Lilioideae

Lilioideae genera are relatively homogeneous and distinct from the other two Liliaceae subfamilies (Calochortoideae and Streptopoideae). They are perennial herbaceous flowering plants that are mainly bulbous (Lilieae) with contractile roots, but may be rhizomatous (Medeoleae). Stems unbranched, leaves with parallel venation. Flowers are large and showy. The embryo sac (megagametophyte) is of the Fritillaria-type (tetrasporic). Capsule septicidal, seeds often flattened, exotesta palisaded or lignified. The seeds of Medeoleae are striate.{{cite book|last=Mabberley|first=David J|title=Mabberley's Plant-Book|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1107782594|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFFgAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT861|edition=3|access-date=8 January 2014}} Chromosome number may be 7 (Medeoleae),{{cite journal|last=Hayashi|first=Kazuhiko|author2=Seiji Yoshida|author3=Frederick H. Utech|author4=Shoichi Kawano|year=2001|title=Molecular systematics in the genus Clintonia and related taxa based on rbcL and matK gene sequence data|journal=Plant Species Biology|volume=16|issue=2|pages=119–137|doi=10.1046/j.1442-1984.2001.00057.x}} 9, or 11–14, with a highly variable length (2.2 - 27 μm).

The term was introduced by Amos Eaton in his Botanical Dictionary in 1836.{{sfn|Eaton|1836}} Engler and Prantl included it as one of the eleven subfamilies of Liliaceae.{{sfn|Engler|1903|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/63778#page/130/mode/1up Liliiflorae - Liliaceae - Lilioideae p. 96]}} In 1927, Buxbaum's treatment of the subfamily included three tribes; Lloydieae (Gagea, Lloydia and Szechenya and Giradiella — both now included in Lloydia), Tulipeae: (Erythronium, Tulipa and Eduardoregalia — now part of Tulipa) and Lilieae (Korolkowia, Fritillaria, Notholirion, Cardiocrinum, Nomocharis and Lilium).{{sfn|Buxbaum|1936}}{{sfn|Buxbaum|1937}}

In the phylogenetic era, the subfamily Lilioideae has been circumscribed in both a broad (sensu lato, or s.l.) and narrow (sensu stricto, or s.s.) sense. Tamura,{{sfn|Tamura|1998a|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RSfrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA350 Lilioideae p. 350]}} and others{{sfn|Patterson|Givnish|2002}} have defined Lilioideae s.s. (or sensu Tamura) to include only the tribes Tulipeae and Lilieae. However other authorities including the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (APWeb){{sfn|Stevens|2015|loc=[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APWeb/orders/Lilialesweb.htm#Liliaceae Liliaceae]}} define Lilioideae s.l. to also include the Medeoleae (while subsuming the Tulipae into Lilieae). In the s.s. usage, the Medeoleae are treated as a separate subfamily, the Medeoloideae.

The subfamily Lilioideae includes ten genera and about 535 species. The largest genera are Gagea (200), Fritillaria (130), Lilium (110), and Tulipa (75 species).

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• {{cite journal |first=F. |last=Buxbaum |author-link=Franz Buxbaum|title=Die Entwicklungslinien der Lilioideae. I. Die systematische Stellung der gattung Gagea |journal=Botanisches Archiv |volume=38 |year=1936 |pages=213–293 |language=de}}
• {{cite journal |first=F. |last=Buxbaum |author-link=Franz Buxbaum|title=Die Entwicklungslinien der Lilioideae. II. Die Wurmbaeoideae |journal=Botanisches Archiv |volume=38 |year=1937 |pages=305–398 |language=de}}* [http://www.tropicos.org/Name/50126261 Tropicos: Lilioideae Eaton ]
• {{cite book|last1=Eaton|first1=Thomas|title=Eaton's botanical grammar and dictionary, modernized down to 1836|date=1836|publisher=Oliver Steele|location=Albany|edition=4th}}
• {{cite book|last=Engler|first=Adolf|author-link=Adolf Engler|title=Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien : eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik|publisher=Borntraeger|location=Berlin|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/56456#page/5/mode/1up|access-date=5 February 2014|year=1903}}
• {{cite journal|first=Karl|last= Schnarf|title=Der Umfang der Lilioideae im natürlichen System|journal=Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift|volume=95|issue=3|date=September 1948|publisher=Springer|location=Wien|issn=0378-2697|doi=10.1007/BF01249968|pages=257–269|s2cid= 37967024}}
• {{cite book |last=Tamura |first =M. N. |author-link=MN Tamura|pages=343–353 |chapter=Liliaceae |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-03533-7_41 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC&pg=PA343|ref={{harvid|Tamura|1998a}}|isbn =9783540640608 |date =1998-08-27 |title =Flowering Plants · Monocotyledons }} In {{Harvtxt|Kubitzki|Huber|1998}}.
• {{cite book|editor-last1=Kubitzki|editor-first1=Klaus|editor-last2=Huber|editor-first2=Herbert|editor-link1=Klaus Kubitzki|editor-link2=Herbert Huber (botanist)|title=The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3. Flowering plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae) |year=1998|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin, Germany|isbn=3-540-64060-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC|access-date=14 January 2014}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Patterson |first1=T. B. |first2=T. J. |last2=Givnish |title=Phylogeny, concerted convergence, and phylogenetic niche conservatism in the core Liliales: insights from rbcL and ndhF sequence data |journal=Evolution |year=2002 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=233–252 |pmid=11926492 |doi=10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01334.x |doi-access=free }}
• {{citation |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |date=2015|orig-year=1st. Pub. 2001 |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden|url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APWeb/|access-date=13 April 2015}}

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{{Liliaceae}}

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Category:Liliaceae

Category:Monocot subfamilies

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