {{doi|10.1007//s001340000747}}.Nelson, R. & Staggers, N. Health Informatics: An Interprofessional Approach. St. Louis: Mosby, 2013. Print. (p.4,7) The term health informatics quickly spread throughout the United States in various forms such as nursing informatics, public health informatics or medical informatics. Analogous terms were later introduced for use of computers in various fields, such as business informatics, forest informatics, legal informatics etc. These fields still mainly use term informatics in context of library science.

{{See also|Cognitive Science#Namings}}

In the early 1980s, K.A Nicholas published "Informatics: Ready for the Information Society" proposing a definition of Informatics as "the study and the practice of skills related to information, its collection, storage, retrieval, analysis and publication. In short; - Information Handling." It had been developed in the South Australian Education System at a grass roots level.

In the early 1990s, K.K. Kolin proposed an interpretation of informatics as a fundamental science that studies information processes in nature, society, and technical systems.

A broad interpretation of informatics, as "the study of the structure, algorithms, behaviour, and interactions of natural and artificial computational systems," was introduced by the University of Edinburgh in 1994. This has led to the merger of the institutes of computer science, artificial intelligence and cognitive science into a single School of Informatics in 2002.{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Neil|title=The old www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk server|url=http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/systems/web/oldcogsci.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|website=www.inf.ed.ac.uk}}

More than a dozen nearby universities joined Scottish Informatics and Computer Science Alliance. Some non-European universities have also adopted this definition (e.g. Kyoto University School of Informatics).

In 2003, Yingxu Wang popularized term cognitive informatics, described as follows:{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Yingxu|date=2003-08-01|title=On Cognitive Informatics|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025401527570|journal=Brain and Mind|language=en|volume=4|issue=2|pages=151–167|doi=10.1023/A:1025401527570|issn=1573-3300|s2cid=61495426}}

{{Blockquote|Supplementary to matter and energy, information is the third essence for modeling the world. Cognitive informatics focuses on internal information processing mechanisms and the natural intelligence of the brain.}}

Informatics as a fundamental science of information in natural and artificial systems was proposed again in Russia in 2006.{{Cite web|title=Becoming of informatics as fundamental science and the complex scientific problem|url=http://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?wshow=paper&jrnid=ssi&paperid=50&option_lang=eng|website=www.mathnet.ru}}

In 2007, the influential book Decoding the Universe was published.

Former president of Association for Computing Machinery, Peter Denning wrote in 2007:{{Cite web|last=Denning|first=Peter J|title=Computing Is a Natural Science|url=https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2007/7/5623-computing-is-a-natural-science/fulltext|website=Communications of the ACM|date=July 2007 }}

{{Blockquote|The old definition of computer science - the study of phenomena surrounding computers - is now obsolete. Computing is the study of natural and artificial information processes.}}

The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise, of the UK Funding Councils, includes a new, Computer Science and Informatics, unit of assessment (UoA),{{cite web|title=UoA 23 Computer Science and Informatics, Panel working methods|url=http://www.rae.ac.uk/pubs/2006/01/docs/f23.pdf|website=rae.ac.uk|access-date=2007-09-17|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231126/http://www.rae.ac.uk/pubs/2006/01/docs/f23.pdf|url-status=dead}} whose scope is described as follows:

:''The UoA includes the study of methods for acquiring, storing, processing, communicating and reasoning about information, and the role of interactivity in natural and artificial systems, through the implementation, organisation and use of computer hardware, software and other resources. The subjects are characterised by the rigorous application of analysis, experimentation and design.

In 2008, the construction of the Informatics Forum was completed. In 2018, the MIT Schwarzman College of Computing was established. Its construction is planned to be completed in 2021.

{{See also|Library science}}

In the fields of geoinformatics or irrigation informatics, the term -informatics usually mean information science, in context related to library science. This was the first meaning of informatics introduced in Russia in 1966 by A.I. Mikhailov, R.S. Gilyarevskii, and A.I. Chernyi, which referred to a scientific discipline that studies the structure and properties of scientific information.{{Cite journal|last=Yatsko|first=Viatcheslav A.|date=2018|title=Informatics, Information Science, and Computer Science|journal=Scientific and Technical Information Processing|volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=235–240 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329936460|doi=10.3103/S0147688218040081}} In this context, the term was also used by the International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility. Some scientists use this term, however, to refer to the science of information processing, not data management.{{Cite book|last=Wang|first=Yingxu|title=2013 IEEE 12th International Conference on Cognitive Informatics and Cognitive Computing |chapter=Basic theories for neuroinformatics and neurocomputing |year=2013|chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6622217|pages=3–4|doi=10.1109/ICCI-CC.2013.6622217|isbn=978-1-4799-0783-0|s2cid=12488667}}

In the English-speaking world, the term informatics was first widely used in the compound medical informatics, taken to include "the cognitive, information processing, and communication tasks of medical practice, education, and research, including information science and the technology to support these tasks".Greenes, R.A. and Shortliffe, E.H. (1990) "Medical Informatics: An emerging discipline with academic and institutional perspectives." Journal of the American Medical Association, 263(8) pp. 1114–20. http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1990.03440080092030 Many such compounds are now in use; they can be viewed as different areas of "applied informatics".

In some countries such as Germany, Russia, France, and Italy, the term informatics in many contexts (but not always) can translate directly to computer science.{{Cite web |title=Mission and History |url=https://www.informatics-europe.org/about/mission-and-origins.html |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Informatics Europe |language=en-gb}}

Computer scientists study computational processes and systems. Computing Research Repository (CoRR) classification distinguishes the following main topics in computer science (alphabetic order):{{Cite web|title=arXiv.org e-Print archive|url=https://arxiv.org/|website=arxiv.org}}{{Cite web|date=2019|title=Informatics as a Fundamental Discipline for the 21st Century|url=https://www.informatics-europe.org/component/phocadownload/category/12-articles.html?download=99:informatics-fundamental-discipline|website=Informatics Europe}}{{Cite book|last1=Denning|first1=Peter J.|last2=Rosenbloom|first2=Paul|title=The Profession of IT Computing: The Fourth Great Domain of Science|date=2009|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|oclc=981466101}}

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• artificial intelligence
• computation and language
• computational complexity
• computational engineering, finance, and science
• computational geometry
• computational game theory
• computer vision and pattern recognition
• computers and society
• cryptography and security
• data structures and algorithms
• databases and digital libraries
• distributed, parallel and cluster computing
• emerging technologies
• formal languages and automata theory
• general literature
• graphics
• hardware architecture
• human-computer Interaction
• information retrieval
• information theory
• logic in computer science
• machine learning
• mathematical software
• multiagent systems
• multimedia
• networking and internet architecture
• neural computing and evolutionary computing
• numerical analysis
• operating systems
• other computer science
• performance
• programming languages
• robotics
• social and information networks
• software engineering
• sound
• symbolic computation
• systems and control

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{{see also|List of computer science conferences|List of important publications in theoretical computer science}}

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• Information and Computation
• Acta Informatica
• Information Processing Letters
• Neural Information Processing Systems
• Journal of Automata, Languages and Combinatorics
• International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence{{Cite web|title=International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence (IJCINI)|url=https://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=19700186872&tip=sid|language=en}}
• Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition{{Cite book|last=IEEE CS|title=IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, CVPR. 1983 conf., Washington, D.C. Proceedings: Computer vision and pattern recognition|date=1983|isbn=978-0-8186-0053-1|location=New York, N.Y.|language=en|oclc=472099962}})
• Symposium on Theory of Computing
• European Conference on Computer Vision
• Brain Informatics{{Cite web|title=Brain Informatics|url=https://braininformatics.springeropen.com/|website=Brain Informatics|language=en}}
• International Conference on Computer Vision
• International Conference on Machine Learning
• Algorithmica
• Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science{{Cite web|title=Alvy Ray Smith synapse FOCS Cover|url=http://alvyray.com/Art/Synapse.htm|website=alvyray.com}})
• European Symposium on Algorithms
• Fundamenta Informaticae
• Symposium on Discrete Algorithms
• Journal of Logic and Computation
• Bioinformatics
• Neural Computing and Applications{{Cite web|title=Neural Computing and Applications|url=https://www.springer.com/journal/521|website=Springer}}
• Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems{{Cite web|title=Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|url=https://www.springer.com/journal/10458|website=Springer}}
• International Symposium on Fundamentals of Computation Theory
• International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming
• Journal of Scientific Computing{{Cite web|title=Journal of Scientific Computing|url=https://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=23490&tip=sid|website=www.scimagojr.com}}
• Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
• Annual Symposium on Computational Geometry
• Simulation & Gaming{{Cite web|title=Simulation & Gaming|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/home/sag|website=SAGE Journals|language=en}}
• Journal of Machine Learning Research
• Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
• ACM Transactions on Graphics
• IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
• IEEE Transactions on Computers
• IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
• ACM Symposium on Computer and Communications Security{{Cite web|title=ACM CCS 2020 - November 9-13, 2020|url=https://www.sigsac.org/ccs/CCS2020/|website=www.sigsac.org}}
• Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures
• Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science

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• Informatics Europe
• Association for Computing Machinery
• IEEE Computer Society
• Scottish Informatics and Computer Science Alliance
• Computing Research Association
• Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
• American Society for Information Science and Technology
• International Federation for Information Processing
• Association for Logic, Language and Information
• Gesellschaft für Informatik
• Association for Women in Computing
• Computer Science Teachers Association
• Computability in Europe
• European Association for Theoretical Computer Science
• Raspberry Pi Foundation

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• Information School at University of Washington{{Cite web|title=University of Washington, BS Informatics|url=https://ischool.uw.edu/programs/informatics/curriculum}}
• College of Emergency Preparedness, Homeland Security and Cybersecurity at University at Albany, SUNY{{Cite web|title=University at Albany, BS Informatics|url=https://www.albany.edu/cehc/programs/bs-informatics}}
• Department of Informatics at University of California, Irvine{{Cite web|title=UC Irvine, B.S. Informatics|url=https://www.informatics.uci.edu/undergrad/bs-informatics/}}{{Cite web|title=UC Irvine, M.S. Informatics|url=https://www.informatics.uci.edu/grad/ms-informatics/}}{{Cite web|title=UC Irvine, Ph.D. Informatics|url=https://www.informatics.uci.edu/grad/phd-informatics/}}
• College of Literature, Science, and the Arts at University of Michigan{{Cite web|title=University of Michigan, Major in Informatics|url=https://lsa.umich.edu/stats/undergraduate-students/undergraduate-programs/informatics.html}}
• School of Information at The University of Texas at Austin{{Cite web|title=University of Texas at Austin, Bachelor's Degree in Informatics|url=https://www.ischool.utexas.edu/programs/informatics}}
• Manning College of Information & Computer Sciences at University of Massachusetts Amherst{{Cite web|title=University of Massachusetts Amherst, BS in Informatics|date=22 September 2014 |url=https://www.cics.umass.edu/informatics}}
• Texas Women's University{{Cite web|title=Texas Women's University, Informatics Bachelor of Science Degrees|url=https://twu.edu/informatics/undergraduate-programs/}}
• College of Literature, Science, and the Arts at University of Michigan
• Department of Informatics at Indiana University Bloomington{{Cite web|title=Indiana University Bloomington, BS in Informatics|url=https://informatics.indiana.edu/programs/bs-informatics/index.html}}{{Cite web|title=Indiana University Bloomington, Ph.D. in Informatics|url=https://informatics.indiana.edu/programs/phd-informatics/index.html}}
• School of Informatics and Computing at Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis{{Cite web|title=IUPUI, BS in Informatics|url=https://soic.iupui.edu/degrees/undergraduate/informatics/}}
• School of Information at San Jose State University{{Cite web|title=San Jose State University, Master of Science in Informatics|date=5 October 2020 |url=https://ischool.sjsu.edu/ms-informatics}}
• School of Computing and Informatics at University of Louisiana at Lafayette{{Cite web|title=University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Master of Science in Informatics|date=22 May 2017 |url=https://computing.louisiana.edu/informatics/masters-informatics}}
• Department of Computer Science at The University of Iowa{{Cite web|title=The University of Iowa, BS in Informatics|url=https://catalog.registrar.uiowa.edu/liberal-arts-sciences/computer-science/informatics-bs/}}{{Cite web|title=The University of Iowa, Informatics, Ph.D.|url=https://catalog.registrar.uiowa.edu/graduate-college/informatics/phd/}}
• Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering at Arizona State University{{Cite web|title=Arizona State University, Informatics (BS)|url=https://scai.engineering.asu.edu/informatics/}}
• School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems at Northern Arizona University{{Cite web|title=Northern Arizona University, Informatics, Master of Science|url=https://nau.edu/school-of-informatics-computing-and-cyber-systems/ms-informatics/}}{{Cite web|title=Northern Arizona University, Informatics, Bachelor of Science|url=https://nau.edu/school-of-informatics-computing-and-cyber-systems/bs-informatics/}}
• School of Engineering and Computer Science at Baylor University{{Cite web|title=Baylor University, Bachelor of Science in Informatics| date=19 July 2022 |url=https://www.ecs.baylor.edu/index.php?id=961235}}
• College of Information Sciences and Technology at Pennsylvania State University{{Cite web|title=Penn State College of IST, M.S. in Informatics|url=https://ist.psu.edu/prospective/graduate/ms-informatics}}{{Cite web|title=Penn State College of IST, Ph.D. in Informatics|url=https://ist.psu.edu/prospective/graduate/phd-informatics}}
• College of Engineering and Computing at University of South Carolina{{Cite web|title=University of South Carolina, Informatics, Ph.D.|url=https://academicbulletins.sc.edu/graduate/engineering-computing/integrated-information-technology/informatics-phd/}}
• Doctoral School of Informatics at University of Debrecen{{Cite web|title=University of Debrecen, Informatics, PhD|url=https://edu.unideb.hu/p/informatics-phd}}
• School of Information Sciences at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign{{Cite web|title=University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Informatics PhD|url=https://informatics.ischool.illinois.edu/informatics-phd/}}
• University of Sussex{{Cite web|title=University of Sussex, Informatics PhD|url=https://www.sussex.ac.uk/study/phd/degrees/informatics-phd}}
• Institute for Data Science & Informatics at University of Missouri{{Cite web|title=University of Missouri, PhD in Informatics|url=http://catalog.missouri.edu/graduateschool/informatics/phd-informatics/}}
• Norwegian University of Science and Technology{{Cite web|title=Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Master of Science in Informatics|url=https://www.ntnu.edu/studies/msit}}
• Department of Informatics at University of Bergen{{Cite web|title=University of Bergen, PhD in informatics|url=https://www.uib.no/en/ii/52927/phd-informatics}}
• School of Informatics at University of Edinburgh{{Cite web|title=University of Edinburgh, MInf Informatics| date=20 February 2023 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/studying/undergraduate/degrees/index.php?action=programme&code=G500}}
• Department of Informatics at Technical University of Munich{{Cite web|title=Technical University of Munich, M.Sc. Informatics |date=31 July 2023 |url=https://www.in.tum.de/en/for-prospective-students/apply-for-admission/masters-programs/informatics/}}
• Università della Svizzera italiana{{Cite web|title=Università della Svizzera italiana, Master in Informatics |url=https://www.usi.ch/en/education/master/informatics}}
• List of Information Schools

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{{div col|colwidth=18em}}

• Artificial intelligence
• Behavior informatics
• Bioinformatics
• Computational theory of mind
• Computer simulation
• Data processing
• Data engineering
• Data analysis
• Entscheidungsproblem
• Information and computer science
• Information engineering
• Information science
• Information system
• Information technology
• Information theory
• Machine learning
• Models of neural computation
• Neural computation
• Real-time computing

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{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

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• {{cite book|last=Informatics Europe|author-link=Informatics Europe|title=Informatics for All The Strategy|url=https://www.acm.org/binaries/content/assets/public-policy/acm-europe-ie-i4all-strategy-2018.pdf|year=2018}}
• {{cite web|last=School of Informatics|author-link=School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh|title=What is Informatics?|url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/files/atoms/files/what20is20informatics.pdf|year=1994}}
• {{cite book|last=Informatics Europe|author-link=Informatics Europe|title=Informatics Education in Europe: Institutions, Degrees, Students, Positions, Salaries in 2013-2018|url=https://www.informatics-europe.org/component/phocadownload/category/10-reports.html?download=128:informatics-education-europe-data-2013-2018.pdf|year=2018}}
• {{cite web|last=Informatics Europe & ACM Europe Working Group|title=Informatics Education: Europe cannot Afford to Miss the Boat|url=https://www.informatics-europe.org/component/phocadownload/category/10-reports.html?download=40:joint-informatics-europe-and-acm-europe-report-on-informatics-education-in-europe.pdf|year=2013}}
• {{cite web|last=The Committee on European Computing Education|title=Informatics Education in Europe: Are We All In The Same Boat?|url=https://www.informatics-europe.org/component/phocadownload/category/10-reports.html?download=60:cece-report.pdf|year=2018}}
• {{cite book|last=University of Edinburgh|author-link=University of Edinburgh|title=Entry for informatics to appear in International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science|url=http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/publications/online/0139.pdf|year=2002}}
• {{cite book|last=Informatics Europe|author-link=Informatics Europe|title=Informatics Doctorates in Europe - Some Facts and Figures|url=https://www.informatics-europe.org/component/phocadownload/category/10-reports.html?download=39:informatics-doctorates-in-europe-some-facts-and-figures.pdf|year=2013}}
• {{cite book|last=Informatics Europe|author-link=Informatics Europe|title=Informatics research evaluation|url=https://www.informatics-europe.org/component/phocadownload/category/10-reports.html?download=76:research-evaluation-2018.pdf|year=2018}}

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{{refend}}

{{Informatics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Informatics (Academic Field)}}

Category:Cognitive science

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Category:Information science

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