List of speakers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
{{Short description|None}}
{{For|information on the House, including current membership|Massachusetts House of Representatives}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Speaker
| body = the Massachusetts House of Representatives
| native_name =
| insignia = Seal of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts.svg
| insigniasize = 110px
| insigniacaption = Seal of the House of Representatives
| insigniaalt = Seal of the House of Representatives
| image = Speaker Ronald Mariano.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent = Ron Mariano
| incumbentsince = December 30, 2020
| department = Government of Massachusetts
| status = Presiding Officer
| member_of = General Court
| reports_to =
| residence = None official
| seat = State House, Boston, Massachusetts
| nominator = Political parties through majority house caucus
| appointer = The House
| termlength =
| constituting_instrument = Constitution of Massachusetts
| deputy = Speaker pro tempore
| formation = Original Post:
May 30, 1644
Current form:
October 25, 1780
| website = [https://malegislature.gov/Legislators/Leadership/House]
}}
This is a list of speakers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives. The Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus followed by confirmation of the full House through the passage of a House Resolution. As well as presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the chief leader, and controls the flow of legislation. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the House. The current house speaker is Ronald Mariano.
Colonial period
= House of Deputies of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] =
class="wikitable" |
Speaker
! Portrait ! Years ↑ ! Town ! Electoral history |
---|
William Hathorne
| | nowrap | 1644–1645 | Salem | |
George Cooke
| | 1645 | |
William Hathorne
| | 1646 | Salem | |
Robert Bridges
| | 1646 | Lynn | |
Joseph Hills
| | 1647 | |
William Hathorne
| | 1648 | Salem | |
Richard Russell
| | 1648 | |
Daniel Denison
| | 1649 | Ipswich | |
William Hathorne
| | 1650 | Salem | |
Daniel Gookin
| | 1651 | |
Daniel Denison
| | nowrap | 1651–1652 | Ipswich | |
Humphrey Atherton
| | 1653 | |
Richard Russell
| | 1654 | Charlestown | |
Edward Johnson
| | 1655 | | |
Richard Russell
| | 1656 | Charlestown | |
William Hathorne
| | 1657 | Salem | |
Richard Russell
| | 1658 | Charlestown | |
Thomas Savage
| 100px | nowrap | 1659–1660 | | |
William Hathorne
| | nowrap | 1660–1661 | Salem | |
Thomas Clarke
| | 1662 | | |
John Leverett
| 100px | nowrap | 1663–1664 | Boston | |
Thomas Clarke
| | 1665 | | |
Richard Waldron
| | nowrap | 1666–1668 | Cocheco | |
Thomas Clarke
| | nowrap | 1669–1670 | | |
Thomas Savage
| | 1671 | Boston | |
Thomas Clarke
| | 1672 | | |
Richard Waldron
| | 1673 | Cocheco | |
Joshua Hubbard
| | nowrap | 1673–1674 | | |
Richard Waldron
| | nowrap | 1674–1675 | Cocheco | |
Peter Bulkeley
| | nowrap | 1675–1676 | Concord | |
Thomas Savage
| | nowrap | 1677–1678 | Boston | |
Richard Waldron
| | 1679 | Cocheco | Town became part of New Hampshire |
John Richards
| | nowrap | 1679–1680 | |
Daniel Fisher
| | nowrap | 1680–1682 | Dedham | |
Elisha Cooke Sr.
| 100px | 1683 | Boston | |
John Waite
| | 1684 | Malden | |
Isaac Addington
| | 1685 | Boston | |
John Saffin
| | 1686 | Boston | General Court adjourned May 21, 1686, did not convene until May or June 1689 |
= Inter-Charter Period =
class="wikitable" |
Speaker
! Portrait ! Years ↑ ! Town ! Electoral history |
---|
Thomas Oakes
| | 1689 | Boston | |
John Bowles
| | nowrap | 1698–1690 | Boston | |
Penn Townsend
| | nowrap | 1690–1691 | Salem | |
William Bond
| | nowrap | 1691–1692 | |
Penn Townsend
| | 1692 | Salem | |
= Second Charter of the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]] =
class="wikitable" |
Speaker
! Portrait ! Years ↑ ! Town ! Electoral history |
---|
William Bond
| | nowrap | 1692–1693 | |
Nathaniel Byfield
| 100px | nowrap | 1693–1694 | Boston | |
Nehemiah Jewett
| | nowrap | 1694–1695 | Rowley | |
William Bond
| | nowrap | 1695–1696 | |
Penn Townsend
| | nowrap | 1696–1697 | Salem | |
Nathaniel Byfield
| | 1698 | Rowley | |
James Converse
| | nowrap | 1699–1700 | Woburn | |
John Leverett
| 100px | nowrap | 1700–1701 | Boston | |
Nehemiah Jewett
| | nowrap | 1701–1702 | Rowley | |
James Converse
| | nowrap | 1702–1705 | Woburn | |
Thomas Oakes
| | nowrap | 1705–1707 | Boston | |
John Burrill
| | 1707 | Lynn | |
Thomas Oliver
| | nowrap | 1708–1709 | |
John Clark
| | nowrap | 1709–1711 | Boston | |
John Burrill
| | nowrap | 1711–1720 | Lynn | |
Elisha Cooke Jr.
| 100px | 1720 | | |
Timothy Lindall
| | nowrap | 1720–1721 | Boston | |
John Clark
| | nowrap | 1721–1724 | Boston | |
William Dudley
| | nowrap | 1724–1729 | Roxbury | |
John Quincy
| | nowrap | 1729–1741 | |
William Fairfield
| | 1741 | Wenham | |
Thomas Cushing II
| | nowrap | 1742–1746 | Boston | |
Thomas Hutchinson
| 100px | nowrap | 1746–1748 | Boston | Resigned when appointed to the Governor's Council |
Joseph Dwight
| | nowrap | 1748–1750 | |
Thomas Hubbard
| | nowrap | 1750–1759 | Waltham | |
Samuel White
| | nowrap | May 30, 1759 – | Taunton | |
James Otis Sr.
| 100px | nowrap | May 28, 1760 – | Resigned when appointed to the Governor's Council |
Timothy Ruggles
| 100px | nowrap | May 26, 1762 – | |
Samuel White
| | nowrap | May 25, 1764 – | Taunton | |
Thomas Clap pro tem
| | nowrap | June 11, 1764 – | | |
Samuel White
| | nowrap | May 29, 1764 – | Taunton | |
James Otis Jr.
| 100px | nowrap | May 28, 1766 – | |
Thomas Cushing
| 100px | nowrap | May 28, 1766 – | Boston |
[[Massachusetts Provincial Congress|Massachusetts Provincial Congress of Deputies]]
class="wikitable" |
Speaker
! Portrait ! Years ↑ ! Electoral History |
---|
John Hancock
| 100px | nowrap | 1774-1775 | Left office to attend the Second Continental Congress where he served as President |
Joseph Warren
| 100px | nowrap | 1775 | Died at the Battle of Bunker Hill |
James Warren
| 100px | nowrap | 1775-1780 | |
House of Representatives under the [[Constitution of Massachusetts|Massachusetts Constitution]]
class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
#
! Portrait ! Speaker ! Party ! Years ↑ ! City or Town (District){{ref|a|1}} ! Electoral history |
---|
1
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Caleb Davis | {{party shading/None}} | None | 1780–1782 | Boston | Resigned |
2
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Nathaniel Gorham | {{party shading/None}} | None | 1782–1783 | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
3
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Tristram Dalton | {{party shading/None}} | None | 1783–1784 | Newbury | Elected to State Senate |
4
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Samuel Allyne Otis | {{party shading/None}} | None | 1784–1785 | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
5
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Nathaniel Gorham | {{party shading/None}} | None | 1785–1786 | Charlestown | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
6
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Artemas Ward | {{party shading/None}} | None | 1786–1787 | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
7
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | James Warren | {{party shading/None}} | None | 1787–1788 | Plymouth | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
8
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Theodore Sedgwick | {{party shading/Pro-Administration}} | Pro-Administration | 1788–1789 | Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives |
9
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | David Cobb | {{party shading/Pro-Administration}} | Pro-Administration | 1789–1793 | Taunton | Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives |
10
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Edward Robbins | {{party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | Democratic-Republican | 1793–1802 | Boston | Elected Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts |
11
| | align="left" nowrap="" | John Coffin Jones | {{party shading/Federalist}} | Federalist | 1802–1803 | Boston | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
12
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Harrison Gray Otis | {{party shading/Federalist}} | Federalist | 1803–1805 | Boston | Elected to the State Senate |
13
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Timothy Bigelow | {{party shading/Federalist}} | Federalist | 1805–1806 | Party lost majority |
14
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Perez Morton | {{party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | Democratic-Republican | 1806–1808 | Party lost majority |
15
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Timothy Bigelow | {{party shading/Federalist}} | Federalist | 1808–1810 | Party lost majority |
16
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Perez Morton | {{party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | Democratic-Republican | 1810–1811 | Resigned |
17
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Joseph Story | {{party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | Democratic-Republican | 1811–1812 | Salem | Resigned when appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States |
18
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Eleazer Ripley | {{party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | Democratic-Republican | 1812 | Joined United States Army |
19
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Timothy Bigelow | {{party shading/Federalist}} | Federalist | 1812–1820 | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
20
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Elijah H. Mills | {{party shading/Federalist}} | Federalist | 1820–1821 | Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives |
21
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Josiah Quincy III | {{party shading/Federalist}} | Federalist | 1821–1822 | Boston | Resigned to become Judge of Boston Municipal Court |
22
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Luther Lawrence | {{party shading/Federalist}} | Federalist | 1822 | Lowell | Party lost majority |
23
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Levi Lincoln Jr. | {{party shading/National Republican}} | National Republican | 1822–1823 | Elected Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts |
24
| | align="left" nowrap="" | William C. Jarvis{{citation |url= https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/JW0029 |title=Jarvis, William C., 1780-1836 |work=A New Nation Votes: American Electoral Returns, 1788-1825 |access-date=June 22, 2020 }} | {{party shading/National Republican}} | National Republican | 1823–1825 | Woburn | Party lost majority |
25
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Timothy Fuller | {{party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | Democratic-Republican | 1825–1826 | Party lost majority |
26
| | align="left" nowrap="" | William C. Jarvis | {{party shading/National Republican}} | National Republican | 1826–1828 | Woburn | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
27
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | William B. Calhoun | {{party shading/National Republican}} | National Republican | 1828–1834 | Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives |
28
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Julius Rockwell | {{party shading/Whig}} | Whig | 1835–1837 | Resigned when appointed commissioner of the Bank of Massachusetts |
29
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Robert Charles Winthrop | {{party shading/Whig}} | Whig | 1838–1840 | Boston | Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives |
30
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | George Ashmun | {{party shading/Whig}} | Whig | 1841 | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
31
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Thomas H. Kinnicutt | {{party shading/Whig}} | Whig | 1842 | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
32
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Daniel P. King | {{party shading/Whig}} | Whig | 1843 | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
33
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Thomas H. Kinnicutt | {{party shading/Whig}} | Whig | 1844 | Worcester | Resigned |
34
| | align="left" nowrap="" | Samuel H. Walley Jr. | {{party shading/Whig}} | Whig | 1844–1846 | Boston | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
35
| | align="left" nowrap="" | Ebenezer Bradbury | {{party shading/Whig}} | Whig | 1847 | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
36
| | align="left" nowrap="" | Francis Crowninshield | {{party shading/Whig}} | Whig | 1848–1849 | Boston | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
37
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Ensign H. Kellogg | {{party shading/Whig}} | Whig | 1850 | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
38
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Nathaniel Prentice Banks | 1851–1852 | Waltham | Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives |
39
| | align="left" nowrap="" | George Bliss | {{party shading/Whig}} | Whig | 1853 | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
40
| | align="left" nowrap="" | Otis P. Lord | {{party shading/Whig}} | Whig | 1854 | Salem | Party lost majority |
41
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Daniel C. Eddy | {{party shading/Know Nothing}} | Know Nothing | 1855 | Lowell | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
42
| | align="left" nowrap="" | Charles A. Phelps | {{party shading/Know Nothing}} | Know Nothing | 1856–1857 | Boston | Elected to the Massachusetts Senate;{{Citation|first=William Richards|last= Castle| title =The Harvard Graduates' Magazine Vol XI No. 42| page = 305 | publisher = The Harvard Graduates' Magazine Association| location = Boston, Massachusetts | date = December 1902}} Party Lost election |
43
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Julius Rockwell | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1858 | Resigned when appointed to the Massachusetts Superior Court |
44
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Charles Hale | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1859 | Boston | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
45
| | align="left" nowrap="" | John A. Goodwin | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1860–1861 | Lowell | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
46
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Alexander Hamilton Bullock | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1862–1865 | Elected Governor of Massachusetts |
47
| | align="left" nowrap="" | James M. Stone | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1866–1867 | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
48
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Harvey Jewell | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1868–1871 | Boston | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
49
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | John E. Sanford | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1872–1875 | Taunton | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
50
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | John Davis Long | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1876–1878 | Hingham | Elected Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts |
51
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Levi C. Wade | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1879 | Newton | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
52
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Charles J. Noyes | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1880–1882 | Boston (14th Suffolk) | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
53
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | George Augustus Marden | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1883–1884 | Lowell | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
54
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | John Q. A. Brackett | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | nowrap | January 7, 1885 – | Boston (17th Suffolk){{Cite journal |last=Hurd | first = Duane Hamilton |year=1890 |title=History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts: With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men Vol. 1| page = lviii |publisher=J. W. Lewis & CO. | location=Philadelphia, PA}} | Elected Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts |
55
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Charles J. Noyes | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1887–1888 | Boston (14th Suffolk) | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
56
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | William Emerson Barrett | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1889–1893 | Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives |
57
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | George von Lengerke Meyer | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1894–1896 | Boston (9th Suffolk) | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
58
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | John Lewis Bates | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1897–1899 | Boston (1st Suffolk) | Elected Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts |
59
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | James J. Myers | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1900–1903 | Retired |
60
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Louis A. Frothingham | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1904–1905 | Boston (11th Suffolk) | Left House to run for governor |
61
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | John N. Cole | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1906–1908 | Left House to run for Lieutenant Governor |
62
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Joseph Walker | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1909–1911 | Brookline (2nd Norfolk) | Left House to run for governor |
63
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Grafton D. Cushing | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1912–1914 | Boston (11th Suffolk) | Elected Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts |
64
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Channing H. Cox | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1915–1918 | Boston (10th Suffolk) | Elected Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts |
65
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Joseph E. Warner | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1919–1920 | Taunton (4th Bristol) |Lost primary for Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts to Alvan Fuller |
66
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Benjamin Loring Young | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1921–1924 | Weston (13th Middlesex) | {{data missing|date=February 2020}} |
67
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | John C. Hull | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1925–1928 | Appointed First Securities Director in the wake of The Great Depression (1930–36) |
68
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Leverett Saltonstall | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1929–1936 | Chestnut Hill (5th Middlesex) | Defeated for election as Lieutenant Governor by Francis E. Kelly {{Cite web|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/biosearch/biosearch1.asp|title = Bioguide Search}} |
69
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Horace T. Cahill | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1937–1938 | Braintree (6th Norfolk) | Elected Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts |
70
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Christian Herter | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1939–1942 | Boston (5th Suffolk) | Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives |
71
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Rudolph King | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1943–1944 | Millis (8th Norfolk) | Resigned to run become Registrar of Motor Vehicles |
72
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Frederick Willis | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1945–1948 | Saugus (10th Essex) | Party lost majority |
73
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Thomas P. O'Neill | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic | 1949–1952 | Party lost majority; O'Neill elected to U.S. House of Representatives |
74
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Charles Gibbons | {{party shading/Republican}} | Republican | 1953–1954 | Party lost majority |
75
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Michael F. Skerry | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic | 1955–1957 | Resigned when appointed Clerk of the Malden District Court |
76
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | John F. Thompson | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic | 1958–1964 | Ludlow (2nd Hampden) | Resigned after being indicted on charges of conspiracy and bribery |
77
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | John Davoren | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic | 1965–1967 | Milford (9th Worcester) | Resigned when appointed Secretary of the Commonwealth |
78
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Robert H. Quinn | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic | 1967–1969 | Boston (9th Suffolk) | Elected Massachusetts Attorney General |
79
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | David M. Bartley | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic | 1969–1975 | Holyoke (7th Hampden) | Resigned to become President of Holyoke Community College |
80
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Thomas W. McGee | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic | 1975–1984 | Lynn (20th Essex) | Defeated by Keverian in leadership challenge |
81
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | George Keverian | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic | 1985–1990 | Retired to run for State Treasurer |
82
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Charles Flaherty | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic | 1991 – | Resigned: pleaded guilty to tax evasion |
83
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Thomas Finneran | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic | nowrap | April 9, 1996 – | Mattapan (12th Suffolk) | Resigned after pleading guilty to obstruction of justice |
84
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Salvatore DiMasi | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic | nowrap | September 28, 2004 – | Boston (3rd Suffolk) | Resigned: convicted of conspiracy, honest services fraud, and extortion |
85
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Robert DeLeo | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic | nowrap | January 27, 2009 – December 29, 2020 | Winthrop (19th Suffolk) | Resigned to accept position at Northeastern University |
86
| 100px | align="left" nowrap="" | Ron Mariano | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic | nowrap | December 30, 2020 – present | Quincy (3rd Norfolk) | Current speaker |
See also
Notes
:1.{{note|a}} Prior to 1857, representatives were selected by a majority of votes at a town meeting. Since 1857, representatives have been elected by district.{{cite book|title=History of Essex County, Massachusetts: With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men, Volume 1|year=1888|publisher=J. W. Lewis & Company|page=414|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15Q6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA414|editor=Duane Hamilton Hurd|access-date=April 2, 2013}}
Sources
- {{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/manualforuseofge200506mass | title=Manual for the General Court | publisher=Massachusetts General Court | year=2005–2006 | pages=338–350 | chapter=Organization of the Legislature Since 1780}}
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Current Massachusetts statewide political officials}}
{{Massachusetts government}}
{{Current Speakers of U.S. state Houses of Representatives}}
{{Massachusetts House of Representatives}}
{{MA General Courts}}