List of longest-living organisms#Clonal plant and fungal colonies

File:The 100 species with longest life-spans recorded and verified.svg

This is a list of the longest-living biological organisms: the individual(s) (or in some instances, clones) of a species with the longest natural maximum life spans. For a given species, such a designation may include:

The oldest known individual(s) that are currently alive, with verified ages.
Verified individual record holders, such as the longest-lived human, Jeanne Calment, or the longest-lived domestic cat, Creme Puff.

The definition of "longest-living" used in this article considers only the observed or estimated length of an individual organism's natural lifespan – that is, the duration of time between its birth or conception, or the earliest emergence of its identity as an individual organism, and its death – and does not consider other conceivable interpretations of "longest-living", such as the length of time between the earliest appearance of a species in the fossil record and the present (the historical "age" of the species as a whole), the time between a species' first speciation and its extinction (the phylogenetic "lifespan" of the species), or the range of possible lifespans of a species' individuals. This list includes long-lived organisms that are currently still alive as well as those that are dead.

Determining the length of an organism's natural lifespan is complicated by many problems of definition and interpretation, as well as by practical difficulties in reliably measuring age, particularly for extremely old organisms and for those that reproduce by asexual cloning. In many cases the ages listed below are estimates based on observed present-day growth rates, which may differ significantly from the growth rates experienced thousands of years ago. Identifying the longest-living organisms also depends on defining what constitutes an "individual" organism, which can be problematic, since many asexual organisms and clonal colonies defy one or both of the traditional colloquial definitions of individuality (having a distinct genotype and having an independent, physically separate body). Additionally, some organisms maintain the capability to reproduce through very long periods of metabolic dormancy, during which they may not be considered "alive" by certain definitions but nonetheless can resume normal metabolism afterward; it is unclear whether the dormant periods should be counted as part of the organism's lifespan.

Biological immortality

File:Hydra-Foto.jpg may not grow old.]]

If the mortality rate of a species does not increase after maturity, the species does not age and is said to be biologically immortal. There are numerous plants and animals for which the mortality rate has been observed to actually decrease with age, for all or part of the life cycle.{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(07)62033-8 |title=Evolution's greatest mistakes |year=2007 |author=Ainsworth, C |journal=New Scientist |volume=195 |pages=36–39 |last2=Lepage |first2=M|issue=2616|url=https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/16119/1/No%20cause%20for%20alarm%20-%2028%20September%201996%20-%20New%20Scientist.pdf }} Hydra were observed for four years without any increase in mortality rate.{{cite journal |last=Martínez |first=Daniel E. |year=1998 |title=Mortality patterns suggest lack of senescence in Hydra |journal=Experimental Gerontology |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=217–225 |doi=10.1016/S0531-5565(97)00113-7 |pmid=9615920|citeseerx=10.1.1.500.9508 |s2cid=2009972 }} If the mortality rate remains constant, the rate determines the mean lifespan. The lifespan may be long or short, though the species technically does not "age".

Individuals of other species have been observed to regress to a larval state and regrow into adults multiple times. The hydrozoan species Turritopsis dohrnii (formerly Turritopsis nutricula) is capable of cycling from a mature adult stage to an immature polyp stage and back again. This means no natural limit to its lifespan is known.{{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Scott F. |year=2010 |chapter-url=http://9e.devbio.com/preview_article.php?ch=2&id=6 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707123901/http://9e.devbio.com/preview_article.php?ch=2&id=6 |archive-date=2012-07-07 |title=Developmental Biology |chapter=The Immortal Life Cycle of Turritopsis |edition=9th |publisher=Sinauer Associates |isbn=978-0-878-93384-6 |url-status=dead }} No single specimen has been observed for any extended period, however, and estimating the age of a specimen is not possible by any known means. At least one other hydrozoan (Laodicea undulata{{Cite journal|title = Evidence of reverse development in Leptomedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): the case of Laodicea undulata (Forbes and Goodsir 1851)|last = De Vito|date = 2006|journal = Marine Biology|volume = 149|issue = 2|pages = 339–346|doi = 10.1007/s00227-005-0182-3| bibcode=2006MarBi.149..339D |s2cid = 84325535|display-authors=etal}}), one scyphozoan (Aurelia sp. 1{{Cite journal|title = Life Cycle Reversal in Aurelia sp.1 (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa)|last = He|date = 2015-12-21|journal = PLOS ONE|volume = 10|issue = 12|pages = e0145314|doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0145314|pmid = 26690755|pmc = 4687044|display-authors=etal|bibcode = 2015PLoSO..1045314H|doi-access = free}}) and one tentaculata (Mnemiopsis leiydi{{Cite journal |last1=Soto-Angel |first1=Joan J. |last2=Burkhardt |first2=Pawel |date=2024-11-05 |title=Reverse development in the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=121 |issue=45 |pages=e2411499121 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2411499121 |pmid=39471228 |issn=0027-8424|pmc=11551415 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12111499S }}{{Cite web |last=Cockerill |first=Jess |date=2024-11-06 |title=Wild Discovery Reveals That Comb Jellies Can Age in Reverse |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/wild-discovery-reveals-that-comb-jellies-can-age-in-reverse |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=ScienceAlert |language=en-US}}) can also revert from a medusa stage into a polyp stage.

Similarly, the larvae of skin beetles undergo a degree of "reversed development" when starved, and later grow back to the previously attained level of maturity. This cycle can be repeated many times. However, repeated cycles result in physiological deterioration, suggesting that these beetle larvae still age.{{cite journal|last1=Beck|first1=SD|last2=Bharadwaj|first2=RK|year=1972|title=Reversed development and cellular aging in an insect|journal=Science|volume=178|pages=1210–1211|bibcode=1972Sci...178.1210B|doi=10.1126/science.178.4066.1210|pmid=4637808|issue=4066|s2cid=34101370}}

Revived into activity after stasis

If the definition of lifespan does not exclude time spent in metabolically inactive states, many organisms may be said to have lifespans that are millions of years in length. Various claims have been made about reviving bacterial spores to active metabolism after millions of years of dormancy. Spores preserved in amber have been revived after 40 million years,{{cite journal|first1=RJ|last1=Cano|first2=MK|last2=Borucki|title=Revival and identification of bacterial spores in 25- to 40-million-year-old Dominican amber|journal=Science|date=19 May 1995|volume=268|pages=1060–1064|doi=10.1126/science.7538699|issue=5213|pmid=7538699|bibcode = 1995Sci...268.1060C }} and spores from salt deposits in New Mexico have been revived after 250 million years, making these bacteria by far the longest-living organisms ever recorded.{{Cite journal|last1=Vreeland|first1=Russell H.|last2=Rosenzweig|first2=William D.|last3=Powers|first3=Dennis W.|date=2000-10-19|title=Isolation of a 250 million-year-old halotolerant bacterium from a primary salt crystal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/35038060|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=407|issue=6806|pages=897–900|doi=10.1038/35038060|pmid=11057666|bibcode=2000Natur.407..897V|s2cid=9879073|issn=1476-4687}} Similarly, in May 2022 prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms were found in crystals of halite; these could be over 800 million years old but it remains uncertain if they are alive or if they could be revived.{{Cite web |last=Starr |first=Michelle |date=2022-05-16 |title=Potentially Alive 830-Million-Year-Old Organisms Found Trapped in Ancient Rock |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/830-million-year-old-microorganisms-found-trapped-in-australian-rock |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=ScienceAlert |language=en-US}}{{Cite journal |last1=Schreder-Gomes |first1=Sara I. |last2=Benison |first2=Kathleen C. |last3=Bernau |first3=Jeremiah A. |date=2022-08-01 |title=830-million-year-old microorganisms in primary fluid inclusions in halite |journal=Geology |language=en |volume=50 |issue=8 |pages=918–922 |doi=10.1130/G49957.1 |bibcode=2022Geo....50..918S |s2cid=248629125 |issn=0091-7613|doi-access=free }} In a related find, a scientist was able to coax a 34,000-year-old salt-captured bacteria to reproduce. These results were subsequently duplicated independently.{{cite news |url=http://ca.news.yahoo.com/34-000-old-organisms-found-buried-alive-20110113-082207-783.html |title=34,000 Year Old Organisms Found Buried Alive! |publisher=Yahoo News |date=January 13, 2011 |access-date=January 31, 2013}}

File:JudeanDatePalmMethuselah.JPG sprouted from a 2,000-year-old seed.]]

In July 2018, scientists from four Russian institutions collaborating with Princeton University reported that they had analyzed about 300 prehistoric nematode worms recovered from permafrost above the Arctic Circle in Sakha Republic, and that after being thawed, two of the nematodes revived and began moving and eating. One found in a Pleistocene squirrel burrow in the Duvanny Yar outcrop on the Kolyma River was believed to be about 32,000 years old, while the other, recovered in 2015 near the Alazeya River, was dated at approximately 30,000-40,000 years old. These nematodes were believed to be the oldest living multicellular organisms on Earth.{{Cite journal|last1=Shatilovich|first1=A. V.|last2=Tchesunov|first2=A. V.|last3=Neretina|first3=T. V.|last4=Grabarnik|first4=I. P.|last5=Gubin|first5=S. V.|last6=Vishnivetskaya|first6=T. A.|last7=Onstott|first7=T. C.|last8=Rivkina|first8=E. M.|date=2018-05-01|title=Viable Nematodes from Late Pleistocene Permafrost of the Kolyma River Lowland|journal=Doklady Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=480|issue=1|pages=100–102|doi=10.1134/S0012496618030079|pmid=30009350|s2cid=49743808|issn=1608-3105}}{{cite news |title=Worms frozen in permafrost for up to 42,000 years come back to life |url=https://siberiantimes.com/science/casestudy/news/worms-frozen-in-permafrost-for-up-to-42000-years-come-back-to-life/ |access-date=July 27, 2018}} In 2021, biologists reported the restoration of bdelloid rotifers frozen for 24,000 years in the Siberian permafrost.{{cite news |last=Renault |first=Marion |title=This Tiny Creature Survived 24,000 Years Frozen in Siberian Permafrost - The microscopic animals were frozen when woolly mammoths still roamed the planet, but were restored as though no time had passed. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/07/science/frozen-rotifers-siberia.html |date=7 June 2021 |work=the New York Times |accessdate=8 June 2021 }}{{cite journal |last1=Shmakova |first1=Lyubov |last2=Malavin |first2=Stas |last3=Iakovenko |first3=Nataliia |last4=Vishnivetskaya |first4=Tatiana |last5=Shain |first5=Daniel |last6=Plewka |first6=Michael |last7=Rivkina |first7=Elizaveta |title=A living bdelloid rotifer from 24,000-year-old Arctic permafrost |journal=Current Biology |date=June 2021 |volume=31 |issue=11 |pages=R712–R713 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.077 |pmid=34102116 |s2cid=235365588 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021CBio...31.R712S }}In 2023, it was reported that nematodes of the previously undescribed Panagrolaimus kolymaensis were revived after 46,000 years in cryptobiosis.{{Cite journal |last1=Shatilovich |first1=Anastasia |last2=Gade |first2=Vamshidhar R. |last3=Pippel |first3=Martin |last4=Hoffmeyer |first4=Tarja T. |last5=Tchesunov |first5=Alexei V. |last6=Stevens |first6=Lewis |last7=Winkler |first7=Sylke |last8=Hughes |first8=Graham M. |last9=Traikov |first9=Sofia |last10=Hiller |first10=Michael |last11=Rivkina |first11=Elizaveta |last12=Schiffer |first12=Philipp H. |last13=Myers |first13=Eugene W. |last14=Kurzchalia |first14=Teymuras V. |date=2023-07-27 |title=A novel nematode species from the Siberian permafrost shares adaptive mechanisms for cryptobiotic survival with C. elegans dauer larva |journal=PLOS Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=7 |pages=e1010798 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1010798 |issn=1553-7404 |pmc=10374039 |pmid=37498820 |doi-access=free }}

Like bacterial spores, plant seeds are often capable of germinating after very long periods of metabolic inactivity. A seed from the previously extinct Judean date palm was revived and managed to sprout after nearly 2,000 years. Named "Methuselah", it is currently growing at Kibbutz Ketura, Israel.{{cite news|last=Erlanger|first=Steven|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/12/international/middleeast/12palm.html?ex=1126324800&en=64bd656b2e70d0d2&ei=5070&ei=5065&en=4d341f9ae2e00cbf&ex=1119153600&adxnnl=1&oref=login&partner=MYWAY&pagewanted=print&adxnnlx=1126157404-LOLnphPe2AahZriBTb2iWQ|title=After 2,000 years, a seed from ancient Judea sprouts|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 12, 2005}} Similarly, the flowering plant Silene stenophylla was grown from frozen fruit found in an ancient squirrel's cache. The germinated plants bore viable seeds. The fruit was dated at 31,800 ± 300 years old.{{Cite journal |last1 = Yashina |first1 = S. |last2 = Gubin |first2 = S. |last3 = Maksimovich |first3 = S. |last4 = Yashina |first4 = A. |last5 = Gakhova |first5 = E. |last6 = Gilichinsky |first6 = D. |title = Regeneration of whole fertile plants from 30,000-y-old fruit tissue buried in Siberian permafrost |doi = 10.1073/pnas.1118386109 |journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year = 2012 |pmid = 22355102|pmc = 3309767 |volume=109 |issue=10 |pages=4008–13|bibcode = 2012PNAS..109.4008Y |doi-access = free }} In 1994, a seed from a sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), dated at roughly 1,300 ± 270 years old, was successfully germinated.{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/2445863|author=Shen-Miller |year=1995|last2=Mudgett|first2=M. B.|last3=William Schopf|first3=J.|last4=Clarke|first4=S.|last5=Berger|first5=R. |title= Exceptional seed longevity and robust growth: Ancient sacred lotus from China |journal= American Journal of Botany |issue=11 |volume=82 |pages=1367–1380 |jstor= 2445863}}{{cite news|author= Shen-Miller |display-authors= etal |title= Long-living lotus: germination and soil gamma-irradiation of centuries-old fruits, and cultivation, growth, and phenotypic abnormalities of offspring |url= http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/89/2/236 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20030701155320/http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/89/2/236 |url-status= dead |archive-date= July 1, 2003 |quote=Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) has been cultivated as a crop in Asia for thousands of years. A [roughly 1300-year-old] lotus fruit, recovered from an originally cultivated but now dry lakebed in northeastern China, is the oldest germinated and directly 14C-dated fruit known. In 1996, we traveled to the dry lake at Xipaozi Village, China, the source of the old viable fruits. |publisher=American Journal of Botany |year=2002 |access-date=2010-02-03}} In 2024, a never-before-seen species of Commiphora was grown from a successfully germinated seed that is estimated to be 1,000 years old.{{Cite journal |last=Sallon |first=Sarah |last2=Solowey |first2=Elaine |last3=Gostel |first3=Morgan R. |last4=Egli |first4=Markus |last5=Flematti |first5=Gavin R. |last6=Bohman |first6=Björn |last7=Schaeffer |first7=Philippe |last8=Adam |first8=Pierre |last9=Weeks |first9=Andrea |date=2024-09-10 |title=Characterization and analysis of a Commiphora species germinated from an ancient seed suggests a possible connection to a species mentioned in the Bible |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-06721-5 |journal=Communications Biology |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1038/s42003-024-06721-5 |issn=2399-3642|pmc=11387840 }}

During the 1990s, Raul Cano, a microbiologist at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, US, reported reviving yeast trapped in amber for 25 million years, although doubts were raised as to its antiquity.{{cite journal|last1=Brüssow|first1=Harald|title=Bioarchaeology: a profitable dialogue between microbiology and archaeology|journal=Microbial Biotechnology|volume=13|issue=2|year=2020|pages=406–409|issn=1751-7915|doi=10.1111/1751-7915.13527|pmid=32053292|pmc=7017812|doi-access=free}}{{Cite news|author=Nick Wilson |url=http://www.sanluisobispo.com/news/local/article39142146.html |title=Poly professor brews beer with 45-million-year-old yeast |date= January 18, 2011 |access-date=November 16, 2015}}{{citation needed|date=February 2018|reason=Such a claim has to be supported by an actual scientific publication.}} Cano founded a brewery{{Cite web|url=http://www.fossilfuelsbeer.com/thestory|title=The Story - nature finds a way|website=Fossil Fuels Brewing Co.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131193648/http://www.fossilfuelsbeer.com/thestory|archive-date=2020-01-31}} and crafted an "amber ale" with a 45-million-year-old variant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.{{cite news |author=Erin Biba |title=Amber Ale: Brewing Beer From 45-Million-Year-Old Yeast |url=https://www.wired.com/2009/07/ff-primordial-yeast/ |date=July 20, 2009 |access-date=November 16, 2015}}

List of longest-living organisms

=Microorganisms=

Some endoliths have extremely long lives. In August 2013, researchers reported evidence of endoliths in the ocean floor, perhaps millions of years old, with a generation time of 10,000 years.{{Cite web |last=Yirka |first=Bob |title=Soil beneath ocean found to harbor long lived bacteria, fungi and viruses |url=https://phys.org/news/2013-08-soil-beneath-ocean-harbor-bacteria.html |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=phys.org |language=en}} These are slowly metabolizing and not in a dormant state. Some Actinomycetota found in Siberia are estimated to be half a million years old.{{Cite news |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=2010-05-01 |title=The oldest living organisms: ancient survivors with a fragile future |language=en-GB |work=The Observer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2010/may/02/rachel-sussman-oldest-plants |access-date=2023-10-13 |issn=0029-7712}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.itsokaytobesmart.com/post/91481365622/siberian-actinobacteria-oldest-living-thing |title=It's Okay to be Smart • the oldest living thing in the world: These |access-date=2018-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713074804/https://www.itsokaytobesmart.com/post/91481365622/siberian-actinobacteria-oldest-living-thing |archive-date=2018-07-13 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite journal|title=Ancient bacteria show evidence of DNA repair|first1=Eske|last1=Willerslev|first2=Duane|last2=Froese|first3=David|last3=Gilichinsky|first4=Regin|last4=Rønn|first5=Michael|last5=Bunce|first6=Maria T.|last6=Zuber|first7=M. Thomas P.|last7=Gilbert|first8=Tina|last8=Brand|first9=Kasper|last9=Munch|first10=Rasmus|last10=Nielsen|first11=Mikhail|last11=Mastepanov|first12=Torben R.|last12=Christensen|first13=Martin B.|last13=Hebsgaard|first14=Sarah Stewart|last14=Johnson|date=September 4, 2007|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=104|issue=36|pages=14401–14405|doi=10.1073/pnas.0706787104|pmid=17728401|pmc=1958816|bibcode=2007PNAS..10414401J|doi-access=free}}

File:13C and 15N incorporation in representative microbial cells.webp

In July 2020, marine biologists reported that aerobic microorganisms (mainly), in "quasi-suspended animation", were found in organically poor sediments, which had been dated by previous research using cobalt-based techniques to 4.3 to 101.5 million years old, {{convert|68.9|m|ft|abbr=off}} below the seafloor in the South Pacific Gyre (SPG) ("the deadest spot in the ocean"), and could be the longest-living life forms ever found,{{cite news |last=Wu |first=Katherine J. |title=These Microbes May Have Survived 100 Million Years Beneath the Seafloor - Rescued from their cold, cramped and nutrient-poor homes, the bacteria awoke in the lab and grew. |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/28/science/microbes-100-million-years-old.html |date=28 July 2020 |access-date=31 July 2020 }}{{cite journal |author=Morono, Yuki |display-authors=et al. |title=Aerobic microbial life persists in oxic marine sediment as old as 101.5 million years |date=28 July 2020 |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |number=3626 |page=3626 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17330-1 |pmid=32724059 |pmc=7387439 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.3626M }} yet in October 2024, scientists reported aerobic microorganisms in a 2 billion years old rock drilled from 15 meters underground from a formation known as the Bushveld Igneous Complex in northeastern South Africa, but the age of the microorganisms is unknown.{{Cite journal |last=Suzuki |first=Yohey |last2=Webb |first2=Susan J. |last3=Kouduka |first3=Mariko |last4=Kobayashi |first4=Hanae |last5=Castillo |first5=Julio |last6=Kallmeyer |first6=Jens |last7=Moganedi |first7=Kgabo |last8=Allwright |first8=Amy J. |last9=Klemd |first9=Reiner |last10=Roelofse |first10=Frederick |last11=Mapiloko |first11=Mabatho |last12=Hill |first12=Stuart J. |last13=Ashwal |first13=Lewis D. |last14=Trumbull |first14=Robert B. |date=December 2024 |title=Subsurface Microbial Colonization at Mineral-Filled Veins in 2-Billion-Year-Old Mafic Rock from the Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00248-024-02434-8 |journal=Microbial Ecology |language=en |volume=87 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s00248-024-02434-8 |issn=0095-3628 |pmc=11445344 |pmid=39354222}}{{Cite web |last=Starr |first=Michelle |date=2024-10-08 |title=Microbes Found Alive Sealed in Rock For 2 Billion Years |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/microbes-found-alive-sealed-in-rock-for-2-billion-years |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=ScienceAlert |language=en-US}}

=Clonal plant and fungal colonies=

File:FallPando02.jpg is a clonal colony of quaking aspens that is several thousand years old.]]

As with all long-lived plant and fungal species, no individual part of a clonal colony is alive (in the sense of active metabolism) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire colony. Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their root systems, while most are not interconnected but are nonetheless genetically identical clones that populated an area through vegetative reproduction. Ages for clonal colonies are estimates, often based on current growth rates.{{cite web|url= http://www.conifers.org/topics/oldest.htm|title= How Old Is That Tree?|access-date= 2006-07-25|author= Gymnosperm Database|date= 2 January 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120927153430/http://www.conifers.org/topics/oldest.htm|archive-date= 2012-09-27|url-status= dead}}

A huge colony of the sea grass Posidonia oceanica in the Mediterranean Sea near Ibiza, Spain, is estimated to be between 12,000 and 200,000 years old. The maximum age is theoretical, as the region it now occupies was on dry land at some point between 10,000 and 80,000 years ago.{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiza-spotlight.com/news/2006/monster_plant_280506_i.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827123801/http://www.ibiza-spotlight.com/news/2006/monster_plant_280506_i.htm|archive-date=2006-08-27|title= Ibiza's Monster Marine Plant|access-date= 2007-05-09|author= Ibiza Spotlight|date= 28 May 2006}}{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/9066393/Ancient-seagrass-Oldest-living-thing-on-earth-discovered-in-Mediterranean-Sea.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207170657/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/9066393/Ancient-seagrass-Oldest-living-thing-on-earth-discovered-in-Mediterranean-Sea.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 7, 2012 |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=Jonathan |last=Pearlman |title='Oldest living thing on earth' discovered |date=2012-02-07}}{{cite journal |title=Implications of Extreme Life Span in Clonal Organisms: Millenary Clones in Meadows of the Threatened Seagrass Posidonia oceanica |journal=PLOS ONE |date=February 1, 2012 |volume=7 |issue=2 |author1=Arnaud-Haond, Sophie |author2=Duarte, Carlos M. |author3=Diaz-Almela, Elena |author4=Marbà, Núria |author5=Sintes, Tomas |author6=Serrão, Ester A. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030454 |editor1-last=Bruun |editor1-first=Hans Henrik |pages=e30454 |pmid=22312426 |pmc=3270012|bibcode = 2012PLoSO...730454A |doi-access=free }}
The sole surviving clonal colony of the shrub Lomatia tasmanica in Tasmania is estimated to be at least 43,600 years old.{{cite web|url=http://www.exn.ca/Stories/1996/10/21/01.asp |title=Tasmanian bush could be oldest living organism |access-date=2006-07-25 |author=Discovery Channel |date=21 October 1996 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060723041627/http://www.exn.ca/Stories/1996/10/21/01.asp |archive-date=July 23, 2006 }}
The Jurupa Oak colony in Riverside County, California, United States, is estimated to be at least 13,000 years old. Other estimates place it at 5,000 to 30,000 years old.{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/earth/ancient-tree-jurupa-oak-california.html |title=Ancient tree (almost) older than dirt |publisher=Discovery News |access-date=Jan 15, 2015 |author=Michael Reilly |date=December 23, 2009 }}
Eucalyptus recurva clones in Australia have been claimed to be 13,000 years old.{{cite web|url=http://www.extremescience.com/OldestLivingThing.htm|title=Oldest Living Organism: Ancient Bacteria|publisher=Extreme Science|access-date=January 31, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205061849/http://extremescience.com/OldestLivingThing.htm|archive-date=February 5, 2010|url-status=dead}}
A box huckleberry bush in Perry County, Pennsylvania, United States, is thought to be around 13,000 years old. It may predate human settlements in Pennsylvania.{{cite web|url=http://pabook2.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/Huckleberry.html|title=Pennsylvania's Oldest Citizen|last=McMillen|first=Nathan D.|date=Fall 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122020718/http://pabook2.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/Huckleberry.html|archive-date=November 22, 2017}}
King Clone is an individual creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) in the Mojave Desert of southern California, United States, estimated at 11,700 years old.{{cite web|url=http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0932544.html|title= Plant Hall of Fame |publisher=Fact Monster |access-date=January 31, 2013}} Another creosote bush has been said to be 12,150 years old, but this is as yet unconfirmed.
A Huon pine colony on Mount Read, Tasmania, is estimated at 10,000 years old, with individual specimens living over 3,000 years.{{cite web |url=http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/veg/pines.html |title=Native Conifers of Tasmania |access-date=2008-05-06 |publisher=Paks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728124028/http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=3240 |archive-date=2012-07-28 |url-status=dead }}
Old Tjikko, a Norway spruce tree in the county of Dalarna, Sweden, is living on top of roots that have been radiocarbon-dated to 9,550 years old. The tree is part of a clonal colony that was established at the end of the last ice age. Discovered by Professor Leif Kullman of Umeå University, Old Tjikko is small, only {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height.{{cite web |url=http://www.info.umu.se/NYHETER/PressmeddelandeEng.aspx?id=3061 |title=Press release from Umeå University |publisher=Info.umu.se |access-date=2010-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420213045/http://www.info.umu.se/NYHETER/PressmeddelandeEng.aspx?id=3061 |archive-date=2008-04-20 |url-status=dead }}{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sweden-tree-idUSL1190625120080411|title=Swedish spruce may be world's oldest living tree|publisher=Reuters|date=April 11, 2008}}{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080414-oldest-tree.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418133208/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080414-oldest-tree.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 18, 2008 |title=Oldest Living Tree Found in Sweden |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |access-date=2010-03-17}}{{cite web|url=http://www.idw-online.de/pages/de/news255795|title=World's oldest living tree discovered in Sweden|publisher=Swedish Research Council|date=16 April 2008}}
Pando is a clonal colony of Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen) trees in south-central Utah, United States, that is estimated to be several thousand years old, possibly as much as 14,000 years.{{Cite journal|last1=Rogers|first1=Paul C.|last2=McAvoy|first2=Darren J.|date=2018-10-17|editor-last=Heinze|editor-first=Berthold|title=Mule deer impede Pando's recovery: Implications for aspen resilience from a single-genotype forest|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=13|issue=10|pages=e0203619|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0203619|issn=1932-6203|pmc=6192553|pmid=30332420|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1303619R|doi-access=free}} Unlike many other clonal "colonies", Pando's above-ground tree trunks remain connected to each other by a single massive subterranean root system.
"Humongous Fungus", an individual of the clonal subterranean fungal species Armillaria solidipes in Oregon's Malheur National Forest, is thought to be between 2,000 and 8,500 years old.{{cite news|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/03/030327074535.htm|title=Humongous Fungus A New Kind Of Individual|newspaper=Science Daily|date=March 25, 2003}}{{cite journal|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=strange-but-true-largest-organism-is-fungus|title=Strange but True: The Largest Organism on Earth Is a Fungus|journal=Scientific American|date=October 4, 2007}} Apart from its extreme age, it is also thought to be the world's largest organism by area, at {{convert|2,384|acre|hectare}}.
A huge colony of the sea grass Posidonia australis in the Australian coast over Shark Bay, estimated to be over 4,500 years old and also the biggest known plant.{{Cite news |date=2022-06-01 |title=World's biggest plant discovered off Australian coast |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-61655327 |access-date=2022-06-07}}{{Cite journal |last1=Edgeloe |first1=Jane M. |last2=Severn-Ellis |first2=Anita A. |last3=Bayer |first3=Philipp E. |last4=Mehravi |first4=Shaghayegh |last5=Breed |first5=Martin F. |last6=Krauss |first6=Siegfried L. |last7=Batley |first7=Jacqueline |last8=Kendrick |first8=Gary A. |last9=Sinclair |first9=Elizabeth A. |date=2022-06-08 |title=Extensive polyploid clonality was a successful strategy for seagrass to expand into a newly submerged environment |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=289 |issue=1976 |pages=20220538 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2022.0538|pmid=35642363 |pmc=9156900 }}

=Individual plant specimens=

Methuselah, a Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) in the White Mountains of California, has been measured by ring count to be {{Age nts|-2832|8|5}} years old.{{cite web |url=http://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_longaeva.php |title= Pinus longaeva |access-date= 2008-06-20 |publisher= Gymnosperm Database|date= March 15, 2007}} It is therefore the oldest known living individual non-clonal tree in the world.{{cite web | url =http://www.rmtrr.org/oldlist.htm | title = Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research, OLDLIST | access-date = January 6, 2013}}
A specimen of Fitzroya cupressoides in Chile was measured by ring count as {{Age nts|-1629|3|23}} years old, meaning this species has the second-oldest verified age of any non-clonal tree species.{{cite journal|title=A 3620-Year Temperature Record from Fitzroya cupressoides Tree Rings in Southern South America|first1=Antonio|last1=Lara|first2=Ricardo|last2=Villalba|author-link2=Ricardo Villalba|journal=Science |date=21 May 1993 |volume=260|issue=5111|pages=1104–1106|doi=10.1126/science.260.5111.1104|pmid=17806339|bibcode=1993Sci...260.1104L|s2cid=46397540}}
The Cypress of Abarkuh, a Mediterranean cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) in Iran, is estimated to be between 4,000 and 5,000 years old.

File:The Llangernyw yew.jpg may be the oldest tree in Europe.]]

The Llangernyw Yew, an ancient yew (Taxus baccata) in the churchyard of the village of Llangernyw in North Wales, is believed to be between 4,000 and 5,000 years old.
The President, located in Sequoia National Park, California, is the oldest known living giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) at approximately 3,200 years of age.{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/12/sequoias/quammen-text|title=Forest Giant|last=Quammen|first=David|date=December 2012|website=National Geographic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627161947/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/12/sequoias/quammen-text|archive-date=June 27, 2017|access-date=2017-11-21}}
Yareta is a tiny flowering plant in the family Apiaceae native to South America, occurring in the Puna grasslands of the Andes in Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile, and western Argentina between {{convert|3,200|and|4,500|m|ft}} in altitude. Some yaretas may be up to 3,000 years old.{{cite journal |last=Ralph |first=Carol Pearson |date=March 1978 |title=Observations on Azorella compacta (Umbelliferae), a Tropical Andean Cushion Plant |journal=Biotropica |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=62–67 |jstor=2388107 |doi=10.2307/2388107|bibcode=1978Biotr..10...62R }} {{subscription required}}
A Panke baobab (Adansonia digitata) in Zimbabwe was some 2,450 years old when it died in 2011, making it the oldest angiosperm ever documented, and two other trees of the same species – Dorslandboom in Namibia and Glencoe in South Africa – were estimated to be approximately 2,000 years old.{{cite journal | last1 = Patrut | first1 = Adrian | display-authors = etal | year = 2018 | title = The demise of the largest and oldest African baobabs | journal = Nature Plants | volume = 4 | issue = 7| pages = 423–426 | doi = 10.1038/s41477-018-0170-5 | hdl = 2263/65292 | hdl-access = free | pmid = 29892092 | bibcode = 2018NatPl...4..423P | s2cid = 47017569 }}
A sacred fig (Ficus religiosa), the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, is {{age|format=commas|-287|1|1}} years old, having been planted in 288 BC.{{cite web|url= https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2011/07/03/spe01.asp|title=Caring for the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi|access-date= 2012-01-24|author= Shanika Sriyananda|date= 2011-07-03|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130413143127/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2011/07/03/spe01.asp|archive-date= 2013-04-13}} It is the oldest known living human-planted tree in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.srimahabodhi.org/mahavamsa.htm|title=The Coming of the Bodhi Tree to Lanka|website=www.srimahabodhi.org|access-date=2012-01-24|archive-date=2018-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831183551/http://srimahabodhi.org/mahavamsa.htm|url-status=dead}}
The Great sugi of Kayano, the cryptomeria deemed planted by humans in Kaga, Ishikawa, Japan, had an estimated age of 2,300 years in 1928.
Jōmon Sugi, the cryptomeria naturally grown in Yakushima Island, Kagoshima, Japan, is 2,170 to 7,200 years old.
A specimen of Lagarostrobos franklinii in Tasmania is thought to be about 2,000 years old.{{cite web|url=http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0601.htm#oldest |title=Botanical Record Breakers: Amazing Trivia About Plants |publisher=Waynesword.palomar.edu |access-date=2010-03-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219095825/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0601.htm |archive-date=2010-12-19 }}
The Fortingall Yew, an ancient yew (Taxus baccata) in the churchyard of the village of Fortingall in Perthshire, Scotland, is one of the oldest known individual trees in Europe. Various estimates have put its age between 2,000 and 5,000 years, although it is now believed to be at the lower end of this range.
Numerous olive trees are purported to be 2,000 years old or older. An olive tree in Ano Vouves, Crete, claiming such longevity, has been confirmed based on tree-ring analysis.{{cite book|last1=Rackham|first1=Oliver|author-link = Oliver Rackham|last2=Moody|first2=J|year=1996|title=The Making of the Cretan Landscape}}{{cite journal|last=Riley|first=FR|year=2002|title=Olive Oil Production on Bronze Age Crete: Nutritional properties, Processing methods, and Storage life of Minoan olive oil|journal=Oxford Journal of Archaeology|volume=21|issue=1|pages=63–75|doi=10.1111/1468-0092.00149}} Stara Maslina (Old Olive Tree) near Stari Bar in Montenegro, is estimated to be over 2,200 years old.{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/montenegro-2000-years-olive-tree-threat/32786991.html |title=Can Montenegro's 2,200-Year-Old Olive Tree Be Saved? |access-date=2024-09-22 }}
Tāne Mahuta, a kauri tree (Agathis australis) in New Zealand, is believed to be between 1,250 and 2,500 years old. It is the oldest and largest standing kauri tree at present.
Welwitschia is a monotypic genus of gymnosperm plant, composed solely of the distinct Welwitschia mirabilis. The plant is considered a living fossil. Radiocarbon dating has confirmed that many individuals have lived longer than 1,000 years, and some are suspected to be older than 2,000 years.{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}}
Old Tjikko, the world's oldest known Norway spruce in Sweden, continues via vegetative cloning.{{cite news |url=http://scitech.blogs.cnn.com/2008/05/06/oldest-tree-in-world/ |title=World's oldest tree points to global warming impact |access-date=May 6, 2008 |publisher=CNN |author=Landau, Elizabeth |archive-date=February 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222130542/http://scitech.blogs.cnn.com/2008/05/06/oldest-tree-in-world/ |url-status=dead }} Although its trunk may be only a few centuries old, its root system is estimated to be {{Age nts|-7543|12|02}} years old.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7353357.stm |title=Swedes find 'world's oldest tree' |date=April 17, 2008 |access-date=May 6, 2008 |work=BBC News }}{{cite web|title=The world's oldest tree|url=http://www.nationalparksofsweden.se/choose-park---list/fulufjallet-national-park/experience/the-worlds-oldest-trees/#|publisher=National Parks of Sweden|access-date=March 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203065452/https://www.sverigesnationalparker.se/en/choose-park---list/fulufjallet-national-park/experience/the-worlds-oldest-trees/|archive-date=December 3, 2022|url-status=live}}

=Aquatic animals=

Glass sponges found in the East China Sea and Southern Ocean have been estimated to be more than 10,000 years old. Although this may be an overestimate, this is likely the longest lived animal on Earth.{{cite web|title=Glass sponge as a living climate archive|url=http://phys.org/news/2012-04-glass-sponge-climate-archive.html|website=PhysOrg|access-date=9 January 2017|date=April 5, 2012}}{{cite web|title=AnAge entry for Scolymastra joubini|url=http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Scolymastra_joubini|website=Human Ageing Genomic Resources|publisher=AnAge Database of Animal Ageing and Longevity|access-date=9 January 2017}}{{cite web|title=Television review: 'Frozen Planet' on Discovery Channel|author=Robert Lloyd|work=Los Angeles Times|date=March 16, 2012|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/la-xpm-2012-mar-16-la-et-0317-frozen-planet-20120315-story.html}}
Specimens of the black coral genus Leiopathes, such as Leiopathes glaberrima, are among the oldest continuously living organisms on the planet: around 4,265 years old.{{cite news |last=Graczyk |first=Michael |title=Scientists ID living coral as 4,265 years old |url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/tx/6341406.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401071807/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/tx/6341406.html |archive-date=2009-04-01 |agency=Associated Press |date=2009-03-25}}

File:Reef3860 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg can live more than 2,000 years.]]

The giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta is one of the longest-lived animals, with the largest specimens in the Caribbean estimated to be more than 2,300 years old.{{cite journal|last1=McMurray|first1=SE|last2=Blum|first2=JE|last3=Pawlik|first3=JR|year=2008|title=Redwood of the reef : growth and age of the giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta in the Florida Keys|journal=Marine Biology|volume=155|pages=159–171|doi=10.1007/s00227-008-1014-z|issue=2|bibcode=2008MarBi.155..159M |s2cid=55834932}}
The black coral Antipatharia in the Gulf of Mexico may live more than 2,000 years.{{cite web|url=http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=2745 |title=2,000 Year-old Deep-sea Black Corals call Gulf of Mexico Home |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |date=March 30, 2011 |access-date=January 31, 2013}}
The Antarctic sponge Cinachyra antarctica has an extremely slow growth rate in the low temperatures of the Southern Ocean. One specimen has been estimated to be 1,550 years old.{{cite web|url=http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Cinachyra_antarctica |title=AnAge entry for Cinachyra antarctica |publisher=Genomics.senescence.info |access-date=2010-03-17}}
A specimen, "Ming" of the Icelandic cyprine Arctica islandica (also known as an ocean quahog), a mollusk, was found to have lived 507 years.{{cite journal|last=Butler|first=Paul|author2=AD Wanamaker |author3=JD Scourse |author4=CA Richardson |author5=DJ Reynolds |title=Variability of marine climate on the North Icelandic Shelf in a 1357-year proxy archive based on growth increments in the bivalve Arctica islandica|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|year=2012|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.016|volume=373|pages=141–151 |bibcode=2013PPP...373..141B}} Another specimen had a recorded lifespan of 374 years.{{cite journal|author = Schöne|year = 2005|title = Climate records from a bivalved Methuselah|journal = Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|issue = 1–2|pages = 130–148|doi = 10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.03.049|volume = 228|last2 = Fiebig|first2 = J|last3 = Pfeiffer|first3 = M|last4 = Gleb|first4 = R|last5 = Hickson|first5 = J|last6 = Johnson|first6 = A|last7 = Dreyer|first7 = W|last8 = Oschmann|first8 = W|bibcode = 2005PPP...228..130S}}
The tubeworm Escarpia laminata that lives in deep sea cold seeps regularly reaches the age of between 100 and 200 years, with some individuals determined to be more than 300 years old. Some may live for over 1,000 years.{{cite journal |last1=Durkin |first1=Alanna |last2=Fisher |first2=Charles R. |last3=Cordes |first3=Erik E. |date=8 July 2017 |title=Extreme longevity in a deep-sea vestimentiferan tubeworm and its implications for the evolution of life history strategies |journal=The Science of Nature |volume=104 |issue=7–8 |pages=63 |doi=10.1007/s00114-017-1479-z |pmid=28689349 |bibcode=2017SciNa.104...63D |s2cid=11287549 }}{{cite web |url= https://www.newscientist.com/article/2141387-giant-deep-sea-worms-may-live-to-be-1000-years-old-or-more/ |title=Giant deep-sea worms may live to be 1000 years old or more |date= 20 July 2017 |work=New Scientist |first=Karl |last=Gruber}}
The Greenland shark had been estimated to live to about 200 years, but a study published in 2016 found that a {{convert|5.02|m|ft|abbr=on}} specimen was between 272 and 512 years old.{{cite web |url = https://www.science.org/content/article/greenland-shark-may-live-400-years-smashing-longevity-record-rev2 |title = Greenland shark may live 400 years, smashing longevity record |last = Pennisi |first = Elizabeth |author-link = Elizabeth Pennisi |date = 11 August 2016 |publisher = Science |access-date = 11 August 2016 }}{{Cite journal|last1=Nielsen|first1=Julius|last2=Hedeholm|first2=Rasmus B.|last3=Heinemeier|first3=Jan|last4=Bushnell|first4=Peter G.|last5=Christiansen|first5=Jørgen S.|last6=Olsen|first6=Jesper|last7=Ramsey|first7=Christopher Bronk|last8=Brill|first8=Richard W.|last9=Simon|first9=Malene|date=2016-08-12|title=Eye lens radiocarbon reveals centuries of longevity in the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus)|journal=Science|language=en|volume=353|issue=6300|pages=702–704|doi=10.1126/science.aaf1703|issn=0036-8075|pmid=27516602|bibcode=2016Sci...353..702N|s2cid=206647043|url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6c040460-9519-4720-9669-9911bdd03b09|hdl=2022/26597|hdl-access=free}} That makes the Greenland shark the longest-lived vertebrate.{{cite news |last=Varandani |first=Suman |title=512-Year-Old Shark, Believed To Be Oldest Living Verbrate, Found In North Atlantic |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/512-year-old-shark-believed-be-oldest-living-vertebrate-found-north-atlantic-2628368 |date=14 December 2017 |work=International Business Times |access-date=14 December 2017 }}
The maximum lifespan of the freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) may be 210–250 years.{{cite journal

|author = Ziuganov, V., San Miguel, E., Neves, R.J., Longa, A., Fernandez, C., Amaro, R., Beletsky, V., Popkovitch, E., Kaliuzhin, S., Johnson, T.

|year = 2000

|title = Life span variation of the freshwater pearlshell: a model species for testing longevity mechanisms in animals

|journal = Ambio

|volume = XXIX

|issue = 2

|pages = 102–105

|doi = 10.1579/0044-7447-29.2.102

|bibcode = 2000Ambio..29..102Z

|s2cid = 86366534

}}{{cite journal|title= Арктические долгоживущие и южные короткоживущие моллюски жемчужницы как модель для изучения основ долголетия|author= Зюганов В.В.|journal= Успехи геронтол.|volume=14|pages=21–31|year=2004}}{{cite journal

|author1=Helama S. |author2=Valovirta I. |year = 2008

|title = The oldest recorded animal in Finland: ontogenetic age and growth in Margaritifera margaritifera (L. 1758) based on internal shell increments

|journal = Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica

|volume = 84

|pages = 20–30

|url = http://www.helsinki.fi/science/raakku/memoranda-2008.pdf

}}

Some confirmed sources estimate bowhead whales to have lived at least 211 years of age, making them the oldest mammals.{{cite web|url= http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF15/1529.html|title= Bowhead Whales May Be the World's Oldest Mammals|access-date= 2006-07-25|author= Alaska Science Forum|date= 15 February 2001|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091209053409/http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF15/1529.html|archive-date= 2009-12-09|url-status= dead}}
Rougheye rockfish can reach an age of 205 years.{{cite journal | last1 = Cailliet | first1 = G.M. | last2 = Andrews | first2 = A.H. | last3 = Burton | first3 = E.J. | last4 = Watters | first4 = D.L. | last5 = Kline | first5 = D.E. | last6 = Ferry-Graham | first6 = L.A. | year = 2001 | title = Age determination and validation studies of marine fishes: do deep-dwellers live longer?. | journal = Exp. Gerontol. | volume = 36 | issue = 4–6| pages = 739–764 | doi = 10.1016/S0531-5565(00)00239-4 | pmid = 11295512 | s2cid = 42894988 }}
Specimens of the Red Sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus have been found to be over 200 years old.{{cite journal |last1 = Ebert |first1 = TA |last2 = Southon |first2 = JR |year = 2003 |title = Red sea urchins can live over 100 years: confirmation with A-bomb 14carbon – Strongylocentrotus franciscanus |journal = Fishery Bulletin |volume = 101 |issue = 4|pages = 915–922 }}
Many sub-families of the marine fish Oreosomatidae, including the Allocyttus, Neocyttus, and Pseudocyttus (collectively referred to as the Oreos) have been reported to live up to 170 years, based on otolith-increment estimates and radiometric dating.{{Cite news|url=http://www.clarecanfield.com/allocyttus-verrucosus/|title=Allocyttus verrucosus|date=2016-09-11|newspaper=The Moirai – Aging Research|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-20|archive-date=2018-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906233719/http://www.clarecanfield.com/allocyttus-verrucosus/|url-status=dead}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.clarecanfield.com/pseudocyttus-maculatus/|title=Pseudocyttus maculatus|date=2016-10-05|newspaper=The Moirai – Aging Research|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-20|archive-date=2018-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906201142/http://www.clarecanfield.com/pseudocyttus-maculatus/|url-status=dead}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.clarecanfield.com/neocyttus-rhomboidalis/|title=Neocyttus rhomboidalis|date=2016-10-03|newspaper=The Moirai – Aging Research|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-20|archive-date=2018-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906233703/http://www.clarecanfield.com/neocyttus-rhomboidalis/|url-status=dead}}
The deepsea hydrocarbon seep tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi (Annelida, Polychaeta) lives for more than 170 years.{{cite journal |last1 = Sharmishtha |first1 = D. |last2 = Miles |first2 = L. L. |last3 = Barnabei |first3 = M.S. |last4 = Fisher |first4 = C. R. |year = 2006 |title = The hydrocarbon seep tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi primarily eliminates sulfate and hydrogen ions across its roots to conserve energy and ensure sulfide supply |url = http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/209/19/3795 |journal = Journal of Experimental Biology |volume = 209 |issue = 19|pages = 3795–3805 |doi = 10.1242/jeb.02413 |pmid = 16985196 |s2cid = 45656093 |doi-access = }}
Geoduck, a species of saltwater clam native to the Puget Sound, have been known to live more than 160 years.{{cite web |url=http://www.bcseafoodonline.com/files/geoduck.html |title=Geoduck |publisher=BC Seafood Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917134822/http://www.bcseafoodonline.com/files/geoduck.html |archive-date=September 17, 2011}}{{cite news |last=MacDonald |first=Colin |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-108778220.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518214741/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-108778220.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-05-18 |title=Cashing in on geoducks – once chowder fodder, the giant clam can fetch up to $24 a pop |work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer |date=August 21, 2004}} {{subscription required}}
A Swedish man claimed that an European eel named Åle was 155 years old when it died in 2014. If correct, it would have been the world's oldest, having been hatched in 1859.{{cite web |url= http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/world-oldest-eel-dies-aged-155-sweden-mourns-article-1.1897740 |title= World's oldest eel dies aged 155, Sweden mourns|publisher= The New York Daily News|date= 9 August 2014|access-date= 1 April 2015 |author=David Harding}}
Orange roughy, also known as deep sea perch, can live up to 149 years.{{Cite journal |last1=Fenton |first1=G.E |last2=Short |first2=S.A. |last3=Ritz |first3=D.A. |title = Age determination of orange roughy, Hoplostethus atlanticus (Pisces: Trachichthyidae) using 210 Pb: 226 Ra disequilibria |journal=Marine Biology |volume=109 |issue=2 |date=June 1991 |issn=0025-3162 |doi=10.1007/BF01319387 |pages=197–202 |bibcode=1991MarBi.109..197F |s2cid=84942308 }}
George the lobster (an American lobster, Homarus americanus) was estimated to be about 140 years old by PETA in January 2009.{{Cite web |title=George the giant lobster liberated from restaurant - CNN.com |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/01/10/maine.lobster.liberated/ |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=www.cnn.com}}
The bigmouth buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus), a freshwater fish in the family Catostomidae, has a maximum longevity of at least 127 years based on otolith annulus counts and bomb radiocarbon dating.{{Cite journal |last1=Lackmann |first1=Alec R. |last2=Andrews |first2=Allen H. |last3=Butler |first3=Malcolm G. |last4=Bielak-Lackmann |first4=Ewelina S. |last5=Clark |first5=Mark E. |date=2019-05-23 |title=Bigmouth Buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus sets freshwater teleost record as improved age analysis reveals centenarian longevity |url= |journal=Communications Biology |language=En |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=197 |doi=10.1038/s42003-019-0452-0 |issn=2399-3642 |pmc=6533251 |pmid=31149641}}{{Cite journal |last1=Lackmann |first1=Dr Alec R. |last2=Sereda |first2=Dr Jeff |last3=Pollock |first3=Dr Mike |last4=Bryshun |first4=Mr Reid |last5=Chupik |first5=Mrs Michelle |last6=McCallum |first6=Miss Katlin |last7=Villeneuve |first7=Mr James |last8=Bielak-Lackmann |first8=Mrs Ewelina S. |last9=Clark |first9=Dr Mark E. |date=2022-10-17 |title=Bet-hedging bigmouth buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus) recruit episodically over a 127-year timeframe in Saskatchewan |url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjfas-2022-0122 |access-date=2022-10-23 |journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=313–329 |language=en |doi=10.1139/cjfas-2022-0122|s2cid=252988048 }}
In 2012, a sturgeon estimated to be 125 years old was caught in a river in Wisconsin.{{cite news |url=http://www.startribune.com/local/147038605.html |title=Wisconsin DNR catches and tags record 125-year-old sturgeon that's bigger than linebacker |work=Star Tribune |date=April 12, 2012 |access-date=January 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413232650/http://www.startribune.com/local/147038605.html |archive-date=2012-04-13 |url-status=dead }}
Tardigrades, capable of cryptobiosis, have been shown to survive nearly 120 years in a dry state.{{cite journal|author1=Guidetti, R. |author2=Jönsson, K.I. |name-list-style=amp|year=2002|title=Long-term anhydrobiotic survival in semi-terrestrial micrometazoans|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=257|pages=181–187|doi=10.1017/S095283690200078X|issue=2|citeseerx=10.1.1.630.9839 }}
The great white shark is estimated to live for 70+ years, making it one of the longest lived cartilaginous fishes currently known.{{cite web |url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Carcharodon_carcharias/ |title=Carcharodon carcharias |publisher=Animal Diversity Web |access-date=5 June 2016}}
An orca of the Southern Resident population identified as J2 or Granny was estimated by some researchers to have been approximately 105 years old at her death in 2017; however, other dating methods estimated her age as 65–80.{{Cite news|url=http://www.king5.com/news/local/oldest-southern-resident-killer-whale-considered-dead/381349614|title=Oldest Southern Resident killer whale considered dead|last=TEGNA|newspaper=KING|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-03}}{{cite web|url=http://orcazine.com/granny-j2/|title=Orca Granny: was she really 105?|last=Podt|first=Annemieke|language=en-US|access-date=September 11, 2017|date=2016-12-31}}
A goldfish named Tish lived for 43 years after being won at a fairground in 1956.{{Cite book|title=Guinness world records 2001|publisher=Jim Pattison Group|year=2000|isbn=9780553583755|pages=163}}
A koi fish named Hanako reportedly died at 226 years old in 1977, making her the longest-lived koi fish ever recorded.{{Cite news |last=Barton |first=Laura |date=2007-04-11 |title=Will you still feed me ... ? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/apr/12/animalwelfare.world |access-date=2024-08-24 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} However, there is uncertainty as to the veracity of her longevity, with Snopes reporting that no conclusive evidence of her age could be found.{{Cite web |last=Dapcevich |first=Madison |date=2021-04-11 |title=Did World's Oldest Fish 'Hanako' Live To Be 226 Years Old? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/worlds-oldest-fish-hanako/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Snopes |language=en}}
A lungfish named Methuselah was determined to be between 92 and 101 years old in 2023, making her the oldest living fish in captivity at the time.{{Cite web |last=Osborne |first=Margaret |title=Methuselah, the World's Oldest Living Aquarium Fish, Could Be More Than 100 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/methuselah-the-worlds-oldest-living-aquarium-fish-could-be-more-than-100-180982944/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}

= Humans =

{{main|List of the verified oldest people|List of oldest living people}}

File:Life expectancy UN map gradient 2023.png |format=XLSX |lang=en}} — see file "Compact (most used: estimates and medium projections)"

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Humans are among the longest living land mammals.{{Cite web|title=Which mammal lives the longest?|url=https://www.discoverwildlife.com/animal-facts/mammals/which-mammal-lives-the-longest/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Discover Wildlife|language=en}}

Jeanne Calment, a French woman, lived to the age of 122 years, 164 days, making her the oldest fully documented human who has ever lived. She died on August 4, 1997.Guinness World Records, 1999 edition, p. 102, {{ISBN|0-85112-070-9}}.
Jiroemon Kimura (†116 years, 54 days), a Japanese man, died on 12 June 2013. He holds the record for the oldest ever male human.
The oldest known person alive today is Ethel Caterham, a British woman, at age {{age in years and days|1909|08|21|df=y}} (born 21 August 1909).

These are single examples; for a broader view, see life expectancy (includes humans).

= Other terrestrial and pagophilic animals =

Adwaita, an Aldabra giant tortoise, died at an estimated age of 255 in March 2006 in Zoological Garden, Alipore, Kolkata, India.{{cite news|author=BBC News – South Asia|title='Clive of India's' tortoise dies|newspaper=BBC News|publisher=BBC Online|date=2006-03-23|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4837988.stm|access-date=2014-01-23}} If confirmed, the tortoise would have been the oldest known terrestrial animal to have ever existed.
Jonathan, a Seychelles giant tortoise living on the island of Saint Helena, is reported to be at least {{age|1832|12|31}} years old, hence the oldest currently living terrestrial animal. If Adwaita's claim is not true, Jonathan might be the oldest known terrestrial animal to have ever existed.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26543021|work=BBC News|title=Meet Jonathan, St Helena's 182-year-old giant tortoise|date=13 March 2014}}

File:Jonathan-plantation-house.jpg

Tu'i Malila, a radiated tortoise, died at the age of 188 in May 1966, at the time the oldest verified vertebrate.{{cite web|url=http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/week_in_science_623_-_629/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131134044/http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/week_in_science_623_-_629/|url-status=unfit|archive-date=2010-01-31|work=Seed|title=Week In Science: 6/23 – 6/29}} This tortoise was hatched in 1777.
Harriet, a Galápagos tortoise, died at the age of 175 in June 2006.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/5109342.stm|work=BBC News|title=Harriet the Tortoise dies at 175|date=23 June 2006}}
Timothy, a Greek tortoise, born in Turkey died at the age of 165 on 3 April 2004 in the UK.{{Cite news |date=2004-04-07 |title=Timmy the tortoise dies aged 160 |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/devon/3607053.stm |access-date=2023-10-13}}
The oldest known bird in the world was an Australian sulphur-crested cockatoo called Cocky Bennett, who lived to 120.{{Cite web |last=Kwek |first=Glenda |date=2011-08-31 |title=Sydney's old crock of a cockie was a legend at 120 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/sydneys-old-crock-of-a-cockie-was-a-legend-at-120-20110831-1jkz2.html |access-date=2022-01-15 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}} He could recall phrases such as "one feather more and I'll fly" and "one at a time, gentlemen, please". He lived from 1796 to 1916 and traveled the world with various owners.
The tuatara, a lizard-like reptile native to New Zealand, can live well over 100 years. Henry, a tuatara at the Southland Museum in New Zealand, mated for the first time at the estimated age of 111 years in 2009 with an 80-year-old female and fathered 11 baby tuatara.{{cite web |last=Bai |first=Nina |url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/discoblog/2009/01/26/111-year-old-reptile-becomes-a-dad-after-tumor-surgery/ |title=111-Year-Old Reptile Becomes a Dad After Tumor Surgery |work=Discover |date=January 26, 2009 |access-date=January 31, 2013}}
Dakshayani, a female Asian elephant, initially owned by the Travancore royal family and later by the Travancore Devaswom Board, was 88 or 89 years old when she died on February 5, 2019.{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/dakshayani-oldest-asian-elephant-dies/article26188163.ece |title=Dakshayani, oldest Asian elephant, dies |date=2019-02-06 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2020-04-08 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}} She is believed to be the oldest elephant in captivity in Asia and was nicknamed Gaja Muthassi (grandmother of elephants).
Lin Wang, an Asian elephant, was the oldest elephant in the Taipei Zoo. He was born on January 18, 1917, and died on February 26, 2003, at 86 years,{{cite web |last1=Yun-Ping |first1=Chang |title=Nation mourns Lin Wang's death |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2003/02/27/0000196067 |website=taipeitimes.com |date=27 February 2003 |publisher=The Taipei Times |access-date=28 November 2021}} surpassing the previous record of 84. Normally, elephants live up to 50 years, while their maximum lifespan is generally estimated at 70.
Hakuna, an African slender-snouted crocodile, was gifted to Blijdorp Zoo in Rotterdam, Netherlands, in 1929 by singer and dancer Josephine Baker, He lived there for 85 years until he died on 19 February 2015.{{Cite book |title=Guinness world records 2017 |publisher=Jim Pattison Group |year=2016 |isbn=9781904994862 |pages=54}}
Henry, a Nile crocodile currently living in the Crocworld Conservation Centre of Scottburgh, South Africa is reported to be 123-124 years old, making him the oldest crocodile in captivity. He is also notable for fathering 10,000 offspring with 6 different mates and for meeting TV host, Robert Alleva.{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/who-is-henry-world-s-oldest-crocodile-who-has-fathered-10-000-babies-with-six-partners/ar-AA1pXryx#:~:text=Henry,%20a%20massive%20Nile%20crocodile%20weighing%20700%20kg,is%20now%20far%20removed%20from%20his%20violent%20past. |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=www.msn.com}}{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/robert-alleva-s-wild-encounter-with-henry-the-world-s-oldest-124-year-old-crocodile-internet-shocked-watch-video/ar-AA1qCHX4?ocid=BingNewsSerp |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=www.msn.com}}
A greater flamingo named Greater died at Adelaide Zoo in January 2014 at the age of at least 83.{{cite web |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/greater-the-83yearold-adelaide-zoo-flamingo-dies/story-e6frg6n6-1226814727621 |title=Greater, the 83-year-old Adelaide Zoo flamingo, dies |publisher=The Australian |access-date=31 January 2014 |date=31 January 2014}}
Cookie (June 30, 1933 – August 27, 2016), an Australian-born Major Mitchell's cockatoo at Brookfield Zoo, Illinois, was the oldest member of his species in captivity, and died in August 2016 at a verified age of 83.{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/museums/ct-brookfield-zoo-cookie-cockatoo-dead-20160829-column.html |title= Cookie the Cockatoo at Brookfield Zoo dies |work=Chicago Tribune |first=Steve |last=Johnson |date=August 29, 2016 |access-date=2016-09-07}}
Muja, an American alligator at Belgrade Zoo, is considered the oldest alligator in the world.{{cite web |url=http://www.3news.co.nz/environmentsci/elderly-alligator-recovers-after-lifesaving-surgery-2012022412 |title=Elderly alligator recovers after life-saving surgery |date=2012-02-24 |access-date=2015-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908073949/http://www.3news.co.nz/environmentsci/elderly-alligator-recovers-after-lifesaving-surgery-2012022412 |archive-date=2015-09-08 |url-status=dead}} Muja is more than 80 years old.{{cite web |url=https://www.blic.rs/vesti/srbija/najstariji-aligator-na-svetu-zivi-u-beogradu/sc76fbc |title=Najstariji aligator na svetu živi u Beogradu |first=Z. |last=Lazarević |website=Blic.rs |date=2011-08-22 }}
Thaao, an Andean condor born {{Circa|1930}}, died at the age of 79 or 80 in 2010.{{cite news|last=Burgeson|first=John|date=January 26, 2010|url=http://www.ctpost.com/news/article/Beardsley-Zoo-s-Andean-condor-world-s-oldest-337131.php|title=Beardsley Zoo's Andean condor, world's oldest, dead at 80|newspaper=The Connecticut Post|access-date=January 31, 2013}}
Fatou, a gorilla at the Berlin Zoo is the oldest gorilla ever at the age of 67.https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2024/4/a-day-in-the-life-of-the-worlds-oldest-gorilla-fatou-aged-67-768835
A female Laysan albatross named Wisdom successfully laid an egg at Midway Atoll in December 2016, at the age of 66. As of 2017, she is the oldest known wild bird in the world.{{cite web |last=Fears |first=Darryl |title=Wisdom the albatross, the oldest known wild bird, just laid an egg at age 66 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/animalia/wp/2016/12/13/a-mom-is-about-to-have-a-baby-at-age-66-this-is-not-fake-news/ |work=washingtonpost.com |access-date=3 Feb 2017}}
The oldest living horse on record, Ol' Billy, was allegedly born in the year 1760 in London, England. Bill died in 1822 at the age of 62. Henry Harrison, a resident of London during the time, had also allegedly known Ol' Billy for 59 years until Bill's death.{{cite web |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/morbid-monday-split-head-of-the-worlds-oldest-horse |last=Meier |first=Allison |title=Morbid Monday: The Split Head of Old Billy, the World's Oldest Horse |publisher=Atlas Obscura |date=4 March 2013 |access-date=17 November 2013}}
Rod, an Egyptian vulture who lived at the Jurong Bird Park from 1971 to his death in 2022. Estimated to be 60 prior to his euthanasia, he may have been the oldest known individual of his species.{{Cite web |title=Jurong Bird Park's pioneer generation vulture dies |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/jurong-bird-parks-pioneer-generation-vulture-dies-2900196 |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=CNA |language=en}}
Nonja, a Sumatran orangutan, died at the age of 55 in December 2007. She was claimed to be the oldest-living orangutan of her species.{{cite news |title='World's oldest' orang-utan dies |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7166338.stm |work=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC News |date=2002-12-31 |access-date=2012-03-18}}
The oldest bear on record was Andreas, a European brown bear, living in the ARCTUROS bear sanctuary in northern Greece.{{cite web|url=http://bearsanctuary.com/blog/06-13-andreas-%E2%80%93-oldest-bear-world-dies-greek-sanctuary |title=Andreas – oldest bear in the world dies in Greek sanctuary |publisher=The Bear Sanctuary}} He was at least 50 years old at the time of his death.
On May 27, 1983, a splendor beetle emerged from a staircase in Essex, UK, after at least 47 years as a larva.{{Cite book |title=Guinness world records 2005 |publisher=Jim Pattison Group |year=2004 |isbn=9780851121925 |pages=69}}
A wild-born black rhino named Elly was the oldest in North America at an estimated 45 years of age, and resided in California's San Francisco Zoo from April 1974 until passing in May 2017.{{cite web |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/oldest-black-rhinoceros-in-north-america-turns-45-1.2720839 |title=Oldest black rhinoceros in North America turns 45 |first=Janie |last=Har |publisher=Associated Press |date=Jan 1, 2016}}
The oldest living spider, named Number 16 by researchers, was a 43-year-old female Gaius villosus armored trapdoor spider, at the North Bungulla Reserve, Tammin, Western Australia.{{cite journal|last1= Mason|first1=Leanda Denise|last2=Wardell-Johnson|first2=Grant|last3=Main|first3=Barbara York|date=2018|title=The longest-lived spider: mygalomorphs dig deep, and persevere|journal=Pacific Conservation Biology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=203–206 |doi =10.1071/PC18015 |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11937/68826 |hdl-access=free}}
Debby, the polar bear, an inhabitant of the Assiniboine Park Zoo in Winnipeg, Canada, was the oldest polar bear and third-oldest bear species on record when she died in 2008, at the age of 42.{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/tributes-pour-in-after-oldest-polar-bear-dies-in-winnipeg-1.724601 |title=Tributes pour in after oldest polar bear dies in Winnipeg |website=CBC.ca |date=November 18, 2008 |access-date=September 27, 2014}}
The oldest recorded bat, a Siberian bat{{Cite journal |last1=Kruskop |first1=Sergei V. |last2=Borisenko |first2=Alex V. |last3=Ivanova |first3=Natalia V. |last4=Lim |first4=Burton K. |last5=Eger |first5=Judith L. |date=June 1, 2012 |title=Genetic Diversity of Northeastern Palaearctic Bats as Revealed by DNA Barcodes |url=https://bioone.org/journals/acta-chiropterologica/volume-14/issue-1/150811012X654222/Genetic-Diversity-of-Northeastern-Palaearctic-Bats-as-Revealed-by-DNA/10.3161/150811012X654222.full |journal=Acta Chiropterologica |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.3161/150811012X654222 |s2cid=3899144 |issn=1508-1109}} (previously identified as a Brandt's bat), was at least 41 years old at the time of capture.{{cite magazine |last=Locke |first=Robert |date=2006 |title=Longest-lived mammals offer clues to better aging in humans |url=http://www.batcon.org/resources/media-education/bats-magazine/bat_article/152 |magazine=BATS Magazine |location=Austin, TX |publisher=Bat Conservation International |access-date=April 10, 2017 }}
Creme Puff, a cat owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas, was born on August 3, 1967, and died three days after her 38th birthday on August 6, 2005.{{cite book |title=Guinness World Records 2010 |year=2010 |publisher=Bantam; Reprint edition |page=320 |quote=The oldest cat ever was Creme Puff, who was born on August 3, 1967 and lived until August 6, 2005 – 38 years and 3 days in total. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hLYzvUvPL3MC&pg=PA320 |isbn=978-0-553-59337-2 }}
Bluey, an Australian Cattle Dog who was the longest-lived dog ever verified, reached 29 years and died in 1939.{{Cite news |date=2024-03-02 |title=Australia's Bluey reclaims oldest dog record after Guinness World Records reviews Portuguese dog's credentials |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-03-03/bluey-rochester-dog-reclaims-guinness-world-record-as-oldest-dog/103513372 |access-date=2024-03-14 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}
The oldest goat was McGinty who lived to the age of 22 years and 5 months until her death in November 2003 on Hayling Island, UK.{{Cite book|title=Guinness world records 2005|publisher=Jim Pattison Group|year=2004|isbn=9780851121925|pages=73}}
A wild rabbit named Flopsy was caught on August 6, 1964, and died 18 years and 10 months later in Tasmania, Australia.
A bearded dragon owned by Nik Vernon was 16 years 129 days old when he died on December 2, 2013.{{Cite book |title=Guinness world records 2015 |publisher=Jim Pattison Group |year=2014 |isbn=9781101883808 |pages=64}}
A mouse named Patrick Stewart (in tribute to the actor) has been verified by Guinness World Records as the oldest living mouse in human care as well as the oldest mouse ever, aged 9 years 210 days as of 9 February 2023.{{cite web |date=2023-02-09 |title=Tiny California mouse wins Guinness award for longevity |url=https://apnews.com/article/oddities-mice-and-rats-patrick-stewart-los-angeles-north-america-a18dd33116b9c7fa51e15e7536e7d0c6 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=AP NEWS}}
The oldest gerbil was a Mongolian gerbil named Sahara, she was born in May 1973 and died on 4 October 1981 aged 8 years and 4 months.{{Cite book |title=Guinness world records 2014 |publisher=Jim Pattison Group |year=2013 |isbn=9781908843159 |pages=43}}
A hamster owned by Karen Smeaton in Tyne & Wear, UK, reached 4 years and 6 months.

References

External links

[http://www.ted.com/talks/rachel_sussman_the_world_s_oldest_living_things Rachel Sussman: World's oldest living things] – TED Talk
[https://www.livescience.com/longest-living-animals.html Live Science: Longest living animals (August, 2021)].
[https://genomics.senescence.info/species/index.html The latest version of AnAge database with longevity records and ageing information for >4,600 species (June, 2023)]

Category:Senescence in non-human organisms

Longest-living organisms

Organisms, longest living

Category:Organisms by adaptation

Category:Biological records