Isère (river)
{{distinguish|Yser}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Isère
| native_name = {{native name list |tag1=frp|name1=Isera |tag2=oc|name2=Isèra}}
| image = Grenoble Isere.jpg
| image_alt = The Isère in the center of Grenoble.
| image_caption = The Isère in the center of Grenoble
| map = Isère.png
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Path of the Isère
| source1_location = Sources de l'Isère Glacier, Grande Aiguille Rousse, Graian Alps
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|45|26|45|N|7|5|47|E}}
| mouth_location = Rhône
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|44|58|56|N|4|51|8|E|display=inline,title}}
| progression = {{RRhône}}
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = France
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
| subdivision_type3 = Departments
| subdivision_name3 = {{hlist|Drôme|Isère|Savoie}}
| length = {{convert|286|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation = ±{{convert|2900|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| mouth_elevation = ±{{convert|110|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|329|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}
| basin_size = {{convert|11890|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left = Arc, Drac
| tributaries_right = Arly
| custom_label = Sources
| custom_data = Sandre, Géoportail, {{Interlanguage link|Banque Hydro|fr}}, {{Interlanguage link|Symbhi|fr}}
}}
The Isère ({{IPAc-en|US|iː|ˈ|z|ɛər}} {{respell|ee|ZAIR}},{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Isère|access-date=22 August 2019}}{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Isère|access-date=22 August 2019}} {{IPA|fr|izɛʁ|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Isère.wav}}; {{langx|frp|Isera}}; {{langx|oc|Isèra}}) is a river in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of southeastern France. Its source, a glacier known as the Sources de l'Isère, lies in the Vanoise National Park in the Graian Alps of Savoie, near the ski resort in Val-d'Isère on the border with Italy. An important left-bank tributary of the Rhône, the Isère merges with it a few kilometers north of Valence.
Many riverside communes have incorporated the Isère's name into their own, for example, Sainte-Hélène-sur-Isère and Romans-sur-Isère. The department of Isère is likewise named after the river.
Etymology
The name Isère was first recorded under the form Isara, which means "the impetuous one, the swift one."{{cite web |url=http://www.arbre-celtique.com/forum/isar-3997.htm |title=ISARA / ISAROS (ISÈRE) |date=2009 |website=Encyclopédie de l'Arbre Celtique |publisher= Guillaume Roussel|language=fr |access-date=24 March 2015}} Not originally a Celtic word, it was very likely assimilated by the Celts in ancient times. This word is related to the Indo-European *isərós, meaning "impetuous, quick, vigorous," which is similar to the Sanskrit isiráḥ इसिरः อิสิระ with the same definition.{{cite book |last=Delamarre |first=Xavier |date=2003 |title=Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise : une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental |trans-title= Dictionary of the Gallic Language: A Linguistic Approach to Continental Old Celtic |language=fr |publisher=Errance |location=Paris |edition=Revised and augmented 2nd |series=Collection des Hespérides |isbn=978-2-87772-369-5 |oclc=354152038 |page=191}} It was probably based on the reconstructed Indo-European root *eis(ə) (and not *is), which incidentally has not been found in the Celtic languages of the British Isles.
The word Isara figures in the etymology of many other river names, from ancient Gaul and its neighboring lands. Examples of this are the Ésera in Spain, the Isar in Germany, the small Franco-Belgian Yser, or even the ancient name of the Oise, Isara (the French adjective isarien still exists in the language and continues to describe anything related to the Oise). In non-Celtic countries, we find the Isarco, a river in Northern Italy, the Éisra and Istrà in Lithuania, Jizera in the Czech Republic and Usora in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Geography
The Isère's course measures {{convert|286|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}}{{Sandre |id=W---0000 |nom=Isère |consulté le=24 March 2015}} and runs through a wide variety of landscapes: from its source near the Italian border in the western Alps, it crosses the Pays de Savoie and the Tarentaise Valley, cuts between the Chartreuse and Belledonne mountain ranges, follows the Vercors Massif, passes through the Dauphiné province, and finally meets with the Rhône at the foot of the Vivarais.
= Valleys =
Image:Unités de paysage du Valentinois.JPG
The upper valley of the Isère is called the Tarentaise, and its middle valley the Grésivaudan.
The lower valley constitutes a section of the {{Interlanguage link|Plain of Valence|fr|3=Valentinois}} (also called the Valentinois)Ravit, Philippe (2007). Le paysage valentinois, de la fondation de la colonie de Valentia (Valence) au IIIème siècle ap. J.-C. (Dissertation) (in French). Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3. p. 202. and is characterized by the river's deep, winding channel. Instead of widening its banks over time, the Isère has dug deeper into its bed, forming stepped fluvial terraces. The valley has clearly defined borders and is relatively narrow, not exceeding {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} in breadth.
The repetition of alluvial deposition (during periods of Quaternary glaciation) and overdeepening (during interglacial periods), known as a fluvioglacial system, led to the formation of several stepped terraces in the lower Isère valley, like the one on which Saint-Marcel-lès-Valence is built.{{Cite thesis |last=Delahaye |first=Emmanuelle |title=Les espaces fluvio-urbains rhodaniens à l'aval de Lyon, Vienne, Valence, Avignon, Tarascon, Beaucaire et Arles : des territoires à la dérive ? |trans-title=Urban river spaces along the Rhône downstream of Lyon, Vienne, Valence, Avignon, Tarascon, Beaucaire and Arles: territories left to drift? |language=fr |chapter=Chapter 2.1.2., page 'Caractéristiques topographiques : au-dessus du fleuve' |chapter-url=http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2009/delahaye_e#p=74&a=TH.3.1.2.1.1 |date=23 January 2009 |publisher=Université Lumière Lyon 2 |access-date=25 March 2015}} This occurred through the massive accumulation of alluvium from the Isère on top of a bed of Miocene molasse. Today, these terraces still define the geography of the Plain of Valence.{{cite journal |last=Faucher |first=Daniel |year=1914 |title=La plaine de Valence (Bas-Dauphiné) |url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/geo_0003-4010_1914_num_23_128_8134 |journal=Annales de Géographie |language=fr |trans-title=The Plain of Valence (Lower Dauphiné) |publisher=Armand Colin |volume=23 |issue=128 |pages=127–128 |doi=10.3406/geo.1914.8134 |issn=0003-4010 |access-date=20 March 2015 |via=Persée}}
= Confluence =
The Isère initially merges with one of the Rhône's diversion canals, built for navigational purposes, at Pont-de-l'Isère. At the southern tip of La Roche-de-Glun (a commune on an island formed by the canal), the Isère Dam drains part of the water back into the Rhône and permits the Isère to continue its course alone until it passes through the Bourg-lès-Valence Dam and reaches its final junction with the Rhône.
= Main Tributaries =
(L) Left-bank tributary; (R) Right-bank tributary.
- (L) {{Interlanguage link|Doron de Bozel|fr}}, {{convert|38.7|km|mi|abbr=on}}
- (R) Doron de Champagny, {{convert|15.9|km|mi|abbr=on}}
- (L) {{Interlanguage link|Doron des Allues|fr}}, {{convert|20.9|km|mi|abbr=on}}
- (L) {{Interlanguage link|Doron de Belleville|fr}}, {{convert|28.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}
- (R) Arly, {{convert|34.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}
- (L) Chaise, {{convert|24|km|mi|abbr=on}}
- (L) {{Interlanguage link|Doron de Beaufort|fr}}, {{convert|24.1|km|mi|abbr=on}}
- (L) Arc, {{convert|127.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}
- (L) Drac, {{convert|130.3|km|mi|abbr=on}}
- (R) {{Interlanguage link|Séveraisse|fr}}, {{convert|32.9|km|mi|abbr=on}}
- (L) {{Interlanguage link|Souloise|fr}}, {{convert|25.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}
- (R) {{Interlanguage link|Bonne (river)|fr|3=Bonne (rivière)|lt=Bonne}}, {{convert|40.1|km|mi|abbr=on}}
- (L) {{Interlanguage link|Ébron (river)|fr|3=Ébron|lt=Ébron}}, {{convert|32.1|km|mi|abbr=on}}
- (R) Romanche, {{convert|78.4|km|mi|abbr=on}}
- (L) {{Interlanguage link|Gresse (river)|fr|3=Gresse|lt=Gresse}}, {{convert|34.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}
- (R) {{Interlanguage link|Vence (river)|fr|3=Ruisseau de la Vence|lt=Vence}}, {{convert|17.2|km|mi|abbr=on}}
- (R) Morge, {{convert|27.2|km|mi|abbr=on}}
- {{Interlanguage link|Fure (river)|fr|3=Fure|lt=Fure}}, {{convert|25.3|km|mi|abbr=on}}, via the Morge Canal
- (L) {{Interlanguage link|Bourne (Isère)|fr|3=Bourne (rivière)|lt=Bourne}}, {{convert|43.1|km|mi|abbr=on}}
- (L) {{Interlanguage link|Vernaison (river)|fr|3=Vernaison (rivière)|lt=Vernaison}}, {{convert|32|km|mi|abbr=on}}
- (R) {{Interlanguage link|Herbasse|fr}}, {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}}
= Cities on the Isère =
Hydrology
File:Isere profil long.svg elevation (m). Horizontal: distance from the mouth of the river (km).]]
The length of the Isère is {{convert|286|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and its drainage basin covers {{convert|11890|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.
The vertical profile of the river is made up of several zones:[http://www.geoportail.gouv.fr/ Géoportail Maps]
- From its sources to Sainte-Foy-Tarentaise (except for those sources having a slope of around 25%),The starting point is at 2,341 m, near the Prariond Refuge. The ending point is situated just downstream of Villaroger. the average slope of the Isère is 5.1%, in a more or less confined valley (forests, gorges, and higher up, grasslands).
- As far as Moûtiers, the slope measures 1.18%.
- Before the river's confluence with the Arly, its slope is only 0.53%.
- The slope decreases to 0.136% until Grenoble.
- Downstream from Grenoble, it measures 0.1%.
The flow of the Isère was observed over a period of 58 years (between 1956 and 2015) at Beaumont-Monteux in the Drôme department, situated near the river's confluence with the Rhône. The discharge of the river at Beaumont-Monteux measured {{convert|329|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=off|sp=us}}.{{cite web |url=http://www.hydro.eaufrance.fr/stations/W3540010%26procedure%3Dsynthese |title=Synthèse : L'Isère à Beaumont-Monteux |website={{Interlanguage link|Banque Hydro|fr|3=Banque nationale de donnée pour l'hydrométrie et l'hydrologie}} |publisher=Eaufrance |language=fr |access-date=25 March 2015 |archive-date=1 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901215810/http://www.hydro.eaufrance.fr/stations/W3540010%26procedure%3Dsynthese |url-status=dead }}
The Isère's large seasonal fluctuations are typical of rivers fed in large part by snowmelt, with springtime flooding raising the average monthly discharge between {{convert|382|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=values}} and {{convert|500|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} from April to July (peaking in May and June), and low water levels in autumn and winter, from August to February, with a minimum average monthly discharge of {{convert|246|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} in September. Generally speaking, this makes the Isère a very plentiful watercourse throughout the year.
{{River discharge
|station=Beaumont-Monteux
|date=data calculated over 58 years
|unit=m3/s
|source = [http://www.hydro.eaufrance.fr/stations/W3540010&procedure=synthese Banque Hydro] - Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy
|max discharge = 500
|main scale = 100
|secondary scale = 25
|jan1=263
|feb1=291
|mar1=323
|apr1=382
|may1=472
|jun1=500
|jul1=387
|aug1=265
|sep1=246
|oct1=270
|nov1=285
|dec1=268
}}
However, the {{Interlanguage link|VCN3|fr}}VCN3 is an acronym used by French hydrologists to represent the mean flow of a river recorded over three consecutive days in order to characterize the severity of a drought. [http://www.glossaire.eaufrance.fr/en/concept/minimum-annual-mean-flow Eaufrance Glossary on Water - Minimum Annual Mean Flow] can drop to {{convert|110|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} during a five-year dry spell, which is very low.
On the other hand, severe flooding can result from rapid thaw or torrential autumn rain. In fact, {{Interlanguage link|QIX 2|fr|3=QIX (hydrologie)}}QIX is an acronym used by French hydrologists to represent the likely return interval of a flood with a given severity. For example, QIX 2 = once in two years, while QIX 10 = once in 10 years. [http://www.glossaire.eaufrance.fr/en/concept/flood-flow Eaufrance Glossary on Water - Flood Flow] and QIX 5 are {{convert|1200|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=values}} and {{convert|1500|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}, respectively. QIX 10 is {{convert|1700|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}. QIX 20 reaches {{convert|1900|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}, while QIX 50 rises to {{convert|2200|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}, which is still moderate compared to other rivers in the south of France, like the Tarn.
The highest instantaneous discharge on record was {{convert|2050|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} on September 16, 1960, while the highest daily value was {{convert|1510|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} on October 7 of the same year.
The depth of runoff for the Isère's drainage basin is {{convert|882|mm|in|sp=us|abbr=off}} annually, which is quite high above France's average and clearly superior to that of the Rhône's drainage basin ({{convert|666|mm|in|abbr=on}} in Valence for a surface area of {{convert|66450|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{cite web |url=http://www.hydro.eaufrance.fr/hydroweb1/Traitement/genere_pdf_synthese.php?ss_StaCdCode=V4010010&unite=m3/s |title=Le Rhône à Valence |date=8 March 2015 |website=Banque Hydro |publisher=Eaufrance |language=fr |trans-title=The Rhône at Valence |format=PDF |access-date=25 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402231532/http://www.hydro.eaufrance.fr/hydroweb1/Traitement/genere_pdf_synthese.php?ss_StaCdCode=V4010010&unite=m3%2Fs |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}). The specific discharge[http://www.glossaire.eaufrance.fr/en/concept/specific-flow Eaufrance Glossary on Water - Specific Flow] is 27.9 liters per second per square kilometer of drainage basin.
Image:Isère-panorama.jpg, seen from the Chartreuse Mountains]]
Gallery
Image:Isere à Daille.jpg|The Isère from La Daille, near Val-d'Isère
Image:Moutiers.jpg|Moûtiers: the Isère and the cathedral
Image:200604 - Montmelian Pont Isere.JPG|The bridge on the Isère at Montmélian
Image:Pont Marius Gontard à Grenoble.JPG|The Isère leaving Grenoble
Image:Romansvg.jpg|The Isère at Romans-sur-Isère
Image:Antoine Guindrand - Paysage de l'Isère - 1836.JPG|Antoine Guindrand
Paysage de l'Isère [Isère landscape] (1836)
See also
References
{{reflist}}
External links
{{commons category|Isère River}}
- {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Isère (river) | volume= 14 |last= Coolidge |first= William Augustus Brevoort |author-link= W. A. B. Coolidge| page = 867 |short= 1}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Isere (river)}}