Kurdish Political Movement in Turkey

File:Turkish_general_election,_2015_-_Peoples'_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)_Celebration_-_Istanbul.jpg, 8 June 2015]]

The Kurdish Political Movement or the Kurdish Liberation Movement,Aydınoğlu, E. Kürt Özgürlük Hareketi, Versus Yayınevi, 2004 ISBN 9786054972166Barzani, M., İnce, V. Barzani ve Kürt ulusal özgürlük hareketi, Doz, 2003. refers to the movement that seeks to realize the political demands of Kurdish people living in the geocultural region called Kurdistan"Kurdistan." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 06 Ekim 2008 . in the lands of Turkey, Iraq, Syria, and Iran, such as education in their native language, self-determination, autonomy or an independent state.Öcalan, A. [http://www.kurdipedia.org/books/32412.PDF Kürdistan'da Kadın ve Aile, Weşanên Serxwebûn, 1993.] {{web archive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128105051/http://www.kurdipedia.org/books/32412.PDF|date=28 Ocak 2016}}Marcus, A., Alkan, A. Kan ve inanç: PKK ve Kürt hareketi., İletişim Yayınları, 2009.Syria, P. A. [http://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/trUploads/Yazilar/Dosyalar/20121121_oytunorhan.pdf Esad Sonrası Suriye: Irak ve Lübnan’ın Öğrettikleri] {{web archive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224234044/http://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/trUploads/Yazilar/Dosyalar/20121121_oytunorhan.pdf|date=24 December 2012}}, Ortadoğu Analiz, 2012, cilt 4, sayı 47. In the context of Turkey, this movement is being pursued by democratic means through left-wing ethnic political parties, as well as through PKK affiliated militant groups.

After the switch to Turkey's multi-party era in 1945, several Kurdish ethnic parties have been established. The first Kurdish minority interests party came into the political arena in 1990 with the establishment of the People's Labour Party (HEP), which was banned by the court in 1993 for being a source of separatism.{{cite web |date=2015-02-04 |title=Halkın Emek Partisi – MİLLİYET GAZETE ARŞİVİ |url=http://gazetearsivi.milliyet.com.tr/Ara.aspx?&ilkTar=01.01.1990&sonTar=30.06.1990&ekYayin=&drpSayfaNo=&araKelime=Halk%C4%B1n%20Emek%20Partisi&gelismisKelimeAynen=&gelismisKelimeHerhangi=&gelismisKelimeYakin=&gelismisKelimeHaric=&Siralama=RANK%20DESC&SayfaAdet=20&isAdv=true |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204175425/http://gazetearsivi.milliyet.com.tr/Ara.aspx?&ilkTar=01.01.1990&sonTar=30.06.1990&ekYayin=&drpSayfaNo=&araKelime=Halk%C4%B1n%20Emek%20Partisi&gelismisKelimeAynen=&gelismisKelimeHerhangi=&gelismisKelimeYakin=&gelismisKelimeHaric=&Siralama=RANK%20DESC&SayfaAdet=20&isAdv=true |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=2021-04-25}} Parties that advocate for Kurdish interests have since been ephemeral, often participating in one or two elections before being banned by the Constitutional Court, only to re-organize under another political party. This was also a recurring theme within the HEP tradition.

The Kurdish-interests movement in Turkey's political arena has been controversial, with many condemning the movement as a pathway for separatism and platform for pro-PKK ideologues.{{Cite journal |last=Watts |first=Nicole F. |date=1999 |title=Allies and Enemies: Pro-Kurdish Parties in Turkish Politics |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/176465 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=31 |pages=631–656 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800057123 |jstor=176465 |s2cid=155216330 }} While the PKK does not have a structural relationship or hierarchical control over parties like the People's Democratic Party, HDP, they have aligning political visions, interpersonal and familial ties, and a shared experience of political repression.{{Cite book |author=O'Connor, Francis (Researcher on Kurdish and Turkish politics) |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1051056786 |title=The Kurdish movement in Turkey : between political differentiation and violent confrontation |publisher=Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF) |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-946459-21-7 |oclc=1051056786}} On the other hand, these ties have heavily fostered the discourse that Kurdish-interest parties "carry terrorists into the parliament" and has influenced not only the legitimacy of these parties but has also shaped the campaigning and electoral behaviors of other actors.{{Cite journal |last=Kibris |first=Arzu |date=2010-10-04 |title=Funerals and Elections: The Effects of Terrorism on Voting Behavior in Turkey |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002710383664 |journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=220–247 |doi=10.1177/0022002710383664 |issn=0022-0027 |s2cid=16293194}}

Another systematic struggle the Kurdish political movement used to face was the 10% electoral threshold. Minority Rights International, a U.K.-based non governmental organization, has stated that the 10% threshold prevents minority parties’ representation in the political arena. Their 2007 report highlights the fact that while pro-Kurdish parties have consistently acquired the highest percentage of votes in areas the Kurdish population is concentrated in, they have failed to reach the national 10% threshold.{{Cite book |last=International. |first=Minority Rights Group |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/192073088 |title=A quest for equality : minorities in Turkey. |date=2007 |publisher=Minority Rights Group International |isbn=978-1-904584-63-6 |oclc=192073088}} Since 2015, Kurdish-interest parties, starting with the HDP, have been able to poll above the threshold in general elections by successfully courting Turkish leftists.{{Cite web |last=McKernan |first=Bethan |date=27 December 2020 |title=Turkey: the rise and fall of the Kurdish party that threatened Erdoğan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/27/as-erdogan-tightens-grip-on-power-last-opposition-politicians-resist-brutal-purge |website=The Guardian}} In 2022, this threshold was lowered to 7%.

class="infobox"

!Name

!Short

!Leader

!Active

People's Labor Party

|HEP

|Ahmet Fehmi Işıklar

|1990–1993

Freedom and Equality Party

|ÖZEP

|1992

Freedom and Democracy Party

|ÖZDEP

|Mevlüt İlik

|1992–1993

Democracy Party

|DEP

|Yaşar Kaya

|1993–1994

People's Democracy Party

|HADEP

|Murat Bozlak

|1994–2003

Democratic People's Party

|DEHAP

|Tuncer Bakırhan

|1997–2005

Democratic Society Movement

|DTH

|Leyla Zana

|2005

Democratic Society Party

|DTP

|Ahmet Türk

|2005–2009

Peace and Democracy Party

|BDP

|Gültan Kışanak, Selahattin Demirtaş

|2008–2014

Peoples' Democratic Party

|HDP

|Sultan Özcan, Cahit Kırkazak

|2012–present

Democratic Regions Party

|DBP

|Çiğdem Kılıçgün Uçar, Keskin Bayındır

|2014–present

People's Equality and Democracy Party

|DEM

|Tülay Hatimoğulları, Tuncer Bakırhan

|2023–present

HEP tradition

= People's Labor Party (HEP) =

On 7 June 1990, seven members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey who were expelled from the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), together formed the People's Labor Party (HEP) and were led by Ahmet Fehmi Işıklar. The Party was banned in July 1993 by the Constitutional Court of Turkey for promoting separatism.{{cite journal |last=Güney |first=Aylin |year=2002 |title=The People's Democracy Party |journal=Turkish Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=122–137 |doi=10.1080/714005704 |s2cid=143548942 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11693/48656}} The party paved the way for many successors which had a nearly identical ideology, mainly liberalism and radical democracy. The first successor was the Democracy Party, which was founded in May 1993. The Democracy Party was banned on 16 June 1994 for promoting Kurdish nationalism and four of the party's members: Leyla Zana, Hatip Dicle, Orhan Doğan and Selim Sadak were sentenced to 14 years in prison. Zana was the first Kurdish woman to be elected into parliament.[http://www.parliament.uk/edm/2000-01/399 Early day motion 399], 5 March 2001 However, she sparked a major controversy by saying, during her inauguration into parliament, "I take this oath for the brotherhood between the Turkish people and the Kurdish people." In June 2004, after spending 10 years in jail, a Turkish court ordered the release of all four prisoners.[http://www.democracynow.org/2004/6/10/kurdish_political_prisoner_leyla_zana_released Kurdish Political Prisoner Leyla Zana Released After a Decade in Jail], 8 June 2004

= People's Democracy Party (HADEP) =

In May 1994, Kurdish lawyer Murat Bozlak formed the People's Democracy Party (HADEP), which won 1,171,623 votes, or 4.17% of the national vote during the general elections on 24 December 1995{{cite web |title=Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Ýnternet Sitesi |url=http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/develop/owa/secimler.secimdeki_partiler?p_secim_yili=1995 |access-date=23 January 2015 |website=Tbmm.gov.tr}} and 1,482,196 votes or 4.75% in the elections on 18 April 1999, but it failed to win any seats due to the 10% threshold.{{cite news |title=18 NİSAN 1999 Genel Seçimleri |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkish/180499.shtml |access-date=26 October 2014 |publisher=BBC News}} During local elections in 1999 they won control over 37 municipalities and gained representation in 47 cities and hundreds of districts. In 2002, the party became a member of Socialist International. After surviving a closure case in 1999, HADEP was finally banned on 13 March 2003 on the grounds that it had become a "centre of illegal activities which included aiding and abetting the PKK". The European Court of Human Rights ruled in 2010 that the ban violated article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights which guarantees freedom of association.[http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?action=html&documentId=878622&portal=hbkm&source=externalbydocnumber&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649 CASE OF HADEP AND DEMİR v. TURKEY], 14 December 2010

= Democratic People's Party (DEHAP) and Democratic Society Movement (DTH) =

The Democratic People's Party (DEHAP) was formed on 24 October 1997 and succeeded HADEP.{{cite book |last=Moghadam |first=Valentine M. |title=From Patriarchy to Empowerment: Women's Participation, Movements, and Rights in the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8156-3111-8 |location=Syracuse, NY}} DEHAP won 1,955,298 votes or 6,23% during the November 3, 2002 general election.NTV [http://arsiv.ntvmsnbc.com/modules/secim2002/genel.asp Election Results], 3 November 2022 However, it performed disappointingly during the March 28, 2004 local elections, where their coalition with the SHP and the Freedom and Solidarity Party (ÖDP) only managed to win 5.1% of the vote, only winning in Batman, Hakkâri, Diyarbakır and Şırnak Provinces, the majority of Kurdish voters voting for the AKP.{{cite web |last=Carkoglu |first=Ali |title=Turkish Local Elections of March 28, 2004: A Prospective Evaluation |url=http://www.tusiad.us/Content/uploaded/TURKISH-LOCAL-ELECTIONS-OF-MARCH-28--ALI%20CARKOGLU%202-FINALFINAL.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930192850/http://www.tusiad.us/Content/uploaded/TURKISH-LOCAL-ELECTIONS-OF-MARCH-28--ALI%20CARKOGLU%202-FINALFINAL.PDF |archive-date=30 September 2011 |access-date=9 February 2012 |work=TUSIAD-US}} After being released in 2004 Leyla Zana formed the Democratic Society Movement (DTH), which merged with the DEHAP into the Democratic Society Party (DTP) in 2005Aliza Marcus [https://books.google.com/books?id=V1uhlcKklRYC&dq=Serhildan&pg=PA140 Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence], 2007 under the leadership of Ahmet Türk.{{cite web |date=27 August 2008 |title=DTP leader Ahmet Turk |url=http://www.turkeydailynews.com/news/117/ARTICLE/1218/2008-08-27.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410025003/http://www.turkeydailynews.com/news/117/ARTICLE/1218/2008-08-27.html |archive-date=10 April 2009 |access-date=3 January 2009}}

= Democratic Society Party (DTP) =

The Democratic Society Party decided to run their candidates as independent candidates during the June 22, 2007 general elections, to get around the 10% threshold rule. Independents won 1,822,253 votes or 5.2% during the elections, resulting in a total of 27 seats, 23 of which went to the DTP.{{cite web |title=Press Review |url=http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=186642 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815111224/http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=186642 |archive-date=15 August 2014 |access-date=26 October 2014}} The party performed well during the March 29, 2009 local elections, however, winning 2,116,684 votes or 5.41% and doubling the number of governors from four to eight and increasing the number of mayors from 32 to 51.{{cite web |date=31 March 2009 |title=Ruling party main loser in local ballot |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/11326291.asp |access-date=26 October 2014 |work=Hurriyet Daily News}} For the first time they won a majority in the southeast and, aside from the Batman, Hakkâri, Diyarbakır and Şırnak provinces which DEHAP had won in 2004, the DTP managed to win Van, Siirt and Iğdır Provinces from the AKP.{{cite web |date=10 April 2009 |title=Local Election Results Reveal a Fractured Turkey |url=http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/turkey/2009/090410A.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106042815/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/turkey/2009/090410A.html |archive-date=6 January 2011 |access-date=9 February 2012}} On 11 December 2009, the Constitutional Court of Turkey voted to ban the DTP, ruling that the party had links to the PKK just like in case of previous closed Kurdish parties{{cite web |title=Kurdish unrest erupts in Turkey after DTP ban |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=kurdish-unrest-erupts-in-turkey-after-dtp-ban-2009-12-12 |access-date=26 October 2014 |work=Hurriyet Daily News}} and authorities claimed that it is seen as guilty of spreading "terrorist propaganda".{{cite web |title=Turkey: The AKP Wins the General Election |url=http://www.institutkurde.org/en/publications/bulletins/315.html |access-date=26 October 2014 |publisher=Institut Kurde}} Chairman Ahmet Türk and legislator Aysel Tuğluk were expelled from Parliament, and they and 35 other party members were banned from joining any political party for five years.{{cite web |last=Hacaoglu |first=Selcan |date=11 December 2009 |title=Turkey bans pro-Kurdish party over ties to rebels |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5h9VhSca_oZldvbO-XktR7l7Sa_PgD9CH89VG0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215060704/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5h9VhSca_oZldvbO-XktR7l7Sa_PgD9CH89VG0 |archive-date=15 December 2009 |access-date=11 December 2009}} The European Union released a statement, expressing concern over the court's ruling and urging Turkey to change its policies towards political parties.[http://www.se2009.eu/sv/moten_nyheter/2009/12/11/presidency_statement_on_the_closure_of_democratic_society_party_dtp_in_turkey]{{Dead link|date=October 2014}} Major protests erupted throughout Kurdish communities in Turkey in response to the ban.

= Peace and Democracy Party (BDP) =

The DTP was succeeded by the Peace and Democracy Party (BDP), under the leadership of Selahattin Demirtaş. The BDP called on its supporters to boycott the Turkish constitutional referendum on 12 September 2010 because the constitutional change did not meet minority demands. Gültan Kışanak, the BDP co-chair, released a statement saying that "we will not vote against the amendment and prolong the life of the current fascist constitution. Nor will we vote in favour of the amendments and support a new fascist constitution."[http://azady.nl/?p=10261 Seven Questions about the Turkish referendum], 12 September 2010 Due to the boycott Hakkâri (9.05%), Şırnak (22.5%), Diyarbakır (34.8%), Batman (40.62%), Mardin (43.0%), Van (43.61), Siirt (50.88%), Iğdır (51.09%), Muş (54.09%), Ağrı (56.42%), Tunceli (67.22%), Şanlıurfa (68.43%), Kars (68.55%), and Bitlis Province (70.01%) had the lowest turnouts in the country, compared to a 73.71% national average. Tunceli was the only Kurdish majority province where a majority of the population voted "no" during the referendum.{{cite web |author=Government of Turkey, Supreme Election Board (YSK) |date=12 September 2010 |title=Official Results – 12 September 2010 Constitutional Referendum |url=http://www.ysk.gov.tr/ysk/ReferandumSecimSonucServ?bilmece1= |access-date=13 September 2010 |publisher=Yüksek Seçim Kurulu}} During the June 12, 2011 national elections, BDP came up with a new strategy to tackle the 10% issue, which brings the question of free representation by requiring that parties need 10% of the vote to be represented in parliament, and formally joined forces with the left, green, and various minority groups to run joint independent candidates, naming this electoral alliance the Labour, Democracy and Freedom Bloc.{{Cite news |date=2011 |title=BDP Adaylarini Acikladi |url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/politika/bdp-adaylarini-acikladi-1045694/ |access-date=17 April 2021 |work=Radikal}} The BDP nominated 61 independent candidates, winning 2,819,917 votes or 6.57% and increasing its number of seats from 20 to 36. The BDP won the most support in Şırnak (72.87%), Hakkâri (70.87%), Diyarbakır (62.08%) and Mardin (62.08%) Provinces.

= Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) =

{{See also|2013–2015 PKK–Turkey peace process|2014 Kobanî protests}}

Right after the 2011 Elections in July, in October 2011 the members of the alliance formed the Peoples' Democratic Congress (HDK).{{cite web |date=2011-04-10 |title=BARIŞ VE DEMOKRASİ PARTİSİ GENEL MERKEZİ |url=http://www.bdp.org.tr/haber-arsivi/2011/nisan/nisan-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410121417/http://www.bdp.org.tr/haber-arsivi/2011/nisan/nisan-1.html |archive-date=10 April 2011 |access-date=2021-04-26}} Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) was formed out of the HDK with aims to be represented in parliament. In 2014, parliamentary members of the BDP joined HDP, and the BDP was renamed as Democratic Regions Party (DBP).{{Cite news |title=HEP'ten HDP'ye aradan geçen 30 yılda neler yaşandı? |url=https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-43019313 |access-date=2021-04-26 |publisher=BBC News Türkçe |language=tr}} Having separated from electoral politics, they began organizing for autonomous rule of the region, and a conflict between state security forces and organizers began which ended with almost all DBP officials being arrested. HDP since has been the current agent representing the Kurdish movement in the Turkish political arena, and it unites various political movements pertaining to an array of social minority groups and civil society organizations, which have previously mostly failed to be represented in parliament, to secure a stronger vote.{{Cite book |last=Gunes |first=Cengiz |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1199037577 |title=Political representation of Kurds in Turkey : new actors and modes of participation in a changing society |publisher=I. B. Tauris & Company, Limited. |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-7556-0635-1 |edition=1 |location=London [England] |pages=13–34 |oclc=1199037577}}

HDP's participated in its first election by nominating Selahattin Demirtaş for president, he received 9.77% of the vote, the best result for a Kurdish political party in Turkish history. In the June 2015 elections, HDP took a different direction and ran Kurdish nationalist candidates as party for the first time instead of using the strategy of running independent candidates to avoid falling under the ten per cent electoral threshold for political parties.{{Cite journal |last=Tezcur |first=Gunes Murat |date=2015-01-02 |title=Electoral Behavior in Civil Wars: The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2015.1059565 |journal=Civil Wars |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=70–88 |doi=10.1080/13698249.2015.1059565 |issn=1369-8249 |s2cid=218576751}} By courting both Kurdish nationalists and Turkish leftists, the party received 13% of the vote, well above the 10% threshold, causing the AKP to lose its majority mandate for the first time since its creation. With coalition talks going nowhere in the hung parliament, the government called for another election for November that year, where HDP again polled above the threshold and unseated the ultra-nationalist MHP as the third largest party in parliament. In 2018, Kurdish MPs successfully ran under its banner again, and for a second time the party nominated Selahattin Demirtaş as its presidential candidate. In the 2019 local elections HDP did not run candidates in Ankara and Istanbul, instead endorsing CHP candidates Mansur Yavaş and Ekrem İmamoğlu, who subsequently won.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

= People's Equality and Democracy Party (DEM) ''– current'' =

In the lead up to the 2023 general election, the Constitutional Court charged the HDP with having links to the PKK. With a ban imminent, the Kurds competed under the banner of the Party of the Greens and the Left Future in an electoral alliance with the Workers' Party of Turkey (TİP) in the parliamentary election, and endorsed the CHP leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu for president. The party renamed itself to People's Equality and Democracy Party (DEM).{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

= Ideology =

Other traditions

= Rights and Freedoms Party (HAK-PAR) =

{{Main|Rights and Freedoms Party}}The Rights and Freedoms Party was founded in 2002 as an offshoot of DEHAP. It is also a successor of the {{ill|Democracy and Peace Party (Turkey)|lt=Democracy and Peace Party|tr|Demokrasi ve Barış Partisi}} (DBP) itself a DEP offshoot. The party is accused of having ties to the {{ill|Socialist Party of Kurdistan|tr|Kürdistan Sosyalist Partisi (Türkiye)}} (PSK).{{cite book|jstor=j.ctt46msm1.12|title=Beyond Dutch Borders: Transnational Politics among Colonial Migrants, Guest Workers and the Second Generation|pages=185, 191|author=Liza Mügge|year=2010|chapter=Kurdish diaspora politics|chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46msm1.12|publisher=Amsterdam University Press}}

= Free Cause Party (HÜDA PAR) =

{{Main|Free Cause Party}}The Free Cause Party was the first Kurdish political party in Turkey to take an Islamist turn rather than secular. It has ties to Kurdish Hezbollah. Lately, it supports president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and joined the People's Alliance.{{cite web|url=https://www.bpb.de/themen/europa/tuerkei/190439/huer-dava-partisi-hueda-par/|date=5 May 2023|title=Hür Dava Partisi (Hüda Par) |lang=de|author=Yaşar Aydın |work=Federal Agency for Civic Education}}

Election Results

= Grand National Assembly of Turkey =

class="wikitable" ! colspan="9" \|Grand National Assembly
rowspan="2" \|Election ! rowspan="2" \|Party ! colspan="3" \|Popular Vote ! colspan="2" \|Number of seats ! rowspan="2" \|Status ! rowspan="2" \|Map
Votes !% !± pp !Seats !+/–
1991 \|style="background:#EAFFEA"\|HEP{{efn\|Contested under SHP's banner}} \|753,806{{efn\|The result of SHP in Adıyaman, Ağrı, Batman, Bingöl, Bitlis, Diyarbakır, Elazığ, Hakkâri, Kars, Mardin, Muş, Şanlıurfa, Siirt, Şırnak, Tunceli and Van}} \|3.09% \|{{increase}} 3.09 pp \|{{Composition bar\|21\|550\|hex=#FFDD00}} \|{{increase}} 21 \|{{no2\|Opposition}} \|200x200px
1995 \|style="background:#EAFFEA"\|HADEP \|1,171,623 \|4.16% \|{{increase}} 1.07 pp \|{{Composition bar\|0\|550\|hex=#FFDD00}} \|{{Decrease}} 21 \| {{no\|Extra-parliamentary opposition}} \|200x200px
rowspan="2" \|1999 \|style="background:#EAFFEA"\|HADEP \|1,482,196 \| rowspan="2" \|4.83% \| rowspan="2" \|{{increase}} 0.67 pp \| rowspan="2" \|{{Composition bar\|0\|550\|hex=#FFDD00}} \| rowspan="2" \|{{steady}} \| rowspan="2" {{no\|Extra-parliamentary opposition}} \|200x200px
DBP \|24,620
2002 \|style="background:#EAFFEA"\|DEHAP \|1,960,660 \|6.21% \|{{increase}} 1.38 pp \|{{Composition bar\|0\|550\|hex=#FFDD00}} \|{{steady}} \|{{no\|Extra-parliamentary opposition}} \|200x200px
2007 \|style="background:#EAFFEA"\|BUA{{efn\|The Thousand Hope Candidates were a slate of independent candidates endorsed by pro-Kurdish and leftist political parties}} \|1,334,518 \|3.81% \|{{Decrease}} 2.40 pp \|{{Composition bar\|22\|550\|hex=#FFDD00}} \|{{increase}} 22 \|{{no2\|Opposition}} \|200x200px
2011 \|style="background:#EAFFEA"\|EDÖB{{efn\|The Labour, Democracy and Freedom Bloc were a slate of independent candidates endorsed by pro-Kurdish and leftist political parties}} \|2,435,133 \|5.67% \|{{increase}} 1.86 pp \|{{Composition bar\|36\|550\|hex=#FFDD00}} \|{{increase}} 14 \|{{no2\|Opposition}} \|200x200px
rowspan=3\|June 2015 \|style="background:#EAFFEA"\|HDP \|6,058,489 \|rowspan=3\|13.41% \|rowspan=3\|{{increase}} 7.74 pp \|style="text-size:smaller"\|{{Composition bar\|80\|550\|hex=#FFDD00}} \|rowspan=3\|{{increase}} 44 \|rowspan=3 {{no2\|Opposition}} \|200x200px
HÜDA PAR \|70,121 \|style="text-size:smaller"\|{{Composition bar\|0\|550\|hex=#FFDD00}}
HAK-PAR \|58,716 \|style="text-size:smaller"\|{{Composition bar\|0\|550\|hex=#FFDD00}}
rowspan=2\|November 2015 \|style="background:#EAFFEA"\|HDP \|5,148,085 \|rowspan=2\|10.76% \|rowspan=2\|{{Decrease}} 2.42 pp \|style="text-size:smaller"\|{{Composition bar\|59\|550\|hex=#FFDD00}} \|rowspan=2\|{{Decrease}} 21 \|rowspan=2 {{no2\|Opposition}} \|200x200px
HAK-PAR \|108,583 \|style="text-size:smaller"\|{{Composition bar\|0\|550\|hex=#FFDD00}}
rowspan=2\|2018 \|style="background:#EAFFEA"\|HDP \|5,867,302 \|rowspan=2\|12.01% \|rowspan=2\|{{increase}} 1.02 pp \|style="text-size:smaller"\|{{Composition bar\|67\|600\|hex=#FFDD00}} \|rowspan=2\|{{increase}} 8 \|rowspan=2 {{no2\|Opposition}} \|200x200px
HÜDA PAR \|155,539 \|style="text-size:smaller"\|{{Composition bar\|0\|550\|hex=#FFDD00}}
rowspan=2\|2023 \|style="background:#EAFFEA"\|YSGP{{Efn\|Contested with Workers' Party of Turkey under Labour and Freedom Alliance. Parties in list included HDP, EMEP, and DBP}} \|4,800,607 \|rowspan=2\|8.97% \|rowspan=2\|{{Decrease}} 3.04 pp \|style="text-size:smaller"\|{{Composition bar\|61\|600\|hex=#FFDD00}} \|rowspan=2\|{{Decrease}} 6{{efn\|Free Cause Party won 4 seats on the Justice and Development Party list.}} \|rowspan=2 {{no2\|Opposition}} \|200x200px
HAK-PAR \|42,509 \|style="text-size:smaller"\|{{Composition bar\|0\|550\|hex=#FFDD00}}
colspan="8" \|

class="wikitable"

! colspan="9" |Grand National Assembly

rowspan="2" |Election

! rowspan="2" |Party

! colspan="3" |Popular Vote

! colspan="2" |Number of seats

! rowspan="2" |Status

! rowspan="2" |Map

Votes

!± pp

!Seats

!+/–

1991

|style="background:#EAFFEA"|HEP{{efn|Contested under SHP's banner}}

|753,806{{efn|The result of SHP in Adıyaman, Ağrı, Batman, Bingöl, Bitlis, Diyarbakır, Elazığ, Hakkâri, Kars, Mardin, Muş, Şanlıurfa, Siirt, Şırnak, Tunceli and Van}}

|3.09%

|{{increase}} 3.09 pp

|{{Composition bar|21|550|hex=#FFDD00}}

|{{increase}} 21

|{{no2|Opposition}}