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List of wars of succession in Europe

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{{About|wars of succession in Europe|outside Europe|List of wars of succession|wars of secession|List of wars of independence|princely wars against well-established monarchs|princely rebellion}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}{{Use British English|date=January 2017}}

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File:Ada de Hollande.png, Ada quickly married Louis before her father was buried, triggering the Loon War.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ada |encyclopedia=Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins |date=1993–2002 |publisher=Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum |language=nl}}
{{Cite book |last=Nuyens |first=Willem Jan Frans |author-link=Wilhelmus Nuyens |date=1873 |title=Algemeene geschiedenis des Nederlandschen volks: van de vroegste tijden tot op onze dagen, Volumes 5-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oSXrAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA80 |location=Amsterdam |publisher=C.L. van Langenhuysen |pages=80–81 |access-date=7 January 2017}}]]

This is a list of wars of succession in Europe.

Note: Wars of succession in transcontinental states are mentioned under the continents where their capital city was located. That means that wars of succession in the Byzantine Empire and Ottoman Empire are found here whenever their capital city was located at Constantinople/Kostantiniyye/Istanbul in East Thrace; for Ottoman wars of succession before 1453, see List of wars of succession § Medieval Asia. Names of wars that have been given names by historians are capitalised; the others, whose existence has been proven but not yet given a specific name, are provisionally written in lowercase letters (except for the first word, geographical and personal names).

Ancient Europe

File:Alexander and Bucephalus - Battle of Issus mosaic - Museo Archeologico Nazionale - Naples.jpg's diadochi battled about his political legacy for 46 years.]]

  • Macedonian war of succession (393–392 BCE), after the death of king Pausanias of Macedon, between Amyntas III and Argaeus II{{DGRBM|author=CPM|title=Argaeus|volume=1|page=279|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0001.001/294?page=root;size=100;view=image}}
  • Macedonian war of succession (369–368 BCE), after the death of king Amyntas III of Macedon, between Ptolemy of Aloros and Alexander II of Macedon{{CN|date=May 2023}}
  • Macedonian war of succession (360–359 BCE), after the death of king Perdiccas III of Macedon, between Philip II (who deposed Amyntas IV), Argeus (supported by Athens), Pausanias (supported by Thrace) and Archelaus (supported by the Chalcidian League){{Cite book |last=Roisman |first=Joseph |date=2002 |title=Brill's Companion to Alexander the Great |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qn8tDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |location=Leiden/Boston |publisher=Brill |pages=74–75 |isbn=9789004217553 |access-date=23 August 2020}}
  • Thracian war of succession (c. 352–347 BCE), after the death of co-king Berisades of Thrace (Odrysian kingdom), between Cetriporis and his brothers against their uncle Cersobleptes{{cn|date=May 2023}}
  • Wars of the Diadochi or Wars of Alexander's Successors (323–277 BCE), after the death of king Alexander the Great of Macedon{{Cite book |last1=Mourad |first1=Suleiman A. |date=2018 |title=Routledge Handbook on Jerusalem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_h1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86 |location=Abingdon |publisher=Routledge |pages=86 |isbn=9781317385394 |access-date=7 April 2022}}
  • First War of the Diadochi (322–320 BCE), after regent Perdiccas tried to marry Alexander the Great's sister Cleopatra of Macedon and thus claim the throne
  • Second War of the Diadochi (318–315 BCE), after the death of regent Antipater, whose succession was disputed between Polyperchon (Antipater's appointed successor) and Cassander (Antipater's son)
  • Epirote war of succession (316–297 BCE), after the deposition of king Aeacides of Epirus during his intervention in the Second War of the Diadochi until the second enthronement of his son Pyrrhus of Epirus and the death of usurper Neoptolemus II of Epirus{{cn|date=May 2023}}
  • Third War of the Diadochi (314–311 BCE), after the diadochs conspired against Antigonus I Monophthalmus and Polyperchon
  • Fourth War of the Diadochi (308/6–301 BCE), resumption of the Third. During this war, regent Antigonus and his son Demetrius both proclaimed themselves king, followed by Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lysimachus, and eventually Cassander.
  • Struggle over Macedon (298–285 BCE), after the death of king Cassander of Macedon
  • Struggle of Lysimachus and Seleucus (285–281 BCE), after jointly defeating Demetrius and his son Antigonus Gonatas
  • Bosporan Civil War (c. 310–309 BCE), after the death of archon Paerisades I of the Bosporan Kingdom{{Cite book |last=Minns |first=Ellis Hovell |date=2011 |title=Scythians and Greeks: A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology on the North Coast of the Euxine from the Danube to the Caucasus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijJ4o2iorhkC&pg=PA578 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=578, 596–599 |isbn=9781108024877 |access-date=25 August 2020}}{{Cite book |last=Aruz |first=Joan |date=2006 |title=The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Perspectives on the Steppe Nomads of the Ancient World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQkLkdWh0MsC&pg=PA163 |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |page=163 |isbn=9781588392053 |access-date=25 August 2020}}{{Cite book |last=Moreno |first=Alfonso |date=2007 |title=Feeding the Democracy: The Athenian Grain Supply in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BC |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0_X8uOcTCIC&pg=RA1-PR2-IA2 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |chapter=II. The Royal Economy |isbn=9780191607783 |access-date=25 August 2020}}
  • Pergamene–Bosporan war (c. 47–45 BCE), after the death of king Pharnaces II of Pontus and the Bosporus, between Pharnaces' daughter Dynamis (and her husband Asander) and Pharnaces' brother Mithridates of Pergamon (supported by the Roman Republic){{cn|date=May 2023}}
  • Pontic–Bosporan war (c. 17–16 BCE), after the death of king Asander of the Bosporus, between usurper Scribonius (who married queen Dynamis) and the Roman client king Polemon I of Pontus (supported by general Agrippa of the Roman Empire){{cn|date=May 2023}}
  • Roman–Bosporan War (c. 45–49 CE), after the deposition of king Mithridates of the Bosporan Kingdom by Roman emperor Claudius and the enthronement of Mithridates' brother Cotys I; Mithridates soon challenged his deposition and fruitlessly warred against Cotys and the Roman Empire{{Cite book |date=1996 |title=Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia, Volume 3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDcMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Roman%E2%80%93Bosporan+War%22 |publisher=E.J. Brill |page=214 |access-date=26 August 2020}}{{Cite book |author=Société française de numismatique |date=2001 |title=Revue numismatique, Volume 157 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29sKAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Roman%E2%80%93Bosporan+War%22 |publisher=Blois |page=291 |access-date=26 August 2020}}
  • Boudica's Revolt (60 or 61), after the death of king Prasutagus of the Iceni tribe. The Romans failed to respect Prasutagus's will that emperor Claudius and his daughters would share his inheritance; instead, Roman soldiers occupied and pillaged the Iceni territory and raped Prasutagus's daughters, causing his widow queen Boudica to rise in rebellion.Tacitus, The Annals, 14.31

{{multiple image |total_width=300

|image1=Stockholm - Antikengalerie 4 - Büste Kaiser Galba.jpg

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|image3=Aulus Vitellius (MRABASF Matritum) 01.jpg

|image4=Vespasianus03 pushkin.jpg

|footer=Year of the Four Emperors: a war of succession between Galba, Otho, Vitellius and Vespasian.}}

Medieval Europe

= 6th–8th century =

File:Fontenoy en puisaye.JPG confirmed the partition of Francia between emperor Louis the Pious's three sons.]]

= 9th century =

= 10th century =

  • War of the Leonese succession (951–956), after the death of king Ramiro II of León{{Cite book |last1=Whitney |first1=James Pounder |editor-last1=Gwatkin |editor-first1=Henry Melvill |date=1922 |title=The Cambridge Medieval History: Maps III. Germany and the Western Empire. 3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exuwlXT-ys0C&pg=PT338 |location= |publisher=Plantagenet Publishing |pages=338 |isbn= 9780521045346 |access-date=7 April 2022}}
  • (historicity contested) {{interlanguage link|Olga's Revenge on the Drevlians|uk|Помста княгині Ольги древлянам|ru|Месть княгини Ольги древлянам}} (945–947), after the Kievan Rus' Drevlian vassals assassinated Igor of Kiev.{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=14}} Initially, the Drevlian prince Mal offered to marry Igor's widow Olga of Kiev and thus succeed him, but Olga appointed herself as regent over her young son Svyatoslav, made war on the Drevlians and destroyed their realm. The historicity of the events as described in the main document on the conflict, the Primary Chronicle, is contested, and the war is described as 'legendary' with a mix of fact and fiction.{{cn|date=May 2023}}
  • Gwynedd war of succession (950), after the death of king Hywel Dda of Gwynedd and Deheubarth{{cn|date=May 2023}}
  • Feud of the Sviatoslavichi or Kievan Rus' Dynastic War ({{circa}} 972–980), after the death of king Sviatoslav I of Kiev{{sfn|Kohn|2013|p=587}}
  • War of the Hamaland succession ({{circa}} 973 – {{circa}} 996), after the death of count Wichman II of Hamaland, between sisters Adela of Hamaland and {{ill|Liutgard of Elten|nl|Liutgard van Elten}} (supported by Balderic, Count of Upladium){{Cite web |title=Adela van Hamaland (952–1021) |author=Anton Kos |work=Adela van Hamaland, in: Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland. |date=11 January 2019 |access-date=12 August 2023 |url= https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Adela%20van%20Hamaland}}
  • War of the Leonese succession (982–984), continuation of the last Leonese war of succession{{cn|date=May 2023}}
  • Stephen–Koppány war, also known as 'Koppány's rebellion' or contemporaneously 'the war between the Germans and the Hungarians' (997–998), after the death Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians. Stephen (pagan birth name: Vajk) was Géza's oldest son and claimed the throne by primogeniture; his army was described as 'the Germans'. Koppány was the brother of Géza's widow Sarolt and claimed the throne by agnatic seniority; his army was described as 'the Hungarians'. Later Christian sources emphasise Stephen's Christianity as an argument for his legitimacy, claim that Koppány was a pagan and that agnatic seniority was a 'pagan' custom as opposed to the 'Christian' custom of primogeniture, and that therefore Koppány 'rebelled' against the legitimate Christian king Stephen, but the reliability and impartiality of these sources is disputed.{{cn|date=May 2023}}

= 11th century =

File:Bayeux Tapestry WillelmDux.jpg managed to enforce his claim to the English throne.]]

= 12th century =

File:Siege of Kiev1169.jpg was part of the 1167–1169 Kievan succession crisis between rival princely clans{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=125}}]]

= 13th century =

File:Eugène Ferdinand Victor Delacroix 012.jpg, Eugène Delacroix (1840). The 1204 Sack of Constantinople caused a complex series of related wars of succession in Southeastern Europe and Asia Minor, as many pretenders laid claim to the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire's legacy.]]

File:Battle of Worringen 1288.PNG, the decisive confrontation of the War of the Limburg Succession, as shown in a 15th-century Brabantsche Yeesten manuscript]]

  • War of the Thuringian Succession (1247–1264), after the death of landgrave Henry Raspe IV of Thuringia
  • Great Interregnum (1245/50–1273), after the deposition and death of emperor Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire
  • {{Interlanguage link|Bigorre succession crisis|fr|Crise de succession de Bigorre}} (1255–1302), after the death of countess Alice of Bigorre
  • War of the Euboeote Succession (1256–1258), after the death of triarch Carintana dalle Carceri of Negroponte
  • Bulgarian war of succession (1256–1261), after the assassination of tsar Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria
  • Civil war in Pomerelia (1269–1272), after the death of Świętopełk II, Duke of Pomerania
  • Castilian war of succession (1282–1304): after the death of crown prince Ferdinand de la Cerda (1275) and in anticipation of the death of king Alfonso X of Castile (1284), Ferdinand's brother Sancho proclaimed himself king in 1282, while Ferdinand's sons Alfonso de la Cerda and Ferdinand de la Cerda, Lord of Lara claimed to be the rightful heirs until they rescinded their claims in 1304{{Cite book |last=Emmerson |first=Richard K. |date=2013 |title=Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhyOAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA592 |publisher=Routledge |pages=592–593 |isbn=9781136775192 |access-date=16 November 2019}}
  • Nevskian war of succession or {{ill|Vladimir-Suzdal war of succession (1281—1293)|ru|Междоусобная война в Северо-Восточной Руси (1281—1293)}}, after the death of grand prince Alexander Nevsky of Vladimir-Suzdal (1263).{{sfn|Martin|2007|pp=190–192}} Some skirmishes already happened in 1263 and 1276.
  • War of the Limburg Succession (1283–1288), after the death of duke Waleran IV and his daughter and heiress Irmgard of Limburg
  • Croato–Hungarian war of succession (1290–1301), after the death of king Ladislaus IV of Hungary and Croatia
  • (uncertain) Greater Poland war of succession (1296), after the assassination of Przemysł II, king of Poland and duke of Greater Poland, on 8 February 1296. The war, if it really took place, didn't last long, because on 10 March 1296 in Krzywiń an armistice was signed.B. Śliwiński: Wiosna 1296 roku w Wielkopolsce i na Pomorzu Gdańskim, [in:] Przemysł II. Odnowienie Królestwa Polskiego, ed. J. Krzyżaniakowej, Poznań 1997, pp. 233–235. The fact supporting the idea that fighting occurred in Greater Poland, despite previous historiography (for example E. Długopolski: Władysław Łokietek na tle swoich czasów, Wrocław 1951, p. 35) was the destruction of property belonging to the Bishopric of Poznań. See W. Karasiewicz: Działalność polityczna Andrzeja Zaremby w okresie jednoczenia państwa polskiego na przełomie XIII/XIV wieku, Poznań 1961, p. 31.

= 14th century =

File:Siege orleans.jpg. The Hundred Years' War arose when the English king claimed the French throne.]]

File:Schlachtaufdemstrietfield1388inwinsen.jpg for the House of Welf.]]

= 15th century =

  • Ottoman Interregnum (1401/2–1413), after the imprisonment and death of sultan Bayezid I
  • {{Interlanguage link|Everstein Feud|de|Eversteiner Fehde}} (1404–1409), after the childless count Herman VII of Everstein signed a treaty of inheritance with Simon III, Lord of Lippe, which was challenged by the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg
  • {{Interlanguage link|Aragonese Interregnum|es|Interregno aragonés}} (1410–1412), after the death of king Martin of Aragon
  • Neapolitan war of succession (1420–1442), after the death of king Martin of Aragon (who also claimed Naples) and resulting from the childless queen Joanna II of Naples's subsequent conflicting adoptions of Alfonso V of Aragon, Louis III of Anjou and René of Anjou as her heirs.{{sfn|(Appendix) Kokkonen|Sundell|2017|p=23}} Some scholars posit the war's start as having begun with Joanna's death in 1435, and name it the 'Aragonese–Neapolitan War'.{{sfn|(Appendix) Kokkonen|Sundell|2017|p=24}}
  • (contested) Hussite Wars (1419–1434): some scholars claim that the death of king Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia on 19 August 1419 is the event that sparked the Hussite rebellion against his nominal successor Sigismund (king of Germany, Hungary and Croatia).{{sfn|(Appendix) Kokkonen|Sundell|2017|p=22}} In 1420, Hussites offered the Bohemian crown to Władysław II Jagiełło instead.{{sfn|Wyrozumski|1986|pp=198–206}} Nolan (2006) summarised the Hussites' motives as 'doctrinal as well as "nationalistic" and constitutional', and provided a series of causes: the trial and execution of Jan Hus (1415) 'provoked the conflict', the Defenestration of Prague (30 July 1419) 'began the conflict', while 'fighting began after King Wenceslaus died, shortly after the defenestration' (after 19 August 1419).{{sfn|Nolan|2006|p=428–429}} Nolan described the wars' goals and character as follows: 'The main aim of the Hussites was to prevent the hated Sigismund mounting the throne of Bohemia, but fighting between Bohemian Hussites and Catholics spread into Moravia. (...) cross-class support gave the Hussite Wars a tripartite and even "national" character unusual for the age, and a religious and social unity of purpose, faith, and hate'.{{sfn|Nolan|2006|p=429}} Winkler Prins/Encarta (2002) described the Hussites as a 'movement which developed from a religious denomination to a nationalist faction, opposed to German and Papal influence; in the bloody Hussite Wars (1419–1438), they managed to resist.' It didn't mention the succession of Wenceslaus by Sigismund,{{cite encyclopedia |title=hussieten |encyclopedia=Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins |date=1993–2002 |publisher=Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum |language=nl}} but noted elsewhere that it was Sigismund's policy of Catholic Church unity which prompted him to urge Antipope John XXIII to convene the Council of Constance in 1414, which ultimately condemned Jan Hus.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sigismund [Duitse Rijk] |encyclopedia=Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins |date=1993–2002 |publisher=Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum |language=nl}}
  • Muscovite War of Succession, or Muscovite Civil War (1425–1453), after the death of grand prince Vasily I of Muscovy{{sfn|(Appendix) Kokkonen|Sundell|2017|p=23}}{{sfn|Martin|1995|p=400}}
  • Lithuanian Civil War (1432–38), after the death of grand duke Vytautas the Great of Lithuania
  • Polish–Bohemian war (1437–143?), after the death of king Sigismund of Bohemia.{{sfn|(Appendix) Kokkonen|Sundell|2017|p=22}} He was supposed to be succeeded by Albert II of Germany, but in 1438, the Czech anti-Habsburg opposition, mainly Hussite factions, offered the Czech crown to Polish king Jagiełło II's younger son Casimir instead.{{sfn|Wyrozumski|1986|pp=198–206}} The idea, accepted in Poland over Zbigniew Oleśnicki's objections, resulted in two unsuccessful Polish military expeditions to Bohemia.{{sfn|Wyrozumski|1986|pp=198–206}} Included the Battle of Sellnitz.
  • Habsburg Dynastic War (1439–1457), after the death of Albert II of Germany{{sfn|Kohn|2013|p=206}}{{sfn|(Appendix) Kokkonen|Sundell|2017|p=22}}
  • Hungarian war of succession (1439–1442), after the death of Albert II of Germany{{sfn|(Appendix) Kokkonen|Sundell|2017|p=22}}

File:Zuerichkrieg 1444.jpg (1443) during the Old Zürich War.]]

File:Losreyescatolicos.jpg united 'Spain' after the War of the Castilian Succession.]]

Early modern Europe

= 16th century =

File:The Siege of Aachen.png became a European war, as the future religious balance of power depended on it.]]

= 17th century =

File:Kłuszyn 1610.JPG: Polish–Lithuanian hussars defeat Tsarist Russia and capture Moscow in the Time of Troubles and the Dimitriads.]]

= 18th century =

File:The Battle of Malplaquet, 1709.png, a European coalition tried to keep Spain out of French hands.]]

File:Battle of Fontenoy 1745.PNG grew out to an almost pan-European land war, spreading to colonies in the Americas and India.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Oostenrijkse Successieoorlog |encyclopedia=Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins |date=1993–2002 |publisher=Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum |language=nl}}]]

Modern Europe

= 19th century =

File:Episoden af Træfning ved Sankelmark, den 6. Februar.jpg was a cause of the Second Schleswig War (1864).]]

File:Bataille de Treviño.jpg (1872–1876).]]

  • Russian interregnum of 1825 (1825–1826), after the death of tsar Alexander I of Russia, who had secretly changed the order of succession from his brother Constantine in favour of his younger brother Nicholas, neither of whom wanted to rule. Two related but different rebel movements arose to offer their solution to the succession crisis: the aristocratic Petersburg-based group favoured a constitutional monarchy under Constantine, the democratic Kiev-based group of Pavel Pestel called for the establishment of a republic.{{sfn|Kohn|2013|p=146}}
  • Decembrist revolt (December 1825), by the aristocratic Decembrists in Saint Petersburg
  • Chernigov Regiment revolt (January 1826), by the republican Decembrists in Ukraine
  • Liberal Wars, also Miguelist War or Portuguese Civil War (1828–1834), after the death of king John VI of Portugal
  • The Carlist Wars, especially the First. Later Carlist Wars were more ideological in nature (against modernism)
  • First Carlist War (1833–1839), after the death of king Ferdinand VII of Spain
  • Second Carlist War (1846–1849), a small-scale uprising in protest against the marriage of Isabella II with someone else than the Carlist pretender Carlos Luis de Borbón
  • Third Carlist War (1872–1876), after the coronation of king Amadeo I of Spain
  • (sometimes included) Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), in which both Carlist and Bourbonist monarchists vied to restore the monarchy (abolished in 1931) in favour of their own dynasty
  • First Schleswig War (1848–1852), partially caused by the death of king Christian VIII of Denmark
  • Second Schleswig War (1864), partially caused by the death of king Frederick VII of Denmark
  • Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), directly caused by the Spanish succession crisis following the Glorious Revolution of 1868.{{efn|An 1870 issue of the Dutch periodical Onze Tijd ("Our Time") went as far as to name it the Tweede Spaansche Successieoorlog ("Second War of the Spanish Succession", as opposed to the "first" in 1701–1715), stating: "Although already in 1866 anyone who had been keeping a clear eye on the state of affairs should have considered a war between France and Prussia inevitable, one would likely have looked in every other place for the direct cause of that war before Spain. (...) So strange, that it is evident that finding it in the Spanish succession was the result of a monarch just looking for any kind of pretext to declare war."[https://books.google.com/books?id=t0JNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA185 Onze Tijd (1870), p. 185. 5 (2).]}}

{{Clear}}

Timeline

{{Timeline wars of succession in Europe}}

See also

Notes

{{Notelist}}

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite book |last1=Barta |first1=Gábor |last2=Granasztói |first2=György |editor1-last=Benda |editor1-first=Kálmán |editor2-last=Péter |editor2-first=Katalin |title=Magyarország történeti kronológiája, II: 1526–1848 [Historical Chronology of Hungary, Volume I: 1526–1848] |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1981 |pages=361–430 |chapter=A három részre szakadt ország és a török kiűzése (1526–1605) |isbn=963-05-2662-X |language=hu }}
  • {{cite book |last1=Boffa |first1=Sergio |title=Warfare in Medieval Brabant, 1356-1406 |date=2004 |publisher=Boydell Press |location=Woodbridge |isbn=978-1843830610}}
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  • {{Cite book |last=Kohn |first=George Childs |date=2013 |title=Dictionary of Wars. Revised Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTDfAQAAQBAJ |location=Londen/New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135954949}}
  • {{Cite journal |last1=Kokkonen |first1=Andrej |last2=Sundell |first2=Anders |date=September 2017 |title=The King is Dead: Political Succession and War in Europe, 1000–1799 |journal=Qog Working Paper Series |url=https://www.gu.se/sites/default/files/2020-05/2017_9_Kokkonen_Sundell.pdf |location=Gothenburg |publisher=University of Gothenburg |pages=51 |issn=1653-8919 |access-date=20 March 2022}}
  • {{Cite book |last1=(Appendix) Kokkonen |first1=Andrej |last2=Sundell |first2=Anders |date=September 2017 |title=Online supplementary appendix for "The King is Dead: Political Succession and War in Europe, 1000–1799" |url=https://www.gu.se/sites/default/files/2020-05/2017_9_Kokkonen_Sundell_Appendix%20.pdf |location=Gothenburg |publisher=University of Gothenburg |pages=40 |access-date=22 March 2022}}
  • {{Cite book |last1=Luard |first1=Evan |date=1992 |title=The Balance of Power|chapter=Succession |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-21927-8_6?noAccess=true |location=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |pages=149–150 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-21927-8_6 |isbn=978-1-349-21929-2 |access-date=10 March 2022}}
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  • {{cite book |title=Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Second Edition. E-book |last=Martin |first=Janet |url=https://www.ebooks.com/en-us/book/802816/medieval-russia-980-1584/janet-martin/ |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-511-36800-4}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Nolan |first=Cathal J. |date=2006 |title=The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBHJ1eK_tcoC |location=London |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |pages=1076 |isbn=978-0313337345}}
  • {{Cite book |last1=Nolan |first1=Cathal J. |date=2008 |title=Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn_61ts-hQwC |location=London |publisher=Greenwood Press |pages=214 |isbn=9780313359200 |access-date=8 April 2022}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Reuter |first1=Timothy |date=1995 |title=The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, c.900–c.1024 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u-SsbHs5zTAC |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780521364478 |page=891 |access-date=25 August 2022}}
  • {{cite book |first=Jerzy |last=Wyrozumski |title=Historia Polski do roku 1505 (History of Poland until 1505) |publisher=Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe (Polish Scientific Publishers PWN) |location=Warszawa |year=1986 |isbn=83-01-03732-6 }}

Succession

Category:Interregnums

Wars of succession