Legislative Yuan

{{Main|Legislative Yuan elections|11th Legislative Yuan|2024 Taiwanese legislative election}}

Starting with the 2008 legislative elections, changes were made to the Legislative Yuan in accordance with a constitutional amendment passed in 2005. The Legislative Yuan has 113 members serving four-year terms; 73 members are elected by first-past-the-post, 6 reserved for indigenous candidates by single non-transferable vote, and 34 by party-list proportional representation. The current Legislative Yuan was inaugurated on February 1, 2024, and its term expires on January 31, 2028.

The 5 largest parties with 3 seats or more can form caucuses. If there are fewer than 5 such parties, legislators in other parties or with no party affiliation can form caucuses with at least 4 members.{{cite act |title=Legislative Yuan Organization Act |article=33 |language=zh-hant |date=14 November 2012 |url=http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawSingle.aspx?Pcode=A0010044&FLNO=33 |access-date=12 January 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027085140/https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawSingle.aspx?Pcode=A0010044&FLNO=33 |date=27 October 2021 }}

{{Main|President of the Legislative Yuan|Vice President of the Legislative Yuan|}}

The president and vice president of the Legislative Yuan are elected by the 113 legislators during a preparatory session in the beginning of their 4-year terms. President and vice president of the Legislative Yuan sometimes translate to speaker and deputy speaker respectively in English.{{Cite web|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2020/02/02/2003730212|title=DPP's Yu Shyi-kun elected legislative speaker|date=February 2, 2020|access-date=August 25, 2020|archive-date=February 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202130226/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2020/02/02/2003730212|url-status=live}}

The President is responsible for appointing the Secretary-General and Deputy Secretary-General of the Legislative Yuan, as well as other legislative staff, who are described as the Administrative Unit. The Vice President serves in place during the absence of the President.

Like legislatures of other countries, the Legislative Yuan holds the following power according to the current amended Constitution:{{Cite web|url=https://www.ly.gov.tw/EngPages/List.aspx?nodeid=341|title=About Legislative Yuan: Functions & Powers|date=23 July 2013|access-date=5 May 2020|archive-date=15 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115172822/https://www.ly.gov.tw/EngPages/List.aspx?nodeid=341|url-status=live}}

• make laws and approve national budget, treaties, and emergency decrees issued by the president
• review executive decrees
• interpellation of government officials
• initiate no-confidence votes against the Executive Yuan
• approve appointments to the Examination Yuan, the Control Yuan, the grand justices, the auditor general, the public prosecutor general, the National Communications Commission, the Fair Trade Commission and the Central Election Commission,
• initiate the recall of the president or the vice president, and the impeachment of the president or the vice president
• initiate constitutional amendments, which must be referred to a referendum

Other governmental organs are authorized to propose legislative bills to the Legislative Yuan. Legislative bills proposed to the Legislative Yuan have to be cosigned by a certain number of legislators. Once a bill reaches the legislature, it is subject to a process of three readings.

• Standing committees
• Internal Administration Committee
• Social Welfare and Environmental Hygiene Committee
• Judiciary and Organic Laws and Statutes Committee
• Transportation Committee
• Education and Culture Committee
• Finance Committee
• Economics Committee
• Foreign and National Defense Committee
• Ad hoc committees
• Procedure Committee
• Expenditure Examination Committee
• Constitutional Amendment Committee
• Discipline Committee

{{more citations needed section|date=May 2011}}

File:Library Stamp - 國民政府立法院.jpg]]

The concept of Legislative Yuan was introduced by Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People. The theory proposed a separation of powers into five branches ({{zh|t=五院|p=wǔyuàn|poj=gō͘-īⁿ|labels=no}}). The Legislative Yuan, under Sun's political theory, is a branch of government elected by the National Assembly that serves as the standing legislative body when the National Assembly is not in session.

The legislators are to be elected through direct elections. In the constitution, Legislative Yuan, together with National Assembly and Control Yuan, form three chambers of a tricameral parliament according to the Judicial Yuan's interpretation number 76 of the Constitution (1957).{{lang|zh-hant|司法院釋字第76號解釋}},

{{Cite web |date=3 May 1957 |title=Judicial Yuan interpretation number 76 | url=https://www2.judicial.gov.tw/FYDownload/en/p03_01.asp?expno=76 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=Judicial Yuan | archive-date=17 December 2004| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041217134214/http://www.judicial.gov.tw/constitutionalcourt/EN/p03_01.asp?expno=76 |url-status=live}}

However, the later constitutional amendments in the 1990s removed the parliamentary roles from National Assembly and Control Yuan and transferred them to the Legislative Yuan, which became an unicameral parliament.

File:Legislative Yuan (1928) in Nanjing, Nov 2017.jpg

File:Former Legislative Yuan & Control Yuan in Nanjing 2011-10.JPG building in Nanjing, 1946–1949 (seen in 2011).]]

The original Legislative Yuan was formed in the original capital of Nanjing after the completion of the Northern Expedition. Its 51 members were appointed to a term of two years. The 4th Legislative Yuan under this period had its members expanded to 194, and its term in office was extended to 14 years because of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). According to KMT political theory, these first four sessions marked the period of political tutelage.

The current Constitution of the Republic of China came into effect on 25 December 1947, and the first Legislative session convened in Nanjing on 18 May 1948, with 760 members. Six preparatory meetings had been held on 8 May 1948, during which Sun Fo and Chen Li-fu were elected president and vice president of the body. In 1949, the mainland fell to the Communist Party and the Legislative Yuan (along with the entire ROC government) was transplanted to Taipei. On 24 February 1950, 380 members convened at the Sun Yat-sen Hall in Taipei.

The first Legislative Yuan was to have been elected for a term of three years ending in 1951; however, the fall of mainland China made it impossible to hold new elections.Joel S. Fetzer, J Christopher Soper, Confucianism, [https://books.google.com/books?id=_929g2KkSwIC&pg=PA58 Democratization, and Human Rights in Taiwan], p 58, Lexington Books, 15 October 2012. As a result, the Judicial Yuan decided that the members of the Legislative Yuan would continue to hold office until new elections could be held on the Mainland. This decision was made in the belief that the KMT would retake the Mainland in a short time. However, over the years, as the prospect of regaining the Mainland diminished, this meant that the legislators from mainland districts (and members of the ruling KMT) held their seats for life, in a one-party system. The body thus came to be called "the Non-reelected Congress".

Over the years, deceased members elected on the mainland were not replaced while additional seats were created for Taiwan starting with eleven seats in 1969. Fifty-one new members were elected to a three-year term in 1972, fifty-two in 1975, ninety-seven in 1980, ninety-eight in 1983, one hundred in 1986, and one hundred thirty in 1989. Although the elected members of the Legislative Yuan did not have the majority to defeat legislation, they were able to use the Legislative Yuan as a platform to express political dissent. Opposition parties were formally illegal until 1991, but in the 1970s candidates to the Legislative Yuan would run as Tangwai ("outside the party"), and in 1985 candidates began to run under the banner of the Democratic Progressive Party.

The members of the Legislative Yuan with extended terms remained until 31 December 1991, when as part of subsequent Judicial Yuan ruling they were forced to retire and the members elected in 1989 remained until the 161 members of the Second Legislative Yuan were elected in December 1992. The third LY, elected in 1995, had 157 members serving 3-year terms. The fourth LY, elected in 1998, was expanded to 225 members in part to include legislators from the abolished provincial legislature of Taiwan Province. The Legislative Yuan greatly increased its prominence after the 2000 presidential elections in Taiwan when the Executive Yuan and presidency was controlled by the Democratic Progressive Party while the Legislative Yuan had a large majority of Kuomintang members. The legislative elections in late 2001 produced a contentious situation in which the pan-blue coalition has only a thin majority over the governing pan-green coalition in the legislature,{{Cite web|url=http://psephos.adam-carr.net/taiwan/taiwan2001.txt |title=Taiwan |year=2001 |last=Carr |first=Adam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041012143734/http://psephos.adam-carr.net/taiwan/taiwan2001.txt |archive-date=October 12, 2004 }} making the passage of bills often dependent on the votes of a few defectors and independents. Because of the party situation there have been constitutional conflicts between the Legislative Yuan and the executive branch over the process of appointment for the premier and whether the president has the power to call a special session.

Amid 70% public support, the Legislative Yuan voted 217–1 on 23 August 2004 for a package of amendments to:

• Halve the number of seats from 225 to 113
• Switch to a single-member district parallel voting electoral system
• Increase the terms of members from 3 to 4 years, to synchronize the legislative and presidential elections. (The change was implemented for the next election cycle, as the legislative election was held in January 2008, and the presidential election followed in March.)

The new electoral system installed in 2008 includes 73 plurality seats (one for each electoral district), 6 seats for aboriginals, with the remaining 34 seats to be filled from party lists. Every county has a minimum of 1 electoral district, thereby guaranteed at least one seat in the legislature, while half of the proportionally represented seats drawn from party lists must be women.

Additionally, the Legislative Yuan proposed to abolish the National Assembly. Future amendments would still be proposed by the LY by a three-fourths vote from a quorum of at least three-fourths of all members of the Legislature. After a mandatory 180-day promulgation period, the amendment would have to be ratified by an absolute majority of all eligible voters of the ROC irrespective of voter turnout. The latter requirement would allow a party to kill a referendum proposal by asking that their voters boycott the vote as was done by the KMT with the referendums associated with the 2004 presidential election.

A DPP proposal to allow the citizens the right to initiate constitutional referendums was pulled off the table, due to a lack of support. The proposal was criticized for dangerously lowering the threshold for considering a constitutional amendment. Whereas a three-fourths vote of the LY would require that any proposed constitutional amendment have a broad political consensus behind it, a citizen's initiative would allow a fraction of the electorate to force a constitutional referendum. It was feared that allowing this to occur would result in a referendum on Taiwan independence which would likely result in a crisis with the People's Republic of China.

The Legislative Yuan also proposed to give itself the power to summon the president for an annual "state of the nation" address and launch a recall of the president and vice president (proposed by one fourth and approved by two thirds of the legislators and be submitted to a nationwide referendum for approval or rejection by majority vote). The Legislative Yuan will also have the power to propose the impeachment of the president or vice president to the Council of Grand Justices.

An ad hoc National Assembly was elected and formed in 2005 to ratify the amendments. The downsized Legislative Yuan took effect after the 2008 elections.

On 20 July 2007, the Legislative Yuan passed a Lobbying Act.Shih Hsiu-chuan [http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/07/21/2003370609 "Taiwan becomes third country to pass Lobbying Act"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929153542/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/07/21/2003370609 |date=2007-09-29 }}, Taipei Times, 7/21/2007

{{Main|Legislative elections in Taiwan|Legislative Yuan constituencies}}

The Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan in 1949, the year following the first legislative elections (1948) after the enactment of the 1947 constitution. As the Kuomintang government continues to claim sovereignty over Mainland China, the term of the original legislators was extended until "re-election is possible in their original electoral districts." In response to the increasing democracy movement in Taiwan, limited supplementary elections were held in Taiwan starting from 1969 and parts of Fujian from 1972. Legislators elected in these supplementary elections served together with those who were elected in 1948. This situation remained until a Constitutional Court (Judicial Yuan) ruling on 21 June 1991 that ordered the retirement of all members with extended terms by the end of 1991.{{Cite web |url=https://web.cec.gov.tw/central/cms/elec_hist/21228 |title=中央選舉委員會歷次選舉摘要－立法委員選舉 |access-date=2020-08-25 |archive-date=2020-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910105150/https://web.cec.gov.tw/central/cms/elec_hist/21228 |url-status=live }}

Timeline of Legislative Yuan elections and terms

ImageSize = width:900 height:auto barincrement:20

PlotArea = right:80 left:100 bottom:60 top:10

DateFormat = mm/dd/yyyy

Period = from:01/01/1948 till:01/01/2033

TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal

Legend = orientation:vertical

Colors =

id:gridmajor value:gray(0.2)

id:gridminor value:gray(0.9)

id:chn value:redorange legend:Elected_in_mainland_China_and_Taiwan

id:spp value:gray(0.5) legend:Supplementary_members_elected_in_Taiwan

id:twn value:oceanblue legend:Elected_in_Taiwan_after_1991_amendments

ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gridmajor unit:year increment:5 start:01/01/1950

ScaleMinor = gridcolor:gridminor unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/1948

BarData =

bar:1st text:1st

bar:sp0 text:1st, supp

bar:sp1 text:1st, 1st supp

bar:sp2 text:1st, 2nd supp

bar:sp3 text:1st, 3rd supp

bar:sp4 text:1st, 4th supp

bar:sp5 text:1st, 5th supp

bar:sp6 text:1st, 6th supp

bar:2nd text:2nd

bar:3rd text:3rd

bar:4th text:4th

bar:5th text:5th

bar:6th text:6th

bar:7th text:7th

bar:8th text:8th

bar:9th text:9th

bar:10th text:10th

bar:11th text:11th

PlotData =

width:15 textcolor:black shift:(5,-5) anchor:till fontsize:m

bar:1st

from: 05/18/1948 till: 12/31/1991 color:chn text:759 seats (1948)

bar:sp0

from: 02/01/1970 till: 12/31/1991 color:spp text:11 seats

bar:sp1

from: 02/01/1973 till: 01/31/1976 color:spp text:51 seats

bar:sp2

from: 02/01/1976 till: 01/31/1981 color:spp text:52 seats

bar:sp3

from: 02/01/1981 till: 01/31/1984 color:spp text:97 seats

bar:sp4

from: 02/01/1984 till: 01/31/1987 color:spp text:98 seats

bar:sp5

from: 02/01/1987 till: 01/31/1990 color:spp text:100 seats

bar:sp6

from: 02/01/1990 till: 01/31/1993 color:spp text:130 seats

bar:2nd

from: 02/01/1993 till: 01/31/1996 color:twn text:161 seats

bar:3rd

from: 02/01/1996 till: 01/31/1999 color:twn text:163 seats

bar:4th

from: 02/01/1999 till: 01/31/2002 color:twn text:225 seats

bar:5th

from: 02/01/2002 till: 01/31/2005 color:twn text:225 seats

bar:6th

from: 02/01/2005 till: 01/31/2008 color:twn text:225 seats

bar:7th

from: 02/01/2008 till: 01/31/2012 color:twn text:113 seats

bar:8th

from: 02/01/2012 till: 01/31/2016 color:twn text:113 seats

bar:9th

from: 02/01/2016 till: 01/31/2020 color:twn text:113 seats

bar:10th

from: 02/01/2020 till: 01/31/2024 color:twn text:113 seats

bar:11th

from: 02/01/2024 till: 01/31/2028 color:twn text:113 seats

The legislature had 225 members during the 4th, 5th, and 6th terms. Legislators were elected as follows:

• 168 were elected by popular vote through single non-transferable vote in multi-member consistencies.
• 41 were elected on the basis of the proportion of nationwide votes received by participating political parties.
• 8 were allocated for overseas citizens and were selected by the parties on the basis of the proportion of votes received nationwide.
• 8 seats were reserved for the indigenous populations.

Since the 7th term, the 113 legislators are elected to office as follows:

• 73 are elected under the first-past-the-post system in single-member constituencies.
• 34 are elected under the supplementary member system on a second ballot, based on nationwide votes, and calculated using the largest remainder method by the Hare quota.{{cite web|script-title=zh:公職人員選舉罷免法-全國法規資料庫入口網站|url=http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawParaDeatil.aspx?Pcode=D0020010&LCNOS=++67+++&LCC=3|website=law.moj.gov.tw|access-date=27 August 2017|language=zh|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414110309/https://law.moj.gov.tw/ErrorPage.aspx|url-status=live}} Any party which receives 5% or more of the party vote can enter the parliament. For each party, at least half of the legislators elected under this system must be female.
• 6 seats are elected by indigenous voters through single non-transferable vote in two three-member constituencies.

The Kuomintang (KMT) held a supermajority of seats in the Legislative Yuan between 1948 and 1991, while some seats were held by the Chinese Youth Party (CYP) and the China Democratic Socialist Party (CDSP). Through the limited supplementary elections held in since the 1970s, the Tangwai movement saw their share of seats increase. Most members in the Tangwai movement joined the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) after its founding in the late 1980s.

{{legend2|lightgreen|Majority}}

{{legend2|lightyellow|Plurality only}}

{{legend2|lightpink|Largest minority}}

{{See also|Sunflower Student Movement}}

On 18 March 2014, the Legislative Yuan was occupied by protesting students.{{cite news |title=TRADE PACT SIEGE: Legislative Yuan occupation timeline |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/04/11/2003587787 |date=11 April 2014 |access-date=19 January 2015 |newspaper=Taipei Times |archive-date=20 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120114243/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/04/11/2003587787 |url-status=live }}

Much of the work of the Legislative Yuan is done via legislative committees, and a common sight on Taiwanese television involves officials of the executive branch answering extremely hostile questions from opposition members in committees. In the 1990s, there were a number of cases of violence breaking out on the floor, usually triggered by some perceived unfair procedure ruling, but in recent years, these have become less common. There was a brawl involving 50 legislators in January 2007 and an incident involving 40 legislators on 8 May 2007 when a speaker attempted to speak about reconfiguring the Central Election Committee. It has been alleged that fights are staged and planned in advance."Parliamentary antics said to be staged", Taiwan News (newspaper), Vol. 58, No. 322, 18 May 2007, p. 2 These antics led the scientific humor magazine Annals of Improbable Research to award the Legislative Yuan its Ig Nobel Peace Prize in 1995 "for demonstrating that politicians gain more by punching, kicking and gouging each other than by waging war against other nations".{{cite web |url=http://improbable.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html#ig1995 |title=The 1995 Ig Nobel Prize Winners |work=Winners of the Ig Nobel Prize |publisher=Annals of Improbable Research |access-date=2009-02-10 |archive-date=2009-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830181439/http://improbable.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html#ig1995 |url-status=live }} On 29 June 2020 more than 20 lawmakers affiliated with the Kuomintang took over the legislature over night, blocking entry to the main chamber with chains and chairs, saying the government was trying to force through legislation and demanding the president withdraw the nomination of a close aide to a high-level watchdog. Democratic Progressive Party lawmakers forced themselves in while there were scuffles and shouting with Kuomintang lawmakers. On 18 May 2024, a lawmaker attempted to steal a bill in an attempt to prevent it from being passed. This resulted in a brawl on the chamber floor due to the chaos.{{Cite web |last=Irwin |first=Lauren |date=2024-05-18 |title=Member of Taiwan's parliament steals bill to prevent its passage |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/4671868-taiwan-parliament-member-steals-bill-prevent-passage/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}

The current Legislative Yuan building in Taipei, was formerly the {{nihongo4|Taihoku Prefectural Taihoku Second Girls' High School|台北州立台北第二高等女學校}} constructed during the Japanese colonial rule since 1960 with the administrative offices previously a dormitory. Over the years, there were several proposals to relocate the Legislative Yuan. The 1990 proposal to move the legislature to the location of the defunct Huashan station, was passed in 1992, then abandoned after the budget was cut. A second proposal in 1999 suggested that the legislature move to what had previously served as Air Force Command Headquarters. This proposition was opposed by the Taipei City Council and funds for disaster relief became a priority after the Jiji earthquake.{{cite news |last1=Liu |first1=Tzu-hsuan |title=Speaker to visit 19 proposed legislature sites |url=https://taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2022/04/19/2003776835 |access-date=19 April 2022 |work=Taipei Times |date=19 April 2022 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418170639/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2022/04/19/2003776835 |url-status=live }} Other relocation proposals include moving the parliament to Taichung,{{Cite web|url = https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2022/01/02/2003770578|title = Plans to move legislature to be presented next year - Taipei Times|date = 2 January 2022|access-date = 19 February 2022|archive-date = 19 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220219221913/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2022/01/02/2003770578|url-status = live}}{{Cite web|url = https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2021/01/04/2003749912|title = FEATURE: Taichung still popular pick for LY relocation - Taipei Times|date = 4 January 2021|access-date = 19 February 2022|archive-date = 19 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220219221918/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2021/01/04/2003749912|url-status = live}} New Taipei, Changhua County, or Yilan County. In 2022, graduate students from several Taiwanese universities were invited to submit designs for a new building.{{cite news |last1=Chung |first1=Jake |title=Speaker attends design exhibit for new legislature |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2022/07/10/2003781495 |access-date=10 July 2022 |work=Taipei Times |date=10 July 2022 |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709231827/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2022/07/10/2003781495 |url-status=live }}

File:中華民國立法院 (議場内) Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China (chamber, interior).jpg|The chamber of the Legislative Yuan

File:Legislative Yuan (0212).JPG|Legislative Yuan building

File:高雄市長 韓國瑜.jpg|Han Kuo-yu, the current president of the Legislative Yuan

File:Wang Jin-pyng, President of the Legislative Yuan (7172294519).jpg|Wang Jin-pyng, the longest-serving president of the Legislative Yuan

{{Portal|Taiwan|China}}

• 11th Legislative Yuan
• Politics of the Republic of China
• History of the Republic of China
• Legislative violence

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Legislative Yuan}}

{{Wikibooks|Annotated Republic of China Laws/Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China/Article 4}}

• {{Official website|http://www.ly.gov.tw}}

{{Constituencies of Taiwan}}

{{Taiwan topics}}

{{Legislatures of Taiwan}}

{{Asia topic|Parliament of}}

{{National unicameral legislatures}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|25.0439|N|121.5195|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

Taiwan

Taiwan

Taiwan

Category:1928 establishments in China

Category:1945 establishments in Taiwan

Category:Ig Nobel laureates