Login
Login

List of historical states of Italy

{{Short description|none}}

{{History of Italy}}

Italy, up until its unification in 1861, was a conglomeration of city-states, republics, and other independent entities. The following is a list of the various Italian states during that period. Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the arrival of the Middle Ages (in particular from the 11th century), the Italian Peninsula was divided into numerous states. Many of these states consolidated into major political units that balanced the power on the Italian Peninsula: the Papal States, the Venetian Republic, the Republic of Florence, the Duchy of Milan, the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of Sicily. Unlike all the other Italian states of the medieval and early modern period, the republics of Venice and Genoa, thanks to their maritime power, went beyond territorial conquests within the Italian Peninsula, conquering various regions across the Mediterranean and Black Seas.{{Cite web|title=End of Europe's Middle Ages - Italy's City-States|url=http://www.faculty.umb.edu/gary_zabel/Courses/Phil%20281b/Philosophy%20of%20Magic/Dante.%20etc/Philosophers/End/c-states.html|access-date=2021-09-10|website=www.faculty.umb.edu}}{{Cite book|last=Bragadin|first=Marc'Antonio|title=Storia delle repubbliche marinare|year=2010 |publisher=Odoya|isbn=978-8862880824|language=it}}

Ancient Italy

{{main|List of ancient peoples of Italy}}

File:Iron Age Italy.svg, before the Roman expansion in Italy.]]

File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png at its greatest extent, 117 AD}}]]

The ancient peoples of Italy are broadly referred to in historiography as Italic peoples, although in modern linguistics this term is used to define only the speakers of the Italic languages, namely the Latino-Faliscans and the Osco-Umbrians. They include:

Early Middle Ages

High Middle Ages

File:Italy 1000 AD.svg

File:Southern Italy 1112.svg

= States in Central and Northern Italy =

= [[List of south Italian principalities|States in Southern Italy]] =

=States of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]=

=[[Sardinian medieval kingdoms|Sardinian Judicates]]=

  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Pisa.svg}} Agugliastra
  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Giudicato of Arborea.svg}} Arborea
  • {{Flagicon image|Coat of arms of Judicate of Cagliari.svg}} Cagliari
  • {{Flagicon image|Gallo del Giudicato di Gallura.svg}} Gallura
  • {{Flagicon image|Torre Merlata del Giudicato di Torres.svg}} Logudoro

Late Middle Ages

File:Italy 1454 after the Peace of Lodi.jpg.]]

File:Italy in 1499.png

= Major states =

= Minor states =

After the Italian Wars

File:Itàlia - Fin dei Guèrras d'Itàlia (1559).png. Possessions and Viceroyalties of the Spanish Habsburgs in yellow. Imperial fiefs in Italy of the Austrian Habsburgs in red borders.]]

The Peace of Cateau Cambrésis ended the Italian Wars in 1559. The kingdoms of Sicily, Sardinia, Naples (inclusive of the State of Presidi) and the Duchy of Milan were left under the control of Spanish Habsburgs. France was in control of several fortresses and in particular of the Marquisate of Saluzzo. All the other Italian states remained independent, with the most powerful being the Venetian Republic, the Medici's Duchy of Tuscany, the Savoyard state, the Republic of Genoa, and the Papal States. The Gonzaga in Mantua, the Este in Modena and Ferrara and the Farnese in Parma and Piacenza continued to be important dynasties. Parts of the north of Italy remained a part of the Holy Roman Empire.{{Cite book|last=Burman|first=Edward|title=Italian Dynasties: Great Families of Italy from the Renaissance to the Present Day|publisher=Equation; First Edition|year=1989|isbn=1853360058|language=en}}{{Cite book|last=Christine Shaw|first=Michael Mallett|title=The Italian Wars 1494-1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe|publisher=Routledge}}{{Cite web|title=Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis {{!}} European history|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-Cateau-Cambresis|access-date=2020-09-08|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}

= Major states =

= Minor states =

After the Wars of Succession of the 18th century

File:Italian States in 1789.png

During the war of the Spanish succession (1700-1714), Savoy acquired Sicily, while the remaining Spanish dominions in Italy (Naples, Sardinia, and Milan) were taken over by the Austrian Habsburgs. In 1720, Savoy exchanged Sicily for Sardinia. Following the extinction of the House of Medici, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany was ruled by the Habsburg-Lorraine. Later on, Southern Italy passed to a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, known as House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. Other states such as Genoa, Venice, Modena, the Papal States and Lucca remained with their governments unchanged.

= Major states =

= Minor states =

Their populations and other vital statistics stood as follows in the late 18th century:[https://books.google.com/books?id=qHE_AQAAMAAJ&q=in+1796%2C+when+the+french+entered+italy%2C+that+fine+country+was+divided+into+several+states&pg=RA1-PA201 Journal of the Private Life and Conversations of the Emperor, Vol. 3]. Emmanuel-Auguste-Dieudonne comte de Las Cases. 1816.

  • Kingdom of Naples (including Sicily): 6,000,000 (400,000 in Naples), army of 60,000 to 80,000, 2 ships of the lines and some frigates
  • Republic of Venice: 3,500,000 (140,000 in the city of Venice itself), standing army and navy of 30,000, 12-15 ships of at least 54 guns plus frigates and brigs
  • Kingdom of Sardinia: 2,900,000 (2,400,000 on the mainland and 500,000 on the island), 12-15 fortified cities and towns (largest being Turin at 80,000), standing army of 25,000, which could be raised to 50,000 in a time of war and 100,000 with militia
  • Papal States: 2,400,000 (140,000 in the city of Rome), standing army of 6,000 to 7,000
  • Austrian Lombardy (Duchy of Milan, Duchy of Mantua, and minor territories): 1,100,000 (40,000 in the city of Milan itself)
  • Grand Duchy of Tuscany: 1,000,000 (80,000 in Florence), standing army of 6,000, navy of 3 frigates
  • Republic of Genoa: 500,000 (100,000 in the city of Genoa itself)
  • Duchy of Parma: 500,000 (40,000 in the city of Parma itself), standing army of 2,500 to 3,000
  • Duchy of Modena: 350,000 (20,000 in the city of Modena itself), standing army of 5,000 to 6,000
  • Republic of Lucca: 100,000

Total: 18.3 million

During Napoleonic times (1792–1815)

File:Italy c 1810.png

=Sister republics of Revolutionary France=

=Client states of the First French Empire=

=Other states=

From the restoration to the unification

File:Italy 1843.svg

Following the defeat of Napoleon's France, the Congress of Vienna (1815) was convened to redraw the European continent. In Italy, the Congress restored the pre-Napoleonic patchwork of independent governments, either directly ruled or strongly influenced by the prevailing European powers, particularly Austria. The Congress also determined the end of two millenary republics: Genoa was annexed by the then Savoyard Kingdom of Sardinia, and Venice was incorporated with Milan into a new kingdom of the Austrian Empire.

At the time, the struggle for Italian unification was perceived to be waged primarily against the Habsburgs, since they directly controlled the predominantly Italian-speaking northeastern part of present-day Italy and were the most powerful force against the Italian unification. The Austrian Empire vigorously repressed nationalist sentiment growing in its domains on the Italian Peninsula, as well as in the other parts of Habsburg domains.

Post-unification

File:Kingdom of Italy - 1871.png in 1871, after the Capture of Rome]]

File:Kingdom of Italy 1924 map.svg in 1924, after World War I]]

Italian Partisan Republics

The Italian Partisan Republics were the provisional state entities liberated by Italian partisans from the rule and occupation of Nazi Germany and the Italian Social Republic in 1944 during the Second World War. They were universally short-lived, with most of them being reconquered by the Wehrmacht within weeks of their formal establishments and re-incorporated into the Italian Social Republic.

  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg}} Republic of Alba (10 October - 2 November)
  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg}} Republic of Alto Monferrato (September - 2 December)
  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg}} Republic of Alto Tortonese (September - December)
  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg}} Republic of Bobbio (7 July - 27 August)
  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg}} Republic of the Cansiglio (July - September)
  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg}} Republic of Carnia (26 September - 10 October)
  • {{Flagicon image|Bandiera delle Brigate Garibaldi partigiane (1943-1945).svg}} {{ill|Republic of Carniola|it|Repubblica partigiana del Corniolo}} (2 February - March)
  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg}} Republic of Oriental Friuli (30 June - September)
  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg}} Republic of Pigna (IM) (18 September - 8 October)
  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg}} Republic of the Langhe (September - November)
  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg}}{{ill|Republic of Montefiorino|it|Repubblica partigiana di Montefiorino}} (17 June - 1 August)
  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Italian Partisan Republic of Ossola.svg}} Republic of Ossola (10 September - 23 October)
  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg}} {{ill|Republic of Torriglia|it|Repubblica di Torriglia}} (26 June - 27 November)
  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg}} Republic of the Ceno Valley (10 June - 11 July)
  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg}} Republic of the Enza Valley and the Parma Valley (June - July)
  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg}} Republic of the Maira Valley and the Varaita Valley (June - 21 August)
  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg}} {{ill|Republic of the Taro Valley|it|Repubblica partigiana della Val Taro}} (15 June - 24 July)
  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg}} Republic of the Lanzo Valley (25 June - September)
  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg}} Republic of the Sesia Valley (11 June - 10 July)
  • {{Flagicon image|Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg}} Republic of Varzi (19/24 September - 29 November)

Current states

See also

References

{{Italy topics}}

{{Former monarchies Italian peninsula|state=collapsed}}

{{Risorgimento}}

States

*

*Italy

Historic states

Italy