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List of nitrogen-fixing-clade families

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File:20160610Rosa rubiginosa1.jpg|alt=flower]]

{{Lists of flowering plant families sidebar}}

The nitrogen-fixing clade consists of four orders of flowering plants: Cucurbitales, Fabales, Fagales and Rosales.{{efn-la|The taxonomy (classification) in this list follows Plants of the World (2017){{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017}} and the fourth Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system.{{sfn|Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|2016}} Total counts of genera for each family come from Plants of the World Online (POWO).{{sfn|POWO}} (See the [https://www.kew.org/science/collections-and-resources/data-and-digital/terms-of-use POWO license].) Extinct taxa are not included. A clade of flowering plants is a subgroup consisting of all the descendants of a theoretical ancient ancestor.}} This subgroup of the rosids encompasses 28 families of trees, shrubs, vines and herbaceous perennials and annuals. The roots of many of the species host bacteria that fix nitrogen into compounds the plants can use.{{sfn|Stevens|2023|loc=Summary of APG IV}}{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=10,248–292}}

The trees of this subgroup dominate many temperate forests.{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=248–292}} Cannabis, with the psychoactive drug tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), has been used recreationally and ceremonially for at least 2400 years, but was in cultivation at least 6000 years before that for its oils and for making fabric and rope.{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=272–273}} Cucumbers, melons and watermelons are cultivated around the globe.{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=286–289}} The Mediterranean diet around 6000 years ago included fava beans, lentils, chickpeas and other legumes.{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=249–259}} Chestnuts were spread throughout Europe by the ancient Romans.{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=277–278}} The apple (in the rose family) is the second-most-cultivated sweet fruit, after the grape (in the order Vitales, not in this clade).{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=262–267}}

Glossary

From the glossary of botanical terms:

  • annual: a plant species that completes its life cycle within a single year or growing season
  • basal: attached close to the base (of a plant or an evolutionary tree diagram)
  • climber: a vine that leans on, twines around or clings to other plants for vertical support
  • deciduous: falling seasonally, as with bark, leaves or petals
  • herbaceous: not woody; usually green and soft in texture
  • perennial: not an annual or biennial
  • succulent (adjective): juicy or fleshy
  • unisexual: of one sex; bearing only male or only female reproductive organs
  • woody: hard and lignified; not herbaceous{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=638–670}}

Fabales is basal within the nitrogen-fixing clade.{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=10}} This clade, the COM clade and the order Zygophyllales constitute the fabids under the fourth Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG IV) system.{{sfn|Stevens|2023|loc=Summary of APG IV}}{{efn-la|APG IV does not assign a name to the nitrogen-fixing clade.{{sfn|Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|2016}}{{sfn|Stevens|2023|loc=Summary of APG IV}}}}

Families

class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders"

|+{{sronly|Families}}

! scope="col" width="1%" |Family and a common name{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=248–292}}{{efn-la|Each family's formal name ends in the Latin suffix wikt:-aceae

aceae and is derived from the name of a genus that is or once was part of the family.{{sfn|ICN|loc=art. 18}}}}

! scope="col" width="15%" |Type genus and etymology{{efn-la|Some plants were named for naturalists (unless otherwise noted).}}

! scope="col" width="15%" |Total genera; global distribution

! scope="col" class=unsortable width="30%" style="min-width:160px;" |Description and uses

! scope="col" width="1%"|Order{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=248–292}}

! scope="col" class=unsortable width="1%" |Type genus images

scope="row" |Anisophyllea­ceae (leechwood family)

|Anisophyllea, from Greek for "unequal leaves"{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=284}}{{sfn|USDA|loc=[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomyfamily?id=65 Anisophylleaceae, Type]}}

|4 genera, mainly in the tropics{{sfn|Kubitzki 2011|p=4}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Anisophylleaceae}}

| Shrubs and trees with unisexual flowers. Anisophyllea griffithii is sometimes harvested for timber.{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=284}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Neotropikey}}

| Cucurbi­tales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=284}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 120px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Anisophyllea disticha

| image1 = Anisophyllea disticha 60174819.jpg

| alt1 = "foliage"

}}

scope="row" |Apodantha­ceae (stemsucker family)

|Apodanthes, from Greek for "stalkless flowers"{{sfn|Quattrocchi|2000|p=175}}{{sfn|IPNI|loc=[https://www.ipni.org/n/924663-1 Apodanthaceae, Type]}}

|2 genera, scattered worldwide{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=283}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Apodanthaceae}}

|Parasitic plants lacking chlorophyll. Typically, only the flowers are visible on the host's bark.{{sfn|POWO|loc=Neotropikey}}{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=283}}

| Cucurbi­tales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=283}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 80px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Apodanthes caseariae

| image1 = Apodanthaceae spp vMH377 (cropped).jpg

| alt1 = "botanical illustration"

}}

scope="row" |Barbeyaceae (elm-olive family)

|Barbeya, for William Barbey (1842–1914){{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=268}}

|1 genus, in forested slopes on either side of the Gulf of Aden{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=268}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Barbeyaceae}}

|Unisexual trees{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=268}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Flora of Somalia}}

| Rosales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=268}}

|{{center|—}}

scope="row" |Begoniaceae (begonia family)

|Begonia, for Michel Bégon (1638–1710), a French official and plant collector{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=291–292}}{{sfn|IPNI|loc=[https://www.ipni.org/n/77126658-1 Begoniaceae, Type]}}

|2 genera, mainly throughout the tropics, extending into the subtropics{{sfn|Kubitzki 2011|p=4}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Begoniaceae}}

| Mostly perennial herbaceous succulents with unisexual flowers, with a few subshrubs and herbaceous plants up to {{convert|4|m|abbr=on}} tall. Some species grow on rocks, some on other plants. Many species are popular potted-plant ornamentals.{{sfn|POWO|loc=Neotropikey}}{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=291–292}}

| Cucurbi­tales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=291–292}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 120px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Begonia obliqua

| image1 = Begonia odorata-yercaud-salem-India.JPG

| alt1 = "flowers"

| image2 = Begonia obliqua kz01.jpg

| alt2 = "foliage"

}}

scope="row" |Betulaceae (birch family)

|Betula, from a Latin plant name{{sfn|Stearn|2002|p=64}}{{sfn|Coombes|2012|p=66}}{{sfn|IPNI|loc=[https://www.ipni.org/n/77126723-1 Betulaceae, Type]}}

|6 genera, in the Northern Hemisphere and parts of South America and Southeast Asia{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=282}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Betulaceae}}

|Deciduous shrubs and trees with unisexual flowers and loose bark, usually with lenticels, horizontal ruptures that allow gas exchange. The wood of birch and alder is used to make furniture and musical instruments.{{sfn|POWO|loc=Neotropikey}}{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=282}}

| Fagales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=282}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 120px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Betula pendula

| image1 = Betula female catkins.jpg

| alt1 = "flowers"

| image2 = Betula pendula Finland.jpg

| alt2 = "foliage"

}}

scope="row" |Cannabaceae (hemp family)

|Cannabis, from a Latin plant name{{sfn|Stearn|2002|p=80}}{{sfn|IPNI|loc=[https://www.ipni.org/n/77126717-1 Cannabaceae, Type]}}

|9 genera, scattered worldwide{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=272–273}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Cannabaceae}}

|Shrubs, trees, vines and herbaceous plants with thin sap. Beer hops have been in cultivation since the 1200s.{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=272–273}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Flora of Tropical East Africa}}

| Rosales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=272–273}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 120px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Cannabis sativa

| image1 = Cannabis female flowers close-up.jpg

| alt1 = "flowers"

| image2 = Cannabis sativa (2560876612).jpg

| alt2 = "foliage"

}}

scope="row" |Casuarina­ceae (she-oak family)

|Casuarina, from a Malaysian word for cassowary{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=280–281}}{{sfn|Stearn|2002|p=85}}{{sfn|IPNI|loc=[https://www.ipni.org/n/77126722-1 Casuarinaceae, Type]}}

|4 genera, in parts of Oceania, Southeast Asia and Madagascar{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=280–281}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Casuarinaceae}}

|Evergreen trees and shrubs, unisexual or with unisexual flowers, with green branchlets and reduced leaves. Casuarina equisetifolia is planted to anchor beach sand.{{sfn|POWO|loc=Flora of Somalia}}{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=280–281}}

| Fagales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=280–281}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 120px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Casuarina equisetifolia

| image1 = Casuarina equisetifolia L. (52707745396).jpg

| alt1 = "flowers"

| image2 = Casuarina equesitifolia tree.jpg

| alt2 = "foliage"

}}

scope="row" |Coriariaceae (tanner-bush family)

|Coriaria, from Latin for "leather"{{sfn|Stearn|2002|p=104}}{{sfn|Coombes|2012|p=104}}

|1 genus, scattered worldwide{{sfn|Kubitzki 2011|p=4}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Coriariaceae}}

| Shrubs and slightly woody herbaceous plants with nitrogen-fixing roots. The fruits are used for dyes. Most species are poisonous.{{sfn|POWO|loc=Neotropikey}}{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=285–286}}

| Cucurbi­tales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=285–286}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 120px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Coriaria myrtifolia

| image1 = Coriaria myrtifolia (fori stami).jpg

| alt1 = "flowers"

| image2 = Roldor0032.JPG

| alt2 = "fruit and foliage"

}}

scope="row" |Corynocarpa­ceae (cribwood family)

|Corynocarpus, from Greek for "club fruit"{{sfn|Stearn|2002|p=105}}

|1 genus, mostly in the southwestern Pacific{{sfn|Kubitzki 2011|p=4}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Corynocarpaceae}}

| Evergreen trees and big shrubs. The trees have been used to construct canoes.{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=284–285}}

| Cucurbi­tales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=284–285}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 120px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Corynocarpus laevigatus

| image1 = Corynocarpus laevigatus 1.jpg

| alt1 = "flowers"

| image2 = Gardenology.org-IMG 2265 rbgs11jan.jpg

| alt2 = "fruit and foliage"

}}

scope="row" |Cucurbitaceae (cucumber family)

|Cucurbita, from a Latin plant name{{sfn|Stearn|2002|p=108}}{{sfn|Coombes|2012|p=113}}{{sfn|IPNI|loc=[https://www.ipni.org/n/30000781-2 Cucurbitaceae, Type]}}

|101 genera, worldwide, especially in the tropics{{sfn|Kubitzki 2011|p=4}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Cucurbitaceae}}

| Herbaceous and woody perennials, mostly vines. Butternut squash was domesticated in the Peruvian Andes over 9000 years ago. Cucumbers were cultivated in ancient Ur.{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=286–289}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Neotropikey}}

| Cucurbi­tales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=286–289}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 120px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Cucurbita pepo

| image1 = Cucurbita pepo 15-p.bot-cucu.pepo-02.jpg

| alt1 = "flowers"

| image2 = Cucurbita pepo IMG 5521.jpg

| alt2 = "fruit"

}}

scope="row" |Datiscaceae (durango-root family)

|Datisca, from a Latin plant name{{sfn|Stearn|2002|p=114}}{{sfn|Coombes|2012|p=120}}

|1 genus, in central and southwest Asia, in and near California, and around the Mediterranean{{sfn|Kubitzki 2011|p=4}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Datiscaceae}}

| Mostly unisexual herbaceous perennials with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. D. cannabina has been used as a dye in Asia.{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=290–291}}

| Cucurbi­tales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=290–291}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 120px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Datisca cannabina

| image1 = Datisca cannabina 002.JPG

| alt1 = "flowers"

| image2 = Datisca cannabina female - Flickr - peganum (1).jpg

| alt2 = "foliage"

}}

scope="row" |Dirachmaceae (rachman family)

|Dirachma, from a Socotran plant name, possibly{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=268}}

|1 genus, in Socotra and Somalia{{sfn|Kubitzki 2004|p=2}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Dirachmaceae}}

| Trees and shrubs{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=268}}

| Rosales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=268}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 120px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Dirachma socotrana

| image1 = Transactionsofro311888roy 0563.jpg

| alt1 = "botanical illustration"

}}

scope="row" |Elaeagnaceae (oleaster family)

|Elaeagnus, from a Greek plant name{{sfn|Stearn|2002|p=129}}{{sfn|Coombes|2012|p=131}}{{sfn|IPNI|loc=[https://www.ipni.org/n/30001966-2 Elaeagnaceae, Type]}}

|3 genera, mostly in the Northern Hemisphere, Southeast Asia and Queensland, Australia{{sfn|Kubitzki 2004|p=2}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Elaeagnaceae}}

| Small trees and shrubs. Several species of Elaeagnus are cultivated as ornamentals. Hippophae rhamnoides has been used in jams and juices for centuries. The roots are generally nitrogen-fixing.{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=269}}

| Rosales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=269}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 120px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Elaeagnus angustifolia

| image1 = Elaeagnus angustifolia* (7371236772).jpg

| alt1 = "flowers"

| image2 = Sălcioară (Eleagnus angustifolia).jpg

| alt2 = "foliage"

}}

scope="row" |Fabaceae (pea family)

| Vicia. Faba, an earlier synonym, is from a Latin plant name.{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=249–259}}{{sfn|IPNI|loc=[https://www.ipni.org/n/30000147-2 Fabaceae, Type]}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Faba}}

|780 genera, scattered worldwide{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=249–259}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Fabaceae}}

|Also known as legumes. Trees, shrubs, vines and herbaceous plants. The roots are generally nitrogen-fixing. Staple foods include soybeans, peanuts, peas and various beans. Some species provide valuable gums, soaps and perfumes.{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=249–259}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Neotropikey}}

| Fabales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=249–259}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 120px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Vicia cracca

| image1 = Tuft of tufted vetch.jpg

| alt1 = "flowers"

| image2 = Vicia craca, Sićevačka klisura, Niš, Srbija.jpg

| alt2 = "foliage"

}}

scope="row" |Fagaceae (beech family)

|Fagus, from a Latin plant name{{sfn|Stearn|2002|p=138}}{{sfn|Coombes|2012|p=141}}{{sfn|IPNI|loc=[https://www.ipni.org/n/30000116-2 Fagaceae, Type]}}

|8 genera, scattered in the tropics and the temperate Northern Hemisphere{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=277–278}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Fagaceae}}

|Mainly trees with unisexual flowers. Edible chestnuts have been cultivated for thousands of years. Cork is harvested mainly from the cork oak. Wood from beech and oak trees is used in construction and carpentry.{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=277–278}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Neotropikey}}

| Fagales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=277–278}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 120px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Fagus sylvatica

| image1 = Beech flowers.jpg

| alt1 = "flowers"

| image2 = 0 La Hestre - Drève de Mariemont (1).jpg

| alt2 = "foliage"

}}

scope="row" |Juglandaceae (walnut family)

|Juglans, from a Latin plant name{{sfn|Stearn|2002|p=179}}{{sfn|Coombes|2012|p=180}}{{sfn|IPNI|loc=[https://www.ipni.org/n/30000308-2 Juglandaceae, Type]}}

|9 genera, mostly in parts of the Americas, Asia and Oceania.{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=279–280}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Juglandaceae}}

|Shrubs and trees, mostly with unisexual flowers. Trees with edible nuts include walnuts and pecans.{{sfn|POWO|loc=Neotropikey}}{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=279–280}}

| Fagales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=279–280}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 120px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Juglans regia

| image1 = 2012-09-08-orech-1024.JPG

| alt1 = "fruit and foliage"

| image2 = 20140212Juglans regia Walldorf1.jpg

| alt2 = "foliage"

}}

scope="row" |Moraceae (mulberry family)

|Morus, from a Latin plant name{{sfn|Stearn|2002|p=211}}{{sfn|Coombes|2012|p=210}}{{sfn|IPNI|loc=[https://www.ipni.org/n/30000043-2 Moraceae, Type]}}

|48 genera, scattered worldwide{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=273–274}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Moraceae}}

|Shrubs, trees, climbers and herbaceous perennials, frequently with whitish sap. Some grow on other plants. The common fig was most likely already in cultivation more than 11,000 years ago. Breadfruit is a food crop in parts of Asia and the Pacific.{{sfn|POWO|loc=Flora of Tropical East Africa}}{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=273–274}}

| Rosales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=273–274}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 120px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Morus nigra

| image1 = Morus nigra B.jpg

| alt1 = "flowers"

| image2 = Mulberries on tree 3.jpg

| alt2 = "foliage"

}}

scope="row" |Myricaceae (bayberry family)

|Myrica, from a Greek plant name{{sfn|Stearn|2002|p=214}}{{sfn|Coombes|2012|p=211}}{{sfn|IPNI|loc=[https://www.ipni.org/n/77126721-1 Myricaceae, Type]}}

|3 genera, scattered worldwide{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=278–278}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Myricaceae}}

|Evergreen shrubs and small trees, unisexual or with unisexual flowers. The roots are usually nitrogen-fixing. Chinese bayberry is grown commercially in China for its fruit.{{sfn|POWO|loc=Flora of Tropical East Africa}}{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=278–278}}

| Fagales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=278–278}}

|{{Multiple image

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| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Myrica gale

| image1 = Myrica gale 15-p.bot-myrica.gale-54.jpg

| alt1 = "flowers"

| image2 = Myrica gale 15-p.bot-myrica.gale-56.jpg

| alt2 = "foliage"

}}

scope="row" |Nothofaga­ceae (roble family)

|Nothofagus, from Greek for "false", plus Fagus{{sfn|Stearn|2002|p=219}}{{sfn|Coombes|2012|p=215}}

|1 genus, in Oceania and southern South America{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=276–277}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Nothofagaceae}}

|Shrubs and trees with unisexual flowers. The timber is used in carpentry.{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=276–277}}

| Fagales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=276–277}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 120px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Nothofagus antarctica

| image1 = Nothofagus antarctica bloeiende twijg.jpg

| alt1 = "flowers"

| image2 = Action du vent PN.jpg

| alt2 = "foliage"

}}

scope="row" |Polygalaceae (milkwort family)

|Polygala, from Greek and Latin plant names{{sfn|Stearn|2002|p=245}}{{sfn|Coombes|2012|p=239}}{{sfn|IPNI|loc=[https://www.ipni.org/n/30000688-2 Polygalaceae, Type]}}

|30 genera, scattered widely, except in polar regions{{sfn|Kubitzki 2007|p=5}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Polygalaceae}}

|Herbaceous plants, vines, shrubs and trees, some up to {{convert|50|m|abbr=on}} tall.{{sfn|POWO|loc=Flora of Somalia}}{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=261–262}}

| Fabales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=261–262}}

|{{Multiple image

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| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Polygala vulgaris

| image1 = Common Milkwort (Polygala vulgaris) - Utsira, Norway 2021-08-06.jpg

| alt1 = "flowers"

| image2 = Polygala vulgaris 1.jpg

| alt2 = "foliage"

}}

scope="row" |Quillajaceae (soapbark-tree family)

|Quillaja, from a Chilean plant name{{sfn|Stearn|2002|p=254}}

|1 genus, in warmer regions of temperate South America{{sfn|Kubitzki 2007|p=5}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Quillajaceae}}

|Evergreen trees with leathery leaves and foamy saponins in their bark{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=248}}

| Fabales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=248}}

|{{Multiple image

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| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Quillaja saponaria

| image1 = Quillaja saponaria (8682583504).jpg

| alt1 = "flowers"

| image2 = Quillaja 02.jpg

| alt2 = "foliage"

}}

scope="row" |Rhamnaceae (buckthorn family)

|Rhamnus, from Greek and Latin plant names{{sfn|Stearn|2002|p=257}}{{sfn|Coombes|2012|p=252}}{{sfn|IPNI|loc=[https://www.ipni.org/n/50033316-1 Rhamnaceae, Type]}}

|63 genera, worldwide{{sfn|Kubitzki 2004|p=2}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Rhamnaceae}}

| Deciduous shrubs and trees, for the most part. Ziziphus jujuba and Z. mauritiana, similar to dates, are commercially grown.{{sfn|POWO|loc=Flora of Zambesiaca}}{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=269–271}}

| Rosales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=269–271}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 120px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Rhamnus cathartica

| image1 = Rhamnus cathartica (7278076286).jpg

| alt1 = "flowers"

| image2 = Rhamnus cathartica (8023755492).jpg

| alt2 = "fruit and foliage"

}}

scope="row" |Rosaceae (rose family)

|Rosa, from a Latin plant name{{sfn|Stearn|2002|p=261}}{{sfn|Coombes|2012|p=257}}{{sfn|IPNI|loc=[https://www.ipni.org/n/30000200-2 Rosaceae, Type]}}

|110 genera, worldwide{{sfn|Kubitzki 2004|p=2}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Rosaceae}}

| Trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants, frequently with spiny branches. The genus Rubus includes raspberries and blackberries. Prunus includes plums, peaches, cherries and almonds; domesticated almonds are found in Bronze Age archaeological sites in the Eastern Mediterranean.{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=262–267}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Flora of Tropical East Africa}}

| Rosales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=262–267}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 120px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Rosa majalis

| image1 = Rosa majalis inflorescence (02).jpg

| alt1 = "flower"

| image2 = Rosa-majalis-habit.JPG

| alt2 = "foliage"

}}

scope="row" |Surianaceae (bay-cedar family)

|Suriana, for Joseph Donat Surian (1650–1691), a French doctor, chemist and botanist{{sfn|Burkhardt|2018|p=S-108}}{{sfn|IPNI|loc=[https://www.ipni.org/n/77126614-1 Surianaceae, Type]}}

|5 genera, scattered worldwide in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate zones{{sfn|Kubitzki 2007|p=5}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Surianaceae}}

|Shrubs and trees{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=260}}

| Fabales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=260}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 120px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Suriana maritima

| image1 = Suriana maritima (Bay ceder).jpg

| alt1 = "flowers"

| image2 = Suriana maritima shrubs.JPG

| alt2 = "foliage"

}}

scope="row" |Tetramelaceae (false hemp-tree family)

|Tetrameles, from Greek for "four-part" (sepals){{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=289–290}}{{sfn|USDA|loc=[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomyfamily?id=1110 Tetramelaceae, Type]}}

|2 genera, in parts of Oceania and South and Southeast Asia{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=289–290}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Tetramelaceae}}

|Tall unisexual trees with soft wood{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=289–290}}

| Cucurbi­tales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=289–290}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 120px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Tetrameles nudiflora

| image1 = Tetrameles nudiflora on Makuta Virajpet road (2).jpg

| alt1 = "flowers"

| image2 = Nilambur teak forest 3755 -Tetrameles nudiflora.JPG

| alt2 = "trunk"

}}

scope="row" |Ticodendra­ceae (tico-tree family)

|Ticodendron, from Tico plus Greek for "tree"{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=281}}

|1 genus, in Central America and Mexico{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=281}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Ticodendraceae}}

|Just one species of unisexual evergreen trees{{sfn|POWO|loc=Neotropikey}}{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=281}}

| Fagales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|p=281}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 120px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Ticodendron incognitum

| image1 = Ticodendron incognitum 1zz.jpg

| alt1 = "trunk"

| image2 = Ticodendron incognitum 213116901.jpg

| alt2 = "foliage"

}}

scope="row" |Ulmaceae (elm family)

|Ulmus, from a Latin plant name{{sfn|Stearn|2002|p=302}}{{sfn|Coombes|2012|p=296}}{{sfn|IPNI|loc=[https://www.ipni.org/n/77126716-1 Ulmaceae, Type]}}

|7 genera, mainly in the temperate Northern Hemisphere{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=271–272}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Ulmaceae}}

|Trees and shrubs with thin sap. Dutch elm disease killed almost all of the elms in North America and Europe in the 20th century. Disease-resistant elms have been difficult to propagate.{{sfn|POWO|loc=Neotropikey}}{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=271–272}}

| Rosales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=271–272}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 120px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Ulmus glabra

| image1 = Ulmus glabra inflorescence.jpg

| alt1 = "flowers"

| image2 = RN Ulmus glabra (alnarp sweden).jpg

| alt2 = "tree"

}}

scope="row" |Urticaceae (nettle family)

|Urtica, from a Latin plant name{{sfn|Stearn|2002|p=304}}{{sfn|IPNI|loc=[https://www.ipni.org/n/30000535-2 Urticaceae, Type]}}

|60 genera, worldwide{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=275–276}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Urticaceae}}

|Shrubs, trees, woody vines and herbaceous plants, some growing on other plants, and some with stinging hairs. Ramie (Boehmeria nivea) is grown in East Asia for its long, strong fibrous stalks.{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=275–276}}{{sfn|POWO|loc=Flora of West Tropical Africa}}

| Rosales{{sfn|Christenhusz|Fay|Chase|2017|pp=275–276}}

|{{Multiple image

| width = 120px

| image_style = border:none;

| border = infobox

| footer = Urtica dioica

| image1 = Urtica dioica fem flowers.jpg

| alt1 = "flowers"

| image2 = 2022-06-15 09 58 19 Stinging nettle growing near the banks of the Delaware River in Ewing Township, Mercer County, New Jersey.jpg

| alt2 = "foliage"

}}

See also

Notes

{{notelist-la}}

Citations

{{hatnote|Some of POWO's data originally appeared in different databases. On the page for each family, these databases (if any) will appear under the "General information" tab.}}

{{Featured list}}

{{Reflist|25em}}

References

  • {{cite journal |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 |doi-access=free }}
  • {{cite book | last=Burkhardt | first=Lotte | title=Verzeichnis eponymischer Pflanzennamen – Erweiterte Edition |trans-title=Index of Eponymic Plant Names – Extended Edition | publisher=Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin | year=2018 | isbn=978-3-946292-26-5 | url=https://doi.org/10.3372/epolist2018 |format=pdf |language=German |location=Berlin | doi=10.3372/epolist2018 | s2cid=187926901 |access-date=January 1, 2021 }} See the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons license].
  • {{cite book | last1=Christenhusz | first1=Maarten | last2=Fay | first2= Michael Francis| last3=Chase | first3=Mark Wayne | title=Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants | publisher=Kew Publishing and The University of Chicago Press | location=Chicago, Illinois | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-226-52292-0 }}
  • {{cite book | last=Coombes | first=Allen J. | title=The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants | publisher=Timber Press | location=Portland, Oregon | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-60469-196-2 }}
  • {{cite web | url=https://www.ipni.org | author = IPNI | title = International Plant Names Index | year = 2022 | access-date=December 20, 2022 | ref = {{sfnRef|IPNI}} | location=London, Boston and Canberra | publisher= Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; and the Australian National Botanic Gardens }}
  • {{cite book |page=2 |chapter=Introduction to Families Treated in This Volume |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pKzwCAAAQBAJ|editor-last=Kubitzki |editor-first=K. |first=K. |last=Kubitzki |title=Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales |volume=VI|year=2004 |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-662-07257-8|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-07257-8 |s2cid=12809916 |author-link=Klaus Kubitzki |ref={{sfnRef|Kubitzki 2004}} }}
  • {{cite book |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdSL7jBNX9EC |editor-last=Kubitzki |editor-first=K. |first=K. |last=Kubitzki |chapter=Introduction to the Groups Treated in This Volume |title=Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales, Fabales p.p., Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales p.p., Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance, Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniaceae, Sabiaceae |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-540-32214-6 |volume=IX |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |location=Berlin | ref={{sfnRef|Kubitzki 2007}} }}
  • {{cite book |page=4 |chapter=Introduction to Cucurbitales |editor-last1=Kubitzki|editor-first1=K. |first1=K. |last1=Kubitzki |series=The families and genera of vascular plants |volume=X |title=Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_hHvYeQYTTEC|date= 2011|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-642-14397-7 |ref={{sfnRef|Kubitzki 2011}} }}
  • {{cite web |url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ |title=Plants of the World Online |author=POWO |year=2019 |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |location=London |access-date=January 1, 2023 | ref = {{sfnRef|POWO}} }} See [https://www.kew.org/science/collections-and-resources/data-and-digital/terms-of-use their terms-of-use license].
  • {{cite book | last=Quattrocchi | first=Umberto | title=CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names, Volume I, A–C | publisher=CRC Press | location=Boca Raton, Florida | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-8493-2675-2 }}
  • {{cite book | last=Stearn | first=William | title=Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners | publisher=Cassell | location=London | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-304-36469-5 }}
  • {{cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |date=2023|orig-year= 2001 |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden|url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APWeb/ |access-date=January 2, 2023}}
  • {{cite book | editor-last=Turland | editor-first=N. J. | display-editors=etal | title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017 | edition=electronic | location=Glashütten | publisher=International Association for Plant Taxonomy | url=https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_18.html | access-date=February 25, 2022 | ref={{sfnRef|ICN}} }}
  • {{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch?t=family |title=USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System |website=Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy) |author= |year=2022 |publisher=National Germplasm Resources Laboratory |location=Beltsville, Maryland |access-date=December 20, 2022 | ref={{sfnRef|USDA}} }}

{{Angiosperm orders}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of nitrogen-fixing-clade families}}

Systematic

Nitrogen-fixing-clade families

Nitrogen-fixing-clade families

nitrogen-fixing-clade families

Category:Rosids