Kelud#1586 eruption

The eruption history of Kelud is unique in Indonesian history, because it was one of the few volcanoes whose activities were recorded in Indonesian historical accounts. According to Nagarakretagama canto 1 stanza 4 and 5 (composed by Mpu Prapanca in 1365), King Hayam Wuruk of Majapahit was born in 1256 Saka, which corresponds to 1334 CE, the same year that Mount Kelud erupted. Prapanca argued that this was the divine sign that Batara Gurunata has manifest Himself on earth, reincarnated as the Javanese king.{{Cite web |title=Terjemahan Kakawin Dēśawarṇnana (Nāgarakṛtāgama) |author=Mpu Prapanca, translated by Slamet Muljana |publisher=Jejak Nusantara |url=http://jejaknusantara.com/terjemahan-nagarakretagama |language=id |access-date=5 February 2015 |archive-date=5 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205000403/http://jejaknusantara.com/terjemahan-nagarakretagama |url-status=dead }} This account also describes the local Javanese psyche at that time (and even up to present) that regarded the natural event such as volcanic eruption, as the divine sign from the gods.

In that year, the worst eruption of Mount Kelud killed over 10,000 people.{{Cite web|url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/kelud.html|title=Kelud volcano|website=volcanodiscovery.com|access-date=27 January 2021}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.infid.be/eruption-kelud-1586|title=Eruption of Kelud in 1586|website=infid.be|date=9 December 2017|access-date=27 January 2021}}

File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Solfataren in de krater van de vulkaan Gunung Kelud TMnr 10023721.jpg

On May 19, 1919, an eruption at Kelud killed an estimated 5,000 people, mostly through hot mudflows (also known as "lahars").{{harvnb|Gunn|2008|p=}} More recent eruptions in 1951, 1966, and 1990 have altogether killed another 250 people."Indonesia Volcano Starts to Erupt," Associated Press, November 3, 2007. Following the 1966 eruption, the Ampera Tunnels were built (top and bottom) on the southwestern side of the crater to reduce (not drain completely) the water of the crater lake and thus reduce the lahar hazard.

A strong and explosive eruption on early February 1990 produced a seven-kilometer-high column of tephra, heavy tephra falls and several pyroclastic flows. More than thirty people were killed. Workers continued to construct the Ampera Tunnel despite the still-hot ({{convert|90|-|400|C|F|disp=or|sigfig=1}}) pyroclastic flow deposits which reached as high as {{convert|25|m|ft|abbr=out|sigfig=1}} and buried the tunnel's mouth. This eruption killed over 300 monkeys in the surrounding forest.

On 16 October, Indonesian authorities ordered the evacuation of 30,000 residents living near Kelud, after scientists placed the volcano on the highest alert level, meaning that they expected an imminent eruption.Karmini, "Indonesian Volcano Threatens to Erupt," Associated Press, October 16, 2007.

Kelud erupted at about 3 p.m. local time on 3 November. The eruption was confirmed by the Indonesian government's Centre for Vulcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation."Mt. Kelud Starts to Erupt," Jakarta Post, November 3, 2007.Retnowati, "Indonesia's Volcano Mt. Kelud Erupts - Official," Reuters, November 3, 2007. Although no visual confirmation was possible when the eruption began because the volcano's peak was shrouded by clouds, Indonesian government volcanologists said seismic readings showed an eruption was under way. More than 350,000 people lived within {{convert|10|km|mi}} of the volcano. Surabaya, Indonesia's third-largest urban area and home to one of the country's busiest airports, is {{convert|90|km|mi}} to the northwest. Although residents were ordered to leave their homes in mid-October, many either did not evacuate or returned in the interim. Many villagers were reported fleeing the area in panic after reports of the eruption. But by early evening, Indonesian officials said the eruption that day had not been very large at all. Seismological equipment near the volcano's crater was still operating, and scientists said that indicated a small eruption at best.Indra Harsaputra, "Scientist: Indonesian Volcano's Erupting," Associated Press, November 3, 2007.

However, on the early morning of 4 November, Mount Kelud spewed ash {{convert|500|m|ft}} into the air, indicating a full eruption was taking place."Indonesian Volcano Kelud Spews Ash - Official," Reuters, November 4, 2007. "The eruption isn't over," Saut Simatupang, head of Indonesian Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation Agency, said. Seismologists monitoring the crater said surface temperatures in Mount Kelud's crater lake rose on 4 November to {{convert|60.7|C|F}} from {{convert|43.9|C|F}} on 3 November. At a depth of {{convert|15|m|ft}}, the temperature jumped to {{convert|66.1|C|F}} on 4 November from {{convert|45.9|C|F}} on 3 November.Karima Anjani, "Indonesian Volcano Kelud Spews Ash - Official," Bloomberg Business News, November 4, 2007. The extreme heat created a cloud of steam and smoke {{convert|488|m|ft}} high.Irwan Firdaus, "Thousands Defy Indonesia Volcano Warning," Associated Press, November 4, 2007.

On 5 November, new columns of smoke and steam erupted from the crater. Boiling water cascaded down the flanks of the mountain from the crater lake, and seismological equipment near the crater ceased working. Indonesian authorities said about 25,000 people remained in the danger zone, ignoring evacuation orders.Irwan Firdaus, "Crater Temperature at Indonesia Volcano Up," Associated Press, November 5, 2007.

The following day, a lava dome rose through the centre of the crater lake atop the mountain. Closed-circuit television cameras showed the {{convert|100|m|ft|adj=on}} long oblong island had pushed about {{convert|20|m|ft}} above the surface of the lake. The volcano continued to emit smoke, with plumes reaching {{Convert|3,280|ft|m}} into the atmosphere."'Island' Emerges in Indonesian Volcano Crater," Agence France-Presse, November 6, 2007.

But after 48 hours of smoke and ash but no lava, Indonesian officials declared on 8 November that no eruption was immediate. Officials said the volcano was experiencing a "slow eruption" and was unlikely to explode as it had done many times in the past century."Indonesia's Mount Kelut Spews Ash and Lava," Agence France-Presse, November 12, 2007.

By 12 November, Mount Kelud began spewing lava into its crater lake. The lava dome, which had expanded to {{convert|250|m|ft}} long and {{convert|120|m|ft}} high, cracked open and lava began oozing into the surrounding water. Smoke rose more than {{convert|2|km|mi ft|spell=in}} into the air, and ash dusted several villages around the volcano. On 14 November, smoke billowed {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} into the air, and light ash covered villages {{convert|15|km|mi}} away."Volcano Spews Lava, Red-Hot Rocks," The Independent, November 14, 2007. The hot lava dome occupied the lake crater and, consequently, the lake disappeared.{{Cite journal|last1=Jeffery|first1=A. J.|last2=Gertisser|first2=R.|last3=Troll|first3=V. R.|last4=Jolis|first4=E. M.|last5=Dahren|first5=B.|last6=Harris|first6=C.|last7=Tindle|first7=A. G.|last8=Preece|first8=K.|last9=O’Driscoll|first9=B.|last10=Humaida|first10=H.|last11=Chadwick|first11=J. P.|date=2013-07-01|title=The pre-eruptive magma plumbing system of the 2007–2008 dome-forming eruption of Kelut volcano, East Java, Indonesia|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-013-0875-4|journal=Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology|language=en|volume=166|issue=1|pages=275–308|doi=10.1007/s00410-013-0875-4|bibcode=2013CoMP..166..275J |s2cid=129937720 |issn=1432-0967}}

{{Infobox eruption

| name = 2014 eruption of Kelud

| image = Kelud eruption 2014 ash in Yogyakarta.jpg

| image_size =

| caption = Ashfall in Yogyakarta from the Kelud eruption in February 2014

| start_date = {{start date|2014|02|13|df=y}}{{cite gvp|name=Kelut: Eruptive History|vtab=Eruptions|vn=263280|access-date=2021-06-24}}

| start_time =

| end_date = {{end date|2014|02|15|df=y}}

| volcano =

| type = Plinian

| location =

| coordinates =

| VEI = 4

| map =

| map_size=

| map_caption =

| impact =

}}

Kelud erupted on 13 February 2014.[https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/indonesias-mount-kelud-java-island-erupts-22502220. Mount Kelud Java Island erupts.][https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2014/02/significant-eruption-started-indonesias-kelut/ Significant eruption of Kelud][http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/blog/archives/14910 Eruption of the Kelut volcano in Java] The eruption occurred at 22:50 local time (UT+7). The eruption sent volcanic ash covering an area of about {{convert|500|km|mi}} in diameter, with the total ejectus estimated at {{convert|120000000|to|160000000|m3|}} being a VEI 4 eruption. Ashfall occurred over a large portion of Java island, from Malang to the west, as well as Central Java and Yogyakarta.{{cite news |url = http://www.metrotvnews.com/metronews/read/2014/02/13/6/215844/Gunung-Kelud-Meletus |language = id |publisher = MetroTV News |title = Gunung Kelud Meletus |date = 13 February 2014 |access-date = 14 February 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140222143858/http://www.metrotvnews.com/metronews/read/2014/02/13/6/215844/Gunung-Kelud-Meletus |archive-date = 22 February 2014 |url-status = dead }}{{cite news |url = http://www.harianjogja.com/baca/2014/02/14/gunung-kelud-meletus-soloraya-tertutup-hujan-abu-pekat-489428 |title = Gunung Kelud Meletus, Soloraya Tertutup Hujan Abu Pekat |language = id |date = 14 February 2014 |publisher = Harian Jogja |access-date = 14 February 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140222154815/http://www.harianjogja.com/baca/2014/02/14/gunung-kelud-meletus-soloraya-tertutup-hujan-abu-pekat-489428 |archive-date = 22 February 2014 |url-status = dead }}{{cite news |url = http://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/gunung-kelud-meletus-hujan-pasir-terasa-hingga-malang-blitar.html |title = Gunung Kelud Meletus, Hujan Pasir Terasa Hingga Malang Blitar |language = id|publisher = Merdeka |date = 14 February 2014}} The eruption prompted about 76,000 inhabitants to evacuate their homes. Two people were reported dead after their houses collapsed from the weight of ash. An elderly man also died from inhaling the ash.{{harvnb|BBC News|2014|p=}} The ash also reportedly reached the western region of Java by February 14 afternoon, where traces of volcanic ash were found in Bandung and surroundings.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

Ashfall from the eruption caused major disruption across Java.{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/02/15/mt-kelud-eruption-paralyzes-java.html |title=Mt. Kelud eruption paralyzes Java |work=The Jakarta Post |date=15 February 2014 |archive-date=5 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405122047/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/02/15/mt-kelud-eruption-paralyzes-java.html |access-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=dead }} Seven airports, in Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Surabaya, Malang, Semarang, Cilacap and Bandung, were closed.{{cite web |url=http://jabar.tribunnews.com/2014/02/14/7-bandara-ditutup-76388-jiwa-mengungsi-akibat-erupsi-kelud |title=7 Bandara Ditutup, 76.388 Jiwa Mengungsi Akibat Erupsi Kelud |date=February 14, 2014}} Financial losses from the airport closures were valued in the billions of rupiah (millions of US dollars), including an estimated 2 billion rupiah (US$200,000) at Juanda International Airport in Surabaya.{{cite news|title=With Mount Kelud Quieter, Airports and Towns Start the Big Clean-Up |work=The Jakarta Globe |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/with-mount-kelud-quieter-airports-and-towns-start-the-big-clean-up/ |date=17 February 2014 |archive-date=23 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323075214/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/with-mount-kelud-quieter-airports-and-towns-start-the-big-clean-up/ |access-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=dead }} Significant damage was caused to a variety of manufacturing and agricultural industries. The ashfall meant companies such as Unilever Indonesia had difficulty distributing their products throughout affected areas. Apple orchards in Batu, East Java, posted losses of up to Rp 17.8 billion, while the dairy industry in the province posted high losses.{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/02/17/kelud-causes-billions-losses.html |work=The Jakarta Post |date=17 February 2014 |author=Wahyoe Boediwardhana and Indra Harsaputra |title=Kelud causes billions in losses |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405190209/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/02/17/kelud-causes-billions-losses.html |archive-date=5 April 2014 |access-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}

File:Ash in Yogyakarta during the 2014 eruption of Kelud 09.jpg and nearby homes in Yogyakarta during the 2014 Kelud eruption.]]

On 14 February 2014, major tourist attractions in Yogyakarta and Central Java, including Borobudur, Prambanan and Ratu Boko, were closed to visitors, after being severely affected by the volcanic ashfall from the eruption of Kelud, located around 200 kilometers east from Yogyakarta. Workers covered the iconic stupas and statues of Borobudur temple to protect the structure from volcanic ash.{{cite news|title=Borobudur, Other Sites, Closed After Mount Kelud Eruption|date=February 14, 2014|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/borobudur-other-sites-closed-after-mount-kelud-eruption/|work=The Jakarta Globe|access-date=15 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023143737/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/borobudur-other-sites-closed-after-mount-kelud-eruption/|archive-date=23 October 2014|url-status=dead}} Owing to the ash, many tourists cancelled their reservations at hotels throughout Central Java. Tempo reported that hotels in Yogyakarta had posted losses of Rp 22 billion (US$2.2 million) as more than 80 percent of reservations were canceled owing to the ash.{{Cite news|url=http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2014/02/18/056555278/Kelud-Ashes-Cause-Yogyakarta-Tourism-to-Decline |title=Kelud Ashes Cause Yogyakarta Tourism to Decline |work=Tempo |date=18 February 2014 |author=Muh Syaifullah |archive-date=23 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323075253/http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2014/02/18/056555278/Kelud-Ashes-Cause-Yogyakarta-Tourism-to-Decline |access-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}

File:Ash in Yogyakarta during the 2014 eruption of Kelud 01.jpg during the 2014 eruption of Kelud]]

Flow-up following the eruptions had begun by 15 February. The Indonesian military used water cannons to clear roads, and were later involved in reconstruction efforts in the areas surrounding Kelud. Citizens did likewise, although with less powerful equipment.{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/02/16/java-rebounds-eruption.html |title=Java rebounds from eruption |author=Indra Harsaputra and Bambang Muryanto |work=The Jakarta Post |date=16 February 2014 |archive-date=5 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405100104/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/02/16/java-rebounds-eruption.html |access-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=dead }} Ash from Yogyakarta was disposed in the depressions of fields in four villages located {{convert|5|-|10|km|mi}} from Yogyakarta.{{Cite journal|last1=Hayes|first1=Josh L.|last2=Wilson|first2=Thomas M.|last3=Magill|first3=Christina|date=2015-10-01|title=Tephra fall clean-up in urban environments|journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|volume=304|pages=359–377|doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.09.014|bibcode=2015JVGR..304..359H |hdl=10092/11705|hdl-access=free}} Political parties vying for the April elections helped distribute food to victims of the eruptions.{{Cite news|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/cleanup-begins-after-eruption-of-indonesian-volcano-1.1687911 |title=Cleanup begins after eruption of Indonesian volcano |work=CTV News |date=15 February 2014 |author=Niniek Karmini |archive-date=23 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323062018/http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/cleanup-begins-after-eruption-of-indonesian-volcano-1.1687911 |access-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=dead }} By 20 February most businesses and attractions which had closed owing to the ashfall had reopened, although cleaning operations were still ongoing.{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/02/20/airport-temples-reopen-mt-kelud-high-alert-remains.html |title=Airport, temples reopen but Mt. Kelud high alert remains |work=The Jakarta Post |date=20 February 2014 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502152855/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/02/20/airport-temples-reopen-mt-kelud-high-alert-remains.html |access-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}

The volcano's alert status was downgraded on 21 February, and the exclusion zone reduced from {{convert|10|to|5|km|mi}}.{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/02/21/mount-kelud-s-alert-status-downgraded.html |title=Mount Kelud's alert status downgraded |author=Indra Harsaputra and Kusumasari Ayuningtyas |work=The Jakarta Post |date=21 February 2014 |archive-date=11 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311032359/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/02/21/mount-kelud-s-alert-status-downgraded.html |access-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=dead }} By early March most of the 12,304 buildings destroyed or damaged during the eruptions had been repaired, at an estimated cost of Rp 55 billion (US$5.5 million).{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/03/09/buildings-mt-kelud-shadow-rise-ashes.html |title=Buildings in Mt. Kelud shadow rise from ashes |work=The Jakarta Post |date=9 March 2014 |archive-date=9 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309201901/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/03/09/buildings-mt-kelud-shadow-rise-ashes.html |access-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}

• List of volcanoes in Indonesia
• List of volcanic eruptions by death toll

Notes

{{Reflist|20em}}

References

• {{cite book |last=Gunn|first=Angus M. | title = Encyclopedia of Disasters: Environmental Catastrophes and Human Tragedies|year=2008| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group| isbn= 9780313087479 }} - Total pages: 733
• {{cite web |last=BBC News|author-link=BBC News|date=14 February 2014|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26183880|title =Mass evacuation in Indonesia as Java volcano erupts|publisher = BBC News| access-date = May 2, 2019 }}

• Brand, E.W. (1984) "Landslides in Southeast Asia: A State-of-the-Art Report." In IV International Symposium on Landslides = IV Symposium international sur les glissements de terrains. Toronto: Canadian Geotechnical Society, 1984. [http://worldcat.org/oclc/77114072 OCLC 77114072].
• Van Bemmelen, R.W. The Geology of Indonesia. Vol. 1A: General Geology of Indonesia and Adjacent Archipelagoes. 2nd ed. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1987. {{ISBN|90-247-1171-1}}.
• Zen, M.T., and Hadikusumo, Djajadi. "The Future Danger of Mt. Kelut." Bulletin of Volcanology. 28:1 (December 1965).

{{Commons-inline}}

• [http://www.ulb.ac.be/sciences/cvl/Kelud/cud_Kelut.HTM Kelud crater lake]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20140222161353/http://www.oysteinlundandersen.com/Volcanoes/Kelud/Kelud_volcano.html Photos of the Kelud volcanic dome]
• [http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/blog/archives/14910 CIMSS Satellite Blog, Eruption of the Kelut volcano in Java, Indonesia. February 13th, 2014]

{{Volcanic eruptions in Indonesia}}

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Category:Mountains of East Java

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Category:Volcanic crater lakes

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