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Latvian Americans

{{Short description|none}}

{{Infobox ethnic group

| group = Latvian Americans

| native_name = {{native name|lv|Amerikas latvieši}}

| image = A press conference at the Committee for The Free Latvia in New York. CFL Representatives of newspaper "Latvija", "Amerikas Latvietis", "Laiks".png

| caption = Latvian American activists in 1988

| pop = 85,723 (2019){{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=PEOPLE%20REPORTING%20ANCESTRY&t=Ancestry&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Detailed%20Tables&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B04006&hidePreview=false|title=American Community Survey 2019 1-Year Estimates|publisher=data.census.gov}}

| popplace = California, New York, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota

| langs = American English, Latvian

| rels = Mostly Lutheranism with Roman Catholic and Jewish minority

| related = Lithuanian Americans, Estonian Americans, Latvian Canadians, Latvian New Zealanders, Latvian Australians, Scandinavian Americans}}

Latvian Americans ({{Langx|lv|Amerikas latvieši}}) are Americans who are of Latvian ancestry. According to the 2019 American Community Survey, there are 85,723 Americans of full or partial Latvian descent.

History

The first significant wave of Latvian settlers who immigrated to the United States came in 1888 to Boston.{{Citation|last=Saulītis|first=Andris|title=Latvian Emigrants in the United States: Different Waves, Different Identities?|date=2019|work=IMISCOE Research Series|pages=203–229|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=9783030120917|last2=Mieriņa|first2=Inta|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-12092-4_10|doi-access=free}} By the end of the century, many of those Latvian immigrants had moved on to settle primarily in other East Coast and Midwest cities, such as New York City, Philadelphia, Cleveland, and Chicago, as well as coastal cities on the West Coast, such as Seattle, Portland, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. Although most Latvians settled in cities, in most of these (with the exception of the Roxbury district of Boston) they lived dispersed and did not form ethnic neighborhoods.

Some immigrants also established themselves in rural areas, but they were few and usually did not form long-lasting communities. The first Lutheran church built by Latvians in the United States was erected in 1906 in Lincoln County, Wisconsin, where an agricultural colony had been established in 1897.{{cite web|title=Gaiss svaigs kā Kurzemes mūžamežā: Linkolnas kolonija Viskonsīnā|url=http://pedas.lapamuzejs.lv/?page_id=39|website=Latviešu pēdas pasaulē|publisher=Latvieši pasaulē – muzejs un pētniecības centrs|access-date=5 July 2017}}

A new wave of Latvian immigration began around 1906, after the failure of the 1905 Russian Revolution.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lvi.lu.lv/lv/LVIZ_2014_files/2.numurs/E_Zalite_Sanfrancisko%20_latviesu_LVIZ_2014_2%2891%29.pdf|title=Exploring the library of Latvian socialists in San Francisco, California: activities of the early Latvian political emigration, 1905-1917|last=Zālīte|first=Elga}} Many of these immigrants were political leaders and rank-and-file revolutionaries who could be killed by Russian soldiers if they were discovered, so they emigrated to survive and continue the revolutionary movement in other countries. Most of the Latvian revolutionaries were more politically radical than the earlier immigrants to the United States, which increased social friction within a number of communities.

In 1917, many Latvian revolutionaries returned to their homeland to work for the creation of a Bolshevik government. In 1918, when Latvia declared its independence, some nationalists also returned.File:Latvian Lutheran Church, 76 Windham Rd, Willimantic, Connecticut LCCN2012630523.tif]]After World War I, the promise of economic improvements in the newly independent nation, immigration quotas established in 1924 by the United States, and the Great Depression all contributed to reduced emigration from Latvia to the US. From 1920 to 1939, only 4,669 Latvians arrived in the United States.{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of race, ethnicity, and society|last=Schaefer, Richard T.|date=2008|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9781412926942|pages=839|oclc=166387368}}

Toward the end of World War II, tens of thousands of Latvians fled their country to Western Europe to escape advancing Soviet troops. Most were held in Displaced Persons camps. About half were eventually repatriated to the then-Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic, but the rest resettled to Germany, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Iceland, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. From 1939 to 1951, 40,000 Latvians immigrated to the United States with the help of the U.S. government and various social service and religious organizations. Although many of these refugees had been professionals in their country, in the United States they often had to take jobs as farmhands, custodians, or builders until they could learn English and find better paying jobs.

Most Latvians settled in cities because of economic opportunities, such as New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Chicago. They did not settle in ethnic neighborhoods and relied on social events and the press for a sense of community. Within a few years, Latvian organizations created schools, credit unions, choirs, dance groups, theater troupes, publishers and book sellers, churches, veterans' groups (e.g. the Daugavas vanagi, Hawks of the Daugava), and political organizations to help continue their culture and language. Since the annexation of the Baltic states was not recognized by the United States and many other countries, many kept Latvian passports, issued by the Latvian Embassy in Washington D.C., but most acquired American citizenship as well.

From 1980 to 1990, 1,006 Latvians arrived in the United States.{{Cite book|title=Reference Library of European America: Ethnic essays, Irish Americans to Welsh Americans|publisher=Gale Research|year=1998|pages=373–375|oclc=1011871166}}

Latvia reestablished its independence in 1991; however, few of the later immigrants or descendants of earlier generations have returned. They have made new lives in the United States.{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Ha-La/Latvian-Americans.html |title=Latvian Americans - History, The first Latvians in America, Significant immigration waves |website=Everyculture.com |access-date=2017-03-05}}

Demography

File:Latvian Apostolate.jpg Latvian Society (Latviešu biedrība) Hall and Latvian Apostolate]]

According to the 2000 census, a total of 87,564 people of Latvian descent lived in the United States. The larger populations are located in the states of California, New York, Illinois, Florida, and Massachusetts. Many Latvian Americans (about 9,000) have dual citizenship, which the country made available to emigrants after becoming independent of the Soviet Union. Since the late 20th century, more Latvian Americans have traveled back to Latvia. Others provide financial support and give material to various organizations. Some Latvian Americans have settled there and been elected to the Saeima, or Parliament, in Latvia.

The states with the largest Latvian-American populations are:

| {{flag icon|New York (state)}} New York

| {{flag|Illinois}}

| {{flag|Florida}}

| {{flag|Massachusetts}}

| {{flag|Michigan}}

| {{flag|New Jersey}}

| {{flag|Pennsylvania}}

| {{flag|Washington}}

| {{flag|Maryland}}

| {{flag|Ohio}}

class="wikitable"

| {{flag|California}}{{nbsp|2}}

11,443
9,937
6,982
4,921
4,706
4,265
3,946
3,754
3,380
3,289
2,362

=Latvian-born population=

Latvian-born population in the US since 2010:{{Cite web | url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_1YR_B05006&prodType=table | title=American FactFinder - Results | access-date=2018-04-23 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214060704/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_1YR_B05006&prodType=table | archive-date=2020-02-14 | url-status=dead }}

class="wikitable"
scope="col" style="width:80px;"|Year

! scope="col" style="width:160px;"|Number

align=center

| 2010

| 23,218

align=center

| 2011

| {{decrease}}22,257

align=center

| 2012

| {{decrease}}24,131

align=center

| 2013

| {{increase}}24,497

align=center

| 2014

| {{decrease}}21,097

align=center

| 2015

| {{increase}}21,364

align=center

| 2016

| {{increase}}24,691

Education

The majority of Latvians immigrants to the United States after World War II were university graduates. Many were academics or belonged to intelligentsia.

Languages and religions

Most Latvian Americans speak only English due to intermarriage. As for religion, although most Latvians Americans are Lutherans, there are also Catholic communities, represented by the American Latvian Catholic Association, as well as American Latvian Baptists and American Latvian Jewish communities.

Notable people

See also

{{Portal|Latvia|United States}}

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

  • Andersons, Edgars, and M. G. Slavenas. "The Latvian and Lithuanian Press." in The Ethnic Press in the United States: A Historical Analysis and Handbook, edited by Sally M. Miller. (Greenwood Press, 1987).
  • Kārklis, Maruta, Līga Streips, and Laimonis Streips. The Latvians in America, 1640–1973: A Chronology and Fact Book (Oceana Publications, 1974).
  • Straumanis, Andris. "Latvian Americans." in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 3, Gale, 2014), pp. 65–78. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3273300112/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=7afe56c7 Online]
  • Anderson, Edgar. "Latvians" in Thernstrom, Stephan; Orlov, Ann; Handlin, Oscar, eds. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, Harvard University Press, {{isbn|0674375122}}, (1980), pp. 638–642, [https://archive.org/details/harvardencyclope00ther Online]
  • {{Cite book|title=American Latvians : Politics of a Refugee Community|last=Zake|first=Ieva|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=9781351532563}}

External links

  • [http://www.alausa.org/ American Latvian Association]
  • [http://www.alja.org/ American Latvian Youth Association]
  • [https://www.cikaga.com Čikāgas latviešu vēsture - Chicago Latvian History]
  • [http://www.daugavasvanagi.org/ Daugavas Vanagi ASV]
  • [http://www.biletens.com/ Dienvidkalifornijas Latviešu Informācijas Biļetens]
  • [http://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/usa Embassy of Latvia to the United States of America]
  • [http://latvianbusiness.us/ Kalifornijas Latviešu Uzņēmēju Biznesa Saiets "KLUBS"]
  • [http://www.laiks.us/ Laiks]
  • [http://garezers.org/ Latvian Center "Gaŗezers"]
  • [http://www.tilts.org/ Latvian Cultural Association TILTS]
  • [http://www.nydraudze.org/ Latvian Ev. Luth. Church of New York & Community]
  • [http://lelba.org/ Latvian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]
  • [http://www.latviansonline.com/ Latvians Online]
  • [http://lrfa.org/ Latvian Relief Fund of America]
  • [http://www.latviesiamerika.com/ Latvieši Amerikā]
  • [http://www.pbla.lv/ Pasaules Brīvo Latviešu Apvienība]
  • [http://www.latviansociety.com/ The Philadelphia Society of Free Letts]
  • [http://www.latvianbaptistsinamerica.org/ Union of Latvian Baptists in America]

{{European Americans}}

{{Latvian diaspora}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:European diaspora in the United States