Grand National Assembly of Turkey

There are 600 members of parliament (deputies) who are elected for a five-year term by the D'Hondt method, a party-list proportional representation system, from 87 electoral districts which represent the 81 administrative provinces of Turkey (Istanbul and Ankara are divided into three electoral districts whereas İzmir and Bursa are divided into two each because of its large populations). To avoid a hung parliament and its excessive political fragmentation, from 1982 to 2022, a party must have won at least 10% of the national vote to qualify for representation in the parliament,{{Cite web |title=Crossing the threshold – the Turkish election |url=https://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/crossing-the-threshold-the-turkish-election/ |access-date=2019-04-05 |website=electoral-reform.org.uk |language=en-US |archive-date=12 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212213606/https://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/crossing-the-threshold-the-turkish-election/ |url-status=live }} but in 2022 this was reduced to 7%.{{cite web|url= https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2022-04-24/turkey-parliament-passes-law-amending-election-laws-and-lowering-electoral-threshold/|title=Turkey: Parliament Passes Law Amending Election Laws and Lowering Electoral Threshold|website=Library of Congress | language=en-US|access-date=2023-12-15}} As a result of the 10% threshold, only two parties won seats in the legislature after the 2002 elections and three in 2007. The 2002 elections saw every party represented in the previous parliament ejected from the chamber and parties representing 46.3% of the voter turnout were excluded from being represented in parliament. This threshold has been criticized, but a complaint with the European Court for Human Rights was turned down.{{Cite web |last=hlsjrnldev |title=ECHR Upholds Turkey's 10% Threshold in Elections |url=https://harvardilj.org/2008/10/echr-upholds-turkeys-10-threshold-in-elections/ |access-date=2020-02-17 |language=en-US |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217201756/https://harvardilj.org/2008/10/echr-upholds-turkeys-10-threshold-in-elections/ |url-status=live }}

Independent candidates may also run{{cite web |author=Turkish Directorate General of Press and Information |date=24 August 2004 |title=Political Structure of Turkey |url=http://www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/Structure.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005085413/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/Structure.htm |archive-date=5 October 2006 |access-date=14 December 2006 |publisher=Turkish Prime Minister's Office}} and can be elected without needing a threshold.[http://secim.sabah.com.tr/istanbul-sehir-sonuclari.html e.g. Istanbul in 2011 has a successful candidate at 3.2%] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615080257/http://secim.sabah.com.tr/istanbul-sehir-sonuclari.html|date=15 June 2011}}

File:GNAT speakers.jpg

A new term in the parliament began on 2 June 2023, after the 2023 general election. Devlet Bahçeli MHP temporarily served as the speaker, as it is customary for the oldest member of the TBMM to serve as speaker during a hung parliament. Numan Kurtulmuş was elected after the snap elections on 7 June 2023.{{cite news |date=8 June 2023 |title=Son Dakika: TBMM'nin yeni başkanı Numan Kurtulmuş oldu |newspaper=Haberler |url=https://www.haberler.com/politika/son-dakika-tbmm-nin-yeni-baskani-numan-kurtulmus-16010233-haberi/ |url-status=live |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607161451/https://www.haberler.com/politika/son-dakika-tbmm-nin-yeni-baskani-numan-kurtulmus-16010233-haberi/ |archive-date=7 June 2023}}

The parliament's minutes are translated into the four languages: Arabic, Russian, English and French, but not in the Kurdish language which is the second most spoken native language in Turkey.{{Cite web |date=2021-05-10 |title=Turkish parliament offers simultaneous translation into four languages, excludes Kurdish |url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/turkish-parliament-offers-simultaneous-translation-into-four-languages-excludes-kurdish-news-59082 |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=Gazete Duvar |language=tr-TR |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216071215/https://www.duvarenglish.com/turkish-parliament-offers-simultaneous-translation-into-four-languages-excludes-kurdish-news-59082 |url-status=live }} Though phrases in the Kurdish language can be permitted, whole speeches remain forbidden.{{Cite web |date=2022-07-12 |title=HDP MP not allowed to speak Kurdish in parliament |url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/hdp-mp-not-allowed-to-speak-kurdish-in-parliament-news-61603 |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=Gazete Duvar |language=tr-TR |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216071212/https://www.duvarenglish.com/hdp-mp-not-allowed-to-speak-kurdish-in-parliament-news-61603 |url-status=live }}

• Members elected in 1999 (21st Parliament)
• Members elected in 2002 (22nd Parliament)
• Members elected in 2007 (23rd Parliament)
• Members elected in 2011 (24th Parliament)
• Members elected in June 2015 (25th Parliament)
• Members elected in November 2015 (26th Parliament)
• Members elected in 2018 (27th Parliament)
• Members elected in 2023 (28th Parliament)

Parties who have at least 20 deputies may form a parliamentary group. Currently there are six parliamentary groups at the GNAT: AK Party, which has the highest number of seats, CHP, MHP, Good Party, DEM, and New Path.{{Cite web |title=IPU PARLINE database: TURKEY (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (T.B.M.M)), Full text |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2323.htm |access-date=2020-02-18 |website=archive.ipu.org |archive-date=3 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003013511/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2323.htm |url-status=live }}

1. Justice Committee (27 members){{Cite web |title=Adalet Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/Icerik/ihtisas-komisyonlari-adalet-komisyonu-hakkinda/adalet-komisyonu/f72877d1-b46b-037b-e050-007f01005610 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
2. Constitution Committee (26 members){{Cite web |title=Anayasa Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/Icerik/ihtisas-komisyonlari-anayasa-komisyonu-hakkinda/anayasa-komisyonu/f72877d1-b46c-037b-e050-007f01005610 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
3. Committee for Harmonization with the European Union (27 members){{Cite web |title=Avrupa Birliği Uyum Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/Icerik/ihtisas-komisyonlari-avrupa-birligi-uyum-komisyonu-hakkinda/avrupa-birligi-uyum-komisyonu/f72877d1-b47a-037b-e050-007f01005610 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
4. Public Works, Zoning, Transportation, and Tourism Committee (26 members){{Cite web |title=Bayındırlık, İmar, Ulaştırma ve Turizm Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/Icerik/ihtisas-komisyonlari-bayindirlik-imar-ulastirma-ve-turizm-komisyonu-hakkinda/bayindirlik-imar-ulastirma-ve-turizm-komisyonu/f72877d1-b46a-037b-e050-007f01005610 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
5. Environment Committee (26 members){{Cite web |title=Çevre Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/Icerik/ihtisas-komisyonlari-cevre-komisyonu-hakkinda/cevre-komisyonu/f72877d1-b46d-037b-e050-007f01005610 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
6. Foreign Affairs Committee (25 members){{Cite web |title=Dışişleri Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/Icerik/ihtisas-komisyonlari-disisleri-komisyonu-hakkinda/disisleri-komisyonu/f72877d1-b468-037b-e050-007f01005610 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
7. Digital Media Committee (17 members){{Cite web |title=Dijital Mecralar Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/Icerik/ihtisas-komisyonlari-dijital-mecralar-komisyonu-hakkinda/dijital-mecralar-komisyonu/f72877d1-b4c7-037b-e050-007f01005610 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
8. Petitions Committee (12 members){{Cite web |title=Dilekçe Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/Icerik/ihtisas-komisyonlari-dilekce-komisyonu-hakkinda/dilekce-komisyonu/f72877d1-b46e-037b-e050-007f01005610 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
9. Security and Intelligence Committee (17 members){{Cite web |title=Güvenlik ve İstihbarat Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/Icerik/ihtisas-komisyonlari-guvenlik-ve-istihbarat-komisyonu-hakkinda/guvenlik-ve-istihbarat-komisyonu/f72877d1-b460-037b-e050-007f01005610 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
10. Internal Affairs Committee (26 members){{Cite web |title=İçişleri Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/Icerik/ihtisas-komisyonlari-icisleri-komisyonu-hakkinda/icisleri-komisyonu/f72877d1-b46f-037b-e050-007f01005610 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
11. Committee for the Inspection of Human Rights (25 members){{Cite web |title=İnsan Haklarını İnceleme Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/Icerik/ihtisas-komisyonlari-icisleri-komisyonu-hakkinda/icisleri-komisyonu/f72877d1-b46f-037b-e050-007f01005610 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
12. Subcommittee for the Inspection of Islamophobia and Racism (10 members){{Cite web |title=İslamofobi ve Irkçılık İnceleme Alt Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/Icerik/ihtisas-komisyonlari-icisleri-komisyonu-hakkinda/icisleri-komisyonu/f72877d1-b46f-037b-e050-007f01005610 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
13. Subcommittee for the Inspection of the Rights of Convicts and Detainees{{Cite web |title=Hükümlü ve Tutuklu Haklarını İnceleme Alt Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/Icerik/ihtisaskomisyonlariinsanhaklari-alt-komisyon-hukumlu/insan-haklarini-inceleme-komisyonu/f72877d1-b470-037b-e050-007f01005610 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
14. Migration and Integration Subcommittee (10 members){{Cite web |title=Göç ve Uyum Alt Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/Icerik/ihtisaskomisyonlariinsanhaklari-alt-komisyon-goc/insan-haklarini-inceleme-komisyonu/f72877d1-b470-037b-e050-007f01005610 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
15. Children's Rights Subcommittee (10 members){{Cite web |title=Çocuk Hakları Alt Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/Icerik/ihtisaskomisyonlariinsanhaklari-alt-komisyon-cocuk/insan-haklarini-inceleme-komisyonu/f72877d1-b470-037b-e050-007f01005610 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
16. Committee for Equal Opportunities for Women and Men (26 members){{Cite web |title=Kadın Erkek Fırsat Eşitliği Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/KomisyonUyeleri/kadin-erkek-firsat-esitligi-komisyonu/f72877d1-b499-037b-e050-007f01005610 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
17. State-owned Enterprises Committee (35 members){{Cite web |title=Kadın Erkek Fırsat Eşitliği Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/KomisyonUyeleri/kamu-iktisadi-tesebbusleri-komisyonu/f72877d1-b471-037b-e050-007f01005610 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
18. National Education, Culture, Youth, and Sports committee (26 members){{Cite web |title=Milli Eğitim, Kültür, Gençlik ve Spor Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/Icerik/ihtisas-komisyonlari-milli-egitim-kultur-genclik-ve-spor-komisyonu-hakkinda/milli-egitim-kultur-genclik-ve-spor-komisyonu/f72877d1-b472-037b-e050-007f01005610 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
19. National Defense Committee (26 members){{Cite web |title=Milli Savunma Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/Icerik/ihtisas-komisyonlari-milli-savunma-komisyonu-hakkinda/milli-savunma-komisyonu/f72877d1-b477-037b-e050-007f01005610 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
20. Planning and Budgeting Committee (30 members){{Cite web |title=Plan ve Bütçe Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/Icerik/ihtisas-komisyonlari-plan-ve-butce-komisyonu-hakkinda/plan-ve-butce-komisyonu/f72877d1-b469-037b-e050-007f01005610 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
21. Health, Family, Employment, and Social Affairs Committee (27 members){{Cite web |title=Sağlık, Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal İşler Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/Icerik/ihtisas-komisyonlari-saglik-aile-calisma-ve-sosyal-isler-komisyonu-hakkinda/saglik-aile-calisma-ve-sosyal-isler-komisyonu/f72877d1-b475-037b-e050-007f01005610 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
22. Industry, Commerce, Energy, Natural Resources, Information, and Technology Committee (26 members){{Cite web |title=Sanayi, Ticaret, Enerji, Tabii Kaynaklar, Bilgi ve Teknoloji Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/Icerik/ihtisas-komisyonlari-sanayi-ticaret-enerji-tabii-kaynaklar-bilgi-ve-teknoloji-komisyonu-hakkinda/sanayi-ticaret-enerji-tabii-kaynaklar-bilgi-ve-teknoloji-komisyonu/f72877d1-b474-037b-e050-007f01005610 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
23. Agriculture, Forestry, and Rural Works Committee (26 members){{Cite web |title=Tarım, Orman ve Köyişleri Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/Icerik/ihtisas-komisyonlari-tarim-orman-ve-koyisleri-komisyonu-hakkinda/tarim-orman-ve-koyisleri-komisyonu/f72877d1-b476-037b-e050-007f01005610

|access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}

These committees are one of auditing tools of the Parliament. The research can begin upon the demand of the Government, political party groups or min 20 MPs. The duty is assigned to a committee whose number of members, duration of work and location of work is determined by the proposal of the Parliamentary Speaker and the approval of the General Assembly.{{Cite magazine |last=Köroğlu |first=Veli |date=December 2006 |title=Meclis Araştırması |url=http://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/695461 |magazine=Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi |volume=3 |issue=2 |access-date=21 April 2020 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114141743/https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/695461 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi İçtüzüğü |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/docs/ictuzuk.pdf |access-date=21 April 2020 |publisher=tbmm.gov.tr |archive-date=22 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822051832/https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/docs/ictuzuk.pdf |url-status=live }}

These committees are established if any investigation demand re the president, vice president, and ministers occur and approved by the General Assembly through hidden voting.

1. Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (8 members){{Cite web |title=Avrupa Güvenlik ve İşbirliği Teşkilatı Parlamenter Asamblesi |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/agitpa-anasayfa |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
2. NATO Parliamentary Assembly (18 members){{Cite web |title=Kuzey Atlantik Antlaşması Örgütü Parlamenter Asamblesi |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/natopa-anasayfa |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
3. Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (18 members){{Cite web |title=Avrupa Konseyi Parlamenter Meclisi |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/akpm-anasayfa |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
4. Turkey — European Union Joint Parliamentary Committee (25 members){{Cite web |title= Türkiye - Avrupa Birliği Karma Parlamento Komisyonu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/kpk-anasayfa |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
5. Parliamentary Union of the OIC Member States (5 members){{Cite web |title= İslam İş Birliği Teşkilatı Parlamento Birliği |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/isipab-anasayfa |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
6. Asian Parliamentary Assembly (5 members){{Cite web |title= Asya Parlamenter Asamblesi |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/apa-anasayfa |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
7. Parliamentary Assembly of the Union for the Mediterranean (7 members){{Cite web |title= Akdeniz İçin Birlik Parlamenter Asamblesi |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/aibpa-anasayfa |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
8. Inter-parliamentary Union (9 members){{Cite web |title= Parlamentolar Arası Birlik |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/pab-anasayfa |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
9. Parliamentary Assembly of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (9 members){{Cite web |title= Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Parlamenter Asamblesi |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/keipa-anasayfa |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
10. Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (5 members){{Cite web |title= Akdeniz Parlamenter Asamblesi |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/akdenizpa-anasayfa |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
11. Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic States (9 members){{Cite web |title= Türk Devletleri Parlamenter Asamblesi |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/turkpa-anasayfa |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
12. Parliamentary Assembly of the Economic Cooperation Organization (5 members){{Cite web |title= Ekonomik İşbirliği Teşkilatı Parlamenter Asamblesi |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/eitpa-anasayfa |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
13. Parliamentary Assembly of the Southeast European Cooperation Process (6 members){{Cite web |title= Güney Doğu Avrupa İş Birliği Süreci Parlamenter Asamblesi |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/gdaupa-anasayfa |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
14. Andean Parliament (observer) (3 members){{Cite web |title= And Parlamentosu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/and-anasayfa |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}
15. Latin American Parliament (observer) (3 members){{Cite web |title= Latin Amerikan ve Karayipler Parlamentosu |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/parlatino-anasayfa |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=GNAT }}

MPs can attend more than one committee if not a member of Petitions Committee or Planning and Budgeting Committee. Members of those committees can not participate in any other committees. On the other hand, MPs do not have to work for a committee either. Number of members of each committee is determined by the proposal of the Advisory Council and the approval of the General Assembly.

Sub committees are established according to the issue that the committee receives. Only State-owned Enterprises (SOEs) Committee has constant sub committees that are specifically responsible for a group of SOEs.

Committee meetings are open to the MPs, the Ministers' Board members and the Government representatives. The MPs and the Ministers' Board members can talk in the committees but can not make amendments proposals or vote. Every MP can read the reports of the committees.

NGOs can attend the committee meetings upon the invitation of the committee therefore volunteer individual or public participation is not available. Media, but not the visual media, can attend the meetings. The media representatives are usually the parliamentary staff of the media institutions. The committees can prevent the attendance of the media with a joint decision.{{Cite web |title=Türkiye Parlamentosunda Açıklık ve Şeffaflık, Yasama Süreçlerine Sivil Katılım |url=https://www.tusev.org.tr/usrfiles/files/TUMIKOM-raporu-TR.pdf |access-date=21 April 2020 |publisher=tusev.org.tr |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919183815/https://www.tusev.org.tr/usrfiles/files/TUMIKOM-raporu-TR.pdf |url-status=live }}

The 28th Parliament of Turkey took office on 2 June 2023, following the ratification of the results of the general election held on 14 May 2023. The composition of the 28th Parliament, is shown below.

File:160801-D-PB383-016 US-General Joseph F. Dunford Jr. tours parts of the Turkish Grand National Assembly that were destroyed during the failed July 15 coup in Ankara.JPG

The current Parliament Building is the third to house the nation's parliament. The building which first housed the Parliament was converted from the Ankara headquarters of the Committee of Union and Progress. Designed by architect Hasip Bey,{{cite web |title=The Grand National Assembly of Turkey |url=https://global.tbmm.gov.tr/index.php/EN/yd/icerik/22 |access-date=15 July 2016 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804054307/https://global.tbmm.gov.tr/index.php/EN/yd/icerik/22 |url-status=live }} it was used until 1924 and is now used as the locale of the Museum of the War of Independence, the second building which housed the Parliament was designed by architect Vedat (Tek) Bey (1873–1942) and used from 1924 to 1960. It is now been converted as the Museum of the Republic. The Grand National Assembly is now housed in a modern and imposing building in the Bakanlıklar neighborhood of Ankara.{{cite book |last=Yale |first=Pat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdDO7TK6tl8C&q=Grand+National+Assembly+of+Turkey&pg=RA1-PA417 |title=Turkey |author2=Virginia Maxwell |author3=Miriam Raphael |author4=Jean-Bernard Carillet |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2005 |isbn=1-74059-683-8 |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114142251/https://books.google.com/books?id=JdDO7TK6tl8C&q=Grand+National+Assembly+of+Turkey&pg=RA1-PA417 |url-status=live }} The monumental building's project was designed by architect and professor Clemens Holzmeister (1886–1993). The building was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 50,000 lira banknotes of 1989–1999.[http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/ Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615060512/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/|date=15 June 2009}}. Banknote Museum: 7. Emission Group – Fifty Thousand Turkish Lira – [http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E7/298.htm I. Series] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122014015/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E7/298.htm|date=22 November 2008}} & [http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E7/300.htm II. Series] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122021655/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E7/300.htm|date=22 November 2008}}. Retrieved on 20 April 2009. The building was hit by airstrikes three times during the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, suffering noticeable damage. It went through a renovation in the summer of 2016.{{cite web |date=23 August 2016 |title=Meclis yaz dönemini tadilatla geçirecek |url=http://www.trthaber.com/haber/turkiye/meclis-yaz-donemini-tadilatla-gecirecek-267667.html |publisher=TRT News |language=tr |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818084133/https://www.trthaber.com/haber/turkiye/meclis-yaz-donemini-tadilatla-gecirecek-267667.html |url-status=live }}

{{Politics of Turkey}}

Turkey has had a history of parliamentary government before the establishment of the current national parliament. These include attempts at curbing absolute monarchy during the Ottoman Empire through constitutional monarchy, as well as establishments of caretaker national assemblies immediately prior to the declaration of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 but after the de facto dissolution of the Ottoman Empire earlier in the decade.

{{Main|General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire|First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)|Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)}}

There were two periods of parliamentary governance during the Ottoman Empire. The First Constitutional Era lasted for only two years, elections being held only twice. After the first elections, there were a number of criticisms of the government due to the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878 by the representatives, and the assembly was dissolved and an election called on 28 June 1877. The second assembly was also dissolved by the Sultan Abdul Hamid II on 14 February 1878, the result being the return of absolute monarchy with Abdul Hamid II in power and the suspension of the Ottoman constitution of 1876, which had come with the democratic reforms resulting in the First Constitutional Era.{{Cite web |title=Türk Demokrasi Tarihinde I. Meşrutiyet Dönemi |url=https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/37267/mod_resource/content/0/T%C3%9CRK%20DEMOKRAS%C4%B0%20TAR%C4%B0H%C4%B0NDE%20I.%20ME%C5%9ERUT%C4%B0YET%20D%C3%96NEM%C4%B0.pdf |publisher=Gazi University |language=tr |year=2005 |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127094408/https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/37267/mod_resource/content/0/T%C3%9CRK%20DEMOKRAS%C4%B0%20TAR%C4%B0H%C4%B0NDE%20I.%20ME%C5%9ERUT%C4%B0YET%20D%C3%96NEM%C4%B0.pdf |url-status=live }}

The Second Constitutional Era began on 23 July 1908 with the Young Turk Revolution. The constitution that was written for the first parliament included control of the sultan on the public and was removed during 1909, 1912, 1914 and 1916, in a session known as the "declaration of freedom". Most of the modern parliamentary rights that were not granted in the first constitution were granted, such as the abolition of the right of the Sultan to deport citizens that were claimed to have committed harmful activities, the establishment of a free press, a ban on censorship. Freedom to hold meetings and establish political parties was recognized, and the government was held responsible to the assembly, not to the sultan.{{Cite web |title=Yüzüncü Yılında II. Meşrutiyet'in İlanı Üzerine Bir İnceleme |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/74021 |publisher=Gazi University |language=tr |year=2008 |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114142251/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/74021 |url-status=live }}

During the two constitutional eras of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman parliament was called the General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire and was bicameral. The upper house was the Senate of the Ottoman Empire, the members of which were selected by the sultan.{{Cite web |url=http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt5/cilt5sayi22_pdf/2_tarih/ozgisi_tunca.pdf |title=Mütareke Dönemi'nde Ayan Meclisi'nin Çalışmaları |work=The Journal of International Social Research |language=tr |year=2012 |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929134424/http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt5/cilt5sayi22_pdf/2_tarih/ozgisi_tunca.pdf |url-status=live }} The role of the Grand Vizier, the centuries-old top ministerial office in the empire, transformed in line with other European states into one identical to the office of a prime minister, as well as that of the speaker of the Senate. The lower chamber of the General Assembly was the Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire, the members of which were elected by the general public.{{Cite web |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/4340 |title=İlk Osmanlı Seçimleri ve Parlamentosu |work=Sosyoloji Dergisi |language=tr |year=2013 |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001214954/https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/4340 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Establishment of Turkish national movement}}

File:Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha_in_the_Turkish_Grand_National_Assembly,_1_March_1921.jpg, the President of the Turkish Grand National Assembly to the members of parliament during the second legislative period of the assembly (1 March 1921)]]

After World War I, the victorious Allied Powers sought the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire through the Treaty of Sèvres.{{cite book|title=The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire|first=Patrick|last=Kinross|publisher=Morrow|year=1977|isbn=0-688-03093-9}} The sovereign existence of the Turkish nation was to be eliminated under these plans, except for a small region. Nationalist Turkish sentiment rose in the Anatolian peninsula, engendering the establishment of the Turkish national movement. The political developments during this period have made a lasting impact which continues to affect the character of the Turkish nation. During the Turkish War of Independence, Mustafa Kemal put forth the notion that there would be only one way for the liberation of the Turkish people in the aftermath of World War I, namely, through the creation of an independent, sovereign Turkish state. The Sultanate was abolished by the newly founded parliament in 1922, paving the way for the formal proclamation of the republic that was to come on 29 October 1923.{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/History#ref44426 |title=The Fundamental Law and abolition of the sultanate |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806125405/https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/History#ref44426 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Government of the Grand National Assembly}}

File:Ataturk1930s.jpg was the first speaker of the Grand National Assembly.]]

Mustafa Kemal, in a speech he made on 19 March 1920 announced that "an Assembly will be gathered in Ankara that will possess extraordinary powers" and communicated how the members who would participate in the assembly would be elected and the need to realise elections, at the latest, within 15 days.{{Cite web |url=https://www.atam.gov.tr/nutuk/olaganustu-yetkiler-tasiyan-bir-meclisin-ankarada-toplanmasi-karari |title=Olağanüstü yetkiler taşıyan bir meclisin Ankara'da toplanması kararı |website=atam.gov.tr |language=tr |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319081811/https://www.atam.gov.tr/nutuk/olaganustu-yetkiler-tasiyan-bir-meclisin-ankarada-toplanmasi-karari |url-status=live }} He also stated that the members of the dispersed Ottoman Chamber of Deputies could also participate in the assembly in Ankara, to increase the representative power of the parliament. These elections were held as planned, in the style of the elections of the preceding Chamber of Deputies, in order to select the first members of the new Turkish assembly. This Grand National Assembly, established on national sovereignty, held its inaugural session on 23 April 1920. From this date until the end of the Turkish War of Independence in 1923, the provisional government of Turkey was known as the Government of the Grand National Assembly.

File:Atatürk TBMM'den çıkarken.jpg) after a meeting for the seventh anniversary of the foundation of the Republic of Turkey (1930)]]

File: Grand National Assembly of Turkey (1928).jpg)]]

{{Main|Single-party period of the Republic of Turkey}}

File:First female MPs of the Turkish Parliament (1935).jpg joined the Turkish Parliament with the 1935 general elections.]]

File:Ankara asv2021-10 img45 Cumhuriyet Street on 29Oct.jpg]]

The first trial of multi-party politics, during the republican era, was made in 1924 by the establishment of the Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası (Progressive Republican Party) at the request of Mustafa Kemal, which was closed after several months. Following a 6-year one-party rule, after the foundation of the Serbest Fırka (Liberal Party) by Ali Fethi Okyar, again at the request of Mustafa Kemal, in 1930, some violent disorders took place, especially in the eastern parts of the country. The Liberal Party was dissolved on 17 November 1930 and no further attempt at a multiparty democracy was made until 1945.{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Declaration-of-the-Turkish-republic#ref44430 |title=Opposition |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=14 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914215229/https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Declaration-of-the-Turkish-republic#ref44430 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey}}

The multi-party period in Turkey was resumed by the founding of the National Development Party (Milli Kalkınma Partisi), by Nuri Demirağ, in 1945. The Democrat Party was established the following year, and won the general elections of 1950; one of its leaders, Celal Bayar, becoming President of the Republic and another, Adnan Menderes, Prime Minister.

After the a military coup on 27 May 1960, Prime Minister Adnan Menderes, President Celal Bayar, and all the ministers and members of the Assembly were arrested.{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/The-military-coup-of-1960 |title=The military coup of 1960 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=12 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912233108/https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/The-military-coup-of-1960 |url-status=live }} The Assembly was closed. The Committee of National Unity, CNU (Milli Birlik Komitesi), assumed all the powers of the Assembly by a provisional constitution and began to run the country. Executive power was used by ministers appointed by the CNU.{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/The-military-coup-of-1960#ref44438 |title=The National Unity Committee |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=12 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912233108/https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/The-military-coup-of-1960#ref44438 |url-status=live }}

The members of the CNU began to work on a new and comprehensive constitution. The Constituent Assembly (Kurucu Meclis), composed of members of the CNU and the members of the House of Representatives, was established to draft a new constitution on 6 January 1961. The House of Representatives consisted of those appointed by the CNU, representatives designated by two parties of that time (CHP and Republican Villagers National Party, RVNP), and representatives of various professional associations.{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Kemalist-policies#ref44434 |title=Turkey under the Democrats, 1950–60 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=4 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904110242/https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Kemalist-policies#ref44434 |url-status=live }}

The constitutional text drafted by the Constituent Assembly was presented to the voters in a referendum on 9 July 1961, and was accepted by 61.17% of the voters. The 1961 Constitution, the first prepared by a Constituent Assembly and the first to be presented to the people in a referendum, included innovations in many subjects.

The 1961 Constitution stipulated a typical parliamentarian system. According to the Constitution, Parliament was bicameral. The legislative power was vested in the House of Representatives and the Senate. while the executive authority was vested in the President and the Council of Ministers. The Constitution envisaged a Constitutional Court.

The 1961 Constitution regulated fundamental rights and freedom, including economic and social rights, over a wide spectrum and adopted the principles of a democratic social state and the rule of law. The 1961 Constitution underwent many comprehensive changes after the military memorandum of 12 March 1971, but continued to be in force until the military coup of 1980.{{Cite web|url=https://global.tbmm.gov.tr/index.php/EN/yd/icerik/12|title=History |website=The Grand National Assembly of Turkey |access-date=2017-11-01|archive-date=24 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224040845/https://global.tbmm.gov.tr/index.php/EN/yd/icerik/12|url-status=dead}}

The country underwent another military coup on 12 September 1980. The Constitution was suspended and political parties were dissolved.{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Political-developments-1970s-to-90s#ref44443 |title=The 1980s |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809182809/https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Political-developments-1970s-to-90s#ref44443 |url-status=live }} Many politicians were forbidden from entering politics again. The military power ruling the country established a "Constituent Assembly", as had been done in 1961. The Constituent Assembly was composed of the National Security Council and the Advisory Assembly. Within two years, the new constitution was drafted and was presented to the referendum on 7 November 1982. Participation in the referendum was 91.27%. As a result, the 1982 Constitution was passed with 91.37% of the votes.{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-39450106 |title=1982 referandumu: Mavi, Beyaz'a karşı |publisher=BBC |language=tr |date=4 April 2017 |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106211250/https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-39450106 |url-status=live }}

The greatest change brought about by the 1982 Constitution was the unicameral parliamentary system. The number of MPs were 550 members. The executive was empowered and new and more definite limitations were introduced on fundamental rights and freedoms. Also, a 10% electoral threshold was introduced. Except for these aspects, the 1982 Constitution greatly resembled the 1961 Constitution.

The 1982 Constitution, from the time it was accepted until the present time, has undergone many changes, especially the "integration laws", which have been introduced within the framework of the European Union membership process, and which has led to a fundamental evolution.

After the 2017 constitutional referendums, the first general election of the Assembly was under a presidential system, with an executive president who has the power to renew the elections for the Assembly and vice versa.{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/An-emboldened-Erdogan-and-the-AKP-face-resistance#ref343679 |title=AK Party under pressure: failed coup attempt, crackdown on dissidents, and economic crisis |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=14 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914215347/https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/An-emboldened-Erdogan-and-the-AKP-face-resistance#ref343679 |url-status=live }} Following the referendum, the number of MPs increased from 550 to 600.{{Cite web |url=https://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/anayasa-degisikligi-kabul-edildi-yeni-anayasa-ne-getiriyor-2434013 |title=Anayasa değişikliği kabul edildi! Yeni anayasa ne getiriyor? |work=Milliyet |language=tr |date=17 April 2017 |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=9 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109200243/http://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/anayasa-degisikligi-kabul-edildi-yeni-anayasa-ne-getiriyor-2434013 |url-status=live }} Furthermore, due to separation of powers, members of the cabinet can't introduce laws anymore. This task is left to the parliamentarians. In line with this change, the seats for the members of the cabinet have been removed from the parliament. These seats were originally located on the left side of the Parliament Speaker.{{cite news |title=Meclis yeni sisteme hazır: Bakanlar Kurulu sıraları kaldırıldı |url=https://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/meclis-yeni-sisteme-hazir-bakanlar-kurulu-siralari-kaldirildi |access-date=12 April 2022 |work=CNN Türk |date=20 September 2018 |language=tr |archive-date=28 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128051757/https://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/meclis-yeni-sisteme-hazir-bakanlar-kurulu-siralari-kaldirildi |url-status=live }}

In 2022, at the initiative of the ruling AK Party and its main political ally MHP, the national electoral threshold for a party to enter parliament was lowered from 10 to 7 percent.{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=Turkey reduces its election threshold from 10 to 7 percent - Turkish Minute |date= April 2022|url=https://www.turkishminute.com/2022/04/01/key-reduces-its-election-threshold-from-10-to-7-percent/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408144352/https://www.turkishminute.com/2022/04/01/key-reduces-its-election-threshold-from-10-to-7-percent/ |archive-date=8 April 2022 |access-date=14 April 2022}}

{{Main|2023 Turkish parliamentary election}}

{{update|new path|date=January 2025}}

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File:Barack Obama addresses Turkish Parliament 4-6-09 1.JPG addressing the Turkish Parliament in 2009]]

The General Assembly of the Turkish Grand National Assembly hosts foreign dignitaries from time to time.{{cite web |title=Yabancı Konukların Genel Kurulda konuşmaları |url=https://www5.tbmm.gov.tr//develop/owa/td_v2_istatistik.yabanci_konuk_liste |website=www5.tbmm.gov.tr |publisher=Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi |access-date=16 September 2023}} However, the protocol here may vary depending on the situation. For the foreign guest to make a speech a decision of the General Assembly is required.{{cite book |last1=Bakırcı |first1=Fahri |title=Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisindeki Yerleşik Uygulamalar |date=2015 |publisher=TBMM Basımevi |location=Ankara |isbn=978-975-8805-53-2 |pages=449 |url=https://www.academia.edu/11971995 |access-date=16 September 2023}}

{{clear}}

File:TBMM.jpeg|The current TBMM front facade

File:Ankara asv2021-10 img73 Republic Museum.jpg|The old TBMM

File:TBMM açılışı 23 Nisan 1920.jpg|Balcony of the old TBMM

File:TBMM, August 2022.jpg|The General Assembly is the meeting place of the TBMM

File:Atatürk is entering to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, 1936.jpg|President Atatürk entering the TBMM

File:Süleyman Demirel Funeral 1.jpg|Funeral of President Demirel

File:The Garden of 2nd Turkish Grand National Assembly, late 1940's (16230096284).jpg|Garden of the second TBMM

File:TBMM miniaturk.JPG|A scale model of the current TBMM

File:Anap Grup Başkanvekili Pertev Aşcıoğlu 1987.jpg|Discussion in the TBMM in the 1980s

File:Sati Kadin at the rostrum of TBMM.jpg|Hatı Çırpan at the rostrum

File:Ottoman Parliament Dec1908.jpg|The predecessor of the TBMM was the Ottoman Parliament

File:SPRY(1895) p733 - THE OTTOMAN PARLIAMENT, 1877.jpg|The Ottoman Parliament in 1877

• Politics of Turkey
• Turkish order of precedence
• Women in Turkish politics
• List of political parties in Turkey
• National Sovereignty and Children's Day
• List of legislatures by country
• List of members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey who died in office

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book

|title = The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire

|first = Patrick

|last = Kinross

|publisher = Morrow

|year = 1977

|isbn = 0-688-03093-9

}}

• {{cite book

|title = History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey

|url = https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan

|url-access = registration

|first1 = Stanford Jay

|last1 = Shaw

|first2 = Ezel Kural

|last2 = Shaw

|publisher = Cambridge University Press

|year = 1977

|isbn = 0-521-29163-1

}}

{{refend}}

{{Commons category}}

• [http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ The official site of the Grand National Assembly], including some [http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/english/english.htm pages in English]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080626042515/http://www.meclishaber.gov.tr/develop/owa/dokumanlar/F1629010493_meclis%20goruntuleri%20portal%20icin%20(4).jpg Photo of TBMM (High-Resolution)]
• [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/election/default.html hurriyetdailynews.com]

{{Clear}}

{{Turkey topics}}

{{Parliamentary terms of Turkey}}

{{Parliaments in Europe}}

{{Asia topic|Parliament of}}

{{Fifty civil engineering feats in Turkey}}

{{National unicameral legislatures}}

{{Authority control}}

{{coord|39|54|42|N|32|51|04|E|source:hewiki_region:TR_type:landmark|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grand National Assembly of Turkey}}

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