List of Atlantic hurricane records#Intensity
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File:10 Costliest Atlantic hurricanes.jpg as of January 2023.|330x330px]]
As of November 2024, there have been 1,745 tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm intensity, 971 at hurricane intensity, and 338 at major hurricane intensity within the Atlantic Ocean since 1851, the first Atlantic hurricane season to be included in the official Atlantic tropical cyclone record.{{cite web| title=North Atlantic Ocean Historical Tropical Cyclone Statistics| url=http://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/Realtime/index.php?arch&loc=northatlantic| publisher=Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University| location=Fort Collins, Colorado| access-date=May 13, 2023}} Though a majority of these cyclones have fallen within climatological averages, prevailing atmospheric conditions occasionally lead to anomalous tropical systems which at times reach extremes in statistical record-keeping including in duration and intensity.{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Climatology|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/climo/|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service|access-date=August 14, 2013|location=Miami, Florida}} The scope of this list is limited to tropical cyclone records solely within the North Atlantic Ocean and is subdivided by their reason for notability.
Tropical cyclogenesis
=Most active{{\}}least active Atlantic hurricane seasons=
Most Atlantic hurricane seasons prior to the weather satellite era include seven or fewer recorded tropical storms or hurricanes. As the usage of satellite data was not available until the mid-1960s, early storm counts are less reliable. Before the advent of the airplane or means of tracking storms, the ones recorded were storms that affected mainly populated areas. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated.{{cite book |title=Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present and Future |chapter=The Atlantic hurricane database re-analysis project: Documentation for the 1851–1910 alterations and additions to the HURDAT database |last=Landsea |first=C. W. |author-link=Christopher Landsea |editor=Murname, R. J. |editor2=Liu, K.-B. |year=2004 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-231-12388-4 |pages=177–221 }}
With the advent of the satellite came better and more accurate weather tracking. The first satellites sent into space to monitor the weather were known as Television Infrared Observation Satellites (TIROS). In 1961, Hurricane Esther was the first hurricane to be "discovered" through satellite readings.{{cite book |editor-last=Cortright |editor-first=Edgar M. |editor-link=Edgar Cortright |title=Exploring Space With A Camera |chapter=Section One: Above The Atmosphere |chapter-url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-168/section1.htm |publisher=NASA History Office |location=Washington, D.C. |year=1968 |bibcode=1968eswc.book.....C|access-date=December 6, 2020}} Although this modern invention was now available, the systems were initially not fully active enough to provide daily images of the storms.{{cite news |agency=UPI |date=June 13, 1962 |title=Hurricane Season Upon Us |newspaper=The Windsor Star |access-date=October 7, 2011 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=j04_AAAAIBAJ&pg=3288,833281&dq=hurricane+season&hl=en}} Data for the North Atlantic region remained sparse as late as 1964 due to a lack of complete satellite coverage.{{cite journal|author=Neil L. Frank |author2=H. M. Johnson|date=February 1969|access-date=June 9, 2014|title=Vortical Cloud Systems Over the Tropical Atlantic During the 1967 Atlantic Hurricane Season|page=125|journal=Monthly Weather Review|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/097/mwr-097-02-0124.pdf|volume=97|issue=2|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1969)097<0124:vcsott>2.3.co;2|bibcode = 1969MWRv...97..124F}}
Due to the above factors, terms such as "ever" or "on record" should be interpreted to mean "since sometime between 1964 and 1978".
The most active Atlantic hurricane season on record in terms of total storms took place in 2020, with 30 documented. The storm count for the 2020 season also includes fourteen hurricanes, of which seven strengthened to major hurricane status. On the converse, the least active season on record in terms of total storms took place in 1914. The 1914 season had just one tropical storm and no hurricanes.
class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; text-align:center; width:40%;" | |||
colspan="4" style="background:#ccf;" | Most storms in a year | |||
---|---|---|---|
rowspan=2|Year
!rowspan=2|Tropical storms !colspan=2|Hurricanes | |||
Hurricanes
!Major | |||
2020 | 30{{thin space}}* | 14 | 7 |
2005 | 28{{thin space}}* | 15 | 7 |
2021 | 21{{thin space}}* | 7 | 4 |
1933 | 20{{0|0}} | 11 | 6 |
2023 | 20{{thin space}}* | 7 | 3 |
2010 | 19{{0|0}} | 12 | 5 |
1995 | 19{{0|0}} | 11 | 5 |
1887 | 19{{0|0}} | 11 | 2 |
2012 | 19{{0|0}} | 10 | 2 |
2011 | 19{{0|0}} | 7 | 4 |
colspan=5|{{nobold|*{{thin space}}Includes at least one subtropical storm}} Source: {{cite web| title=North Atlantic Ocean Historical Tropical Cyclone Statistics|url=http://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/Realtime/index.php?arch&loc=northatlantic|publisher=Colorado State University|location=Fort Collins, Colorado|access-date=July 18, 2023}} |
class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; text-align:center; width:40%;" | |||
colspan="5" style="background:#ccf;" | Fewest storms in a year | |||
---|---|---|---|
rowspan=2|Year
!rowspan=2|Tropical storms !colspan=2|Hurricanes | |||
Hurricanes
!Major | |||
1914 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
1930 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
1857 | 4 | 3 | 0 |
1868 | 4 | 3 | 0 |
1883 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
1884 | 4 | 4 | 1 |
1890 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
1917 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
1925 | 4 | 2 | 0 |
1983 | 4 | 3 | 1 |
colspan=5|Source: |
=Earliest{{\}}latest formations for each category=
File:Hurricane Alice 01 jan 1955 radar.jpg image of Hurricane Alice (1954–55), the only Atlantic tropical cyclone on record to span two calendar years at hurricane strength|alt=Monochrome radar image of a hurricane. Rain, which the radar detects, is shown as white regions. Concentric circles denote distances from the radar site, located slightly offset from the center of the image.]]
Climatologically speaking, approximately 97 percent of tropical cyclones that form in the North Atlantic develop between June 1 and November 30 – dates which delimit the modern-day Atlantic hurricane season. Though the beginning of the annual hurricane season has historically remained the same, the official end of the hurricane season has shifted from its initial date of October 31. Regardless, on average once every few years a tropical cyclone develops outside the limits of the season;{{cite web|url=https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd-faq/#hurricane-season|last=Dorst|first=Neal|title=Hurricane Season Information|work=Frequently Asked Questions About Hurricanes|date=June 1, 2018|publisher=NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 4, 2020}} as of 2023 there have been 92 tropical cyclones in the off-season, with the most recent being an unnamed subtropical storm in January 2023. The first tropical cyclone of the 1938 Atlantic hurricane season, which formed on January 3, became the earliest forming tropical storm and hurricane after reanalysis concluded on the storm in December 2012.{{cite web|title=Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_jun2013.html|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Research Division|access-date=August 14, 2013|author=Landsea, Chris |author-link=Christopher Landsea|date=June 2013|display-authors=etal}} Hurricane Able in 1951 was initially thought to be the earliest forming major hurricane;{{#tag:ref|Hurricanes reaching Category 3 ({{convert|111|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}) and higher on the 5-level Saffir–Simpson wind speed scale are considered major hurricanes.{{cite web|title=Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 4, 2020}}|group="nb"}} however, following post-storm analysis, it was determined that Able only reached Category 1 strength, which made Hurricane Alma of 1966 the new record holder, as it became a major hurricane on June 8.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Though it developed within the bounds of the Atlantic hurricane season, Hurricane Audrey in 1957 was the earliest developing Category 4 hurricane on record after it reached the intensity on June 27.{{cite web|title=1957 – Hurricane Audrey|url=http://www.hurricanescience.org/history/storms/1950s/audrey/|publisher=University of Rhode Island|access-date=September 3, 2013|website=hurricanescience.org}} However, reanalysis of 1956 to 1960 by NOAA downgraded Audrey to a Category 3, making Hurricane Dennis of 2005 the earliest Category 4 on record in the calendar year on July 8, 2005.{{cite web|title=Reanalysis of 1956 to 1960 Atlantic hurricane seasons completed: 10 new tropical storms discovered|author=NHC Public Affairs|date=July 20, 2016|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/news/20160720_pa_1956to1960Reanalysis.pdf|website=nhc.noaa.gov|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=September 15, 2020}} That mark stood until surpassed by Hurricane Beryl on June 30, 2024. Beryl would also become the earliest Category 5 two days later, surpassing Hurricane Emily of 2005.
Though the official end of the Atlantic hurricane season occurs on November 30, the dates of October 31 and November 15 have also historically marked the official end date for the hurricane season. December, the only month of the year after the hurricane season, has featured the cyclogenesis of fourteen tropical cyclones. The second Hurricane Alice in 1954 was the latest forming tropical storm and hurricane, reaching these intensities on December 30 and 31, respectively. Hurricane Alice and Tropical Storm Zeta were the only two storms to exist in two calendar years – the former from 1954 to 1955 and the latter from 2005 to 2006.{{cite web|title=Atlantic Hurricane and Tropical Storm Records|url=http://www.hurricane.com/hurricane-records.php|publisher=Hurricane.com|access-date=September 22, 2013|author=Hurricane.com|archive-date=March 14, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060314142913/http://www.hurricane.com/hurricane-records.php|url-status=dead}} No storms have been recorded to exceed Category 1 hurricane intensity in December. In 1999, Hurricane Lenny reached Category 4 intensity on November 17 as it took an unusual west-to-east track across the Caribbean; its intensity made it the latest developing Category 4 hurricane, though this was well within the bounds of the hurricane season.{{cite web|title=Late Hurricanes: a Message for the Region|url=http://www.unesco.org/csi/act/cosalc/hurricane.htm|work=Environment and development in coastal regions and in small islands|publisher=Coast and Beach Stability in the Lesser Antilles|access-date=September 22, 2013|author=Chambers, Gillan|date=December 1999}} Based on reanalysis, the devastating Cuba hurricane in 1932 reached Category 5 intensity on November 5, making it the latest in any Atlantic hurricane season to reach this intensity.{{#tag:ref|Although Hurricane Iota in 2020 was operationally analyzed to be a Category 5 hurricane, its peak strength was revised down to Category 4 in the post-season analysis.{{cite report |author=Stacy R. Stewart|title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Iota |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL312020_Iota.pdf|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=May 18, 2021|access-date=August 30, 2021|archive-date=June 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609072112/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL312020_Iota.pdf|url-status=live }}|group="nb"}}
=Most tropical{{\}}subtropical storms formed in each month=
The Atlantic hurricane season presently runs from June 1 through November 30 each year, with peak activity occurring between August and October. Specifically, the height of the season is in early to mid-September. Tropical systems that form outside of these months are referred to as "off season", and account for roughly 3% of all storms that form in a given year. All of the records included below are for the most storms that formed in a given month, as the threshold for "fewest" is zero for expected months. Cases where "fewest storms" are unusual include the months when the hurricane season is at its peak.
class="wikitable" style="margin:0.2em auto;text-align:center;" |
colspan="4" style="background:#ccf;" | Number of Atlantic tropical / subtropical storm occurrences by month of naming |
---|
rowspan="2" | Month |
Most
! Season |
January |
February
| 1952{{#tag:ref|Highest number for month by virtue of being the only season on record to have a storm form during that month.|name=Virtue|group=nb}} |
March
| 1908{{#tag:ref|Highest number for month by virtue of being the only season on record to have a storm form during that month.|name=Virtue|group=nb}} |
April |
May |
June |
July |
August |
September
| 2020 |
October
| 1950 |
November |
December |
=Earliest formation records by storm number=
Intensity
=Most intense=
{{Main|List of the most intense tropical cyclones}}
Generally speaking, the intensity of a tropical cyclone is determined by either the storm's maximum sustained winds or lowest barometric pressure. The following table lists the most intense Atlantic hurricanes in terms of their lowest barometric pressure. In terms of wind speed, Allen from 1980 was the strongest Atlantic tropical cyclone on record, with maximum sustained winds of {{convert|190|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. For many years, it was thought that Hurricane Camille also attained this intensity, but this conclusion was changed in 2014. The original measurements of Camille are suspect since wind speed instrumentation used at the time would likely be damaged by winds of such intensity.{{cite book|author=Landsea, Chris|chapter=E1) Which is the most intense tropical cyclone on record?|type=FAQ|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/weather_sub/faq.html|chapter-url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E1.html|date=April 21, 2010|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory|access-date=22 September 2013|version=4.6}} Nonetheless, their central pressures are low enough to rank them among the strongest recorded Atlantic hurricanes. This is also why despite there being 2 hurricanes in the month of January, neither of them are ranked here as both of them had a higher pressure than Unnamed Subtropical Storm (2023).{{Cite web |last=Papin |first=Philippe |last2=Cangialosi |first2=John |last3=Beven |first3=John |date=July 6, 2023 |title=UNNAMED SUBTROPICAL STORM |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL012023_Unnamed.pdf}}
Owing to their intensity, the strongest Atlantic hurricanes have all attained Category 5 classification. Hurricane Opal, the most intense Category 4 hurricane recorded, intensified to reach a minimum pressure of 916 mbar (hPa; 27.05 inHg),{{cite report|author=Mayfield, Max |publisher=National Hurricane Center |date=November 29, 1995 |access-date=22 September 2013 |title=Hurricane Opal Preliminary Report |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1995opal.html |type=Preliminary Report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503071400/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1995opal.html |archive-date= 3 May 2015 }} a pressure typical of Category 5 hurricanes.{{cite web|title=The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|url=http://lagic.lsu.edu/hurricanes/saffir-simpson.htm|publisher=Louisiana State University|access-date=23 September 2013|author=Louisiana Geographic Information Center|location=Baton Rouge, Louisiana|archive-date=1 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601121329/http://lagic.lsu.edu/hurricanes/saffir-simpson.htm|url-status=dead}} Nonetheless, the pressure remains too high to list Opal as one of the ten strongest Atlantic tropical cyclones. Currently, Hurricane Wilma is the strongest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded, after reaching an intensity of 882 mbar (hPa; 26.05 inHg) in October 2005; at the time, this also made Wilma the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide outside of the West Pacific,{{EPAC hurricane best track}}{{cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/bestpara.xls |title=Tropical Cyclone Best Track Information for the North Indian Ocean 1990-2008 |year=2009 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=22 September 2013 |format=XLS |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091116093857/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/bestpara.xls |archive-date=16 November 2009 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/TGPR/saison20032004B/07_table.html|title=Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Gafilo|author=Royer, Stephane|date=7 February 2003|publisher=Météo France|access-date=22 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927081705/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/TGPR/saison20032004B/07_table.html|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/silo/cyclones.cgi|title=Tropical Cyclone Information for the Australian Region|year=2008|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology|access-date=22 February 2013}}{{TCWC Wellington BT}} where seven tropical cyclones have been recorded to intensify to lower pressures.{{cite web|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/besttrack.html|title=Western North Pacific Typhoon best track file 1951-{{#time:Y}}|access-date=22 September 2013}} However, this was later superseded by Hurricane Patricia in 2015 in the east Pacific, which had a pressure reading of 872 mbar. Preceding Wilma is Hurricane Gilbert, which had also held the record for most intense Atlantic hurricane for 17 years.{{cite journal |author2=Masters, J. M. |author3=Landsea, C. W. |title=A Record Minimum Sea Level Pressure Observed in Hurricane Gilbert|journal=Monthly Weather Review|date=December 1, 1989|volume=117|issue=12|pages=2824–2828|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<2824:ARMSLP>2.0.CO;2|author=Willoughby, H.E. |bibcode = 1989MWRv..117.2824W |doi-access=free}} The 1935 Labor Day hurricane, with a pressure of 892 mbar (hPa; 26.34 inHg), is the third strongest Atlantic hurricane and the strongest documented tropical cyclone prior to 1950. Since the measurements taken during Wilma and Gilbert were documented using dropsonde, this pressure remains the lowest measured over land.{{cite web|title=Hurricane Dean|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL042007_Dean}}|work=National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Reports|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=23 September 2013|author=Franklin, James L.|location=Miami, Florida|format=PDF|date=January 31, 2008}}
2005's Hurricane Rita and 2024's Hurricane Milton are tied as the fourth strongest Atlantic hurricane in terms of barometric pressure, Rita is one of three tropical cyclones from 2005 on the list, with the others being Wilma and Katrina at first and seventh, respectively. However, with a barometric pressure of 895 mbar (hPa; 26.43 inHg), Rita and Milton are both the strongest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico.{{cite web|title=Post Storm Data Acquisition – Hurricane Rita Peak Gust Analysis and Storm Surge Data|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/os/data/pdfs/Rita.pdf|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=23 September 2013|author=National Weather Service|date=November 14, 2005}} In between Rita and Katrina is Hurricane Allen. Allen's pressure was measured at 899 mbar. Hurricane Camille is the sixth strongest hurricane on record. Camille is the only storm to have been moved down the list due to post-storm analysis. Camille was originally recognized as the fifth strongest hurricane on record, but was dropped to the seventh strongest in 2014, with an estimated pressure at 905 mbars, tying it with Hurricanes Mitch, and Dean. Camille then was recategorized with a new pressure of 900 mbars. Currently, Mitch and Dean share intensities for the eighth strongest Atlantic hurricane at 905 mbar (hPa; 26.73 inHg). Hurricane Maria is in tenth place for most intense Atlantic tropical cyclone, with a pressure as low as 908 mbar (hPa; 26.81 inHg).{{cite web|last1=Brown|first1=Daniel|title=Hurricane Maria Intermediate Advisory Number 15A|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT5+shtml/192357.shtml|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=20 September 2017}} In addition, the most intense Atlantic hurricane outside of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico is Hurricane Dorian of 2019, with a pressure of 910 mbar (hPa; 26.9 inHg),{{cite web |author=Lixion A. Avila |author-link=Lixion Avila |title=Hurricane Dorian Forecast Discussion Number 34 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2019/al05/al052019.discus.034.shtml? |website=National Hurricane Center |access-date=September 27, 2019 |date=September 1, 2019}} next most intense in the open ocean was Hurricane Irma of 2017, with a pressure of 914 mbar.
Many of the strongest recorded tropical cyclones weakened prior to their eventual landfall or demise. However, four of the storms remained intense enough at landfall to be considered some of the strongest landfalling hurricanes – four of the ten hurricanes on the list constitute four of the top ten most intense Atlantic landfalls in recorded history. The 1935 Labor Day hurricane made landfall at peak intensity, the most intense Atlantic hurricane landfall.{{cite web|author=Bob Henson|title=Category 5 Irma Hits Leeward Islands at Peak Strength|url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/category-5-irma-hits-leeward-islands-peak-strength|website=Weather Underground|access-date=September 6, 2017|date=September 6, 2017}} Hurricane Camille made landfall in Waveland, Mississippi with a pressure of 900 mbar (hPa; 26.58 inHg), making it the second most intense Atlantic hurricane landfall.{{cite journal|author1=R.H. Simpson |author2=Arnold L. Sugg |date=April 1970 |volume=98 |issue=4 |page=293 |title=The Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1969|journal=Monthly Weather Review |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/mwr_pdf/1969.pdf |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1970)098<0293:TAHSO>2.3.CO;2 |access-date=1 January 2014|bibcode = 1970MWRv...98..293S |s2cid=123713109 }} Though it weakened slightly before its eventual landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula, Hurricane Gilbert maintained a pressure of 900 mbar (hPa; 26.58 inHg) at landfall, making its landfall the second strongest, tied with Camille. Similarly, Hurricane Dean made landfall on the peninsula, though it did so at peak intensity and with a higher barometric pressure; its landfall marked the fourth strongest in Atlantic hurricane history.
{{clear}}
- Note: Dropsondes have only been GPS-based for use in eyewalls since 1997,{{cite web|url=https://www.eol.ucar.edu/observing_facilities/avaps-dropsonde-system |title=AVAPS Dropsonde System | Earth Observing Laboratory |publisher=Eol.ucar.edu |access-date=2020-10-07}} and the quantity of aircraft reconnaissance and surface observation stations has changed over time, such that values from storms in different periods may not be 100% consistent.
==Most intense by month==
Intensity is measured solely by central pressure unless the pressure is not known, in which case intensity is measured by maximum sustained winds.
class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Month ! scope="col" | Name !! scope="col" | Year !! scope="col" | Minimum pressure !! scope="col" | Maximum winds | Classification |
{{sort|01|January}}
| Unnamed || 2023|| 976 mb (hPa) || {{convert|60|knots|mph km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=out}} || bgcolor="#00faf4" | {{sort|1|Subtropical storm}} | |
---|---|
{{sort|02|February}}
| One{{Dagger}} || 1952|| ≤ 990 mb (hPa) || {{convert|45|knots|mph km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=out}} || bgcolor="#00faf4" | {{sort|1|Tropical storm}} | |
{{sort|03|March}}
| One{{Dagger}} || 1908|| <984 mb (hPa) || {{convert|85|knots|mph km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=out}} || bgcolor="{{storm colour|cat2}}" | {{sort|6|Category 2}} | |
{{sort|04|April}}
| Arlene{{Dagger}} || 2017|| 990 mb (hPa){{cite report|author=John P. Cangialosi|title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Arlene|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL012017_Arlene.pdf|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=July 5, 2017|access-date=August 27, 2017|location=Miami, Florida|pages=1, 5|archive-date=August 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828105216/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL012017_Arlene.pdf|url-status=live}} || {{convert|45|knots|mph km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=out}} || bgcolor="#00faf4" | {{sort|1|Tropical storm}} | |
{{sort|05|May}}
| Able || 1951|| 973 mb (hPa) || {{convert|80|knots|mph km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=out}} || bgcolor="{{storm colour|cat1}}" | {{sort|5|Category 1}} | |
{{sort|06|June}}
| Audrey || 1957|| 946 mb (hPa) || {{convert|110|knots|mph km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=out}} || bgcolor="{{storm colour|cat3}}" | {{sort|6|Category 3}} | |
{{sort|07|July}}
| Emily || 2005|| 929 mb (hPa) || {{convert|140|knots|mph km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=out}} || bgcolor="{{storm colour|cat5}}" | {{sort|6|Category 5}} | |
{{sort|08|August}}
| Allen || 1980|| 899 mb (hPa) || {{convert|165|knots|mph km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=out}} || bgcolor="{{storm colour|cat5}}" | {{sort|6|Category 5}} | |
{{sort|09|September}}
| Gilbert || 1988|| 888 mb (hPa) || {{convert|160|knots|mph km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=out}} || bgcolor="{{storm colour|cat5}}" | {{sort|6|Category 5}} | |
{{sort|10|October}}
| Wilma || 2005 || 882 mb (hPa) || {{convert|160|knots|mph km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=out}} || bgcolor="{{storm colour|cat5}}" | {{sort|6|Category 5}} | |
{{sort|11|November}}
| 1932 Cuba Hurricane || 1932|| <915 mb (hPa) || {{convert|150|knots|mph km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=out}} || bgcolor="{{storm colour|cat5}}" | {{sort|5|Category 5}} | |
{{sort|12|December}}
| Nicole || 1998|| 979 mb (hPa) || {{convert|75|knots|mph km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=out}} || bgcolor="{{storm colour|cat1}}" | {{sort|5|Category 1}} |
==Most intense by minimum barometric pressure==
class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size: 92%;" |
colspan=6 style="background:#ccf;" | Most intense Atlantic hurricanes |
---|
rowspan=2| Hurricane
! rowspan=2| Season ! colspan=2| By peak pressure ! colspan=2| By pressure at landfall |
mbar
! class="unsortable" | inHg ! mbar ! class="unsortable" | inHg |
style="text-align:center;"| Wilma
| style="text-align:center;"| 2005 | style="text-align:center;"| 882 | style="text-align:center;"| 26.05 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| |
style="text-align:center;"| Gilbert
| style="text-align:center;"| 1988 | style="text-align:center;"| 888 | style="text-align:center;"| 26.22 | style="text-align:center;"| 900 | style="text-align:center;"| 26.58 |
style="text-align:center;"| "Labor Day"
| style="text-align:center;"| 1935 | style="text-align:center;"| 892 | style="text-align:center;"| 26.34 | style="text-align:center;"| 892 | style="text-align:center;"| 26.34 |
style="text-align:center;"| Rita
| style="text-align:center;"| 2005 | style="text-align:center;"| 895 | style="text-align:center;"| 26.43 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| |
style="text-align:center;"| Milton
| style="text-align:center;"| 2024 | style="text-align:center;"| 895 | style="text-align:center;"| 26.43 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| |
style="text-align:center;"| Allen
| style="text-align:center;"| 1980 | style="text-align:center;"| 899 | style="text-align:center;"| 26.55 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| |
style="text-align:center;"| Camille
| style="text-align:center;"| 1969 | style="text-align:center;"| 900 | style="text-align:center;"| 26.58 | style="text-align:center;"| 900 | style="text-align:center;"| 26.58 |
style="text-align:center;"| Katrina
| style="text-align:center;"| 2005 | style="text-align:center;"| 902 | style="text-align:center;"| 26.64 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| |
style="text-align:center;"| Mitch
| style="text-align:center;"| 1998 | style="text-align:center;"| 905 | style="text-align:center;"| 26.72 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| |
style="text-align:center;"| Dean
| style="text-align:center;"| 2007 | style="text-align:center;"| 905 | style="text-align:center;"| 26.72 | style="text-align:center;"| 905 | style="text-align:center;"| 26.72 |
style="text-align:center;"| "Cuba"
| style="text-align:center;"| 1924 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| | style="text-align:center;"| 910 | style="text-align:center;"| 26.87 |
style="text-align:center;"| Dorian
| style="text-align:center;"| 2019 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| | style="text-align:center;"| 910 | style="text-align:center;"| 26.87 |
style="text-align:center;"| Janet
| style="text-align:center;"| 1955 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| | style="text-align:center;"| 914 | style="text-align:center;"| 26.99 |
style="text-align:center;"| Irma
| style="text-align:center;"| 2017 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| | style="text-align:center;"| 914 | style="text-align:center;"| 26.99 |
style="text-align:center;"|"Cuba"
| style="text-align:center;"|1932 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| | style="text-align:center;"| 918 | style="text-align:center;"| 27.10 |
style="text-align:center;"|Michael
| style="text-align:center;"|2018 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| | style="text-align:center;"| 919 | style="text-align:center;"| 27.14 |
class="small"
!colspan="6"| Note: Grey shading indicates that the pressure was not a record, only the top ten storms for each category are included here. |
==Strongest by 1-minute sustained wind speed==
class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size: 92%; width: 48%;" |
colspan=6 style="background:#ccf;" | Strongest Atlantic hurricanes |
---|
rowspan=2| Hurricane
! rowspan=2| Season ! colspan=2| By peak sustained wind speed ! colspan=2| By wind speed at landfall |
mph
! class="unsortable" | km/h ! mph ! class="unsortable" | km/h |
style="text-align:center;"| Allen
| style="text-align:center;"| 1980 | style="text-align:center;"| 190 | style="text-align:center;"| 305 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| |
style="text-align:center;"| "Labor Day"
| style="text-align:center;"| 1935 | style="text-align:center;"| 185 | style="text-align:center;"| 295 | style="text-align:center;"| 185 | style="text-align:center;"| 295 |
style="text-align:center;"| Gilbert
| style="text-align:center;"| 1988 | style="text-align:center;"| 185 | style="text-align:center;"| 295 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| |
style="text-align:center;"| Dorian
| style="text-align:center;"| 2019 | style="text-align:center;"| 185 | style="text-align:center;"| 295 | style="text-align:center;"| 185 | style="text-align:center;"| 295 |
style="text-align:center;"| Wilma
| style="text-align:center;"| 2005 | style="text-align:center;"| 185 | style="text-align:center;"| 295 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| |
style="text-align:center;"| Mitch
| style="text-align:center;"| 1998 | style="text-align:center;"| 180 | style="text-align:center;"| 285 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| |
style="text-align:center;"| Rita
| style="text-align:center;"| 2005 | style="text-align:center;"| 180 | style="text-align:center;"| 285 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| |
style="text-align:center;"| Irma
| style="text-align:center;"| 2017 | style="text-align:center;"| 180 | style="text-align:center;"| 285 | style="text-align:center;"| 180 | style="text-align:center;"| 285 |
style="text-align:center;"| Milton
| style="text-align:center;"| 2024 | style="text-align:center;"| 180 | style="text-align:center;"| 285 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| |
style="text-align:center;"| "Cuba"
| style="text-align:center;"| 1932 | style="text-align:center;"| 175 | style="text-align:center;"| 280 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| |
style="text-align:center;"| Janet
| style="text-align:center;"| 1955 | style="text-align:center;"| 175 | style="text-align:center;"| 280 | style="text-align:center;"| 175 | style="text-align:center;"| 280 |
style="text-align:center;"| Camille
| style="text-align:center;"| 1969 | style="text-align:center;"| 175 | style="text-align:center;"| 280 | style="text-align:center;"| 175 | style="text-align:center;"| 280 |
style="text-align:center;"| Anita
| style="text-align:center;"| 1977 | style="text-align:center;"| 175 | style="text-align:center;"| 280 | style="text-align:center;"| 175 | style="text-align:center;"| 280 |
style="text-align:center;"| David
| style="text-align:center;"| 1979 | style="text-align:center;"| 175 | style="text-align:center;"| 280 | style="text-align:center;"| 175 | style="text-align:center;"| 280 |
style="text-align:center;"| Andrew
| style="text-align:center;"| 1992 | style="text-align:center;"| 175 | style="text-align:center;"| 280 | style="text-align:center;"| 165 | style="text-align:center;"| 270 |
style="text-align:center;"| Katrina
| style="text-align:center;"| 2005 | style="text-align:center;"| 175 | style="text-align:center;"| 280 | colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"| |
style="text-align:center;"| Dean
| style="text-align:center;"| 2007 | style="text-align:center;"| 175 | style="text-align:center;"| 280 | style="text-align:center;"| 175 | style="text-align:center;"| 280 |
style="text-align:center;"| Felix
| style="text-align:center;"| 2007 | style="text-align:center;"| 175 | style="text-align:center;"| 280 | style="text-align:center;"| 165 | style="text-align:center;"| 270 |
style="text-align:center;"| Maria
| style="text-align:center;"| 2017 | style="text-align:center;"| 175 | style="text-align:center;"| 280 | style="text-align:center;"| 165 | style="text-align:center;"| 270 |
class="small"
!colspan="6"| Note: Grey shading indicates that the wind speed was not a record, only the highest ranking storms for each category are included here. |
{{clear}}
=Fastest intensification=
- Fastest intensification from a tropical depression to a hurricane (1-minute sustained surface winds) – 12 hours
Harvey 1981 – 35 mph (55 km/h) to 80 mph (130 km/h) – from 1200 UTC September 12 to 0000 UTC September 13 - Fastest intensification from a tropical depression to a Category 5 hurricane (1-minute sustained surface winds) – 48 hours 55 minutes
Milton 2024 – 35 mph (55 km/h) to 160 mph (280 km/h) – from 1500 UTC October 5 to 1555 UTC October 7{{Cite web |title=Hurricane MILTON Advisory Archive |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2024/MILTON.shtml? |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=www.nhc.noaa.gov}} - Fastest intensification from a tropical storm to a Category 5 hurricane (1-minute sustained surface winds) – 24 hours
Wilma 2005 – 70 mph (110 km/h) to 175 mph (275 km/h) – from 0600 UTC October 18 to 0600 UTC October 19{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} - Maximum pressure drop in 12 hours – 83 mbar
Wilma 2005 – {{convert|975|mbar|inHg}} to {{convert|892|mbar|inHg}} – from 1800 UTC October 18 to 0600 UTC October 19{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} - Maximum pressure drop in 24 hours – 97 mbar
Wilma 2005 – {{convert|979|mbar|inHg}} to {{convert|882|mbar|inHg}} – from 1200 UTC October 18 to 1200 UTC October 19{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}
Landfall
= Earliest and latest Atlantic landfalls =
= Southern and Northernmost Atlantic landfalls =
class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;" | |||||
colspan="8" style="background:#ccf;" | Southern and Northernmost Atlantic tropical / subtropical cyclones landfall by Saffir–Simpson classification | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Storm classification | colspan="3" | Southernmost landfall | colspan="3" | Northernmost landfall | |||
Season | Storm | Latitude of landfall | Season | Storm | Latitude of landfall |
bgcolor="{{storm colour|TD}}" |
| 2002 | Isidore | 10.1°N | 1979 | Six | 47.8°N | |||||
bgcolor="{{storm colour|TS}}" |
| 1969 | Martha | 8.8°N | 1973 | Alice | 51.5°N | |||||
bgcolor="{{storm colour|1}}" |
| 1933 | 10.1°N | 2002 | Gustav | 47.6°N | |||||
bgcolor="{{storm colour|2}}" |
| 1963 | Flora | 11.2°N | 2003 | Juan | 44.4°N | |||||
bgcolor="{{storm colour|3}}" |
| 2016 | Otto | 11.0°N | Six, "Long Island", Carol | 41.3°N{{#tag:ref|These 3 storms are currently tied for the record.|name="note5"|group=nb}} | |||||
bgcolor="{{storm colour|4}}" |
| 1988 | Joan | 11.9°N | 1954 | Hazel | 33.8°N{{#tag:ref|The Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635 may have had a more northern landfall at 40.9°N, but occurred outside the official database.{{Cite journal |last=Jarvinen |first=Brian R. |year=2006 |title=Storm Tides in Twelve Tropical Cyclones (including Four Intense New England Hurricanes) |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/12Tides.pdf |publisher=Report for FEMA/National Hurricane Center}}|name="note6"|group=nb}} | |||||
bgcolor="{{storm colour|5}}" |
| 2007 | Felix | 14.3°N | 1969 | Camille | 30.1°N{{#tag:ref|The 1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane may have had a more northern landfall at 35.0°N, but occurred outside the official database.{{cite web |author=Bossak |year=2003 |title=Early 19th Century U.S. Hurricanes: A GIS Tool and Climate Analysis |url=http://myweb.fsu.edu/jelsner/temp/HHITProject/HHITStormList.txt |access-date=2007-07-02 |publisher=Florida State University}}|name="note7"|group=nb}} |
Effects
= Costliest Atlantic hurricanes =
{{multiple image|caption_align=right|header_align=center
| image1 = Katrina 2005-08-28 1700Z.jpg
| alt1 = Hurricane Katrina at peak intensity
| width1 = 180
| height1 = 140
| image2 = Harvey 2017-08-25 2337Z.jpg
| alt2 = Hurricane Harvey shortly before peak intensity
| width2 = 180
| height2 = 140
| footer = Hurricanes Katrina (left) and Harvey (right) both caused $125 billion in damage, more than any other tropical cyclone worldwide.
}}
{{Main|List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes}}
class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;" |
colspan="4" style="background:#ccf;" | Costliest Atlantic hurricanes |
---|
Rank
! Hurricane ! Season ! Damage{{#tag:ref|All damage figures are in United States dollars, and are not adjusted for inflation.|group="nb"}} |
rowspan=2| 1
|{{color box|{{storm color|5}}|5|border=silver}} Katrina |2005 | rowspan=2| {{ntsp|125000000000||$}} |
{{color box|{{storm color|4}}|4|border=silver}} Harvey
|2017 |
3
|{{color box|{{storm color|5}}|5|border=silver}} Ian |2022 | {{ntsp|113100000000||$}} |
4
|{{color box|{{storm color|5}}|5|border=silver}} Maria |2017 | {{ntsp|91606000000||$}} |
5
|{{color box|{{storm color|4}}|4|border=silver}} Helene |2024 |{{ntsp|78700000000||$}} |
6
|{{color box|{{storm color|5}}|5|border=silver}} Irma |2017 | {{ntsp|77160000000||$}} |
7
|{{color box|{{storm color|4}}|4|border=silver}} Ida |2021 | {{ntsp|75250000000||$}} |
8
|{{color box|{{storm color|3}}|3|border=silver}} Sandy |2012 | {{ntsp|68700000000||$}} |
9
|{{color box|{{storm color|4}}|4|border=silver}} Ike |2008 | {{ntsp|38000000000||$}} |
10
|{{color box|{{storm color|5}}|5|border=silver}} Milton |2024 |{{ntsp|34300000000||$}} |
=Deadliest Atlantic hurricanes=
File:Mitch 1998-10-26 1845Z.png killed at least 11,374 people in Central America in October 1998.]]
{{seealso|List of deadliest tropical cyclones}}
{{Deadliest Atlantic hurricanes|align=center|Maria=4698}}
{{clear}}
=Most tornadoes spawned=
File:Hurricane Ivan Tallahassee MESO and TVS.pngs (denoted by inverted red triangles) identified by the NWS Office in Tallahassee Florida September 15–16, 2004.]]
{{See also|List of tropical cyclone-spawned tornadoes}}
class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; font-size:95%;" |
colspan="4" style="background:#ccf;" | Number of tornadoes spawned |
---|
Rank
!Count !Name !Year |
1
| 120 | {{color box|{{storm color|5}}|5|border=silver}} Ivan | 2004 |
2
| {{color box|{{storm color|5}}|5|border=silver}} Beulah | 1967 |
3
| {{color box|{{storm color|4}}|4|border=silver}} Frances | 2004 |
4
| 101 | {{color box|{{storm color|5}}|5|border=silver}} Rita | 2005 |
5
| 68 | {{color box|{{storm color|5}}|5|border=silver}} Beryl | 2024 |
6
| 57 | {{color box|{{storm color|5}}|5|border=silver}} Katrina | 2005 |
7
| 54 | {{color box|{{storm color|4}}|4|border=silver}} Harvey | 2017 |
8
| 50 | {{color box|{{storm color|TS}}|TS|border=silver}} Fay | 2008 |
9
| 49 | {{color box|{{storm color|4}}|4|border=silver}} Gustav | 2008 |
10
| 47 | {{color box|{{storm color|4}}|4|border=silver}} Georges | 1998 |
{{clear}}
Miscellaneous records
class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;" |
colspan="4" style="background:#ccf;" | Miscellaneous records |
---|
Record
! Value ! Name ! Season |
Distance traveled
| {{color box|{{storm color|3}}|3|border=silver}} Alberto | 2000 |
Highest forward speed
| {{convert|69|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}{{cite web|title=What is the average forward speed of a hurricane? (G16)|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G16.html|publisher=Hurricane Research Division|access-date=14 November 2017}} | {{color box|{{storm color|TS}}|TS|border=silver}} Six | 1961 |
Largest in diameter
| {{color box|{{storm color|3}}|3|border=silver}} Sandy | 2012 |
Longest duration (non consecutive)
| 28 days{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}{{cite web|author=Neal Dorst |work=Hurricane Research Division |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |date=January 26, 2010 |access-date=October 3, 2012 |title=Subject: E6) Which tropical cyclone lasted the longest? |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E6.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924074803/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E6.html |archive-date=September 24, 2008 }}{{cite web|author1=Lixion Avila |author-link1=Lixion Avila |author2=Robbie Berg |name-list-style=amp|work=National Hurricane Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|date=October 4, 2012|access-date=October 4, 2012|title=Remnants of Nadine Discussion Eighty-Eight (Final)|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al14/al142012.discus.088.shtml?}} | {{color box|{{storm color|4}}|4|border=silver}} "San Ciriaco" | 1899 |
Longest duration (consecutive)
| 27.25 days{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} | {{color box|{{storm color|2}}|2|border=silver}} Ginger | 1971 |
Longest duration (at category 5)
| {{color box|{{storm color|5}}|5|border=silver}} "Cuba" | 1932 |
Northernmost tropical cyclone formation
| 42.0°N; 23.0°W {{Atlantic hurricane best track}} | {{color box|{{storm color|TS}}|TS|border=silver}} Five | 1952 |
Southernmost tropical cyclone formation
| 7.2°N; 23.4°W {{Atlantic hurricane best track}} | {{color box|{{storm color|2}}|2|border=silver}} Isidore | 1990 |
Easternmost tropical cyclone formation
| 11.0°N, 14.0°W {{Atlantic hurricane best track}} | {{color box|{{storm color|TS}}|TS|border=silver}} Christine | 1973 |
Westernmost tropical cyclone formation
| 22.4°N, 97.4°W {{Atlantic hurricane best track}} | {{color box|{{storm color|TD}}|TD|border=silver}} Eight | 2013 |
Worldwide cyclone records set by Atlantic storms
- Costliest tropical cyclone: Hurricane Katrina – 2005 and Hurricane Harvey – 2017 – US$125 billion in damages
- Fastest seafloor current produced by a tropical cyclone: Hurricane Ivan – 2004 – 2.25 m/s (5 mph){{cite web|title=Hurricane Ivan Uncovered a 60,000 year old Cypress Forest in the Gulf of Mexico|url=https://markgelbart.wordpress.com/2017/08/09/hurricane-ivan-uncovered-a-60000-year-old-cypress-forest-in-the-gulf-of-mexico/|website=WordPress.com|date=9 August 2017|access-date=19 August 2017}}{{cite web|title=Hurricane and Storm Shutters in Gulf Shores Alabama|url=http://hurricaneshuttersflorida.com/blog/2010/11/hurricane-and-storm-shutters-in-gulf-shores-alabama/|website=Hurricane Shutters Florida|access-date=19 August 2017}}
- Highest confirmed wave produced by a tropical cyclone: Hurricane Luis – 1995 – {{convert|98|ft|m}}{{cite web|author=Staff Writer|publisher=The Canadian Atlas|year=2004|access-date=August 19, 2017|title=Extremes of Weather: Horrifying hurricanes|url=http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/themes.aspx?id=weather&sub=weather_phenomena_hurricanes&lang=En|archive-date=August 2, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802074317/http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/themes.aspx?id=weather&sub=weather_phenomena_hurricanes&lang=En|url-status=dead}}
- Highest forward speed of a tropical cyclone: Tropical Storm Six – 1961 – 69 mph (111 km/h)
- Most tornadoes spawned by a tropical cyclone: Hurricane Ivan – 2004 – 120 confirmed tornadoes{{Cite web |title=The Five Atlantic Hurricanes That Produced the Most Tornadoes |url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/hurricanes-most-tornadoes-atlantic-basin |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=The Weather Channel |language=en-US}}
- Smallest tropical cyclone on record: Tropical Storm Marco – 2008 – gale-force winds extended 11.5 mi (18.5 km) from storm center
- Smallest tropical cyclone with hurricane strength on record: Hurricane Oscar - 2024 - gale-force winds extended 35 mi (55 km) from storm center
- Smallest tropical cyclone eye on record: Hurricane Wilma – 2005 – diameter {{convert|2.3|mi|km}}
See also
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
Notes
{{Reflist|group=nb}}