Johannesburg#Sports

Controversy surrounds the origin of the name. There were quite a number of people with the name "Johannes" who were involved in the early history of the city. Among them is the principal clerk attached to the office of the surveyor-general Hendrik Dercksen, Christiaan Johannes Joubert, who was a member of the Volksraad and was the Republic's chief of mining. Another was Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger (better known as Paul Kruger), president of the South African Republic (ZAR) from 1883 to 1900. Johannes Meyer, the first government official in the area is another possibility.{{cite web |title=How was Johannesburg named? |url=https://www.joburg.org.za/play_/Pages/Play%20in%20Joburg/Culture%20and%20Heritage/Links/How-was-Johannesburg-named.aspx |website=www.joburg.org.za |language=en-ZA |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308184520/https://www.joburg.org.za/play_/Pages/Play%20in%20Joburg/Culture%20and%20Heritage/Links/How-was-Johannesburg-named.aspx |url-status=live }}

Precise records for the choice of name were lost. Johannes Rissik and Johannes Joubert were members of a delegation sent to England to obtain mining rights for the area. Joubert had a park in the city named after him, and Rissik has his name for one of the main streets in the city where the historically important albeit dilapidated Rissik Street Post Office is located.{{cite web |title=Rissik Street Post Office Johannesburg – The Heritage Portal |url=http://www.theheritageportal.co.za/thread/rissik-street-post-office-johannesburg |website=www.theheritageportal.co.za |access-date=31 May 2017 |archive-date=18 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018195115/http://www.theheritageportal.co.za/thread/rissik-street-post-office-johannesburg |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=295:rissik-street-post-office&catid=38:heritage&Itemid=51 |title=City of Johannesburg – Rissik Street Post Office |access-date=16 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111105718/http://joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=295:rissik-street-post-office&catid=38:heritage&Itemid=51 |archive-date=11 November 2013 |url-status=dead}} The City Hall is also located on Rissik Street.

{{main|History of Johannesburg|Timeline of Johannesburg}}

The region surrounding Johannesburg was originally inhabited by San hunter-gatherers who used stone tools. There is evidence that they lived there up to ten centuries ago.{{cite web |title=Melville Koppies: Ancient History |url=http://mk.org.za/mkhist1.htm |website=mk.org.za |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315061153/http://www.mk.org.za/mkhist1.htm |url-status=live }} Stone-walled ruins of Sotho–Tswana towns and villages are scattered around the parts of the former Transvaal in which Johannesburg is situated.{{citation |last=Mason |first=Revil |title=Origins of Black People of Johannesburg and the Southern Western Central Transvaal, AD 300-1880 |number=Occasional Paper No. 16 |publisher=Archeological Research Unit (University of the Witwatersrand) |date=1986}}

By the mid-18th century, the broader region was largely settled by various Sotho–Tswana communities (one linguistic branch of Bantu-speakers), whose villages, towns, chiefdoms and kingdoms stretched from the Bechuanaland Protectorate (what is now Botswana) in the west,{{cite news |title=Botswana profile |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13041658 |publisher=BBC News |date=9 August 2012 |access-date=17 December 2020 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211052647/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13041658 |url-status=live }} to present day Lesotho in the south,{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of the British Empire |editor-first1=James S. |editor-last1=Olson |editor-first2=Robert S. |editor-last2=Shadle |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1996 |page=118 |isbn=0-313-27917-9}} to the present day Pedi areas of the Limpopo Province. More specifically, the stone-walled ruins of Sotho–Tswana towns and villages are scattered around the parts of the former Transvaal province in which Johannesburg is situated.

Many Sotho–Tswana towns and villages in the areas around Johannesburg were destroyed and their people driven away during the wars emanating from Zululand during the late 18th and early 19th centuries (the mfecane or difaqane wars),{{Cite web |title=Mfecane {{!}} Zulu Expansion, Shaka Zulu & Nguni Migrations {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}} and as a result, an offshoot of the Zulu kingdom, the Ndebele (often referred to as the Matabele, the name given them by the local Sotho–Tswana), set up a kingdom to the northwest of Johannesburg around modern-day Rustenburg.

{{main|Witwatersrand Gold Rush}}

File:langlaagte.jpg, on the Witwatersrand – site of the first discovery of gold in 1886.]]

File:Ferreira's Gold Mine in 1886.jpg gold mine in 1886, the oldest part of Johannesburg{{cite book |author=Melanie Yap |title=Colour, Confusion and Concessions: The History of the Chinese in South Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ca9nqe6PRoC&pg=PA84 |access-date=2013-05-07 |year=1996 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=978-962-209-424-6 |page=84}}{{cite web |title=Chinatown Precinct Plan |url=http://www.joburg-archive.co.za/2011/inner_city/chinatown_precinct_plan2009.pdf |publisher=City of Johannesburg |access-date=10 May 2013 |quote=The oldest part of Johannesburg was first known as Ferreira's Camp and later Ferreiradorp. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063523/http://www.joburg-archive.co.za/2011/inner_city/chinatown_precinct_plan2009.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}} and where the first gold diggers initially settled.{{cite web |title=Westgate Station Precinct Spatial Development Framework and Implementation Plan |url=http://www.joburg-archive.co.za/2011/inner_city/westgate/sdf_plan_analysis_heritage_assets.pdf |publisher=City of Johannesburg (Archive) |access-date=7 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185711/http://www.joburg-archive.co.za/2011/inner_city/westgate/sdf_plan_analysis_heritage_assets.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}]]

The main Witwatersrand gold reef was discovered in June 1884 on the farm Vogelstruisfontein by Jan Gerritse Bantjes, son of Jan Bantjes. This triggered the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the founding of Johannesburg in 1886. The discovery of gold rapidly attracted people to the area, making necessary a name and governmental organisation for the area. Jan, Johan and Johannes were common male names among the Dutch of that time; two men involved in surveying the area for the best location of the city, Christian Johannes Joubert and Johann Rissik, are considered the source of the name by some. Johannes Meyer, the first government official in the area is another possibility. Precise records for the choice of name were lost.{{cite web |url=http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&id=275&Itemid=51 |title=How was Johannesburg named? |publisher=Official Website of the City of Johannesburg |year=2015 |access-date=17 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417124059/http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&id=275&Itemid=51 |archive-date=17 April 2015 |url-status=dead}} Within ten years, the city of Johannesburg included 100,000 people.

In September 1884, the Struben brothers discovered the Confidence Reef on the farm Wilgespruit near present-day Roodepoort, which further boosted excitement over gold prospects.{{Cite book |title=A Concise Historical Dictionary of Greater Johannesburg |last1=Musiker |first1=Naomi |last2=Musiker |first2=Reuben |publisher=Francolin |year=2000 |isbn=978-1868590711 |location=Cape Town}}{{rp|254}} The first gold to be crushed on the Witwatersrand was the gold-bearing rock from the Bantjes mine crushed using the Struben brothers stamp machine. News of the discovery soon reached Kimberley and directors Cecil Rhodes and Sir Joseph Robinson rode up to investigate the rumours for themselves. They were guided to the Bantjes camp with its tents strung out over several kilometres and stayed with Bantjes for two nights.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}}

In 1884, they purchased the first pure refined gold from Bantjes for £3,000. Incidentally, Bantjes had from 1881 been operating the Kromdraai Gold Mine in the Cradle of Humankind together with his partner Johannes Stephanus Minnaar where they first discovered gold in 1881, and which also offered another kind of discovery—the early ancestors of all mankind.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} Some report Australian George Harrison as the first to make a claim for gold in the area that became Johannesburg, as he found gold on a farm in July 1886. He did not remain in the area.{{cite web |url=http://www.travelhouseuk.co.uk/news/travel-insight/johannesburg-the-city-built-on-gold.htm |title=Johannesburg: The City Built on Gold |author=Victor Hunt |publisher=Travelhouse UK |date=7 December 2013 |access-date=16 September 2014 |archive-date=14 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914050649/http://www.travelhouseuk.co.uk/news/travel-insight/johannesburg-the-city-built-on-gold.htm |url-status=live }}

On 3 October 1886 the name Johannesburg was first used. Surveyor Jos de Villiers surveyed Johannesburg's first neighborhood, Randjeslaagte, between 19 October and 3 November that year.{{Cite web |last=Plug |first=C. |date=31 January 2024 |title=De Villiers, Mr Josias Eduard (astronomy, surveying) |url=https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=719 |access-date=26 October 2024 |website=S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science}}{{Cite web |title=Johannesburg Timeline 1800-1991 |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/johannesburg-timeline-1800-1991 |access-date=27 October 2024 |website=South African History Online}}

Gold was earlier discovered some {{convert|400|km|0|abbr=off}} to the east of present-day Johannesburg in Barberton. Gold prospectors soon discovered the richer gold reefs of the Witwatersrand offered by Bantjes. The original miners' camp, under the informal leadership of Col Ignatius Ferreira, was located in the Fordsburg dip, possibly because water was available there, and because of the site's proximity to the diggings. Following the establishment of Johannesburg, the area was taken over by the Transvaal government who had it surveyed and named it Ferreira's Township, today the suburb of Ferreirasdorp. The first settlement at Ferreira's Camp was established as a tented camp and which soon reached a population of 3,000 by 1887.{{cite book |author1=Andrew M. Reid |author2=Paul J. Lane |title=African Historical Archaeologies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3PUSDyy4vQC&pg=PA347 |access-date=7 May 2013 |year=2004 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-47996-0 |page=347 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902010158/https://books.google.com/books?id=T3PUSDyy4vQC&pg=PA347 |url-status=live }} The government took over the camp, surveyed it and named it Ferreira's Township.{{cite book |author=Gerald Anton Leyds |title=A History of Johannesburg: The Early Years |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mukQAQAAIAAJ |access-date=7 May 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=Nasionale Boekhandel Beperk |pages=(from snippet view) |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902010207/https://books.google.com/books?id=mukQAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }} By 1896, Johannesburg was established as a city of over 100,000 inhabitants, one of the fastest growing cities ever.

Mines near Johannesburg are among the deepest in the world, with some as deep as {{Convert|4000|m}}.{{cite book |author=Geological Society of London |title=Mineral Deposits and Earth Evolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wW-y9jT3NMC&q=golden+arc+welkom&pg=PA31 |year=2005 |publisher=Geological Society of London |page=31 |isbn=9781862391826 |access-date=18 October 2020 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902010209/https://books.google.com/books?id=7wW-y9jT3NMC&q=golden+arc+welkom&pg=PA31 |url-status=live }}

File:SA1899 pg038 Johannesburg in 1889.jpg

File:SA1899_pg268_Commissioner_Street,_Johannesburg.jpg in 1895]]

Like many late 19th-century mining towns, Johannesburg was a rough and disorganised place, populated by white miners from all continents, African tribesmen were recruited to perform unskilled mine work, African women beer brewers cooked for and sold beer to the black migrant workers, a very large number of European prostitutes, gangsters, impoverished Afrikaners, tradesmen, and the "AmaWasha", Zulu men who surprisingly dominated laundry work.{{cite book |first=Charles |last=van Onselen |title=New Nineveh and New Babylon}} As the value of control of the land increased, tensions developed between the Boer–dominated Transvaal government in Pretoria and the British, culminating in the Jameson Raid that ended in fiasco at Doornkop in January 1896. The Second Boer War (1899–1902) saw British forces under Field Marshal Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts, occupy the city on 30 May 1900 after a series of battles to the south-west of its then-limits, near present-day Krugersdorp.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

Fighting took place at the Gatsrand Pass (near Zakariyya Park) on 27 May, north of Vanwyksrust—today's Nancefield, Eldorado Park and Naturena—the next day, culminating in a mass infantry attack on what is now the waterworks ridge in Chiawelo and Senaoane on 29 May.{{cite web |url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=401&func=select&id=5 |title=Battle for Johannesburg |access-date=17 April 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923231101/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=401&func=select&id=5 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/ebooks/0%202009may27%20Two%20Battles%20for%20Johannesburg%20_final%20draft_.pdf |title=Hidden in Plain Sight: Johannesburg's Battlefields |author=Engelbrecht, Leon |date=27 May 2009 |access-date=17 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417133321/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/ebooks/0%202009may27%20Two%20Battles%20for%20Johannesburg%20_final%20draft_.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}

During the Boer war, many African mineworkers left Johannesburg creating a labour shortage, which the mines ameliorated by bringing in labourers from China, especially southern China. After the war, they were replaced by black workers, but many Chinese stayed on, creating Johannesburg's Chinese community, which during the apartheid era, was not legally classified as "Asian", but as "Coloured". The population in 1904 was 155,642, of whom 83,363 were whites.{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Johannesburg |volume=19 |page=432}}

File:Johannesburg-c1910.jpg

In 1917, Johannesburg became the headquarters of the Anglo-American Corporation founded by Ernest Oppenheimer which ultimately became one of the world's largest corporations, dominating both gold-mining and diamond-mining in South Africa. Major building developments took place in the 1930s, after South Africa went off the gold standard.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}{{Cite news |author=Staff Writer |date=13 August 2017 |title=These pictures show what Joburg looked like in 1930 |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/191454/these-pictures-show-what-joburg-looked-like-in-1930/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524112252/https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/191454/these-pictures-show-what-joburg-looked-like-in-1930/ |archive-date=24 May 2024 |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=BusinessTech }} In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Hillbrow went high-rise. In the 1950s and early 1960s, the apartheid government constructed the massive agglomeration of townships that became known as Soweto. New freeways encouraged massive suburban sprawl to the north of the city.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}} In the late 1960s and early 1970s, tower blocks (including the Carlton Centre and the Southern Life Centre) filled the skyline of the central business district.

The system of apartheid, a comprehensive system of racial separation was imposed upon South Africa starting in 1948. For its growth, the economy of Johannesburg depended upon hundreds of thousands of skilled white workers imported from Europe and semi- and un-skilled black workers imported from other parts of Southern Africa. Though they worked together they were forced by the government to live separately. Work was considered to be an exception to apartheid in order to keep Johannesburg functioning as South Africa's economic capital.Brogan, Patrick The fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945, New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 86.

File:Stuttafords_Johannesburg_1957.jpg department stores in Johannesburg in 1957]]

In the 1950s, the government began a policy of building townships for black families (prior to this unskilled workers were asked to work on "single status" in male-only hostels at the mines and had to commute to see their families in whatever province they originated) outside of Johannesburg to provide workers for Johannesburg. Soweto, a township founded for black workers coming to work in the gold mines of Johannesburg, was intended to house 50,000 people, but soon was the home of ten times that number as thousands of unemployed rural blacks came to Johannesburg for employment and an income to send back to their villages.Brogan, Patrick The fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945, New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 92. It was estimated that in 1989, the population of Soweto was equal to that of Johannesburg, if not greater.

In March 1960, Johannesburg witnessed widespread demonstrations against apartheid in response to the Sharpeville massacre.Brogan, Patrick The fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945, New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 80. On 11 July 1963, the South African Police raided a house in the Johannesburg suburb of Rivonia where nine members of the banned African National Congress (ANC) were arrested on charges of planning sabotage. Their arrest led to the famous Rivonia Trial. The nine arrested included one Indo-South African, one coloured, two whites and five blacks, one of whom was the future president Nelson Mandela.Brogan, Patrick The fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945, New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 91. At their trial, the accused freely admitted that they were guilty of what they were charged with, namely of planning to blow up the hydro-electric system of Johannesburg to shut down the gold mines, but Mandela argued to the court that the ANC had tried non-violent resistance to apartheid and failed, leaving him with no other choice. The trial made Mandela into a national figure and a symbol of resistance to apartheid.

File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Straatbeeld in Johannesburg TMnr 10004282.jpg

On 16 June 1976, demonstrations broke out in Soweto over a government decree that black school-children be educated in Afrikaans instead of English, and after the police fired on the demonstrations, rioting against apartheid began in Soweto and spread into the greater Johannesburg area.Brogan, Patrick The fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945, New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 93. About 575 people, the majority of whom were black, were killed in the Soweto uprising of 1976. Between 1984 and 1986, South Africa was in turmoil as a series of nationwide protests, strikes and riots took place against apartheid, and the black townships around Johannesburg were scenes of some of the fiercest struggles between the police and anti-apartheid demonstrators.Brogan, Patrick The fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945, New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 100.

The central area of the city underwent something of a decline in the 1980s and 1990s, due to the high crime rate and when property speculators directed large amounts of capital into suburban shopping malls, decentralised office parks, and entertainment centres. Sandton City was opened in 1973, followed by Rosebank Mall in 1976, and Eastgate in 1979.{{cite web |url=http://www.amethyst.co.za/JhbGuide/Johannesburg.htm |title=History of Johannesburg |publisher=Amethyst.co.za |date=5 April 2003 |access-date=2 July 2010 |archive-date=14 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614225343/http://www.amethyst.co.za/JhbGuide/Johannesburg.htm |url-status=live }}

During the 1990s, the city faced rapid growth of crime throughout large parts of the city. Some areas of skyscrapers were abandoned, many residents left their homes, and businesses moved out. Some historical buildings in central areas were destroyed by fires that spread relentlessly.{{Cite web |author=Guardian Staff |date=1999-05-30 |title=Johannesburg, the most dangerous city on earth? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/may/30/southafrica1 |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022032433/https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/may/30/southafrica1 |url-status=live }}

File:Watching South Africa & Mexico match at World Cup 2010-06-11 in Soweto 7.jpg watching the 2010 FIFA World Cup with vuvuzelas in the township of Soweto, a suburb of Johannesburg.]]

The end of apartheid saw the administrative unification of Johannesburg's apartheid-era city proper with surrounding townships and settlements into the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality. However, the spatial legacy of apartheid has proven difficult to overcome and Johannesburg remains among the most unequal cities in the world.{{Cite web |last=SHLC |date=2023-01-23 |title=City Report: Neighbourhood Characteristics and Inequality in the City of Johannesburg |url=https://centreforsustainablecities.ac.uk/research/city-report-neighbourhood-characteristics-and-inequality-in-the-city-of-johannesburg/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Centre for Sustainable, Healthy and Learning Cities and Neighbourhoods |language=en-US}}

In 2025, Johannesburg remained the world's fifth most dangerous city by crime rate.{{Cite web |title=Crime Index by City 2025 |url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings.jsp?title=2025 |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.numbeo.com}} Attempts to revive Johannesburg's CBD, most notably in the Maboneng District, have failed to halt the rising crime rate and infrastructure deterioration in the inner city.{{Cite web |date=2025-02-06 |title=Johannesburg revival: South Africans bringing hope to one of world's most dangerous cities |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy081kq89yko |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |date=2025-02-14 |title=Focus - In South Africa, poor governance leads to collapse of Johannesburg's infrastructure |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/focus/20250214-in-south-africa-poor-governance-leads-to-collapse-of-johannesburg-s-infrastructure |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=France 24 |language=en}} Abandoned buildings in the city's Hillbrow district have been increasingly captured by gangs and on 31 August 2023, at least 76 people died when a hijacked building caught fire in Johannesburg.{{cite news |title=Inside a 'hijacked' South African building |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-66757878 |work=BBC News}} In March 2025, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa launched a rescue plan to address the city's "rapidly declining infrastructure".{{Cite web |title=President Cyril Ramaphosa: Opening remarks at meeting between National Executive and the Johannesburg Executive Council {{!}} South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/news/speeches/president-cyril-ramaphosa-opening-remarks-meeting-between-national-executive-and |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.gov.za}}

Since 1994, Johannesburg has further seen increased incidents of xenophobic violence against migrants from other African countries. On 12 May 2008, a series of riots started in the township of Alexandra, in the north-eastern part of Johannesburg, when locals attacked migrants from Mozambique, Malawi and Zimbabwe, killing two people and injuring 40 others. These riots sparked the nationwide xenophobic attacks of 2008, which saw 60 more killings and widespread destruction of immigrant properties.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7396868.stm |title=South African mob kills migrants |publisher=BBC |access-date=19 May 2008 |date=12 May 2008 |archive-date=13 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313001302/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7396868.stm |url-status=live }} The 2015 and 2019 Johannesburg riots similarly displayed outbreaks of mass violence against migrants.{{Cite web |last=Kharsany |first=Safeeyah |title=Uneasy calm in Johannesburg after anti-immigrant riots |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/4/19/uneasy-calm-in-johannesburg-after-anti-immigrant-riots |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}{{Cite news |date=2019-09-02 |title=Dozens arrested in South Africa as looting rocks Johannesburg |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49550429 |access-date=2025-03-23 |language=en-GB}}

Modern Johannesburg has hosted a number of international summits and sport events. The 2010 FIFA World Cup final took place at FNB Stadium, the largest stadium in Africa, while the World Cup closing ceremony on the next day saw the final public appearance of Nelson Mandela.{{cite web |title=FNB Stadium (Soccer City) – Johannesburg – The Stadium Guide |url=https://www.stadiumguide.com/fnbstadium/ |language=nl |date=2 March 2015 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530200948/https://www.stadiumguide.com/fnbstadium/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=2013-12-06 |title=Nelson Mandela, South Africa's anti-apartheid icon, dies aged 95 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/nelson-mandela/9013168/Nelson-Mandela-dies-aged-95.html |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=The Telegraph |language=en}} In 2015, Johannesburg hosted the African Union Summit, which sparked international outrage as South Africa aided the arrival and escape of Omar al-Bashir despite an international arrest warrant for war crimes by the International Criminal Court.{{Cite web |title=The real problem behind South Africa’s refusal to arrest al-Bashir |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/the-real-problem-behind-south-africas-refusal-to-arrest-al-bashir |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}} In 2018, Johannesburg hosted the 10th BRICS Summit and in 2023 the 15th BRICS summit.{{cite web |title=15th BRICS Summit: Johannesburg II Declaration |url=https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/37030/15th+BRICS+Summit+Johannesburg+II+Declaration |website=mea.gov.in }} The 2025 G20 Johannesburg Summit will see heads of state and government convene for the first G20 Presidency of an African country.

File:Soccer City Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa (4690804881).jpg of Johannesburg]]

File:JohannesburgGP-Aerial.jpg

Johannesburg is located in the eastern plateau area of South Africa known as the Highveld, at an elevation of {{convert|1753|m|ft}}. The former Central Business District is located on the southern side of the prominent ridge called the Witwatersrand (English: White Water's Ridge) and the terrain falls to the north and south. By and large the Witwatersrand marks the watershed between the Limpopo and Vaal rivers as the northern part of the city is drained by the Jukskei River while the southern part of the city, including most of the Central Business District, is drained by the Klip River. The north and west of the city has undulating hills while the eastern parts are flatter.

Johannesburg may not be built on a river or harbour, but its streams contribute to two of southern Africa's mightiest rivers, the Limpopo and the Orange. Most of the springs from which many of these streams emanate are now covered in concrete and canalised, accounting for the fact that the names of early farms in the area often end with "fontein", meaning "spring" in Afrikaans. Braamfontein, Rietfontein, Zevenfontein, Doornfontein, Zandfontein and Randjesfontein are some examples. When the first white settlers reached the area that is now Johannesburg, they noticed the glistening rocks on the ridges, running with trickles of water, fed by the streams—giving the area its name, the Witwatersrand, "the ridge of white waters". Another explanation is that the whiteness comes from the quartzite rock, which has a particular sheen to it after rain.Lucille Davie Water, water every day www.joburg.org.za, 24 December 2004.

The site was not chosen for its streams, however. The main reasons the city was founded where it stands today was because of the gold. Indeed, the city once sat near massive amounts of gold, given that at one point the Witwatersrand gold industry produced forty per cent of the planet's gold.{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Johannesburg-South-Africa |title=Johannesburg |last=Campbell |first=James T. |date=19 August 2015 |website=Britannica.com |access-date=8 November 2016 |archive-date=9 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109090744/https://www.britannica.com/place/Johannesburg-South-Africa |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Johannesburg City Parks}}

File:South-Africa Johannesburg Botanical Garden-002 (cropped).jpg]]

Parks and gardens in Johannesburg are maintained by Johannesburg City Parks and Zoo.{{cite web |url=http://www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php/whoweare |title=Custodians of Joburg's green heritage |publisher=Johannesburg City Parks |access-date=29 September 2008 |archive-date=20 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320045003/http://www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php/whoweare |url-status=dead}} City Parks is also responsible for planting the city's many green trees, making Johannesburg one of the 'greenest' cities in the world. It has been estimated that there are six million trees in the city with the number growing every year—1.2 million on pavements and sidewalks, and a further 4.8 million in private gardens.{{cite web |url=http://www.southafrica.info/what_happening/conf_expo/world_summit/urbanforest.htm |title=South Africa's official gateway – investment, travel, country information |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064143/http://www.southafrica.info/what_happening/conf_expo/world_summit/urbanforest.htm |archive-date=3 February 2018 |url-status=dead}} City Parks continues to invest in planting trees, particularly those previously disadvantaged areas of Johannesburg which were not positive beneficiaries of apartheid Johannesburg's urban planning. Johannesburg Botanical Garden, located in the suburb of Emmarentia, is a popular recreational park.

Johannesburg and environs also offer various options to visitors wishing to view wildlife, in addition to the Johannesburg Zoo, one of the largest in South Africa. The Lion Park nature reserve, next to Lesedi Cultural Village, is home to over 80 lions and various other game, while the Krugersdorp Nature Reserve, a 1500 ha game reserve, is a forty-minute drive from the city centre. The De Wildt Cheetah Centre{{cite web |url=http://www.dewildt.co.za/ |title=The Ann van Dyk Cheetah Centre – De Wildt |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319224331/https://dewildt.co.za/ |url-status=live }} in the Magaliesberg runs a successful breeding program for cheetah, wild dog and other endangered species. The Rhino & Lion Nature Reserve,{{cite web |url=http://www.rhinolion.co.za/newsite/default.asp |title=The Nearest Faraway Place – Johannesburg, South Africa |website=rhinolion.co.za |access-date=15 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122121501/http://www.rhinolion.co.za/newsite/default.asp |archive-date=22 November 2012}} situated in the "Cradle of Humankind" on 1200 ha of "the typical highveld of Gauteng" also runs a breeding programme for endangered species including Bengal tigers, Siberian tigers and the extremely rare white lion.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} To the south, {{convert|11|km|abbr=off}} from the city centre, is the Klipriviersberg Nature Reserve home to large mammals and hiking trails. Separating Lenasia and the Soweto suburbs is the Olifantsvlei Nature Reserve protected area.

File:A Johannesburg Summers Day.jpg

Johannesburg is situated on the highveld plateau, and has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb). The city enjoys a sunny climate, with the summer months (October to April) characterised by hot days followed by afternoon thundershowers and cool evenings, and the winter months (May to September) by dry, sunny days followed by cold nights.{{cite web |url=http://www.safarinow.com/cms/johannesburg-gauteng/irie.aspx |title=Johannesburg & Gauteng Weather and Climate |publisher=Safarinow.com |access-date=14 April 2013 |archive-date=22 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522144627/http://www.safarinow.com/cms/johannesburg-gauteng/irie.aspx |url-status=live }} Temperatures in Johannesburg are usually fairly mild due to the city's high elevation, with an average maximum daytime temperature in January of {{convert|25.6|C}}, dropping to an average maximum of around {{convert|16|C}} in June. The UV index for Johannesburg in summers is extreme, often reaching 14–16 due to the high elevation and its location in the subtropics.{{cite web |url=http://www.uvawareness.com/uv-index/uv-index.php?location=johannesburg |title=UV index of Johannesburg |publisher=uvawareness |access-date=13 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081241/http://www.uvawareness.com/uv-index/uv-index.php?location=johannesburg |archive-date=22 December 2015}}

Winter is the sunniest time of the year, with mild days and cool nights, dropping to {{convert|4.1|C|1}} in June and July. The temperature occasionally drops to below freezing at night, causing frost. Snow is a rare occurrence, with snowfall having been experienced in the twentieth century during May 1956, August 1962, June 1964 and September 1981. In the 21st century, there was light sleet in 2006, as well as snow proper on 27 June 2007 (accumulating up to {{convert|10|cm|0|disp=or}} in the southern suburbs),{{cite web |author=SABCnews.com |title=Joburg covered by snow as temperature drops |url=http://www.sabcnews.com/south_africa/general/0,2172,151555,00.html |access-date=16 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629130254/http://www.sabcnews.com/south_africa/general/0%2C2172%2C151555%2C00.html |archive-date=29 June 2007 |url-status=dead}} 7 August 2012,{{cite news |last=Bauer |first=Nickolaus |date=7 August 2012 |title=Snow in the city delights Jo'burg residents |newspaper=Mail & Guardian |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-08-07-snow-in-joburg |access-date=7 August 2012 |archive-date=9 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809062941/http://mg.co.za/article/2012-08-07-snow-in-joburg |url-status=live }} and 10 July 2023.{{Cite web |last=Kitongo |first=Gertrude |date=2023-07-11 |title=South Africans abuzz after first snowfall in over a decade |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/11/africa/johannesburg-rare-snow-fall-spc-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727224524/https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/11/africa/johannesburg-rare-snow-fall-spc-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}

Regular cold fronts pass over in winter bringing very cold southerly winds but usually clear skies. The annual average rainfall is {{convert|713|mm|1}}, which is mostly concentrated in the summer months. Infrequent showers occur through the course of the winter months. The lowest nighttime minimum temperature ever recorded in Johannesburg is {{convert|-8.2|C|1}}, on 13 June 1979. The lowest daytime maximum temperature recorded is {{convert|1.5|C|1}}, on 19 June 1964.{{cite web |url=http://old.weathersa.co.za/Pressroom/2009/Its_cold_in_Gauteng.jsp |title=Johannesburg temperature records |publisher=South African Weather Service |access-date=8 April 2012}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Johannesburg weatherbox}}

{{Historical populations

| title= Johannesburg population

| percentages = pagr

| 1886 |3000

| 1904 |99052

| 1908 |180687

| 1985 |1783000

| 1990 |1898000

| 2000 |2745000

| 2001 |3326055

| 2005 |3272600

| 2011 |4474829

| 2022 |4803262

|source ={{cite news |url=http://www.blackpast.org/gah/johannesburg-south-africa-1886 |title=Johannesburg, South Africa (1886-- ) – The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed |website=blackpast.org |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=30 November 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208150842/http://www.blackpast.org/gah/johannesburg-south-africa-1886 |url-status=live }}{{Cite book |url=http://unhabitat.org/the-state-of-african-cities-2014/ |title=The State of African Cities 2014 |isbn=978-92-1-132598-0 |publisher=United Nations Human Settlements Programme |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195641/https://unhabitat.org/the-state-of-african-cities-2014/ |archive-date=10 September 2014 |date=10 September 2015}}{{cite web |title=Local Municipality, City of Johannesburg |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=993&id=city-of-johannesburg-municipality |website=Statistics South Africa |access-date=27 November 2017 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102081023/https://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=993 |url-status=live }}

}}

According to the 2022 South African National Census, the population of Johannesburg is 4,803,262 people, making it the most populous city in South Africa (it has been the most populous city in South Africa since at least the 1950s).{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqtwdzPV7XI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/iqtwdzPV7XI |archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live |title=The Union of South Africa, 1956 |last=travelfilmarchive |date=8 November 2012 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdAgUgrc4qg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/pdAgUgrc4qg |archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live |title=British Empire: The British Colony Of The Union Of South Africa 1956. |last=darren lennox |date=23 February 2017 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}} From the 2001 census, the people live in 1,006,930 formal households, of which 86% have a flush or chemical toilet, and 91% have refuse removed by the municipality at least once a week. 81% of households have access to running water, and 80% use electricity as the main source of energy. 29% of Johannesburg residents stay in informal dwellings.{{Cite journal |author1=Beall, Jo |author2=Crankshaw, Owen |author3=Parnell, Susan |year=2000 |title=Local government, poverty reduction and inequality in Johannesburg |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=107–122 |doi=10.1177/095624780001200108 |bibcode=2000EnUrb..12..107B |s2cid=16645676|doi-access=free }} [http://eau.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/1/107 Abstract] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723224506/http://eau.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/1/107 |date=23 July 2009 }} 66% of households are headed by one person.

Johannesburg's urban agglomeration spreads well beyond the administrative boundary of the municipality. The population of the whole area has been estimated to be variously at 7,860,781 in 2011 by "citypopulation.de",.{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/SouthAfrica-UA.html |title=South Africa: Provinces and Major Urban Areas |author=Thomas Brinkhoff |date=15 September 2014 |publisher=City Population |access-date=17 April 2015 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306142835/http://www.citypopulation.de/SouthAfrica-UA.html |url-status=live }} Johannesburg's suburbs are the product of urban sprawl and are regionalised into north, south, east and west, and they generally have different personalities.{{Cite news |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-04-30-apartheid-legacy-of-urban-sprawl-is-the-challenge-our-cities-face/ |title=Apartheid legacy of urban sprawl is the challenge our cities face |work=Daily Maverick |access-date=2 July 2019 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115183006/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-04-30-apartheid-legacy-of-urban-sprawl-is-the-challenge-our-cities-face/ |url-status=live }} Greater Johannesburg consists of more than five hundred suburbs in an area covering more than {{convert|200|sqmi|km2|spell=in|abbr=off}}. Although black Africans can be found throughout Johannesburg and its surrounding area, greater Johannesburg remains highly racially segregated.

Within the Metropolitan Municipality, the old centre, established in 1886 and given city status in 1928, has been listed in recent censuses as a "main place". {{As of|2011}}, this main place had a population of 957,441 and an area of 334.81 km².{{cite web |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=4286&id=11306 |title=Main Place |last1=Africa |first1=Statistics South |date=2011 |website=www.statssa.gov.za |publisher=Statistics South Africa |access-date=27 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033221/http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=4286&id=11306 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/798015 |title=Census 2011 — Main Place "Johannesburg" |website=census2011.adrianfrith.com |language=en |access-date=27 November 2017 |archive-date=12 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212101431/https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/798015 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/798015 |title=Main Place "Johannesburg" |publisher=South African National Census of 2011 |access-date=27 April 2018 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327161936/https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/798015 |url-status=live }} Some authors consider the metropolitan area to include most of Gauteng province.{{cite book |last1=Gugler |first1=Josef |title=World Cities Beyond the West: Globalization, Development and Inequality |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521536851 |page=348 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lw3iPzyfpdQC |language=en |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902010217/https://books.google.com/books?id=lw3iPzyfpdQC |url-status=live }} The UN's Population Division in 2016 estimated the metropolitan area population to be 9,616,000.{{cite web |title=The World's Cities in 2016 |url=http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf |publisher=United Nations |page=11 |date=2016 |access-date=5 December 2017 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001173328/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf |url-status=live }}

Blacks account for 73% of the population, followed by whites at 18%, coloureds at 6% and Asians at 4%. 42% of the population is under the age of 24, while 6% of the population is over 60 years of age. 37% of city residents are unemployed. 91% of the unemployed are Black African. Women comprise 43% of the working population. 19% of economically active adults work in wholesale and retail sectors, 18% in financial, real estate and business services, 17% in the community, social and personal services and 12% are in manufacturing. Only 0.7% work in mining.

File:Dutch Reformed Church in Jeppestown.JPG]]

53% belong to mainstream Christian churches, 24% are not affiliated with any organised religion, 14% are members of African Independent Churches, 3% are Muslim, 1% are Jewish and 1% are Hindu. There are Muslim mosques, Hindu temples, a Sikh Gurudwara (Sikh Temple) in Sandton and a large number of synagogues.

Places of worship in Johannesburg are predominantly Christian churches: Serbian Orthodox Church, Zion Christian Church, Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa, Assemblies of God, Baptist Union of Southern Africa (Baptist World Alliance), Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK), Methodist Church of Southern Africa (World Methodist Council), Anglican Church of Southern Africa (Anglican Communion), Presbyterian Church of Africa (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Johannesburg (Catholic Church) and the Johannesburg South Africa Temple (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints).Britannica, [https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa SouthAfrica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629053318/https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa |date=29 June 2019 }}, britannica.com, US, accessed on 7 July 2019

Albert Street Methodist Church in central Johannesburg is historically significant for its role as a refuge for anti-apartheid activists, including Albertina Sisulu.

Most of Johannesburg's estimated 50,000 Jews live in the North Eastern suburbs; Glenhazel, Raedene Estate, Kew, Norwood, Highlands North, Sandringham, Savoy Estate, Waverley, Orchards, Oaklands and Fairmount.[https://www.sajbd.org/media/our-johannesburg Our Johannesburg] Jewish Affairs. 6 May 2020 There are many Orthodox synagogues in the city including; Great Park Synagogue, Oxford Shul and Doornfontein Synagogue. There is a smaller number of synagogues serving the city's Reform Jews, including Temple Israel and Beit Emanuel.

[[File:Johannesburg dominant language map.svg|thumb|Geographical distribution of home languages in Johannesburg

{{div col|colwidth=10em|content=

{{legend|#8dd3c7|Afrikaans}}

{{legend|#ffffb3|English}}

{{legend|#bebada|Ndebele}}

{{legend|#fb8072|Xhosa}}

{{legend|#80b1d3|Zulu}}

{{legend|#fdb462|Northern Sotho}}

{{legend|#b3de69|Sotho}}

{{legend|#fccde5|Tswana}}

{{legend|#ccebc5|Venda}}

{{legend|#ffed6f|Tsonga}}

{{legend|#d0d0d0|No language dominant}}

}}]]

32% of Johannesburg residents speak Nguni languages at home, 24% speak Sotho languages, 18% speak English, 7% speak Afrikaans and 6% speak Tshivenda.

File:Great_Hall_University_Witwatersrand.jpg]]

Johannesburg has a well-developed higher education system of both private and public universities. Johannesburg is served by the public universities University of the Witwatersrand and the University of Johannesburg.

University of Johannesburg was formed on 1 January 2005, when three separate universities and campuses—Rand Afrikaans University, Technikon Witwatersrand, and the Johannesburg campuses of Vista University—were merged. The new university offers education primarily in English and Afrikaans, although courses may be taken in any of South Africa's official languages.

The University of the Witwatersrand is one of the leading universities in Africa,{{cite web |last=University of the Witwatersrand |title=Wits Facts |url=http://www.wits.ac.za/aboutwits/witstoday/facts-and-figures/3083/facts_and_figures.html |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |access-date=26 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814035045/http://www.wits.ac.za/aboutwits/witstoday/facts-and-figures/3083/facts_and_figures.html |archive-date=14 August 2011}} and is famous as a centre of resistance to apartheid. It is attached to one of the world's largest hospitals, the Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, located in Soweto.

The University of Pretoria's business school the Gordon Institute of Business Science is located in Illovo, Johannesburg.

Many private colleges are also situated in Johannesburg, such as Damelin,{{cite web |url=http://www.educor.co.za/campuses/face-to-face-campuses/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006032337/http://www.educor.co.za/campuses/face-to-face-campuses |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2011 |title=Face to Face Campuses |publisher=Educor |access-date=19 May 2013}} CTI,{{cite web |url=http://www.cti.co.za/contact-us |title=Contact Us – CTI Education Group |publisher=Cti.co.za |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528084223/http://www.cti.co.za/contact-us |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=dead}} Lyceum College{{cite web |url=http://www.lyceum.co.za/college-south-africa-sa-colleges |title=College South Africa | SA Colleges |publisher=Lyceum.co.za |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702141254/http://www.lyceum.co.za/college-south-africa-sa-colleges |archive-date=2 July 2013 |url-status=dead}} and the South African campus{{cite web |url=http://www.monash.ac.za/about/contact/ |title=Contact us – Monash South Africa |publisher=Monash.ac.za |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512020840/http://www.monash.ac.za/about/contact/ |archive-date=12 May 2013 |url-status=dead}} of Monash University (six of the other campuses are in Australia, while the eighth is in Malaysia), as well as the Midrand Graduate Institute{{cite web |url=http://www.mgi.ac.za/contact-us.html |title=Contact Us |publisher=Mgi.ac.za |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629190229/http://www.mgi.ac.za/contact-us.html |url-status=dead}} which is located in Midrand.

Johannesburg also has one of several film schools in the country, one of which has won an Academy Award for Best Foreign Student Film in 2006.{{cite web |url=http://www.gfo.co.za/content/GFOcongratulatesAFDAonAcademyMaywin065.doc |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304005253/http://www.gfo.co.za/content/GFOcongratulatesAFDAonAcademyMaywin065.doc |archive-date=4 March 2009}}, 23 May 2006 The South African School of Motion Picture and Live Performance, or AFDA for short, is situated in Auckland Park.

Johannesburg also has three teacher-training colleges and a technical college. There are numerous kindergartens, primary schools and high schools in the region.

File:Johannesburg Stock Exchange.jpg]]

Johannesburg is the economic and financial hub of South Africa, producing 16% of South Africa's gross domestic product, and accounts for 40% of Gauteng's economic activity.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} In a 2008 survey conducted by Mastercard, Johannesburg ranked 47 out of 50 top cities in the world as a worldwide centre of commerce (the only city in Africa).{{cite web |url=http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/wcoc/pdf/WCoC_Brochure_FINAL.pdf |title=Mastercard – Global Leading Company in Payment Solutions Offering Credit, Debit, Prepaid Cards & More |website=Mastercard |access-date=14 December 2007 |archive-date=16 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216061729/http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/wcoc/pdf/WCoC_Brochure_FINAL.pdf |url-status=live }}

Mining was the foundation of the Witwatersrand's economy, but its importance is gradually declining due to dwindling reserves and service and manufacturing industries have become more significant to the city's economy. While gold mining no longer takes place within the city limits, most mining companies still have their headquarters in Johannesburg. The city's manufacturing industries extend across a range of areas and there is still a reliance on heavy industries including steel and cement plants. The service and other industries include banking, IT, real estate, transport, broadcast and print media, private health care, transport and a vibrant leisure and consumer retail market.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Johannesburg has Africa's largest stock exchange, the JSE although it has moved out of the central business district. Due to its commercial role, the city is the seat of the provincial government and the site of a number of government branch offices, as well as consular offices and other institutions.

The Witwatersrand urban complex is a major consumer of water in a dry region. Its continued economic and population growth has depended on schemes to divert water from other regions of South Africa and from the highlands of Lesotho, the biggest of which is the Lesotho Highlands Water Project, but additional sources will be needed early in the 21st century.

The container terminal at City Deep is known to be the largest "dry port" in the world,{{cite journal | title=The Role of Dry Ports in South Africa | last1=Cronje | first1=Erené | last2=Matthee | first2=Marianne | last3=Krugell | first3=Waldo | journal=Transport and Communications Bulletin for Asia and the Pacific | issue=78 | year=2009 | pages=112–120 | publisher=ESCAP | s2cid=55915534 | url=https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/bulletin78_Article-7.pdf | access-date=2024-09-08}} with some 50% of cargo that arrives through the ports of Durban and Cape Town arriving in Johannesburg. The City Deep area has been declared an IDZ (industrial development zone) by the Gauteng government.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}{{Cite web |date=2014-02-25 |title=IDZ |url=https://mpoverello.com/tag/idz/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=What Happened to the Portcullis? |language=en}}

{{See also|Category: Shopping centres in Johannesburg}}

File:Sandton.jpg shopping mall in Sandton, Johannesburg.]]

Johannesburg's largest shopping centres, measured by gross leasable area (GLA, the uniform measure of centre size as determined by the International Council of Shopping Centers) are Sandton City, Eastgate, Mall of Africa, Westgate and Cresta. Melrose Arch is one of its most prestigious.{{citation_needed|date=October 2012}} Other centres include Hyde Park Corner, Rosebank, Southgate, The Glen Shopping Centre, Johannesburg South, and Clearwater Mall. There were also plans to build a large shopping centre, known as the Zonk'Izizwe Shopping Resort, in Midrand, but these have been indefinitely delayed due to the opening of Mall of Africa. "Zonk'Izizwe" means "All Nations" in Zulu language, indicating that the centre will cater to the city's diverse mix of peoples and races. Also a complex named Greenstone in Modderfontein has been opened.{{cite web |url=http://architectafrica.com/bin0/features-GreenstoneMall-Bentel-05.html |title=GREENSTONE MALL : BENTEL INTERNATIONAL: Architect Africa Features Page |publisher=Architectafrica.com |access-date=2 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051208015832/http://www.architectafrica.com/bin0/features-GreenstoneMall-Bentel-05.html |archive-date=8 December 2005 |url-status=dead}} Cradlestone Mall is a new mall named for its location which is close to the Cradle of Humankind, a World Heritage Site.

{{Main|City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality}}

File:Johannesburg 2006 regions with legend.PNG

Upon the creation of the Metropolitan Municipality in 2000 the city was subdivided into eleven regions, simply named Region 1 to Region 11. These were reorganised in 2006 into the current seven regions named alphabetically Region A to Region G, as shown on the nearby map.{{Cite web |author=Abraham, Anish |date=11 May 2006 |title=Jozi plans major restructuring |publisher=City of Johannesburg |url=http://www.joburg.org.za/2006/may/may11_structure.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627140019/http://www.joburg.org.za/2006/may/may11_structure.stm |archive-date=27 June 2006 |url-status=dead}}

{{As of|2006}} the seven regions are:

• Region A: Diepsloot, Kya Sand;
• Region B: Randburg, Rosebank, Emmarentia, Greenside, Melville, Northcliff, Rosebank, Parktown, Parktown North;
• Region C: Roodepoort, Constantia Kloof, Northgate;
• Region D: Doornkop, Soweto, Dobsonville, Protea Glen;
• Region E: Alexandra, Wynberg, Sandton;
• Region F: Inner City;
• Region G: Orange Farm, Ennerdale, Lenasia.

In the 2016 municipal elections, the ruling party, the ANC, lost their majority in Johannesburg for the first time since taking power in 1994, claiming only 44.12% of the vote. The Economic Freedom Fighters and Democratic Alliance both agreed to vote for the DA mayoral candidate, Herman Mashaba, who was sworn into power as the first Democratic Alliance mayor of Johannesburg on 22 August 2016.{{cite web |url=http://ewn.co.za/2016/08/22/Victory-for-DA-as-Herman-Mashaba-is-elected-Mayor-of-Johannesburg |title=Victory for DA as Herman Mashaba is elected Mayor of Johannesburg |first=Clement |last=Manyathela |website=ewn.co.za |access-date=15 January 2017 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224015436/https://ewn.co.za/2016/08/22/Victory-for-DA-as-Herman-Mashaba-is-elected-Mayor-of-Johannesburg |url-status=live }} The ANC returned to the city's executive on 4 December 2019 following the election of its regional chair, Geoff Makhubo, to the mayoralty.{{cite news |last1=Deklerk |first1=Aphiwe |title=ANC's Geoff Makhubo is the new Joburg mayor |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2019-12-04-ancs-geoff-makhubo-is-the-new-joburg-mayor/ |access-date=4 December 2019 |agency=TimesLIVE |date=4 December 2019 |archive-date=4 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204204352/https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2019-12-04-ancs-geoff-makhubo-is-the-new-joburg-mayor/ |url-status=live }} Makhubo died on 9 July 2021 and Eunice Mgcina was appointed acting mayor.{{cite web |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/eunice-mgcina-is-acting-mayor-of-joburg-f762bc6e-dc76-4c5f-8d6e-4e44ae858d6f |title=Eunice Mgcina is acting mayor of Joburg |work=iol.co.za |last=Nkosi |first=Ntombi |date=9 July 2021 |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711192839/https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/eunice-mgcina-is-acting-mayor-of-joburg-f762bc6e-dc76-4c5f-8d6e-4e44ae858d6f |url-status=live }} A new mayor, Jolidee Matongo, was elected unopposed on 10 August 2021.{{Cite web |author=Nonkululeko Njilo |title=Jolidee Matongo becomes new mayor of Joburg unopposed |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-08-10-jolidee-matongo-becomes-new-mayor-of-joburg-unopposed2/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=SowetanLIVE |language=en-ZA |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810144558/https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-08-10-jolidee-matongo-becomes-new-mayor-of-joburg-unopposed2/ |url-status=live }} Matongo died in a car accident in September 2021 and Mpho Moerane was elected to succeed him.{{Cite web |last=Zulu |first=Sifiso |title=Mpho Moerane is officially Joburg's new mayor |url=https://ewn.co.za/2021/10/01/mpho-moerane-is-officially-joburg-s-new-mayor |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=ewn.co.za |language=en |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715162707/https://ewn.co.za/2021/10/01/mpho-moerane-is-officially-joburg-s-new-mayor |url-status=live }}

File:South african police may 2010.jpg with Vektor R5 rifles on parade in Johannesburg, 2010]]

File:Soweto township.jpg in Soweto township]]

After the Group Areas Act was scrapped in 1991, Johannesburg was affected by urban blight. Thousands of poor black people, who had been forbidden to live in the city proper, moved into the city from surrounding black townships like Soweto and many immigrants from economically beleaguered and wartorn African nations flooded into South Africa. Many buildings were abandoned by landlords, especially in high-density areas, such as Hillbrow. Many corporations and institutions, including the stock exchange, moved their headquarters away from the city centre, to suburbs like Sandton.{{Cite web |title=Johannesburg Stock Exchange History - Property24.com |url=http://www.property24.com/articles/johannesburg-stock-exchange-history/16977 |website=www.property24.com |access-date=18 February 2016 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224180746/https://www.property24.com/articles/johannesburg-stock-exchange-history/16977 |url-status=live }}

Reviving the city centre is one of the main aims of the municipal government of Johannesburg. Drastic measures have been taken to reduce crime in the city. These measures include closed-circuit television on street corners. As of 11 December 2008, every street corner in Johannesburg central is under high-tech CCTV surveillance.{{cite news |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/joburg-surveillance-zooms-in-428633 |work=IOL News |title=Joburg Surveillance Zooms In |date=11 December 2008 |last=Gifford |first=Gill |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307215528/https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/joburg-surveillance-zooms-in-428633 |url-status=live }} The CCTV system, operated by the Johannesburg Metropolitan Police Department (JMPD), is also able to detect stolen or hijacked vehicles by scanning the number plates of every vehicle travelling through the central business district (CBD), then comparing them to the eNaTIS database. The JMPD claims that the average response time by police for crimes committed in the CBD is 60 seconds.

Crime levels in Johannesburg have dropped as the economy has stabilised and begun to grow.[http://mg.co.za/article/2006-07-07-drop-in-serious-crime-joburg Drop in serious crime in Jo'burg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710071256/http://mg.co.za/article/2006-07-07-drop-in-serious-crime-joburg |date=10 July 2018 }}, Mail & Guardian Online, 7 July 2006. Between 2001 and 2006, R9-billion (US$1.2 billion) has been invested in the city centre. Further investment of around R10-billion (US$1.5 billion) is expected in the city centre alone by 2010. This excludes development directly associated with the 2010 FIFA World Cup.{{cite web |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/joburg039s-residential-projects-are-supporting-an-acceleration-of-the-rejuvenation-effort-2007-05-25 |publisher=engineeringnews.co.za |title=Joburg's residential projects are supporting an acceleration of the rejuvenation effort |date=25 May 2007 |last=van der Merwe |first=Christy |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710040725/http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/joburg039s-residential-projects-are-supporting-an-acceleration-of-the-rejuvenation-effort-2007-05-25 |url-status=live }} In an effort to prepare Johannesburg for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, local government enlisted the help of Rudy Giuliani, former Mayor of New York City, to help bring down the crime rate, as the opening and closing matches of the tournament were played in the city.{{cite press release |date=6 August 2006 |url=http://www.24-7pressrelease.com/view_press_release.php?rID=16863 |title=City of Johannesburg is calling for Internal Branding Advice from Global Gurus |url-status=dead |access-date=10 September 2006 |archive-date=15 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915003232/http://www.24-7pressrelease.com/view_press_release.php?rID=16863}}

Murders in the Johannesburg municipality amounted to 1,697 in 2007 according to the South African Medical Research Council, a rate of 43 per 100,000 inhabitants.{{Cite web |url=http://www.mrc.ac.za/crime/nimmsreport2007.pdf |title=A profile of fatal injuries in South Africa |access-date=22 October 2009 |page=49 |publisher=South African Medical Research Council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726194935/http://www.mrc.ac.za/crime/nimmsreport2007.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011}} In 2016 that number had sharply declined to 29.4 per 100,000 inhabitants, placing the murder rate at more than half of that of Cape Town and even below the national average.{{cite web |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/230123/cape-town-is-one-of-the-most-violent-cities-in-the-world/ |title=Cape Town is one of the most violent cities in the world |publisher=businesstech.co.za |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201212215/https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/230123/cape-town-is-one-of-the-most-violent-cities-in-the-world/ |url-status=live }}

Johannesburg is a cultural hub in South Africa{{cite web |url=http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1690&Itemid=49 |title=city of Johannesburg – Arts, culture and heritage |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525231039/http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1690&Itemid=49 |archive-date=25 May 2015 |url-status=dead}} and has a wide variety of cultural venues, making it a prominent area for many creative and cultural industries. Johannesburg is home to the National School of Arts, The University of Witwatersrand's School of the Arts and the South African Ballet Theatre,{{cite web |url=http://www.artschool.co.za/ |title=National School of the Arts |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-date=22 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522195259/http://www.artschool.co.za/ |url-status=live }} as well as cultural precincts such as Mary Fitzgerald Square and numerous other museums, theatres, galleries and libraries. The Johannesburg City Library is located in the Central Business District of Johannesburg.{{cite web |last=City of Johannesburg |title=Region F libraries |url=https://www.joburg.org.za/about_/regions/Pages/Region%20F%20-%20Inner%20City/Region-F-Libraries.aspx |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710013851/https://www.joburg.org.za/about_/regions/Pages/Region%20F%20-%20Inner%20City/Region-F-Libraries.aspx |url-status=live }}

File:9 2 228 0069-Art Gallery-Johannesburg-s (square).jpg]]

File:Apartheidmuseumpool.JPG]]

The Johannesburg Art Gallery (JAG) is widely considered among the most notable collections of fine art on the African continent, featuring European and African art from the 15th century to the present.{{Cite web |title=Johannesburg Art Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/johannesburg-art-gallery |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Johannesburg Art Gallery {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/johannesburg-art-gallery |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}} Wits Art Museum in Braamfontein specializes in historic and contemporary African art.{{Cite web |title=Wits Art Museum {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/wits-art-museum |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}} Johannesburg is further home to an array of noteworthy private collections and art galleries, largely located in the northern suburbs. These include the Joburg Contemporary Art Foundation (JCAF), Goodman Gallery, Gallery MOMO and the Standard Bank Art Gallery.

Several museums were established since 1994 to remember and educate on South Africa's political history. These include the Apartheid Museum, Constitution Hill, Hector Pieterson Museum and Mandela House. Further, Museum Africa is dedicated to showcasing the continent's history through its Africana collection. Other historical museums include the South African National Museum of Military History, the Johannesburg Holocaust and Genocide Centre and the Workers Museum. The Origins Centre at the University of the Witwatersrand explores the history of humankind and features exhibitions on African sand and rock art.

Specialist museums and collections cover subjects such as Africana, costume, design, fossils, geology, military history, medical, pharmacy, photography and transportation networks such as railways. Notably, the James Hall Museum of Transport features the largest collection on the topic in Africa. Other specialist collections include the AECI Dynamite Factory Museum, the Adler Museum of Medicine, the Credo Mutwa Cultural Village, Madiba Freedom Museum, Bernberg Fashion Museum, and the Zoology Museum.

File:Rise Against at RAMFest 2013 in Johannesburg, South Africa.jpg performing live in Johannesburg, South Africa, as part of RAMFest 2013]]

Johannesburg hosts many of South Africa's premier music events, such as RAMFest's Johannesburg leg,{{cite web |url=http://www.songkick.com/festivals/44346-ramfest/id/3810841-ramfest-2010 |title=Ramfest 2010 | Ramfest 2010 Line-up and Posters |publisher=Songkick |access-date=5 March 2013 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502071343/http://www.songkick.com/festivals/44346-ramfest/id/3810841-ramfest-2010 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |author=Johannesburg, South Africa |url=http://www.songkick.com/festivals/44346-ramfest/id/7361686-ramfest-2011 |title=Ramfest 2011 | Ramfest 2011 Line-up and Posters |publisher=Songkick |date=12 March 2011 |access-date=5 March 2013 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502074246/http://www.songkick.com/festivals/44346-ramfest/id/7361686-ramfest-2011 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |author=Johannesburg, South Africa |url=http://www.songkick.com/festivals/44346-ramfest/id/10817988-ramfest-2012 |title=Ramfest 2012 | Ramfest 2012 Line-up and Posters |publisher=Songkick |date=10 March 2012 |access-date=5 March 2013 |archive-date=18 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118043323/http://www.songkick.com/festivals/44346-ramfest/id/10817988-ramfest-2012 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/429/88021.html |title=Ramfest 2013 line-up |publisher=Bizcommunity.com |date=21 January 2013 |access-date=5 March 2013 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407062925/http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/429/88021.html |url-status=live }} In The City{{cite web |url=http://www.drop-your-drink.com/2012/09/vodacom-unlimited-in-city-presents-bloc.html |title=Archived copy |website=www.drop-your-drink.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212101418/http://www.drop-your-drink.com/2012/09/vodacom-unlimited-in-city-presents-bloc.html |archive-date=12 February 2017 |url-status=usurped}} and many international tours from bands and artists around the world.{{cite web |url=http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-02-14-u2-in-johannesburg-the-real-greatest-show-on-earth |title=U2 in Johannesburg – the real greatest show on earth – Daily Maverick |first=Styli |last=Charalambous |date=14 February 2011 |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-date=13 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013015217/http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-02-14-u2-in-johannesburg-the-real-greatest-show-on-earth |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-10-09-coldplay-makes-joburg-paradise |title=Coldplay makes Jo'burg Paradise |first1=Genevieve |last1=Quintal |first2=Jenna |last2=Etheridge |date=9 October 2011 |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220023851/http://mg.co.za/article/2011-10-09-coldplay-makes-joburg-paradise |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-10-31-kings-of-leon-anything-but-a-royal-performance |title=Kings of Leon: anything but a royal performance – Daily Maverick |first=Styli |last=Charalambous |date=31 October 2011 |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-date=1 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101194036/http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-10-31-kings-of-leon-anything-but-a-royal-performance |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://ewn.co.za/2012/11/11/Thousands-attend-Linkin-Park-concert |title=Thousands attend Linkin Park concert |first=Andrea van |last=Wyk |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220074154/http://ewn.co.za/2012/11/11/Thousands-attend-Linkin-Park-concert |url-status=live }}{{cite magazine |date=5 January 2013 |title=Billboard Boxscore |magazine=Billboard |volume=124 |issue=51 |issn=0006-2510 |access-date=7 January 2013 |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/currentboxscore.jsp |archive-url=http://www.freezepage.com/1357566049IANLXYVBOK?url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/currentboxscore.jsp |archive-date=7 January 2013}}{{cite web |url=http://www.rollingstone.co.za/musicrev/item/2139-report-red-hot-chili-peppers-electrify-fnb-stadium |title=Report: Red Hot Chili Peppers Electrify FNB Stadium – Rolling Stone South Africa |first=KAYLEIGH |last=VOGES |website=www.rollingstone.co.za |date=6 December 2018 |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220004239/http://www.rollingstone.co.za/musicrev/item/2139-report-red-hot-chili-peppers-electrify-fnb-stadium |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/entertainment/music/2013/04/29/the-master-of-puppets-metallica-pulls-johannesburg-s-strings |title=TimesLIVE |website=www.timeslive.co.za |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-date=2 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702005424/http://www.timeslive.co.za/entertainment/music/2013/04/29/the-master-of-puppets-metallica-pulls-johannesburg-s-strings |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2012/12/11/bieber-busts-jozi-ticket-bank |title=Bieber busts Jozi ticket bank |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016062601/http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2012/12/11/bieber-busts-jozi-ticket-bank |url-status=live }} Several critically acclaimed musical acts come from Johannesburg, such as Kongos, Johnny Clegg, Trevor Rabin, Zebra & Giraffe, Man As Machine, The Parlotones, and ShortStraw.

The Joburg Theatre complex hosts drama, opera and ballet.

The Market Theatre Foundation houses the historic Market Theatre in Newtown with various sized stages holding performances from theatre to music and dance. The foundation also oversees the [https://www.marketlab.co.za Market Theatre Laboratory] and [https://marketphotoworkshop.co.za The Market Photo Workshop] – run training programmes for young creatives and presenting work to the public.

Public art ranges from sculptures to murals to pieces by artists like William Kentridge and Gerhard Marx's Fire Walker. Many pieces are developed through community workshops, such as the Vilakazi Street sculptures. Others are functional, such as street furniture found in Hillbrow and the city centre.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

As part of the Johannesburg Development Agency's (JDA) policy to make city areas desirable to potential investors, the organisation has identified public art as a way to improve the urban experience of the city.{{cite web |title=JDA's PUBLIC ART STRATEGY 2011–2016 |url=http://www.jda.org.za/docs/publi_art_strategy.pdf |website=www.jda.org.za |publisher=Johannesburg Development Agency |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401054603/http://www.jda.org.za/docs/publi_art_strategy.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2017 |url-status=dead}} The JDA spends 1 percent of all projects of over R10-million on public art.{{cite web |title=Place making and public art |url=http://www.jda.org.za/index.php/whatwedo/programmes/inner-city |website=www.jda.org.za |publisher=Johannesburg Development Agency |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331210050/http://www.jda.org.za/index.php/whatwedo/programmes/inner-city |archive-date=31 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}

{{Main|Architecture of Johannesburg|Suburbs of Johannesburg}}

File:Trust Bank Building.jpg in 2018]]

File:Joburg skyline.jpg

Johannesburg is home to some of Africa's tallest structures, such as the Sentech Tower, Hillbrow Tower, the Carlton Centre and Ponte City Apartments. The Johannesburg city skyline has most of the tallest buildings on the continent and contains most international organisations such as IBM, Absa, BHP, Willis Group, First National Bank, Nedbank and Standard Bank. Many of the city's older buildings have been demolished and more modern ones built in their place. North of the CBD is Hillbrow, the most densely populated residential area in southern Africa. Northwest of the CBD is Braamfontein, a secondary CBD housing many offices and business premises. The CBD is predominated by four styles of architecture, being Victorian Colonial, Edwardian Baroque, Art Deco and Modernism.

The city is often described as Africa's economic powerhouse, and contentiously as a modern and prosperous African city.{{cite news |last=Smith |first=David |title=Johannesburg rebuked over 'world-class city' advert |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/11/johannesburg-world-class-city-advert |access-date=15 July 2013 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=12 July 2013 |archive-date=4 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904072916/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/11/johannesburg-world-class-city-advert |url-status=live }} Johannesburg, like many metropolises, has more than one central business district (CBD), including, but not limited to, Sandton, Rosebank and Roodepoort in addition to the original CBD. Some tend to include Benoni and Germiston as well.

Due to its many different central districts, Johannesburg would fall under the multiple nuclei model in human geography terms. It is the hub of South Africa's commercial, financial, industrial, and mining undertakings. Johannesburg is part of a larger urban region. It is closely linked with several other satellite towns. Randburg and Sandton form part of the northern area. The east and west ridges spread out from central Johannesburg. The Central Business District covers an area of {{convert|6|km2|0|abbr=out}}. It consists of closely packed skyscrapers such as the Carlton Centre, Marble Towers, Trust Bank Building, Ponte City Apartments, Southern Life Centre and 11 Diagonal Street.

Johannesburg's city centre retains its elements of a rectangular grid pattern that was first officially recorded in 1886. Streets are narrow and filled with high rises built in the mid- to late 1900s. Old Victorian–era buildings first built in the late 1800s have been torn down long ago. The 1900s brought along with it the introduction of many different architectural styles and structures. The Johannesburg Art Gallery and Supreme Court Building being two examples. These were important Beaux-Arts structures, with the style put in place by (at the time) colonial parent, the British Empire. South Africa didn't borrow architectural techniques exclusively from Britain, however. They were also inspired by American models and styles, having built several structures like the ESKOM Building and the Corner House to emulate the prowess of New York City, located in the United States.

{{wide image|Panoramic Joburg.jpg|1100px|Panoramic view of the Johannesburg Central Business District}}

File:FIFA World Cup 2010 Uruguay Ghana.jpg vs. Ghana at the FNB Stadium, during the 2010 FIFA World Cup]]

Johannesburg's most popular sports by participation are association football, cricket, rugby union, and running. Early each Sunday morning, tens of thousands of runners gather to take part in informal runs organised by several athletic clubs.

The city has several football clubs in the Premiership and the National First Division. In the Premiership, the top Johannesburg teams are all fierce rivals and include Kaizer Chiefs (nicknamed Amakhosi) and Orlando Pirates (nicknamed the Buccaneers). They are based at the city's FNB and Orlando stadiums. Several large-scale league and cup games are played at Soccer City the venue of the 2010 FIFA World Cup final. First Division teams are Jomo Cosmos and FC AK. Katlehong City and Alexandra United, play at Alexandra and Reiger Park stadium respectively.

Cricket is one of the more popular sports. In cricket, the Highveld Lions represent Johannesburg, the rest of Gauteng as well as the North West at the Wanderers Stadium which was the venue for the 2003 Cricket World Cup Final in which Australia successfully defended their title against India. Wanderers Stadium hosted what many cricket fans consider the greatest ever ODI match in which South Africa successfully chased down 434 runs. They take part in the first class SuperSport Series, the one-day MTN Domestic Championship and the Twenty20 Ram Slam T20 Challenge. Johannesburg also hosted matches from and the final of the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, in which India beat Pakistan in the final.

The Lions, formerly the Cats, represent Johannesburg, North West and Mpumalanga in the United Rugby Championship competition, which includes teams from South Africa, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. The Golden Lions compete in the Currie Cup, which they have won on ten occasions. They are housed at Ellis Park Stadium, which also hosted the 1995 Rugby World Cup final, in which the South African Springboks defeated the New Zealand All Blacks.

The city's Ticketpro Dome and the Ellis Park Arena hosted two of the three NBA Africa Games.{{cite news |title=Getting to know Africa's flashy basketball arenas |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas |access-date=10 December 2020 |work=FIBA |date=2 September 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107193242/https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas |url-status=live }}

Johannesburg is a young and sprawling city, with its public transportation built in its infancy, geared towards private motorists, and lacks a convenient public transportation system. The City though has invested a large percentage of its budget{{When|date=March 2024}} toward an effective integrated public transportation system. A significant number of the city's residents are dependent on the city's informal minibus taxis.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

{{Further information|Johannesburg Freeways}}File:Johannesburg,_Gauteng,_South_Africa_(2417711025).jpg is a major freeway in Johannesburg]]

Johannesburg shares a network of metropolitan routes with Krugersdorp and Ekurhuleni. The fact that Johannesburg is not near a large navigable body of water has meant that ground transportation has been the most important method of transporting people and goods in and out of the city. One of Africa's most famous "beltways" or ring roads/orbitals is the Johannesburg Ring Road. The road is composed of three freeways that converge on the city, forming an {{convert|80|km|adj=on}} loop around it: the N3 Eastern Bypass, the N1 Western Bypass and the N12 Southern Bypass. The N3 was built exclusively with asphalt, while the N12 and N1 sections were made with concrete, hence the nickname given to the N1 Western Bypass, "The Concrete Highway". In spite of being up to 12 lanes wide in some areas, the Johannesburg Ring Road is frequently clogged with traffic. The Gillooly's Interchange (renamed George Bizos Interchange in 2021{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=Here are the streets affected by Ekurhuleni's new name changes |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/government/2740326/city-of-ekurhuleni-street-name-changes-13-october-2021/ |access-date=2022-01-02 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}), built on an old farm and the point at which the N3 Eastern Bypass and the R24 Airport Freeway intersect, is the busiest interchange in the Southern Hemisphere.{{cite web |title=Busiest freeways in southern hemisphere |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/busiest-freeways-in-southern-hemisphere-2008-09-26 |publisher=SA National Roads Agency |date=26 September 2008 |access-date=15 July 2013 |archive-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616164747/http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/busiest-freeways-in-southern-hemisphere-2008-09-26 |url-status=live }} It is claimed{{cite news |last=Staff Reporter |title=18 perish in road accidents |url=http://www.newsday.co.zw/2013/05/10/18-perish-in-road-accidents |access-date=15 July 2013 |newspaper=NewsDay |date=10 May 2013 |archive-date=19 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719181822/http://www.newsday.co.zw/2013/05/10/18-perish-in-road-accidents/ |url-status=live }} that the N1 is the busiest road in South Africa.

Johannesburg has a lot of freeways connected to it.{{Cite report |url=http://www.transport.gov.za/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=5qOHvOI4KuY%3d |title=South African Numbered Route Description and Destination Analysis |last=Falkner |first=John |date=May 2012 |publisher=National Department of Transport |pages=13–15 |access-date=12 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606100245/http://www.transport.gov.za/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=5qOHvOI4KuY%3d |archive-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=dead}} The N1 connects northwards to Pretoria and Polokwane and southwards to Bloemfontein and Cape Town. The N3 connects south-east to Durban. The N12 connects westwards to Potchefstroom and Kimberley and eastwards to eMalahleni. The N14 passes at the north-western corner of the Johannesburg Municipality, connecting Pretoria with Krugersdorp. The N17 connects eastwards to Ermelo and Eswatini. The R21 connects the East Rand and O. R. Tambo International Airport with Pretoria. The R24 connects the Johannesburg CBD with the airport. The R59 connects southwards to Vereeniging and Sasolburg. The M1 connects the Johannesburg CBD with the northern suburbs and the southern suburbs. The M2 connects the Johannesburg CBD with the Germiston CBD to the east. The M1 and M2 freeways are congested due to mass urbanisation.

Johannesburg also has a lot of non-freeway routes that connect to other towns and cities. The R24 connects the Johannesburg city centre with Roodepoort, Krugersdorp and Rustenburg to the west. The R25 connects Johannesburg's northern suburbs with Modderfontein and Kempton Park to the north-east. The R29 connects the city centre with Germiston, Boksburg and Benoni to the east. The R41 connects the city centre with Roodepoort and Randfontein to the west. The R55 connects Sandton with Pretoria West to the north. The R82 connects Johannesburg South with Vereeniging to the south. The R101 connects Sandton with Midrand, Centurion and Pretoria to the north. The R511 connects Sandton with Diepsloot and Hartbeespoort to the north. The R512 connects Randburg with Lanseria International Airport and Hartbeespoort to the north.

Image:Rea Vaya stop in CBD.JPG bus stop in Johannesburg CBD in Commissioner Street at Ntemi Piliso Street]]

Johannesburg is served by a bus fleet operated by MetroBus, a corporate unit of the City of Johannesburg.{{cite web |title=Metrobus |url=http://www.mbus.co.za/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050211061241/http://www.mbus.co.za/ |archive-date=11 Feb 2005}}{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://mbus.joburg.org.za/about-us |website=City of Johannesburg |publisher=Metrobus |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003225238/https://mbus.joburg.org.za/about-us |url-status=dead }} It has a fleet consisting of approximately 550 single and double-decker buses, plying 84 different routes in the city. This total includes 200 modern buses (150 double-deckers and 50 single-deckers), made by Volvo, Scania AB and Marcopolo/Brasa in 2002. Metrobus' fleet carries approximately 20 million passengers per annum. In addition, there are a number of private bus operators, though most focus on the inter-city routes, or on bus charters for touring groups. The city's main bus terminus is situated in Gandhi Square, where passengers can also obtain information regarding the Metrobus service from the walk-in customer information desk.

In 2010, in order to create an efficient public transport system, the Rea Vaya bus rapid system was developed/built. The buses run on their own dedicated bus lanes on the main trunk and complementary routes. The buses also have large feeder routes that run on ordinary roads. The Rea Vaya works on a smartcard payment system. Upon entering the station or bus, the passenger taps his/her smartcard onto the validator/scanner and taps out at the next station with the calculated amount. The routes cover both the southern and northern suburbs with the main trunk route running from Soweto to Sandton and Rosebank, and the feeder and complementary routes covering most of Johannesburg, with the notable exceptions of Midrand and Centurion. A subsequent expansion (phase 1-C;1-D) will cover these areas. In 2017, the Rea Vaya bus rapid transit was recorded to be making huge losses recovering only about 40 per cent of the operating costs and relying heavily on government subsidies.{{Cite news |url=https://www.fin24.com/Economy/bus-rapid-transit-bleeding-cash-20170226-2 |title=Bus Rapid Transit bleeding cash |work=Fin24 |access-date=2 July 2019 |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702073721/https://www.fin24.com/Economy/bus-rapid-transit-bleeding-cash-20170226-2 |url-status=live }}

Johannesburg has two kinds of taxis, metered taxis and minibus taxis. Unlike many cities, metered taxis are not allowed to drive around the city looking for passengers and instead must be called and ordered to a destination. The Gauteng Provincial Government has launched a new metered taxi programme in an attempt to increase the use of metered taxis in the city.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}}

The minibus "taxis" are the de facto standard and essential form of transport for the majority of the population. Since the 1980s, the minibus taxi industry has been severely affected by turf wars.{{Cite web |url=https://yoinsta.com/tag/knysna |title=Posts filled under #knysna |last=YoInsta |website=yoinsta.com |access-date=28 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228112329/https://yoinsta.com/tag/knysna |archive-date=28 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}{{Cite news |last=Greef |first=Kimon de |date=2018-07-22 |title=In South Africa's 'Mafia-Like' Taxi Industry, 11 Die in Latest Attack |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/22/world/africa/south-africa-taxi-attack.html |access-date=2022-03-09 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513083505/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/22/world/africa/south-africa-taxi-attack.html |url-status=live }}

Image:Ekurhuleni_Aerotropolis.jpg]]

Johannesburg is served principally by O. R. Tambo International Airport (formerly Johannesburg International Airport and before that Jan Smuts Airport) for both domestic and international flights. Lanseria Airport, located to the north-west of the city and closer to the business hub of Sandton, is used for commercial flights to Cape Town, Durban, Port Elizabeth, Botswana, and Sun City. Other airports include Rand Airport and Grand Central Airport. Rand Airport, located in Germiston, is a small airfield used mostly for private aircraft and the home of South African Airways' first Boeing 747–200 ZS-SAN and also 747SP ZS-SPC and now serves as an aviation museum. Grand Central is located in Midrand and also caters to small, private aircraft.

Image:South Africa-Metrorail-001.jpg at Braamfontein, Johannesburg]]

The Metrorail Gauteng commuter rail system connects central Johannesburg to Soweto, Pretoria, and most of the satellite towns along the Witwatersrand. The railways transport huge numbers of commuters every day. However, the Metrorail infrastructure was built in Johannesburg's infancy and covers only the older areas in the city's south. The northern areas, including the business districts of Sandton, Midrand, Randburg, and Rosebank, are served by the rapid rail link Gautrain.

File:Gautrain..., O R Tambo Intl Airport South Africa.jpg station at OR Tambo Airport]]

A part of the Gauteng Provincial Government's Blue IQ Project, Gautrain has made provision for a rapid rail link, running north to south, between Johannesburg and Pretoria, and west to east between Sandton and the OR Tambo International Airport. Construction of the Gautrain Rapid Rail started in October 2006 and was completed in June 2012. It consists of a number of underground stations, as well as above-ground stations. Stations on the north–south line include Johannesburg's Park Station (underground), Rosebank (underground), Sandton (underground), Marlboro (above-ground and raised), Midrand, Pretoria Station and Hatfield. There is also a line from the O.R. Tambo International Airport (above-ground and raised) travelling to Sandton via Rhodesfield (raised) and Marlboro. A 200-kilometre expansion is underway and will consist of 3 new lines and 18 new stations, and is expected to cost R18 billion and one-lines (Soweto Mamalodi) could take 4 years to build, most of the new stations will be in Johannesburg.

The east–west line from the airport to Sandton opened in June 2010 in time for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, while the north–south line opened on 2 August 2011, except for Park Station, which opened in 2012.

The rail system was designed to alleviate traffic on the N1 freeway between Johannesburg and Pretoria, which records vehicle loads of up to 300,000 per week day.{{cite web |title=Why Rapid Rail |url=http://www.gautrain.co.za/about/about-gautrain/why-rapid-rail/ |publisher=Gautrain |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825063354/http://www.gautrain.co.za/about/about-gautrain/why-rapid-rail/ |url-status=live }} An extensive bus feeder system has also been implemented, which allows access to the main stations from the outer suburbs, but is limited to a five-kilometre radius, which neglects the rest of the suburbs. This is the first new major railway system that has been laid in South Africa since 1977.{{cite web |title=Railway country. 150 Years of Rail in South Africa |url=http://www.transnetfreightrail-tfr.net/Heritage/150years/150YearsRail.pdf |publisher=Transnet |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=12 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012074755/http://www.transnetfreightrail-tfr.net/Heritage/150years/150YearsRail.pdf |url-status=dead}}

In 2010, a high-speed rail link was proposed between Johannesburg and Durban.{{cite web |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/ambitious-plans-will-still-need-funding/browse/3.html |access-date=19 September 2010 |title=Railway Gazette: Ambitious plans will still need funding |archive-date=15 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615134927/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/ambitious-plans-will-still-need-funding/browse/3.html |url-status=dead}} In 2020 the government announced plans for high-speed rail from Johannesburg to Soweto.{{Cite news |date=25 October 2020 |title=South Africa's Rail Expansion Plan Links Soweto to Johannesburg |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-25/south-africa-s-rail-expansion-plan-links-soweto-to-johannesburg |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028213615/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-25/south-africa-s-rail-expansion-plan-links-soweto-to-johannesburg |url-status=live }}

City Deep Terminal is the name of Africa's largest dry port and was officially opened by the South African Railways Services (SARS) in 1977. The container terminal is connected to the Port of Durban, Port of Ngqurha, Port of Cape Town, as well as Southern Africa by road and rail. At least forty percent of container export/imports run on the Natal Corridor (Natcor) which is directly linked by rail to City Deep.

Johannesburg has 4 major cellular telecommunications operators: Vodacom, MTN, Cell C, and Telkom Mobile. Vodacom's global headquarters is located in Midrand. It was formed in 1994, just after the South African elections of 1994.{{cite web |url=http://www.africanwireless.com/vodacom_history.htm |title=Vodacom History |publisher=Africanwireless.com |access-date=2 July 2010 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327001945/http://www.africanwireless.com/vodacom_history.htm |url-status=live }}

File:SouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporationHQ.jpg headquarters in Uitsaaisentrum, Johannesburg]]

Johannesburg has a number of regional radio stations such as 94.7 Highveld Stereo, Radiokansel / Radio Pulpit, Kaya FM, Radio 2000, YFM, Metro FM, 5FM, Jacaranda FM, SAfm, Phalaphala FM, Radio 702 and UJFM.{{Cite web |title=Radio Stations |url=https://www.joburg.org.za/work_/keysectors/Pages/Radio-Stations.aspx |website=www.joburg.org.za |language=en-ZA |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201142105/https://www.joburg.org.za/work_/keysectors/Pages/Radio-Stations.aspx |url-status=live }}

Johannesburg is also the headquarters of state-owned broadcaster South African Broadcasting Corporation{{Cite web |title=South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) |url=https://www.gov.za/about-government/contact-directory/soe/soe/south-african-broadcasting-corporation-sabc |website=gov.za |access-date=16 July 2020 |archive-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718000435/https://www.gov.za/about-government/contact-directory/soe/soe/south-african-broadcasting-corporation-sabc |url-status=live }} and pay-broadcast network Multichoice{{Cite web |title=MultiChoice Group |url=https://www.multichoice.com/contact-us/ |website=multichoice.com |access-date=16 July 2020 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811123220/https://www.multichoice.com/contact-us/ |url-status=live }} which distributes M-Net and DStv a digital satellite service, while eTV also has a presence in the city. The city has two television towers, the Hillbrow Tower{{Cite web |title=Hillbrow Tower – symbol of Joburg |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/tourism-south-africa/travel/cities/hillbrow-tower-symbol-of-joburg |website=brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=16 July 2020 |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716134357/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/tourism-south-africa/travel/cities/hillbrow-tower-symbol-of-joburg |url-status=dead}} and the Sentech Tower.{{Cite web |title=The story behind Sentech's iconic tower – TechCentral |url=https://techcentral.co.za/the-story-behind-sentechs-iconic-tower/18447/ |website=techcentral.co.za |date=27 October 2010 |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826123608/https://techcentral.co.za/the-story-behind-sentechs-iconic-tower/18447/ |url-status=live }}

Johannesburg is twinned with:{{cite web |title=Twinning agreements |url=https://www.joburg.org.za/departments_/Documents/GSPCR/CoJ_IR%20Strategy_Sep2021.pdf |website=joburg.org.za |publisher=City of Johannesburg |access-date=23 September 2023}}

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• {{flagicon|ETH}} Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
• {{flagicon|CHN}} Beijing, China
• {{flagicon|UK}} Birmingham, United Kingdom
• {{flagicon|CAN}} Montreal, Canada
• {{flagicon|USA}} New York City, United States
• {{flagicon|PSE}} Ramallah, Palestine
• {{flagicon|BRA}} Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• {{flagicon|CHN}} Shanghai, China
• {{flagicon|NAM}} Windhoek, Namibia

{{div end}}

Johannesburg is cooperating with:{{cite web |title=Международные и межрегиональные связи |url=https://www.gov.spb.ru/helper/new_stat/inter/ |website=gov.spb.ru |publisher=Federal city of Saint Petersburg |language=ru |access-date=30 January 2020 |archive-date=5 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105013852/http://gov.spb.ru/helper/new_stat/inter/ |url-status=live }}

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• {{flagicon|GHA}} Accra, Ghana
• {{flagicon|DRC}} Kinshasa, DR Congo
• {{flagicon|MOZ}} Matola, Mozambique
• {{flagicon|RUS}} Saint Petersburg, Russia
• {{flagicon|FRA}} Val-de-Marne, France

{{div end}}

{{reflist|30em}}{{Notelist}}

• Felix Urban: Acoustic Competence. Investigating sonic empowerment in urban cultures. Johannesburg and Berlin. 1. Edition. Tectum, Baden-Baden 2016, {{ISBN|978-3-8288-3683-9}}.
• Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis. Sarah Nuttall. Duke University Press. 9 January 2005. 210 pages. {{ISBN|0-8223-6610-X}}.
• Early Johannesburg, Its Buildings and People. Hannes Meiring, Human & Rousseau. 1986. 143 pages. {{ISBN|0-7981-1456-8}}
• Gold! Gold! Gold! The Johannesburg Gold Rush. Eric Rosenthal, AD. Donker, 1970, {{ISBN|0-949937-64-9}}
• The Corner House: The Early History of Johannesburg. Alan Patrick Cartwright. MacDonald. 1965. 295 pages.

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Category:Greater Johannesburg

Category:Populated places in the City of Johannesburg

Category:Cities in South Africa

Category:Cities built on a grid

Category:Provincial capitals in South Africa

Category:Populated places established in 1886

Category:Populated places founded by Afrikaners